1
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O’Neil GW, Keller A, Balila J, Golden S, Sipila N, Stone B, Nelson RK, Reddy CM. Monitoring Changes to Alkenone Biosynthesis in Commercial Tisochrysis lutea Microalgae. ACS Omega 2024; 9:16374-16383. [PMID: 38617607 PMCID: PMC11007839 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Alkenones are unique lipids produced by certain species of microalgae, well-known for use in paleoclimatology, and more recently pursued to advance sustainability across multiple industries. Beginning in 2018, the biosynthesis of alkenones by commercially grown Tisochrysis lutea (T-Iso) microalgae from one of the world's most established producers, Necton S.A., changed dramatically from structures containing 37 and 38 carbons, to unusual shorter-chain C35 and C36 diunsaturated alkenones (C35:2 and C36:2 alkenones). While the exact reasons for this change remain unknown, analysis of alkenones isolated from T-Iso grown in 2021 and 2023 revealed that this change has persisted. The structure of these rare shorter-chain alkenones, including double bond position, produced by Necton T-Iso remained the same over the last five years, which was determined using a new and optimized cross-metathesis derivatization approach with analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and NMR. However, noticeable differences in the alkenone profiles among the different batches were observed. Combined with fatty acid compositional analysis, the data suggest a connection between these lipid classes (e.g., increased DHA corresponds to lower amounts of shorter-chain alkenones) and the ability to manipulate their biosynthesis in T-Iso with changes to cultivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. O’Neil
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Allison Keller
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Jazmine Balila
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Sydney Golden
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Nate Sipila
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Britton Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225 (United States)
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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2
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James BD, Ward CP, Hahn ME, Thorpe SJ, Reddy CM. Minimizing the Environmental Impacts of Plastic Pollution through Ecodesign of Products with Low Environmental Persistence. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2024; 12:1185-1194. [PMID: 38273987 PMCID: PMC10806995 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c05534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
While plastic pollution threatens ecosystems and human health, the use of plastic products continues to increase. Limiting its harm requires design strategies for plastic products informed by the threats that plastics pose to the environment. Thus, we developed a sustainability metric for the ecodesign of plastic products with low environmental persistence and uncompromised performance. To do this, we integrated the environmental degradation rate of plastic into established material selection strategies, deriving material indices for environmental persistence. By comparing indices for the environmental impact of on-the-market plastics and proposed alternatives, we show that accounting for the environmental persistence of plastics in design could translate to societal benefits of hundreds of millions of dollars for a single consumer product. Our analysis identifies the materials and their properties that deserve development, adoption, and investment to create functional and less environmentally impactful plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Steven J. Thorpe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto; Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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3
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Ward CP, Reddy CM, Edwards B, Perri ST. To curb plastic pollution, industry and academia must unite. Nature 2024; 625:658-662. [PMID: 38253760 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-024-00155-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
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4
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Sun Y, Mazzotta MG, Miller CA, Apprill A, Izallalen M, Mazumder S, Perri ST, Edwards B, Reddy CM, Ward CP. Distinct microbial communities degrade cellulose diacetate bioplastics in the coastal ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0165123. [PMID: 38054734 PMCID: PMC10734458 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01651-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cellulose diacetate (CDA) is a promising alternative to conventional plastics due to its versatility in manufacturing and low environmental persistence. Previously, our group demonstrated that CDA is susceptible to biodegradation in the ocean on timescales of months. In this study, we report the composition of microorganisms driving CDA degradation in the coastal ocean. We found that the coastal ocean harbors distinct bacterial taxa implicated in CDA degradation and these taxa have not been previously identified in prior CDA degradation studies, indicating an unexplored diversity of CDA-degrading bacteria in the ocean. Moreover, the shape of the plastic article (e.g., a fabric, film, or foam) and plasticizer in the plastic matrix selected for different microbial communities. Our findings pave the way for future studies to identify the specific species and enzymes that drive CDA degradation in the marine environment, ultimately yielding a more predictive understanding of CDA biodegradation across space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchen Sun
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Carolyn A. Miller
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Apprill
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Fernandes GM, Martins DDA, de Oliveira AHB, de Lima MFB, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Cavalcante RM. Hydrocarbon markers for assessing the influence of human activities in the tropical semi-arid region (Acaraú River, state of Ceará, Brazil). Chemosphere 2023; 344:140227. [PMID: 37758093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are facing increasing anthropogenic stressors, including rapid urbanization rates and extensive fossil fuel usage. Nevertheless, the distribution of hydrocarbons in the Brazilian semi-arid region remains relatively uncharacterized. In this study, we analyzed ten surface sediment samples (0-2 cm) along the banks of the Acaraú River to assess the chronic contributions of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The Acaraú River is a crucial riverine-estuarine area in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer were used to identify target compounds: 45 PAHs, 27 n-alkanes (C10-C38), and two isoprenoids. At most stations, the predominant grain size was sand, and the organic carbon content was less than 1%. The total n-alkanes concentration ranged from 14.1 to 170.0 μg g-1, while individual pristane and phytane concentrations ranged from not detected (nd) to 0.4 μg g-1 and nd to 0.7 μg g-1, respectively. These concentrations resemble those found in unpolluted sediments and are lower compared to samples from urbanized coastal areas. The total USEPA PAHs concentration varied from 157.8 to 1364 ng g-1, leading to the characterization of sediment samples as moderately polluted. Based on diagnostic ratios calculated from both alkane and PAH concentrations, the sediment samples were predominantly deriving from pyrolytic sources, with some contribution from petrogenic sources. The most abundant group was 5-ring PAHs (mean: 47.3 ± 36.7%), followed by 3-ring PAHs (mean: 17.9 ± 13.7%). This predominance indicates a pyrolytic origin of hydrocarbons in the Acaraú River. The concentrations reported here were representative of the level of background hydrocarbons in the region. Regarding the sediment quality assessment, BaP TPE calculated for the Acaraú River ranged from 13.2 to 1258.4 ng g-1 (mean: 409.3 ± 409.4 ng g-1). When considering site-specific sediment quality values for the coast of the state of Ceará, half of the stations are classified as strongly contaminated, and toxic effects are expected to occur (SQGq >0.25) for the ∑16 PAHs measured in the samples, especially due to dibenz [a,h]anthracene concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Fernandes
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles,CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Davi de A Martins
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles,CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Andre H B de Oliveira
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles,CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Laboratory for Environmental Studies (LEA), Federal University of Ceará - Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Department, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 938/939, Brazil
| | - Marcielly F B de Lima
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles,CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles,CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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6
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James BD, Reddy CM, Hahn ME, Nelson RK, de Vos A, Aluwihare LI, Wade TL, Knap AH, Bera G. Fire and Oil Led to Complex Mixtures of PAHs on Burnt and Unburnt Plastic during the M/V X-Press Pearl Disaster. ACS Environ Au 2023; 3:319-335. [PMID: 37743953 PMCID: PMC10515710 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
In May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl container ship burned for 2 weeks, leading to the largest maritime spill of resin pellets (nurdles). The disaster was exacerbated by the leakage of other cargo and the ship's underway fuel. This disaster affords the unique opportunity to study a time-stamped, geolocated release of plastic under real-world conditions. Field samples collected from beaches in Sri Lanka nearest to the ship comprised nurdles exposed to heat and combustion, burnt plastic pieces (pyroplastic), and oil-plastic agglomerates (petroplastic). An unresolved question is whether the 1600+ tons of spilled and recovered plastic should be considered hazardous waste. Due to the known formation and toxicity of combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), we measured 20 parent and 21 alkylated PAHs associated with several types of spilled plastic. The maximum PAH content of the sampled pyroplastic had the greatest amount of PAHs recorded for marine plastic debris (199,000 ng/g). In contrast, the sampled unburnt white nurdles had two orders of magnitude less PAH content. The PAH composition varied between the types of spilled plastic and presented features typical of and conflicting with petrogenic and pyrogenic sources. Nevertheless, specific markers and compositional changes for burning plastics were identified, revealing that the fire was the main source of PAHs. Eight months after the spill, the PAH contents of sampled stray nurdles and pyroplastic were reduced by more than 50%. Due to their PAH content exceeding levels allowable for plastic consumer goods, classifying burnt plastic as hazardous waste may be warranted. Following a largely successful cleanup, we recommend that the Sri Lankans re-evaluate the identification, handling, and disposal of the plastic debris collected from beaches and the potential exposure of responders and the public to PAHs from handling it. The maritime disaster underscores pyroplastic as a type of plastic pollution that has yet to be fully explored, despite the pervasiveness of intentional and unintentional burning of plastic globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Biology
Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Biology
Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Asha de Vos
- Oceanswell, 9 Park Gardens, Colombo 00500, Sri Lanka
- The
Oceans Institute, University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling
Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Terry L. Wade
- Geochemical
and Environmental Research Group, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
- Department
of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Anthony H. Knap
- Geochemical
and Environmental Research Group, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
- Department
of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Ocean Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gopal Bera
- Geochemical
