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Santana AM, Comas A, Mohammad-Pour GS, Uribe-Romo FJ, Campiglia AD. Chromatographic and spectroscopic analysis of Dibenzo[b,l]Fluoranthene and its determination in SRM 1597a by laser-excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341835. [PMID: 37827650 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular mass 302 Da are the most investigated PAHs within the high molecular weight PAHs class. This PAH class contributes to a significant portion of the mutagenic and/or carcinogenic response associated to the PAH fraction present in environmental and combustion-related samples. Several reasons prevent the routine analysis of 302 Da PAHs in environmental samples, including large number of possible isomers, limited number of commercially available reference standards, and low concentration levels. RESULTS These studies search for a newly synthetized dibenzo-fluoranthene of molecular mass 302 Da, namely dibenzo[b,l]fluoranthene, in a standard reference material (SRM 1597a) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The eluting behavior of dibenzo[b,l]fluoranthene is investigated under reversed-phase liquid chromatographic conditions for its determination via absorption and fluorescence detection. Vibrationally resolved spectra and fluorescence lifetimes recorded from octane matrices at 77 K and 4.2 K allow for its qualitative and quantitative analysis at the parts-per-trillion concentration levels. Its unambiguous determination is then reported for the first time in the SRM 1597a. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY Of the 89 possible 302 Da PAH isomers, only 23 isomers have been identified in SRMs and/or environmental samples. The determination of dibenzo[b,l]fluoranthene in the SRM 1597a takes a step forward to fulfilling this gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony M Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Science Room 255, Orlando, Fl, 32816-8005, United States
| | - Ahmed Comas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Science Room 255, Orlando, Fl, 32816-8005, United States
| | - Gavin S Mohammad-Pour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Science Room 255, Orlando, Fl, 32816-8005, United States
| | - Fernando J Uribe-Romo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Science Room 255, Orlando, Fl, 32816-8005, United States
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd., Physical Science Room 255, Orlando, Fl, 32816-8005, United States.
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Barbosa F, Rocha BA, Souza MCO, Bocato MZ, Azevedo LF, Adeyemi JA, Santana A, Campiglia AD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): Updated aspects of their determination, kinetics in the human body, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:28-65. [PMID: 36617662 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2164390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are legacy pollutants of considerable public health concern. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons arise from natural and anthropogenic sources and are ubiquitously present in the environment. Several PAHs are highly toxic to humans with associated carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. Further, more severe harmful effects on human- and environmental health have been attributed to the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs, that is PAHs with molecular mass greater than 300 Da. However, more research has been conducted using low molecular weight (LMW) PAHs). In addition, no HMW PAHs are on the priority pollutants list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which is limited to only 16 PAHs. However, limited analytical methodologies for separating and determining HMW PAHs and their potential isomers and lack of readily available commercial standards make research with these compounds challenging. Since most of the PAH kinetic data originate from animal studies, our understanding of the effects of PAHs on humans is still minimal. In addition, current knowledge of toxic effects after exposure to PAHs may be underrepresented since most investigations focused on exposure to a single PAH. Currently, information on PAH mixtures is limited. Thus, this review aims to critically assess the current knowledge of PAH chemical properties, their kinetic disposition, and toxicity to humans. Further, future research needs to improve and provide the missing information and minimize PAH exposure to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marília C O Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Z Bocato
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lara F Azevedo
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Wise SA, Rodgers RP, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Kujawinski EB, Wade TL, Campiglia AD, Liu Z. Advances in Chemical Analysis of Oil Spills Since the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1638-1697. [PMID: 35254870 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques for chemical analysis of oil, oil photochemical and biological transformation products, and dispersants and their biodegradation products benefited significantly from research following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster. Crude oil and weathered-oil matrix reference materials were developed based on the Macondo well oil and characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and steranes for use to assure and improve the quality of analytical measurements in oil spill research. Advanced gas chromatography (GC) techniques such as comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC), pyrolysis GC with mass spectrometry (MS), and GC with tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) provide a greater understanding at the molecular level of composition and complexity of oil and weathering changes. The capabilities of high-resolution MS (HRMS) were utilized to extend the analytical characterization window beyond conventional GC-based methods to include polar and high molecular mass components (>400 Da) and