and Environmental Research Group, Texas
A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845, United States
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7
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Freeman DH, Niles SF, Rodgers RP, French-McCay DP, Longnecker K, Reddy CM, Ward CP. Hot and Cold: Photochemical Weathering Mediates Oil Properties and Fate Differently Depending on Seawater Temperature. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:11988-11998. [PMID: 37515555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical weathering transforms petroleum oil and changes its bulk physical properties, as well as its partitioning into seawater. This transformation process is likely to occur in a cold water marine oil spill, but little is known about the behavior of photochemically weathered oil in cold water. We quantified the effect of photochemical weathering on oil properties and partitioning across temperatures. Compared to weathering in the dark, photochemical weathering increases oil viscosity and water-soluble content, decreases oil-seawater interfacial tension, and slightly increases density. Many of these photochemical changes are much larger than changes caused by evaporative weathering. Further, the viscosity and water-soluble content of photochemically weathered oil are more temperature-sensitive compared to evaporatively weathered oil, which changes the importance of key fate processes in warm versus cold environments. Compared to at 30 °C, photochemically weathered oil at 5 °C would have a 16× higher viscosity and a 7× lower water-soluble content, resulting in lower entrainment and dissolution. Collectively, the physical properties and thus fate of photochemically weathered oil in a cold water spill may be substantially different from those in a warm water spill. These differences could affect the choice of oil spill response options in cold, high-light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Haas Freeman
- MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Sydney F Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | | | - Krista Longnecker
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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8
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James BD, Karchner SI, Walsh AN, Aluru N, Franks DG, Sullivan KR, Reddy CM, Ward CP, Hahn ME. Formulation Controls the Potential Neuromuscular Toxicity of Polyethylene Photoproducts in Developing Zebrafish. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:7966-7977. [PMID: 37186871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight transforms plastic into water-soluble products, the potential toxicity of which remains unresolved, particularly for vertebrate animals. We evaluated acute toxicity and gene expression in developing zebrafish larvae after 5 days of exposure to photoproduced (P) and dark (D) leachates from additive-free polyethylene (PE) film and consumer-grade, additive-containing, conventional, and recycled PE bags. Using a "worst-case" scenario, with plastic concentrations exceeding those found in natural waters, we observed no acute toxicity. However, at the molecular level, RNA sequencing revealed differences in the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each leachate treatment: thousands of genes (5442 P, 577 D) for the additive-free film, tens of genes for the additive-containing conventional bag (14 P, 7 D), and none for the additive-containing recycled bag. Gene ontology enrichment analyses suggested that the additive-free PE leachates disrupted neuromuscular processes via biophysical signaling; this was most pronounced for the photoproduced leachates. We suggest that the fewer DEGs elicited by the leachates from conventional PE bags (and none from recycled bags) could be due to differences in photoproduced leachate composition caused by titanium dioxide-catalyzed reactions not present in the additive-free PE. This work demonstrates that the potential toxicity of plastic photoproducts can be product formulation-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna N Walsh
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Neelakanteswar Aluru
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Diana G Franks
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Kallen R Sullivan
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P Ward
- Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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9
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Azevedo RNA, Bezerra KMM, Nascimento RF, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Nascimento AP, Oliveira AHB, Martins LL, Cavalcante RM. Is there a similarity between the 2019 and 2022 oil spills that occurred on the coast of Ceará (Northeast Brazil)? An analysis based on forensic environmental geochemistry. Environ Pollut 2022; 314:120283. [PMID: 36180002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the 2019 and 2022 oil spill events that occurred off the coast of the State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. To further assess these mysterious oil spills, we investigated whether the oils stranded on the beaches of Ceará in 2019 and 2022 had the same origin, whether their compositional differences were due to weathering processes, and whether the materials from both were natural or industrially processed. We collected oil samples in October 2019 and January 2022, soon after their appearance on the beaches. We applied a forensic environmental geochemistry approach using both one-dimensional and two-dimensional gas chromatography to assess chemical composition. The collected material had characteristics of crude oil and not refined oils. In addition, the 2022 oil samples collected over 130 km of the east coast of Ceará had a similar chemical profile and were thus considered to originate from the same source. However, these oils had distinct biomarker profiles compared to those of the 2019 oils, including resistant terpanes and triaromatic steranes, thus excluding the hypothesis that the oil that reached the coast of Ceará in January 2022 is related to the tragedy that occurred in 2019. From a geochemical perspective, the oil released in 2019 is more thermally mature than that released in 2022, with both having source rocks with distinct types of organic matter and depositional environments. As the coast of Ceará has vast ecological diversity and Marine Protected Areas, the possibility of occasional oil spills in the area causing severe environmental pollution should be investigated from multiple perspectives, including forensic environmental geochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufino N A Azevedo
- Environmental Studies Laboratory (LEA), Federal University of Ceara, Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Dpto Campus Pici, Av. Mister Hull, s/n - Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Kamylla M M Bezerra
- Environmental Studies Laboratory (LEA), Federal University of Ceara, Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Dpto Campus Pici, Av. Mister Hull, s/n - Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Marine Environments (INCT-AmbTropic, Phase II - Oil Spill), Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Traces Analysis (LAT) - Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Rua do Contorno, Humberto Monte S/N Campus do Pici, Bloco 940, Fortaleza, CE 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Adriana P Nascimento
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences-Federal University of Ceara (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Tropical Marine Sciences Program/LABOMAR/UFC, Brazil
| | - André H B Oliveira
- Environmental Studies Laboratory (LEA), Federal University of Ceara, Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry Dpto Campus Pici, Av. Mister Hull, s/n - Pici, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences-Federal University of Ceara (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Tropical Marine Sciences Program/LABOMAR/UFC, Brazil
| | - Laercio L Martins
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences-Federal University of Ceara (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Tropical Marine Sciences Program/LABOMAR/UFC, Brazil; Laboratory of Petroleum Engineering and Exploration (LENEP), North Fluminense State University (UENF), Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, 27925-535, Brazil
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Marine Environments (INCT-AmbTropic, Phase II - Oil Spill), Brazil; Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences-Federal University of Ceara (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, CEP: 60165-081, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Tropical Marine Sciences Program/LABOMAR/UFC, Brazil.
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10
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Walsh AN, Mazzotta MG, Nelson TF, Reddy CM, Ward CP. Synergy between Sunlight, Titanium Dioxide, and Microbes Enhances Cellulose Diacetate Degradation in the Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:13810-13819. [PMID: 36103552 PMCID: PMC9535896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight chemically transforms marine plastics into a suite of products, with formulation─the specific mixture of polymers and additives─driving rates and products. However, the effect of light-driven transformations on subsequent microbial lability is poorly understood. Here, we examined the interplay between photochemical and biological degradation of fabrics made from cellulose diacetate (CDA), a biobased polymer used commonly in consumer products. We also examined the influence of ∼1% titanium dioxide (TiO2), a common pigment and photocatalyst. We sequentially exposed CDA to simulated sunlight and native marine microbes to understand how photodegradation influences metabolic rates and pathways. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that sunlight initiated chain scission reactions, reducing CDA's average molecular weight. Natural abundance carbon isotope measurements demonstrated that chain scission ultimately yields CO2, a newly identified abiotic loss term of CDA in the environment. Measurements of fabric mass loss and enzymatic activities in seawater implied that photodegradation enhanced biodegradation by performing steps typically facilitated by cellulase. TiO2 accelerated CDA photodegradation, expediting biodegradation. Collectively, these findings (i) underline the importance of formulation in plastic's environmental fate and (ii) suggest that overlooking synergy between photochemical and biological degradation may lead to overestimates of marine plastic persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N. Walsh
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael G. Mazzotta
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Eastman
Chemical Company, Kingsport, Tennessee 37660, United States
| | - Taylor F. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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11
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James BD, de Vos A, Aluwihare LI, Youngs S, Ward CP, Nelson RK, Michel APM, Hahn ME, Reddy CM. Divergent Forms of Pyroplastic: Lessons Learned from the M/V X-Press Pearl Ship Fire. ACS Environ Au 2022; 2:467-479. [PMID: 37101454 PMCID: PMC10125272 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
In late May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl container ship caught fire while anchored 18 km off the coast of Colombo, Sri Lanka and spilled upward of 70 billion pieces of plastic or "nurdles" (∼1680 tons), littering the country's coastline. Exposure to combustion, heat, chemicals, and petroleum products led to an apparent continuum of changes from no obvious effects to pieces consistent with previous reports of melted and burned plastic (pyroplastic) found on beaches. At the middle of this continuum, nurdles were discolored but appeared to retain their prefire morphology, resembling nurdles that had been weathered in the environment. We performed a detailed investigation of the physical and surface properties of discolored nurdles collected on a beach 5 days after the ship caught fire and within 24 h of their arrival onshore. The color was the most striking trait of the plastic: white for nurdles with minimal alteration from the accident, orange for nurdles containing antioxidant degradation products formed by exposure to heat, and gray for partially combusted nurdles. Our color analyses indicate that this fraction of the plastic released from the ship was not a continuum but instead diverged into distinct groups. Fire left the gray nurdles scorched, with entrained particles and pools of melted plastic, and covered in soot, representing partial pyroplastics, a new subtype of pyroplastic. Cross sections showed that the heat- and fire-induced changes were superficial, leaving the surfaces more hydrophilic but the interior relatively untouched. These results provide timely and actionable information to responders to reevaluate cleanup end points, monitor the recurrence of these spilled nurdles, gauge short- and long-term effects of the spilled nurdles to the local ecosystem, and manage the recovery of the spill. These findings underscore partially combusted plastic (pyroplastic) as a type of plastic pollution that has yet to be fully explored despite the frequency at which plastic is burned globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D. James
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Asha de Vos
- Oceanswell, 9 Park Gardens, Colombo 5 00500, Sri Lanka
- The
Oceans Institute, University of Western
Australia, 35 Stirling
Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lihini I. Aluwihare
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sarah Youngs
- Department
of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna P. M. Michel
- Department
of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E. Hahn
- Department
of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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12
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LeClerc HO, Tompsett GA, Paulsen AD, McKenna AM, Niles SF, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Cheng F, Teixeira AR, Timko MT. Hydroxyapatite catalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction transforms food waste from an environmental liability to renewable fuel. iScience 2022; 25:104916. [PMID: 36148430 PMCID: PMC9486744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Food waste is an abundant and inexpensive resource for the production of renewable fuels. Biocrude yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste can be boosted using hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inexpensive and abundant catalyst. Combining HAP with an inexpensive homogeneous base increased biocrude yield from 14 ± 1 to 37 ± 3%, resulting in the recovery of 49 ± 2% of the energy contained in the food waste feed. Detailed product analysis revealed the importance of fatty-acid oligomerization during biocrude formation, highlighting the role of acid-base catalysts in promoting condensation reactions. Economic and environmental analysis found that the new technology has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6% while producing renewable diesel with a minimum fuel selling price of $1.06/GGE. HAP can play a role in transforming food waste from a liability to a renewable fuel. Catalysts boost yields obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of food waste HAP-catalyzed HTL has the potential to reduce US greenhouse gas emissions by 2.6 Catalytic food waste HTL can produce fuel with an MFSP of $1.06/GGE
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O. LeClerc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Geoffrey A. Tompsett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Alex D. Paulsen
- Mainstream Engineering Corporation, 200 Yellow Place, Rockledge, FL 32955, USA
| | - Amy M. McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Sydney F. Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 Paul Dirac Dr., Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | | | - Robert K. Nelson
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 86 Water St., Falmouth, MA 02543, USA
| | - Feng Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Michael T. Timko
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
- Corresponding author
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13
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Nelson RK, Scarlett AG, Gagnon MM, Holman AI, Reddy CM, Sutton PA, Grice K. Characterizations and comparison of low sulfur fuel oils compliant with 2020 global sulfur cap regulation for international shipping. Mar Pollut Bull 2022; 180:113791. [PMID: 35665617 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The International Marine Organization 2020 Global Sulfur Cap requires ships to burn fuels with <0.50% S and some countries require <0.10% S in certain Sulfur Emission Control Areas but little is known about these new types of fuels. Using both traditional GC-MS and more advanced chromatographic and mass spectrometry techniques, plus stable isotopic, δ13C and δ2H, analyses of pristane, phytane and n-alkanes, the organic components of a suite of three 0.50% S and three 0.10% S compliant fuels were characterized. Two oils were found to be near identical but all of the remaining oils could be forensically distinguished by comparison of their molecular biomarkers and by the profiles of the heterocyclic parent and alkylated homologues. Oils could also be differentiated by their δ13C and δ2H of n-alkanes and isoprenoids. This study provides important forensic data that may prove invaluable in the event of future oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Alan G Scarlett
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
| | | | - Alex I Holman
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6102, Australia.
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14
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de Vos A, Aluwihare L, Youngs S, DiBenedetto MH, Ward CP, Michel APM, Colson BC, Mazzotta MG, Walsh AN, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, James BD. The M/V X-Press Pearl Nurdle Spill: Contamination of Burnt Plastic and Unburnt Nurdles along Sri Lanka’s Beaches. ACS Environ Au 2022; 2:128-135. [PMID: 37101587 PMCID: PMC10114858 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.1c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In May 2021, the M/V X-Press Pearl cargo ship caught fire 18 km off the west coast of Sri Lanka and spilled ∼1680 tons of spherical pieces of plastic or "nurdles" (∼5 mm; white in color). Nurdles are the preproduction plastic used to manufacture a wide range of end products. Exposure to combustion, heat, and chemicals led to agglomeration, fragmentation, charring, and chemical modification of the plastic, creating an unprecedented complex spill of visibly burnt plastic and unburnt nurdles. These pieces span a continuum of colors, shapes, sizes, and densities with high variability that could impact cleanup efforts, alter transport in the ocean, and potentially affect wildlife. Visibly burnt plastic was 3-fold more chemically complex than visibly unburnt nurdles. This added chemical complexity included combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A portion of the burnt material contained petroleum-derived biomarkers, indicating that it encountered some fossil-fuel products during the spill. The findings of this research highlight the added complexity caused by the fire and subsequent burning of plastic for cleanup operations, monitoring, and damage assessment and provides recommendations to further understand and combat the impacts of this and future spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha de Vos
- Oceanswell, 9 Park Gardens, Colombo 5 00500, Sri Lanka
- The Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lihini Aluwihare
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sarah Youngs
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Michelle H. DiBenedetto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Collin P. Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna P. M. Michel
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Beckett C. Colson
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- MIT−WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael G. Mazzotta
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Anna N. Walsh
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- MIT−WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Bryan D. James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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15
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Wise SA, Rodgers RP, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Kujawinski EB, Wade TL, Campiglia AD, Liu Z. Advances in Chemical Analysis of Oil Spills Since the Deepwater Horizon Disaster. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1638-1697. [PMID: 35254870 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2039093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical techniques for chemical analysis of oil, oil photochemical and biological transformation products, and dispersants and their biodegradation products benefited significantly from research following the 2010 Deepwater Horizon (DWH) disaster. Crude oil and weathered-oil matrix reference materials were developed based on the Macondo well oil and characterized for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hopanes, and steranes for use to assure and improve the quality of analytical measurements in oil spill research. Advanced gas chromatography (GC) techniques such as comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC × GC), pyrolysis GC with mass spectrometry (MS), and GC with tandem MS (GC-MS/MS) provide a greater understanding at the molecular level of composition and complexity of oil and weathering changes. The capabilities of high-resolution MS (HRMS) were utilized to extend the analytical characterization window beyond conventional GC-based methods to include polar and high molecular mass components (>400 Da) and to provide new opportunities for discovery, characterization, and investigation of photooxidation and biotransformation products. Novel separation approaches to reduce the complexity of the oil and weathered oil prior to high-resolution MS and advanced fluorescence spectrometry have increased the information available on spilled oil and transformation products. HRMS methods were developed to achieve the required precision and sensitivity for detection of dispersants and to provide molecular-level characterization of the complex surfactants. Overall, research funding following the DWH oil spill significantly advanced and expanded the use of analytical techniques for chemical analysis to support petroleum and dispersant characterization and investigations of fate and effects of not only the DWH oil spill but future spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Wise
- Scientist Emeritus, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Kujawinski
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Terry L Wade
- Geochemical and Environmental Research Group, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Andres D Campiglia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Zhanfei Liu
- Marine Science Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, TX, USA
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16
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Berger CA, Ward CP, Karchner SI, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Hahn ME, Tarrant AM. Nematostella vectensis exhibits an enhanced molecular stress response upon co-exposure to highly weathered oil and surface UV radiation. Mar Environ Res 2022; 175:105569. [PMID: 35248985 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil released into the environment undergoes weathering processes that gradually change its composition and toxicity. Co-exposure to petroleum mixtures and other stressors, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, may lead to synergistic effects and increased toxicity. Laboratory studies should consider these factors when testing the effects of oil exposure on aquatic organisms. Here, we study transcriptomic responses of the estuarine sea anemone Nematostella vectensis to naturally weathered oil, with or without co-exposure to environmental levels of UV radiation. We find that co-exposure greatly enhances the response. We use bioinformatic analyses to identify molecular pathways implicated in this response, which suggest phototoxicity and oxidative damage as mechanisms for the enhanced stress response. Nematostella's stress response shares similarities with the vertebrate oxidative stress response, implying deep conservation of certain stress pathways in animals. We show that exposure to weathered oil along with surface-level UV exposure has substantial physiological consequences in a model cnidarian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory A Berger
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States; MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science & Engineering, Cambridge and Woods Hole, MA, USA.