to provide new opportunities for discovery, characterization, and investigation of photooxidation and biotransformation products. Novel separation approaches to reduce the complexity of the oil and weathered oil prior to high-resolution MS and advanced fluorescence spectrometry have increased the information available on spilled oil and transformation products. HRMS methods were developed to achieve the required precision and sensitivity for detection of dispersants and to provide molecular-level characterization of the complex surfactants. Overall, research funding following the DWH oil spill significantly advanced and expanded the use of analytical techniques for chemical analysis to support petroleum and dispersant characterization and investigations of fate and effects of not only the DWH oil spill but future spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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Ahad JME, Macdonald RW, Parrott JL, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Siddique T, Kuznetsova A, Rauert C, Galarneau E, Studabaker WB, Evans M, McMaster ME, Shang D. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in the Canadian environment: A review of sampling techniques, strategies and instrumentation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:114988. [PMID: 32679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of sampling techniques and strategies are needed to analyze polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) and interpret their distributions in various environmental media (i.e., air, water, snow, soils, sediments, peat and biological material). In this review, we provide a summary of commonly employed sampling methods and strategies, as well as a discussion of routine and innovative approaches used to quantify and characterize PACs in frequently targeted environmental samples, with specific examples and applications in Canadian investigations. The pros and cons of different analytical techniques, including gas chromatography - flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC low-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-LRMS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet, fluorescence or MS detection, GC high-resolution MS (GC-HRMS) and compound-specific stable (δ13C, δ2H) and radiocarbon (Δ14C) isotope analysis are considered. Using as an example research carried out in Canada's Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR), where alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing dibenzothiophenes are frequently targeted, the need to move beyond the standard list of sixteen EPA priority PAHs and for adoption of an AOSR bitumen PAC reference standard are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M E Ahad
- Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Robie W Macdonald
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Sidney, BC, V8L 4B2, Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Zeyu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Tariq Siddique
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Alsu Kuznetsova
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Cassandra Rauert
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Galarneau
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada
| | | | - Marlene Evans
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Mark E McMaster
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Dayue Shang
- Pacific Environmental Science Centre, Environment and Climate Change Canada, North Vancouver, BC, V7H 1B1, Canada
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Santana A, Comas A, Wise S, Wilson WB, And, Campiglia AD. Instrumental improvements for the trace analysis of structural isomers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular mass 302 Da. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1100:163-173. [PMID: 31987137 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most common environmental pollutants encountered worldwide. Eco-toxicological studies attribute a significant portion of the biological activity of PAH contaminated samples to the presence of high molecular weight PAHs (HMW-PAHs), i.e. PAHs with molecular mass (MM) greater than 300 Da. The research presented here focuses on the analysis of PAH isomers of MM 302 Da. This is not a trivial task. There are 23 isomers with MM 302 Da available to commercial and academic researchers. Many of them are difficult to separate in the chromatographic column and have virtually identical fragmentation patterns. The selectivity of HPLC absorption and fluorescence detectors is modest for resolving co-eluting isomers. Previous work in our lab demonstrated the potential of laser excited time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy (LETRSS) for the analysis of 302 Da isomers in HPLC fractions. The main limitation of the technique was instrumental and due to the narrow range of excitation wavelengths of the tunable dye laser used for sample excitation. Herein, we remove this limitation with an optical parametric oscillator (OPO)-based wavelength tuning laser that covers the whole excitation range of 302 Da isomers. It is possible now to excite each isomer at its excitation wavelength for maximum fluorescence emission and reach limits of detection at the parts-per-trillion level (pg.mL-1). The excitation bandwidth of the OPO laser (0.2 nm) is a good match for the narrow excitation spectra of 302 Da isomers in n-octane. This feature, associated to unique vibrational fluorescence profiles and lifetime decays, allows for the unambiguous identification of co-eluting isomers in RPLC fractions. The same is true for their quantitative analysis in coal tar samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Santana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Ahmed Comas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Stacy Wise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Walter B Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - And
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd, Physical Sciences Room 255, Orlando, FL, 32816-2366, United States.