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Sibel I Karchner
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D James
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Mark E Hahn
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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18
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Scarlett AG, Nelson RK, Gagnon MM, Holman AI, Reddy CM, Sutton PA, Grice K. MV Wakashio grounding incident in Mauritius 2020: The world's first major spillage of Very Low Sulfur Fuel Oil. Mar Pollut Bull 2021; 171:112917. [PMID: 34488148 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Very Low Sulfur Fuel Oils (VSLFO, <0.5% S) are a new class of marine fuel oils, introduced to meet recent International Maritime Organization regulations. The MV Wakashio was reported to have released 1000 t of VLSFO when it grounded on a reef in Mauritius on 25th July 2020. A field sample of oily residue contaminating the Mauritian coast was collected on 16th August 2020 and compared with the Wakashio fuel oil. Both oils were analyzed for organic and elemental content, and stable isotope ratios δ13C and δ2H measured. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry was used to identify and compare biomarkers resistant to weathering. The aromatic content in the VLSFO was relatively low suggesting that the potential for ecosystem harm arising from exposure to toxic components may be less than with traditional fuel oil spills. The Wakashio oil spill is, to our knowledge, the first documented spill involving VLSFO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan G Scarlett
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Marthe Monique Gagnon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Alex I Holman
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts, MA 02543, USA
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, School of Geography Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, England, UK
| | - Kliti Grice
- Western Australian Isotope and Geochemistry Centre, School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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19
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Walsh AN, Reddy CM, Niles SF, McKenna AM, Hansel CM, Ward CP. Plastic Formulation is an Emerging Control of Its Photochemical Fate in the Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:12383-12392. [PMID: 34494430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure is a control of long-term plastic fate in the environment that converts plastic into oxygenated products spanning the polymer, dissolved, and gas phases. However, our understanding of how plastic formulation influences the amount and composition of these photoproducts remains incomplete. Here, we characterized the initial formulations and resulting dissolved photoproducts of four single-use consumer polyethylene (PE) bags from major retailers and one pure PE film. Consumer PE bags contained 15-36% inorganic additives, primarily calcium carbonate (13-34%) and titanium dioxide (TiO2; 1-2%). Sunlight exposure consistently increased production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) relative to leaching in the dark (3- to 80-fold). All consumer PE bags produced more DOC during sunlight exposure than the pure PE (1.2- to 2.0-fold). The DOC leached after sunlight exposure increasingly reflected the 13C and 14C isotopic composition of the plastic. Ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry revealed that sunlight exposure substantially increased the number of DOC formulas detected (1.1- to 50-fold). TiO2-containing bags photochemically degraded into the most compositionally similar DOC, with 68-94% of photoproduced formulas in common with at least one other TiO2-containing bag. Conversely, only 28% of photoproduced formulas from the pure PE were detected in photoproduced DOC from the consumer PE. Overall, these findings suggest that plastic formulation, especially TiO2, plays a determining role in the amount and composition of DOC generated by sunlight. Consequently, studies on pure, unweathered polymers may not accurately represent the fates and impacts of the plastics entering the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Walsh
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Sydney F Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Colleen M Hansel
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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20
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Gosselin K, Nelson RK, Spivak AC, Sylva SP, Van Mooy BA, Aeppli C, Sharpless CM, O’Neil GW, Arrington EC, Reddy CM, Valentine DL. Production of Two Highly Abundant 2-Methyl-Branched Fatty Acids by Blooms of the Globally Significant Marine Cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum. ACS Omega 2021; 6:22803-22810. [PMID: 34514251 PMCID: PMC8427776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-forming cyanobacteria Trichodesmium contribute up to 30% to the total fixed nitrogen in the global oceans and thereby drive substantial productivity. On an expedition in the Gulf of Mexico, we observed and sampled surface slicks, some of which included dense blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum. These bloom samples contained abundant and atypical free fatty acids, identified here as 2-methyldecanoic acid and 2-methyldodecanoic acid. The high abundance and unusual branching pattern of these compounds suggest that they may play a specific role in this globally important organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey
M. Gosselin
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Marine Science, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Amanda C. Spivak
- Department
of Marine Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean P. Sylva
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Benjamin A.S. Van Mooy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow
Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Charles M. Sharpless
- Andlinger
Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Gregory W. O’Neil
- Department
of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Eleanor C. Arrington
- Interdepartmental
Graduate Program in Marine Science, University
of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department
of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods
Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - David L. Valentine
- Department
of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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21
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Nelson TF, Reddy CM, Ward CP. Product Formulation Controls the Impact of Biofouling on Consumer Plastic Photochemical Fate in the Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:8898-8907. [PMID: 34132543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation rates of floating marine plastics govern their environmental lifetimes, but the controls on this process remain poorly understood. Photodegradation of these materials has so far been studied under ideal conditions in the absence of environmental factors such as biofouling, which may slow photochemical transformation rates through light screening. To investigate this interaction, we incubated different plastics in continuous flow seawater mesocosms to follow (i) the extent of biofilm growth on the samples and (ii) decreases in light transmittance through the samples over time. We used consumer products with high relevance (e.g., shopping bags, water bottles, and packaging materials) and with different formulations, referring to primary polymers (polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET)) and inorganic additives (titanium dioxide (TiO2)). The behavior of consumer-relevant formulations was compared to those of pure PE and PET films, revealing that the relative effects of UV- and, to a lesser extent, visible-light screening differ based on the formulation of the product. Pure PE showed greater relative UV-transmittance decreases (Δ = -34% through the entire sample, accounting for biofilm on both sides of the plastic film) than PET (Δ = -20%) and PE products with TiO2 (Δ = < -10%). Our results demonstrate that even with biofouling, photodegradation remains a highly relevant process for the fate of marine plastics. However, we expect photodegradation rates of plastics in the ocean to be slower than those measured in laboratory studies, due to light screening by biofilms, and the specific formulation of plastic products is a key determinant of the extent of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor F Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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22
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O'Neil GW, Gale AC, Nelson RK, Dhaliwal HK, Reddy CM. Unusual
Shorter‐Chain C
35
and
C
36
Alkenones from Commercially Grown
Isochrysis
sp. Microalgae. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Amanda C. Gale
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Herman K. Dhaliwal
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA 98225 USA
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
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23
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Bryant WL, Camilli R, Fisher GB, Overton EB, Reddy CM, Reible D, Swarthout RF, Valentine DL. Harnessing a decade of data to inform future decisions: Insights into the ongoing hydrocarbon release at Taylor Energy's Mississippi Canyon Block 20 (MC20) site. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 155:111056. [PMID: 32469752 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The release of oil and gas at Mississippi Canyon Block 20 into the Gulf of Mexico has vexed response officials since 2004 when a regional seafloor failure toppled the Taylor Energy Company platform. Despite the completion of nine intervention wells, releases continue from the seafloor, mostly captured by a recently installed containment system. Toward informing resolution, this work applies chemical forensic and statistical analyses to surface sheens, sediments, and reservoir oil samples. Our results indicate sheens are chemically heterogeneous, contain remnant synthetic hydrocarbons likely discharged from well interventions prior to 2012, and require mixing of multiple chemically-distinct oil groups to explain observed variability in diagnostic ratios. Given the respite and opportunity afforded by containment we suggest leveraging ongoing collection activities to assess release dynamics, as well as engaging the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, to evaluate potential solutions, associated risks, and to consider policy ramifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wade L Bryant
- CK Associates, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, United States.
| | | | - G Burch Fisher
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Edward B Overton
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | | | - Danny Reible
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
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24
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Huynh A, Maktabi B, Reddy CM, O’Neil GW, Chandler M, Baki G. Evaluation of alkenones, a renewably sourced, plant‐derived wax as a structuring agent for lipsticks. Int J Cosmet Sci 2020; 42:146-155. [PMID: 31880361 PMCID: PMC9291794 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waxes are used as structuring agents in lipsticks. There are a variety of waxes combined in a single lipstick to provide good stability, pleasant texture and good pay‐off. Due to a significant growth for natural, green and sustainable products, there is a constant search for alternatives to animal‐derived and petroleum‐derived ingredients. In this study, a green, non‐animalderived wax, namely long‐chain ketones (referred to as alkenones), sourced from marine microalgae was formulated into lipsticks and evaluated as a structuring agent. METHODS Alkenones were used as a substitute for microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and candelilla wax, typical structuring agents. In total, 384 lipsticks were formulated: L1 (control, no alkenones), L2 (alkenones as a substitute for ozokerite), L3 (alkenones as a substitute for microcrystalline wax) and L4 (alkenones as a substitute for candelilla wax). Products were tested for hardness (bending force), stiffness, firmness (needle penetration), pay‐off (using a texture analyser and a consumer panel), friction, melting point and stability for 12 weeks at 25 and 45°C. RESULTS Alkenones influenced each characteristic evaluated. In general, lipsticks with alkenones (L2‐L4) became softer and easier to bend compared to the control (L1). In terms of firmness, lipsticks were similar to the control, except for L4, which was significantly (P < 0.05) firmer. The effect on pay‐off was not consistent. L2 and L3 had higher pay‐off to skin and fabric than L1. In addition, L4 had the lowest amount transferred, but it still had the highest colour intensity on skin. Alkenones influenced friction (glide) positively; the average friction decreased for L2‐L4. The lowest friction (i.e. best glide) was shown in L4. Melting point of the lipsticks was lower when alkenones were present. Overall, L4, containing 7% of 4 alkenones in combination with microcrystalline wax, ozokerite and carnauba wax, was found to have the most desirable attributes, including ease of bending, high level of firmness, low pay‐off in terms of amount, high colour intensity on skin and low friction (i.e. better glide). Consumers preferred L4 the most overall. CONCLUSION Results of this study indicate that alkenones offer a sustainable, non‐animal and non‐petroleum‐derived choice as a structuring agent for lipsticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Huynh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Briana Maktabi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo Toledo OH USA
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Gregory W. O’Neil
- Department of Chemistry Western Washington University Bellingham WA USA
| | | | - Gabriella Baki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toledo Toledo OH USA
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25
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Hanke UM, Lima-Braun AL, Eglinton TI, Donnelly JP, Galy V, Poussart P, Hughen K, McNichol AP, Xu L, Reddy CM. Significance of Perylene for Source Allocation of Terrigenous Organic Matter in Aquatic Sediments. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:8244-8251. [PMID: 31259540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perylene is a frequently abundant, and sometimes the only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) in aquatic sediments, but its origin has been subject of a longstanding debate in geochemical research and pollutant forensics because its historical record differs markedly from typical anthropogenic PAHs. Here we investigate whether perylene serves as a source-specific molecular marker of fungal activity in forest soils. We use a well-characterized sedimentary record (1735-1999) from the anoxic-bottom waters of the Pettaquamscutt River basin, RI to examine mass accumulation rates and isotope records of perylene, and compare them with total organic carbon and the anthropogenic PAH fluoranthene. We support our arguments with radiocarbon (14C) data of higher plant leaf-wax n-alkanoic acids. Isotope-mass balance-calculations of perylene and n-alkanoic acids indicate that ∼40% of sedimentary organic matter is of terrestrial origin. Further, both terrestrial markers are pre-aged on millennial time-scales prior to burial in sediments and are insensitive to elevated 14C concentrations following nuclear weapons testing in the mid-20th Century. Instead, changes coincide with enhanced erosional flux during urban sprawl. These findings suggest that perylene is definitely a product of soil-derived fungi, and a powerful chemical tracer to study the spatial and temporal connectivity between terrestrial and aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Hanke
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Ana L Lima-Braun
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
- Geological Institute , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5 , 8092 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey P Donnelly
- Department of Geology and Geophysics , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Valier Galy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Pascale Poussart
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Konrad Hughen
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Ann P McNichol
- Department of Geology and Geophysics , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
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26
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Hanke UM, Ward CP, Reddy CM. Leveraging Lessons Learned from Black Carbon Research to Study Plastics in the Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:6599-6600. [PMID: 31184126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Hanke
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
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27
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Bostic JT, Aeppli C, Swarthout RF, Reddy CM, Ziolkowski LA. Ongoing biodegradation of Deepwater Horizon oil in Beach Sands: Insights from tracing petroleum carbon into microbial biomass. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 141:611. [PMID: 30955775 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Bostic
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Lori A Ziolkowski
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
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28
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Kivenson V, Lemkau KL, Pizarro O, Yoerger DR, Kaiser C, Nelson RK, Carmichael C, Paul BG, Reddy CM, Valentine DL. Ocean Dumping of Containerized DDT Waste Was a Sloppy Process. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:2971-2980. [PMID: 30829032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial-scale dumping of organic waste to the deep ocean was once common practice, leaving a legacy of chemical pollution for which a paucity of information exists. Using a nested approach with autonomous and remotely operated underwater vehicles, a dumpsite offshore California was surveyed and sampled. Discarded waste containers littered the site and structured the suboxic benthic environment. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was reportedly dumped in the area, and sediment analysis revealed substantial variability in concentrations of p, p-DDT and its analogs, with a peak concentration of 257 μg g-1, ∼40 times greater than the highest level of surface sediment contamination at the nearby DDT Superfund site. The occurrence of a conspicuous hydrocarbon mixture suggests that multiple petroleum distillates, potentially used in DDT manufacture, contributed to the waste stream. Application of a two end-member mixing model with DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls enabled source differentiation between shelf discharge versus containerized waste. Ocean dumping was found to be the major source of DDT to more than 3000 km2 of the region's deep seafloor. These results reveal that ocean dumping of containerized DDT waste was inherently sloppy, with the contents readily breaching containment and leading to regional scale contamination of the deep benthos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Kivenson
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Marine Science , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Karin L Lemkau
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Australian Centre for Field Robotics , University of Sydney , Sydney 2006 , Australia
| | - Dana R Yoerger
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Carl Kaiser
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Catherine Carmichael
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - Blair G Paul
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02453 , United States
| | - David L Valentine
- Marine Science Institute , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
- Department of Earth Science , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States
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29
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Lemkau KL, Reddy CM, Carmichael CA, Aeppli C, Swarthout RF, White HK. Hurricane Isaac brings more than oil ashore: Characteristics of beach deposits following the Deepwater Horizon spill. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213464. [PMID: 30883566 PMCID: PMC6422254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to Hurricane Isaac making landfall along the Gulf of Mexico coast in August 2012, local and state officials were concerned that the hurricane would mobilize submerged oiled-materials from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) spill. In this study, we investigated materials washed ashore following the hurricane to determine if it affected the chemical composition or density of oil-containing sand patties regularly found on Gulf Coast beaches. While small changes in sand patty density were observed in samples collected before and after the hurricane, these variations appear to have been driven by differences in sampling location and not linked to the passing of Hurricane Isaac. Visual and chemical analysis of sand patties confirmed that the contents was consistent with oil from the Macondo well. Petroleum hydrocarbon signatures of samples collected before and after the hurricane showed no notable changes. In the days following Hurricane Isaac, dark-colored mats were also found on the beach in Fort Morgan, AL, and community reports speculated that these mats contained oil from the DWH spill. Chemical analysis of these mat samples identified n-alkanes but no other petroleum hydrocarbons. Bulk and δ13C organic carbon analyses indicated mat samples were comprised of marshland peat and not related to the DWH spill. This research indicates that Hurricane Isaac did not result in a notable change the composition of oil delivered to beaches at the investigated field sites. This study underscores the need for improved communications with interested stakeholders regarding how to differentiate oiled from non-oiled materials. This is especially important given the high cost of removing oiled debris and the increasing likelihood of false positives as oiled-materials washing ashore from a spill become less abundant over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin L. Lemkau
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Carmichael
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, Maine, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Swarthout
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science Program, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Helen K. White
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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30
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Santos FR, Martins DA, Morais PCV, Oliveira AHB, Gama AF, Nascimento RF, Choi-Lima KF, Moreira LB, Abessa DMS, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Swarthout RF, Cavalcante RM. Influence of anthropogenic activities and risk assessment on protected mangrove forest using traditional and emerging molecular markers (Ceará coast, northeastern Brazil). Sci Total Environ 2019; 656:877-888. [PMID: 30625674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic molecular markers were used to assess chemicals inputs and ecological risks associated from multiple sources to sediments in one of the largest tropical mangrove forests of South America, with a particular focus on lesser studied compounds resulting from rural activities. Total concentrations ranged from 23.4 to 228.2 ng g-1 for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (∑PAHs), 750.4 to 5912.5 ng g-1 for aliphatic hydrocarbons (∑AHs), 32.4 to 696.6 ng g-1 for pesticides (∑pesticides), 23.1 to 2109.7 ng g-1 for coprostanol and sterols (∑sterols), 139.3 to 580.2 ng g-1 for naturals hormones (∑natural hormones) and 334.1 to 823.4 ng g-1 for synthetics hormones (∑synthetic hormones). The PAHs and AHs used as traditional anthropogenic markers showed a mixture between natural and anthropogenic sources, related mainly to inputs from higher plants, phytoplankton and both, biomass and petroleum combustion. Rural activities linked to agricultural pest control are the predominant source of pesticides, although minor inputs from pesticides used in urban public health campaigns and household activities were also detected. Synthetic hormones levels are two to three orders of magnitude greater than natural hormones levels and no correlations were observed between the main sewage markers and synthetic hormone concentrations, rural activities such as animal husbandry, which use drugs in management, may be the predominant anthropogenic sources of these compounds in the region. Traditional markers failed to detect ecological risks in rural areas, where synthetic substances (e.g. pesticides and hormones) are widely used and introduced in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R Santos
- Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Davi A Martins
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pollyana C V Morais
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André H B Oliveira
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Allyne F Gama
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Físico-Química, Universidade Federal do Ceará, 60455-760 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Katherine F Choi-Lima
- Centro de Investigação em Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Poluição (NEPEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Buruaem Moreira
- Centro de Investigação em Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Poluição (NEPEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis M S Abessa
- Centro de Investigação em Ecotoxicologia Aquática e Poluição (NEPEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP Campus do Litoral Paulista), Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n., CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole road, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole road, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole road, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Instituto de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Av. Abolição, 3207, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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31
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Lima MFB, Fernandes GM, Oliveira AHB, Morais PCV, Marques EV, Santos FR, Nascimento RF, Swarthout RF, Nelson RK, Reddy CM, Cavalcante RM. Emerging and traditional organic markers: Baseline study showing the influence of untraditional anthropogenic activities on coastal zones with multiple activities (Ceará coast, Northeast Brazil). Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 139:256-262. [PMID: 30686426 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular markers are useful tools to characterize natural and anthropogenic impacts on coastal zones. Distribution of n-alkanes showed that the Pacoti River was predominantly influenced by terrigenous input. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) indices showed a mix of natural sources, especially pyrogenic influences. Sterol and hormone levels showed sewage discharge. Integrated geographic assessment showed that pyrogenic process and sewage discharge are predominant along the river because of natural and different anthropogenic activities. The upstream region is influenced by rural activities such as livestock and discharge from the sewage treatment plant, whereas the estuarine region is influenced by urban and industrial activities, predominantly the discharge of treated or untreated sewage, vehicle traffic, and manufacture of red ceramics. On the other hand, on the river mouth, there is the predominance of aquaculture activities. Traditional anthropogenic markers are not sufficient for producing a comprehensive assessment of anthropogenic impacts in areas with multiple activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcielly F B Lima
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle M Fernandes
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Andre H B Oliveira
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte, SN-PICI, 60000-000 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Pollyana C V Morais
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Elissandra V Marques
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Felipe R Santos