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Hayes HV, Wilson WB, Santana AM, Campiglia AD, Sander LC, Wise SA. Determination of molecular mass 302 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Standard Reference Material 1597a by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and constant energy synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Comparison of five different HPLC columns with different particle sizes, lengths and make for the optimization of seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) analysis. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0330-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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8
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Rippy KC, DeWeerd NJ, Kuvychko IV, Chen YS, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Fluorination-Induced Evolution of Columnar Packing in Fluorous Triphenylenes and Benzotriphenylenes. Chempluschem 2018; 83:1067-1077. [PMID: 31950709 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Use of D3h -symmetrical triphenylene (TRPH) as a substrate for high-temperature radical reactions with C4 F8 I2 under varying conditions resulted in the introduction of four types of fluorinated substituents: ω-C4 F8 H, c-C4 F8 , c-C4 F4 , and c-C4 HF3 . In contrast to the previous work on direct (poly)substitutions with RF groups in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in this work regiospecificity, selectivity, and high yield were achieved for TRPH(C4 F8 ) and TRPH(C4 F8 )3 . New single-crystal structural data for seven compounds combined with literature crystallographic data allowed for the first detailed and precise analysis of the effects of fluorous substituent types, their number, and their position(s) on the TRPH core on the solid-state packing, and more specifically, the degree of π-π overlap between neighboring molecules, which is linked to charge transport properties. Comparison of isostructural partially fluorinated benzotriphenylenes, 2,3-TRPH(C4 F4 ) and 2,3-TRPH(C4 HF3 ), revealed an unexpectedly large (30 %) drop of π-π overlap, when only one fluorine atom was replaced with the hydrogen atom in a C4 F4 moiety. Theoretical and potentially practical implications of this work may include further testing and elaboration of computational methods describing solid-state interactions and predictions of transport properties of organic semiconductors, and further advances in the molecular design of high-performing TRPH-based organic materials and supramolecular architectures for organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry C Rippy
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Nicholas J DeWeerd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Igor V Kuvychko
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Chen
- ChemMatCARS, University of Chicago Advanced Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Steven H Strauss
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Olga V Boltalina
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Qualitative characterization of three combustion-related standard reference materials for polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles and their alkyl-substituted derivatives via normal-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4177-4188. [PMID: 29732496 PMCID: PMC6193260 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The research described here provides the most comprehensive qualitative characterization of three combustion-related standard reference materials (SRMs) for polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and some alkyl-substituted (alkyl-) derivatives to date: SRM 1597a (coal tar), SRM 1991 (coal tar/petroleum extract), and SRM 1975 (diesel particulate extract). An analytical approach based on gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented for the determination of three-, four-, and five-ring PASH isomers and three- and four-ring alkyl-PASHs in the three SRM samples. The benefit of using a normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) fractionation procedure prior to GC/MS analysis was demonstrated for multiple isomeric PASH groups. Using a semi-preparative aminopropyl (NH2) LC column, the three combustion-related samples were fractionated based on the number of aromatic carbon atoms. The NPLC-GC/MS method presented here allowed for the following identification breakdown: SRM 1597a - 35 PASHs and 59 alkyl-PASHs; SRM 1991-31 PASHs and 58 alkyl-PASHs; and SRM 1975-13 PASHs and 25 alkyl-PASHs. These identifications were based on NPLC retention data, the GC retention times of reference standards, and the predominant molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. Prior to this study, only 11, 1, and 0 PASHs/alkyl-PASHs had been identified in SRM 1597a, SRM 1991, and SRM 1975, respectively. Graphical abstract NPLC-GC/MS analysis for the three- and four-ring parent PASH isomers in SRM 1597a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Hayes HV, Wilson WB, Sander LC, Wise SA, Campiglia AD. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular mass 302 in Standard Reference Material 1597a by reversed-phase liquid chromatography and stop-flow fluorescence detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2018; 10:10.1039/C8AY00760H. [PMID: 31093300 PMCID: PMC6512832 DOI: 10.1039/c8ay00760h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of isomeric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in complex samples via reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) with fluorescence detection (FL) is normally based on matching the chromatographic retention times of suspected peaks of interest with reference standards. Since no spectral information is obtained during the chromatographic run, the accurate identification of co-eluting PAHs with similar chromatographic behaviors requires confirmation with additional chromatographic methods. This is particularly true for the analysis of PAH isomers with the relative molecular mass (MM, g/mol) 302. The work presented here explores the information content of room-temperature fluorescence spectra for the analysis of PAHs with MM 302 in the Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597a. Fluorescence spectra were recorded under stop-flow conditions with the aid of a commercial HPLC system. Of the 21 MM 302 PAHs known to be present in the SRM 1597a, 20 were tentatively identified based on retention times and the presence of 18 was confirmed based on excitation and emission spectral profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh V. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816