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo (IOUSP), Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo F Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Ceará, Av. Humberto Monte, SN-PICI, 60000-000 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States of America
| | - Rivelino M Cavalcante
- Laboratory for Assessment of Organic Contaminants (LACOr), Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of Ceará (LABOMAR-UFC), Av. Abolição, 3207-Meireles, 60165-081 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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32
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Green HS, Fuller SA, Meyer AW, Joyce PS, Aeppli C, Nelson RK, Swarthout RF, Valentine DL, White HK, Reddy CM. Pelagic tar balls collected in the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea from 1988 to 2016 have natural and anthropogenic origins. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 137:352-359. [PMID: 30503444 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tar balls are prevalent in oceans and the coastal environment; however, their origins are not well constrained on a global scale. To address this, we used gas chromatography to analyze the molecular composition of a unique set of 100 pelagic tar balls collected in the Western North Atlantic and Caribbean Sea between 1988 and 2016. Hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA) was employed to classify the samples into groups based on the relative proportions of resolved and unresolved hydrocarbon distributions. Additional analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons revealed that 28% of samples originated from heavy fuel oils and therefore had anthropogenic origins consistent with the classifications based on HCA. Other samples examined could originate from anthropogenic or natural origins, such as natural seeps. This study provides a preliminary record of 100 classified pelagic tar ball samples and demonstrates an approach to determine their origin to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary S Green
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | | | - Paul S Joyce
- Sea Education Association, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | | | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Helen K White
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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33
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Fitzgerald WF, Engstrom DR, Hammerschmidt CR, Lamborg CH, Balcom PH, Lima-Braun AL, Bothner MH, Reddy CM. Global and Local Sources of Mercury Deposition in Coastal New England Reconstructed from a Multiproxy, High-Resolution, Estuarine Sediment Record. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7614-7620. [PMID: 29897241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Historical reconstruction of mercury (Hg) accumulation in natural archives, especially lake sediments, has been essential to understanding human perturbation of the global Hg cycle. Here we present a high-resolution chronology of Hg accumulation between 1727 and 1996 in a varved sediment core from the Pettaquamscutt River Estuary (PRE), Rhode Island. Mercury accumulation is examined relative to (1) historic deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and lead (Pb) and its isotopes (206Pb/207Pb) in the same core, and (2) other reconstructions of Hg deposition in urban and remote settings. Mercury deposition in PRE parallels the temporal patterns of PAHs, and both track industrialization and regional coal use between 1850 and 1950 as well as rising petroleum use after 1950. There is little indication of increased Hg deposition from late 19th-century silver and gold mining in the western U.S. A broad maximum of Hg deposition during 1930-1980, and not found in remote sites, is consistent with the predicted influence of additional industrial sources and commercial products. Our results imply that a significant portion of global anthropogenic Hg emissions during the 20th century was deposited locally, near urban and industrial centers of Hg use and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Fitzgerald
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Daniel R Engstrom
- St. Croix Watershed Research Station, Science Museum of Minnesota , Marine on St. Croix , Minnesota 55047 , United States
| | - Chad R Hammerschmidt
- Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences , Wright State University , Dayton , Ohio 45435 , United States
| | - Carl H Lamborg
- Department of Ocean Sciences , University of California Santa Cruz , Santa Cruz , California 95064 , United States
| | - Prentiss H Balcom
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Connecticut , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Ana L Lima-Braun
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Michael H Bothner
- United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole Science Center , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
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Aeppli C, Swarthout RF, O'Neil GW, Katz SD, Nabi D, Ward CP, Nelson RK, Sharpless CM, Reddy CM. How Persistent and Bioavailable Are Oxygenated Deepwater Horizon Oil Transformation Products? Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:7250-7258. [PMID: 29812924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
About half of the surface oil floating on the Gulf of Mexico in the aftermath of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill was transformed into oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) within days to weeks. These OxHC persist for years in oil/sand aggregates in nearshore and beach environments, and there is concern that these aggregates might represent a long-term source of toxic compounds. However, because this OxHC fraction is a continuum of transformation products that are not well chemically characterized, it is not included in current oil spill fate and effect models. This challenges an accurate environmental risk assessment of weathered oil. Here, we used molecular and bulk analytical techniques to constrain the chemical composition and environmental fate of weathered oil samples collected on the sea surface and beaches of the Gulf of Mexico. We found that approximately 50% of the weathering-related disappearance of saturated and aromatic compounds in these samples was compensated by an increase in OxHC. Furthermore, we identified and quantified a suite of oxygenated aliphatic compounds that are more water-soluble and less hydrophobic than its presumed precursors, but only represent <1% of the oil residues' mass. Lastly, dissolution experiments showed that compounds in the OxHC fraction can leach into the water; however, the mass loss of this process is small. Overall, this study shows that the OxHC fraction is prevalent and persistent in weathered oil/sand aggregates, which can act as a long-term source of dissolved oil-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , East Boothbay , Maine 04544 , United States
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Chemistry , Appalachian State University , Boone , North Carolina 28608 , United States
| | - Gregory W O'Neil
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Western Washington University , Bellingham , Washington 98225 , United States
| | - Samuel D Katz
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , East Boothbay , Maine 04544 , United States
| | - Deedar Nabi
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , East Boothbay , Maine 04544 , United States
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and Engineering , National University of Sciences and Technology , Islamabad 24090 , Pakistan
| | - Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
| | - Charles M Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry , University of Mary Washington , Fredericksburg , Virginia 22401 , United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry , Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole , Massachusetts 02543 , United States
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35
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Ward CP, Armstrong CJ, Conmy RN, French-McCay DP, Reddy CM. Photochemical oxidation reduced the efficacy of aerial dispersants applied in response to the Deepwater Horizon spill. Environ Sci Technol Lett 2018; 5:226-231. [PMID: 32462041 PMCID: PMC7252568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chemical dispersants are one of many tools used to mitigate the overall environmental impact of oil spills. In principle, dispersants break up floating oil into small droplets that disperse into the water column where they are subject to multiple fate and transport processes. The effectiveness of dispersants typically decreases as oil weathers in the environment. This decrease in effectiveness is often attributed to evaporation and emulsification, with the contribution of photochemical weathering assumed to be negligible. Here, we aim to test this assumption using Macondo well oil released during the Deepwater Horizon spill as a case study. Our results indicate that the effects of photochemical weathering on Deepwater Horizon oil properties and dispersant effectiveness can greatly outweigh the effects of evaporative weathering. The decrease in dispersant effectiveness after light exposure was principally driven by the decreased solubility of photo-oxidized crude oil residues in the solvent system that comprises COREXIT EC9500A. Kinetic modeling combined with geospatial analysis demonstrated that a considerable fraction of aerial applications targeting Deepwater Horizon surface oil had low dispersant effectiveness. Collectively, the results of this study challenge the paradigm that photochemical weathering has a negligible impact on the effectiveness of oil spill response and provide critical insights into the "window of opportunity" to apply chemical dispersants in response to oil spills in sunlit waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin P. Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Cassia J. Armstrong
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Robyn N. Conmy
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH,
45268, USA
| | | | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
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36
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Ward CP, Sharpless CM, Valentine DL, French-McCay DP, Aeppli C, White HK, Rodgers RP, Gosselin KM, Nelson RK, Reddy CM. Partial Photochemical Oxidation Was a Dominant Fate of Deepwater Horizon Surface Oil. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:1797-1805. [PMID: 29363968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout in 2010, oil floated on the Gulf of Mexico for over 100 days. In the aftermath of the blowout, substantial accumulation of partially oxidized surface oil was reported, but the pathways that formed these oxidized residues are poorly constrained. Here we provide five quantitative lines of evidence demonstrating that oxidation by sunlight largely accounts for the partially oxidized surface oil. First, residence time on the sunlit sea surface, where photochemical reactions occur, was the strongest predictor of partial oxidation. Second, two-thirds of the partial oxidation from 2010 to 2016 occurred in less than 10 days on the sunlit sea surface, prior to coastal deposition. Third, multiple diagnostic biodegradation indices, including octadecane to phytane, suggest that partial oxidation of oil on the sunlit sea surface was largely driven by an abiotic process. Fourth, in the laboratory, the dominant photochemical oxidation pathway of DWH oil was partial oxidation to oxygenated residues rather than complete oxidation to CO2. Fifth, estimates of partial photo-oxidation calculated with photochemical rate modeling overlap with observed oxidation. We suggest that photo-oxidation of surface oil has fundamental implications for the response approach, damage assessment, and ecosystem restoration in the aftermath of an oil spill, and that oil fate models for the DWH spill should be modified to accurately reflect the role of sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin P Ward
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Charles M Sharpless
- Department of Chemistry, University of Mary Washington , Fredericksburg, Virginia 22401, United States
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | | | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences , East Boothbay, Maine 04544, United States
| | - Helen K White
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
| | - Ryan P Rodgers
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Kelsey M Gosselin
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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37
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Bostic JT, Aeppli C, Swarthout RF, Reddy CM, Ziolkowski LA. Ongoing biodegradation of Deepwater Horizon oil in beach sands: Insights from tracing petroleum carbon into microbial biomass. Mar Pollut Bull 2018; 126:130-136. [PMID: 29421079 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Heavily weathered petroleum residues from the Deepwater Horizon (DwH) disaster continue to be found on beaches along the Gulf of Mexico as oiled-sand patties. Here, we demonstrate the ongoing biodegradation of weathered Macondo Well (MW) oil residues by tracing oil-derived carbon into active microbial biomass using natural abundance radiocarbon (14C). Oiled-sand patties and non-oiled sand were collected from previously studied beaches in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analyses illustrated that microbial communities present in oiled-sand patties were distinct from non-oiled sand. Depleted 14C measurements of PLFA revealed that microbes on oiled-sand patties were assimilating MW oil residues five years post-spill. In contrast, microbes in non-oiled sand assimilated recently photosynthesized carbon. These results demonstrate ongoing biodegradation of weathered oil in sand patties and the utility of 14C PLFA analysis to track the biodegradation of MW oil residues long after other indicators of biodegradation are no longer detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Bostic
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, United States
| | - Robert F Swarthout
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, United States
| | - Lori A Ziolkowski
- School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, United States.
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38
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Hanke UM, Reddy CM, Braun ALL, Coppola AI, Haghipour N, McIntyre CP, Wacker L, Xu L, McNichol AP, Abiven S, Schmidt MWI, Eglinton TI. What on Earth Have We Been Burning? Deciphering Sedimentary Records of Pyrogenic Carbon. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:12972-12980. [PMID: 28994589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans have interacted with fire for thousands of years, yet the utilization of fossil fuels marked the beginning of a new era. Ubiquitous in the environment, pyrogenic carbon (PyC) arises from incomplete combustion of biomass and fossil fuels, forming a continuum of condensed aromatic structures. Here, we develop and evaluate 14C records for two complementary PyC molecular markers, benzene polycarboxylic acids (BPCAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), preserved in aquatic sediments from a suburban and a remote catchment in the United States (U.S.) from the mid-1700s to 1998. Results show that the majority of PyC stems from local sources and is transferred to aquatic sedimentary archives on subdecadal to millennial time scales. Whereas a small portion stems from near-contemporaneous production and sedimentation, the majority of PyC (∼90%) experiences delayed transmission due to "preaging" on millennial time scales in catchment soils prior to its ultimate deposition. BPCAs (soot) and PAHs (precursors of soot) trace fossil fuel-derived PyC. Both markers parallel historical records of the consumption of fossil fuels in the U.S., yet never account for more than 19% total PyC. This study demonstrates that isotopic characterization of multiple tracers is necessary to constrain histories and inventories of PyC and that sequestration of PyC can markedly lag its production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich M Hanke
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Ana L L Braun
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Alysha I Coppola
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Negar Haghipour
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cameron P McIntyre
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre , East Kilbride G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - Lukas Wacker
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich , Otto-Stern-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Ann P McNichol
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
| | - Samuel Abiven
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael W I Schmidt
- Department of Geography, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy I Eglinton
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543-1050, United States
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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O’Neil GW, Williams JR, Craig AM, Nelson RK, Gosselin KM, Reddy CM. Accessing Monomers, Surfactants, and the Queen Bee Substance by Acrylate Cross‐Metathesis of Long‐Chain Alkenones. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-017-2997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W. O’Neil
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington University516 High StreetBellinghamWA98225USA
| | - John R. Williams
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington University516 High StreetBellinghamWA98225USA
| | - Alexander M. Craig
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington University516 High StreetBellinghamWA98225USA
| | - Robert K. Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and GeochemistryWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMA02543USA
| | - Kelsey M. Gosselin
- Department of Marine Chemistry and GeochemistryWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMA02543USA
| | - Christopher M. Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and GeochemistryWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMA02543USA
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40
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Bagby SC, Reddy CM, Aeppli C, Fisher GB, Valentine DL. Persistence and biodegradation of oil at the ocean floor following Deepwater Horizon. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9-E18. [PMID: 27994146 PMCID: PMC5224388 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon disaster introduced an unprecedented discharge of oil into the deep Gulf of Mexico. Considerable uncertainty has persisted regarding the oil's fate and effects in the deep ocean. In this work we assess the compound-specific rates of biodegradation for 125 aliphatic, aromatic, and biomarker petroleum hydrocarbons that settled to the deep ocean floor following release from the damaged Macondo Well. Based on a dataset comprising measurements of up to 168 distinct hydrocarbon analytes in 2,980 sediment samples collected within 4 y of the spill, we develop a Macondo oil "fingerprint" and conservatively identify a subset of 312 surficial samples consistent with contamination by Macondo oil. Three trends emerge from analysis of the biodegradation rates of 125 individual hydrocarbons in these samples. First, molecular structure served to modulate biodegradation in a predictable fashion, with the simplest structures subject to fastest loss, indicating that biodegradation in the deep ocean progresses similarly to other environments. Second, for many alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons biodegradation occurred in two distinct phases, consistent with rapid loss while oil particles remained suspended followed by slow loss after deposition to the seafloor. Third, the extent of biodegradation for any given sample was influenced by the hydrocarbon content, leading to substantially greater hydrocarbon persistence among the more highly contaminated samples. In addition, under some conditions we find strong evidence for extensive degradation of numerous petroleum biomarkers, notably including the native internal standard 17α(H),21β(H)-hopane, commonly used to calculate the extent of oil weathering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Bagby
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | | | - G Burch Fisher
- Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712
| | - David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106;
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
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41
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42
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White HK, Wang CH, Williams PL, Findley DM, Thurston AM, Simister RL, Aeppli C, Nelson RK, Reddy CM. Long-term weathering and continued oxidation of oil residues from the Deepwater Horizon spill. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 113:380-386. [PMID: 27751574 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the long-term weathering of oil from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) incident, oil-soaked sand patties were collected from Gulf of Mexico beaches from Florida to Alabama over a three-year period from 2012 to 2014. Analysis of oil residues by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), thin-layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicated uniformity in their chemical composition. Some variability within and between samples was observed, arising from differences in exposure to light and water, which increase the amount of weathering. Oxygenated hydrocarbons (OxHC) produced by weathering processes dominate the majority of oil residues. These OxHC have continued recalcitrance in the environment, and increase in relative abundance over time. Analyses of the bulk characteristics of oil residues via TLC-FID and FT-IR should be continued as these techniques provide important insight into the weathering state of oil residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K White
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA.
| | - Chloe H Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Patrick L Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - David M Findley
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Alana M Thurston
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Rachel L Simister
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USA
| | - Christoph Aeppli
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
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Ghasemi Damavandi H, Sen Gupta A, Nelson RK, Reddy CM. Interpreting comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography using peak topography maps with application to petroleum forensics. Chem Cent J 2016; 10:75. [PMID: 27994639 PMCID: PMC5125045 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-016-0211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) provides high-resolution separations across hundreds of compounds in a complex mixture, thus unlocking unprecedented information for intricate quantitative interpretation. We exploit this compound diversity across the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) topography to provide quantitative compound-cognizant interpretation beyond target compound analysis with petroleum forensics as a practical application. We focus on the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) topography of biomarker hydrocarbons, hopanes and steranes, as they are generally recalcitrant to weathering. We introduce peak topography maps (PTM) and topography partitioning techniques that consider a notably broader and more diverse range of target and non-target biomarker compounds compared to traditional approaches that consider approximately 20 biomarker ratios. Specifically, we consider a range of 33–154 target and non-target biomarkers with highest-to-lowest peak ratio within an injection ranging from 4.86 to 19.6 (precise numbers depend on biomarker diversity of individual injections). We also provide a robust quantitative measure for directly determining “match” between samples, without necessitating training data sets. Results We validate our methods across 34 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) injections from a diverse portfolio of petroleum sources, and provide quantitative comparison of performance against established statistical methods such as principal components analysis (PCA). Our data set includes a wide range of samples collected following the 2010 DeepwaterHorizon disaster that released approximately 160 million gallons of crude oil from the Macondo well (MW). Samples that were clearly collected following this disaster exhibit statistically significant match \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(99.23 \pm 1.66 )\,\%$$\end{document}(99.23±1.66)% using PTM-based interpretation against other closely related sources. PTM-based interpretation also provides higher differentiation between closely correlated but distinct sources than obtained using PCA-based statistical comparisons. In addition to results based on this experimental field data, we also provide extentive perturbation analysis of the PTM method over numerical simulations that introduce random variability of peak locations over the \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) biomarker ROI image of the MW pre-spill sample (sample \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\#1$$\end{document}#1 in Additional file 4: Table S1). We compare the robustness of the cross-PTM score against peak location variability in both dimensions and compare the results against PCA analysis over the same set of simulated images. Detailed description of the simulation experiment and discussion of results are provided in Additional file 1: Section S8. Conclusions We provide a peak-cognizant informational framework for quantitative interpretation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) topography. Proposed topographic analysis enables \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$(GC \times GC)$$\end{document}(GC×GC) forensic interpretation across target petroleum biomarkers, while including the nuances of lesser-known non-target biomarkers clustered around the target peaks. This allows potential discovery of hitherto unknown connections between target and non-target biomarkers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0211-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ananya Sen Gupta
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Iowa, 103 S Capitol Street, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA
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Hoelzer K, Sumner AJ, Karatum O, Nelson RK, Drollette BD, O'Connor MP, D'Ambro EL, Getzinger GJ, Ferguson PL, Reddy CM, Elsner M, Plata DL. Indications of Transformation Products from Hydraulic Fracturing Additives in Shale-Gas Wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:8036-48. [PMID: 27419914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional natural gas development (UNGD) generates large volumes of wastewater, the detailed composition of which must be known for adequate risk assessment and treatment. In particular, transformation products of geogenic compounds and disclosed additives have not been described. This study investigated six Fayetteville Shale wastewater samples for organic composition using a suite of one- and two-dimensional gas chromatographic techniques to capture a broad distribution of chemical structures. Following the application of strict compound-identification-confidence criteria, we classified compounds according to their putative origin. Samples displayed distinct chemical distributions composed of typical geogenic substances (hydrocarbons and hopane biomarkers), disclosed UNGD additives (e.g., hydrocarbons, phthalates such as diisobutyl phthalate, and radical initiators such as azobis(isobutyronitrile)), and undisclosed compounds (e.g., halogenated hydrocarbons, such as 2-bromohexane or 4-bromoheptane). Undisclosed chloromethyl alkanoates (chloromethyl propanoate, pentanoate, and octanoate) were identified as potential delayed acids (i.e., those that release acidic moieties only after hydrolytic cleavage, the rate of which could be potentially controlled), suggesting they were deliberately introduced to react in the subsurface. In contrast, the identification of halogenated methanes and acetones suggested that those compounds were formed as unintended byproducts. Our study highlights the possibility that UNGD operations generate transformation products and underscores the value of disclosing additives injected into the subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Hoelzer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Andrew J Sumner