| | - Walter B. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Lane C. Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Stephen A. Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899
| | - Andres D. Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Normal-phase liquid chromatography retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles and alkyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycle isomers on an aminopropyl stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1511-1524. [PMID: 29238863 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0795-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices for 67 polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) and 80 alkyl-substituted PASHs were determined using normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) on an aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase. The retention behavior of PASH on the NH2 phase is correlated with the number of aromatic carbon atoms and two structural characteristics have a significant influence on their retention: non-planarity (thickness, T) and the position of the sulfur atom in the bay-region of the structure. Correlations between solute retention on the NH2 phase and T of PASHs were investigated for three cata-condensed (cata-) PASH isomer groups: (a) 13 four-ring molecular mass (MM) 234 Da cata-PASHs, (b) 20 five-ring MM 284 Da cata-PASHs, and (c) 12 six-ring MM 334 Da cata-PASHs. Correlation coefficients ranged from r = -0.49 (MM 234 Da) to r = -0.65 (MM 334 Da), which were significantly lower than structurally similar PAH isomer groups (r = -0.70 to r = -0.99). The NPLC retention behavior of the PASHs are compared to similar results for PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Physical Sciences Bld. 4111, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Normal-phase liquid chromatography retention behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and their methyl-substituted derivatives on an aminopropyl stationary phase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5291-5305. [PMID: 28717893 PMCID: PMC5709142 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Retention indices for 124 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 62 methyl-substituted (Me-) PAHs were determined using normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) on a aminopropyl (NH2) stationary phase. PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase is correlated to the total number of aromatic carbons in the PAH structure. Within an isomer group, non-planar isomers generally elute earlier than planar isomers. MePAHs generally elute slightly later but in the same region as the parent PAHs. Correlations between PAH retention behavior on the NH2 phase and PAH thickness (T) values were investigated to determine the influence of non-planarity for isomeric PAHs with four to seven aromatic rings. Correlation coefficients ranged from r = 0.19 (five-ring peri-condensed molecular mass (MM) 252 Da) to r = -0.99 (five-ring cata-condensed MM 278 Da). In the case of the smaller PAHs (MM ≤ 252 Da), most of the PAHs had a planar structure and provided a low correlation. In the case of larger PAHs (MM ≥ 278 Da), nonplanarity had a significant influence on the retention behavior and good correlation between retention and T was obtained for the MM 278 Da, MM 302 Da, MM 328 Da, and MM 378 Da isomer sets. Graphical abstract NPLC separation of the three-, four-, five-, and six-ring PAH isomers with different number of aromatic carbon atoms and degrees of non-planarity (Thickness, T). The inserted figure plots the number of aromatic carbon atoms vs. the log I value for the 124 parent PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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Wilson WB, Hayes HV, Sander LC, Campiglia AD, Wise SA. Qualitative characterization of SRM 1597a coal tar for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and methyl-substituted derivatives via normal-phase liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5171-5183. [PMID: 28664340 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) fractionation procedure was developed for the characterization of a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from a coal tar sample (Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597a). Using a semi-preparative aminopropyl (NH2) LC column, the coal tar sample was separated using NPLC based on the number of aromatic carbons; a total of 14 NPLC fractions were collected. SRM 1597a was analyzed before and after NPLC fractionation by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with a 50% phenyl stationary phase. The NPLC-GC/MS method presented in this study allowed for the identification of 72 PAHs and 56 MePAHs. These identifications were based on the NPLC retention times for authentic reference standards, GC retention times for authentic reference standards, and the predominant molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. Most noteworthy was the determination of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, which could not be measured directly by GC/MS because of low concentration and co-elution with dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene. The NPLC-GC/MS procedure also allowed for the tentative identification of 74 PAHs and 117 MePAHs based on the molecular ion peak only. This study represents the most comprehensive qualitative characterization of SRM 1597a to date. Graphical abstract NPLC-GC/MS analysis for the six-ring MM 302 Da PAH isomers in SRM 1597a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter B Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Hugh V Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lane C Sander
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Stephen A Wise
- Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8390, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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