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Osman Karatum
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Fye Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Mail Stop No. 4, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Brian D Drollette
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Megan P O'Connor
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Emma L D'Ambro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Bagley Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195 United States
| | - Gordon J Getzinger
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Gross Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - P Lee Ferguson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University , Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University , Gross Chemistry, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Fye Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Mail Stop No. 4, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Martin Elsner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Groundwater Ecology , Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Desiree L Plata
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University , 9 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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45
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Gros J, Reddy CM, Nelson RK, Socolofsky SA, Arey JS. Simulating Gas-Liquid-Water Partitioning and Fluid Properties of Petroleum under Pressure: Implications for Deep-Sea Blowouts. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:7397-7408. [PMID: 27117673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the expansion of offshore petroleum extraction, validated models are needed to simulate the behaviors of petroleum compounds released in deep (>100 m) waters. We present a thermodynamic model of the densities, viscosities, and gas-liquid-water partitioning of petroleum mixtures with varying pressure, temperature, and composition based on the Peng-Robinson equation-of-state and the modified Henry's law (Krychevsky-Kasarnovsky equation). The model is applied to Macondo reservoir fluid released during the Deepwater Horizon disaster, represented with 279-280 pseudocomponents, including 131-132 individual compounds. We define >n-C8 pseudocomponents based on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) measurements, which enable the modeling of aqueous partitioning for n-C8 to n-C26 fractions not quantified individually. Thermodynamic model predictions are tested against available laboratory data on petroleum liquid densities, gas/liquid volume fractions, and liquid viscosities. We find that the emitted petroleum mixture was ∼29-44% gas and ∼56-71% liquid, after cooling to local conditions near the broken Macondo riser stub (∼153 atm and 4.3 °C). High pressure conditions dramatically favor the aqueous dissolution of C1-C4 hydrocarbons and also influence the buoyancies of bubbles and droplets. Additionally, the simulated densities of emitted petroleum fluids affect previous estimates of the volumetric flow rate of dead oil from the emission source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gros
- Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), GR C2 544, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Scott A Socolofsky
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - J Samuel Arey
- Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), GR C2 544, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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46
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O'Neil GW, Williams JR, Wilson-Peltier J, Knothe G, Reddy CM. Experimental Protocol for Biodiesel Production with Isolation of Alkenones as Coproducts from Commercial Isochrysis Algal Biomass. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27404113 PMCID: PMC4993248 DOI: 10.3791/54189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The need to replace petroleum fuels with alternatives from renewable and more environmentally sustainable sources is of growing importance. Biomass-derived biofuels have gained considerable attention in this regard, however first generation biofuels from edible crops like corn ethanol or soybean biodiesel have generally fallen out of favor. There is thus great interest in the development of methods for the production of liquid fuels from domestic and superior non-edible sources. Here we describe a detailed procedure for the production of a purified biodiesel from the marine microalgae Isochrysis. Additionally, a unique suite of lipids known as polyunsaturated long-chain alkenones are isolated in parallel as potentially valuable coproducts to offset the cost of biodiesel production. Multi-kilogram quantities of Isochrysis are purchased from two commercial sources, one as a wet paste (80% water) that is first dried prior to processing, and the other a dry milled powder (95% dry). Lipids are extracted with hexanes in a Soxhlet apparatus to produce an algal oil ("hexane algal oil") containing both traditional fats (i.e., triglycerides, 46-60% w/w) and alkenones (16-25% w/w). Saponification of the triglycerides in the algal oil allows for separation of the resulting free fatty acids (FFAs) from alkenone-containing neutral lipids. FFAs are then converted to biodiesel (i.e., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by acid-catalyzed esterification while alkenones are isolated and purified from the neutral lipids by crystallization. We demonstrate that biodiesel from both commercial Isochrysis biomasses have similar but not identical FAME profiles, characterized by elevated polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (approximately 40% w/w). Yields of biodiesel were consistently higher when starting from the Isochrysis wet paste (12% w/w vs. 7% w/w), which can be traced to lower amounts of hexane algal oil obtained from the powdered Isochrysis product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerhard Knothe
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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47
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O'Neil GW, Nelson RK, Wright AM, Reddy CM. A One-Pot/Single-Analysis Approach to Substrate Scope Investigations Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC). J Org Chem 2016; 81:3533-41. [PMID: 27078746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A representative substrate scope investigation for an enantioselective catalytic ketone-reduction has been performed as a single reaction on a mixture containing equimolar amounts of nine (9) prototypical compounds. The resulting analyte pool containing 18 potential products from nine different reactions could all be completely resolved in a single chromatographic injection using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, allowing for simultaneous determination of percent conversion and enantiomeric excess for each substrate. The results obtained for an enantioselective iron-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation using this one-pot/single-analysis approach were similar to those reported for the individualized reactions, demonstrating the utility of this strategy for streamlining substrate scope investigations. Moreover, for this particular catalyst, activity and selectivity were not greatly affected by the presence of other ketones or enantioenriched reduced products. This approach allows for faster and greener analyses that are central to new reaction development, as well as an opportunity to gain further insights into other established transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W O'Neil
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University , Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
| | - Alicia M Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University , Bellingham, Washington 98225, United States
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution , Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, United States
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Valentine
- Department of Earth Science and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
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49
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Drollette BD, Hoelzer K, Warner NR, Darrah TH, Karatum O, O'Connor MP, Nelson RK, Fernandez LA, Reddy CM, Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Elsner M, Plata DL. Elevated levels of diesel range organic compounds in groundwater near Marcellus gas operations are derived from surface activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13184-9. [PMID: 26460018 PMCID: PMC4629325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1511474112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hundreds of organic chemicals are used during natural gas extraction via high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF). However, it is unclear whether these chemicals, injected into deep shale horizons, reach shallow groundwater aquifers and affect local water quality, either from those deep HVHF injection sites or from the surface or shallow subsurface. Here, we report detectable levels of organic compounds in shallow groundwater samples from private residential wells overlying the Marcellus Shale in northeastern Pennsylvania. Analyses of purgeable and extractable organic compounds from 64 groundwater samples revealed trace levels of volatile organic compounds, well below the Environmental Protection Agency's maximum contaminant levels, and low levels of both gasoline range (0-8 ppb) and diesel range organic compounds (DRO; 0-157 ppb). A compound-specific analysis revealed the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, which is a disclosed HVHF additive, that was notably absent in a representative geogenic water sample and field blanks. Pairing these analyses with (i) inorganic chemical fingerprinting of deep saline groundwater, (ii) characteristic noble gas isotopes, and (iii) spatial relationships between active shale gas extraction wells and wells with disclosed environmental health and safety violations, we differentiate between a chemical signature associated with naturally occurring saline groundwater and one associated with alternative anthropogenic routes from the surface (e.g., accidental spills or leaks). The data support a transport mechanism of DRO to groundwater via accidental release of fracturing fluid chemicals derived from the surface rather than subsurface flow of these fluids from the underlying shale formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Drollette
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Kathrin Hoelzer
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Nathaniel R Warner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Thomas H Darrah
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Osman Karatum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Megan P O'Connor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Robert K Nelson
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Loretta A Fernandez
- Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Christopher M Reddy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
| | - Avner Vengosh
- Division of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Robert B Jackson
- School of Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences, Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Groundwater Ecology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Desiree L Plata
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511;
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50
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Gros J, Nabi D, Würz B, Wick LY, Brussaard CPD, Huisman J, van der Meer JR, Reddy CM, Arey JS. First day of an oil spill on the open sea: early mass transfers of hydrocarbons to air and water. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48:9400-9411. [PMID: 25103722 DOI: 10.1021/es502437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
During the first hours after release of petroleum at sea, crude oil hydrocarbons partition rapidly into air and water. However, limited information is available about very early evaporation and dissolution processes. We report on the composition of the oil slick during the first day after a permitted, unrestrained 4.3 m(3) oil release conducted on the North Sea. Rapid mass transfers of volatile and soluble hydrocarbons were observed, with >50% of ≤C17 hydrocarbons disappearing within 25 h from this oil slick of <10 km(2) area and <10 μm thickness. For oil sheen, >50% losses of ≤C16 hydrocarbons were observed after 1 h. We developed a mass transfer model to describe the evolution of oil slick chemical composition and water column hydrocarbon concentrations. The model was parametrized based on environmental conditions and hydrocarbon partitioning properties estimated from comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) retention data. The model correctly predicted the observed fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons in the oil slick resulting from evaporation and dissolution. This is the first report on the broad-spectrum compositional changes in oil during the first day of a spill at the sea surface. Expected outcomes under other environmental conditions are discussed, as well as comparisons to other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gros
- Environmental Chemistry Modeling Laboratory (LMCE), GR C2 544, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 2, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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