1
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Dong L, Zhang Y, Fu B, Swart C, Jiang H, Liu Y, Huggett J, Wielgosz R, Niu C, Li Q, Zhang Y, Park SR, Sui Z, Yu L, Liu Y, Xie Q, Zhang H, Yang Y, Dai X, Shi L, Yin Y, Fang X. Reliable biological and multi-omics research through biometrology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3645-3663. [PMID: 38507042 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Metrology is the science of measurement and its applications, whereas biometrology is the science of biological measurement and its applications. Biometrology aims to achieve accuracy and consistency of biological measurements by focusing on the development of metrological traceability, biological reference measurement procedures, and reference materials. Irreproducibility of biological and multi-omics research results from different laboratories, platforms, and analysis methods is hampering the translation of research into clinical uses and can often be attributed to the lack of biologists' attention to the general principles of metrology. In this paper, the progresses of biometrology including metrology on nucleic acid, protein, and cell measurements and its impacts on the improvement of reliability and comparability in biological research are reviewed. Challenges in obtaining more reliable biological and multi-omics measurements due to the lack of primary reference measurement procedures and new standards for biological reference materials faced by biometrology are discussed. In the future, in addition to establishing reliable reference measurement procedures, developing reference materials from single or multiple parameters to multi-omics scale should be emphasized. Thinking in way of biometrology is warranted for facilitating the translation of high-throughput omics research into clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Dong
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Boqiang Fu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Claudia Swart
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Yahui Liu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jim Huggett
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC (NML), Teddington, Middlesex, UK
| | - Robert Wielgosz
- Bureau International Des Poids Et Mesures (BIPM), Pavillon de Breteuil, 92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Chunyan Niu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Qianyi Li
- BGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Yongzhuo Zhang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Sang-Ryoul Park
- Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiwei Sui
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianchao Yu
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | | | - Qing Xie
- BGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
| | | | - Xinhua Dai
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Leming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Ye Yin
- BGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- Center for Advanced Measurement of Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Nicolás Carcelén J, Potes Rodríguez H, González-Gago A, Marchante-Gayón JM, Ballesteros A, González JM, García Alonso JI, Rodríguez-González P. Evaluation of different isotope dilution mass spectrometry strategies for the characterization of naturally abundant and isotopically labelled peptide standards. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:1717-1731. [PMID: 38363304 PMCID: PMC10899365 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Natural abundance and isotopically labelled tryptic peptides are routinely employed as standards in quantitative proteomics. The certification of the peptide content is usually carried out by amino acid analysis using isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) after the acid hydrolysis of the peptide. For the validation and traceability of the amino acid analysis procedure, expensive certified peptides must be employed. In this work we evaluate different IDMS alternatives which will reduce the amount of certified peptide required for validation of the amino acid analysis procedure. In this context, the characterization of both natural and isotopically labelled synthetic angiotensin I peptides was carried out. First, we applied a fast procedure for peptide hydrolysis based on microwave-assisted digestion and employed two certified peptide reference materials SRM 998 angiotensin I and CRM 6901-b C-peptide for validation of the hydrolysis procedure. The amino acids proline, leucine, isoleucine, valine, tyrosine, arginine and phenylalanine were evaluated for their suitability for peptide certification by IDMS by both liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC)-MS/MS. Then, natural angiotensin I and 13C1-labelled angiotensin I were synthesized in-house and purified by preparative liquid chromatography. The concentration of the 13C1-labelled angiotensin I peptide was established by reverse IDMS in its native form using SRM 998 angiotensin I as reference. The concentration of the natural synthesized peptide was determined by IDMS both using the 13C1-labelled peptide in its native form and by amino acid analysis showing comparable results. Finally, the synthetic naturally abundant angiotensin I peptide was employed as "in-house" standard for the validation of subsequent peptide characterization procedures. Therefore, the novelty of this work relies on, first, the development of a faster hydrolysis procedure assisted by focused microwaves, providing complete hydrolysis in 150 min, and secondly, a validation strategy combining GC-MS and LC-MS/MS that allowed us to certify the purity of an in-house-synthesized peptide standard that can be employed as quality control in further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Nicolás Carcelén
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Helí Potes Rodríguez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Adriana González-Gago
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Ballesteros
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Manuel González
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Ignacio García Alonso
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Rodríguez-González
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Henrion A, Arsene CG, Liebl M, O'Connor G. Label-free quantification of host cell protein impurity in recombinant hemoglobin materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:387-396. [PMID: 38008782 PMCID: PMC10761545 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis relies on pure-substance primary calibrators with known mass fractions of impurity. Here, label-free quantification (LFQ) is being evaluated as a readily available, reliable method for determining the mass fraction of host cell proteins (HCPs) in bioengineered proteins which are intended for use as protein calibration standards. In this study a purified hemoglobin-A2 (HbA2) protein, obtained through its overexpression in E. coli, was used. Two different materials were produced: natural and U15N-labeled HbA2. For the quantification of impurities, precursor ion (MS1-) intensities were integrated over all E. coli proteins identified and divided by the intensities obtained for HbA2. This ratio was calibrated against the corresponding results for an E. coli cell lysate, which had been spiked at known mass ratios to pure HbA2. To demonstrate the universal applicability of LFQ, further proteomes (yeast and human K562) were then alternatively used for calibration and found to produce comparable results. Valid results were also obtained when the complexity of the calibrator was reduced to a mix of just nine proteins, and a minimum of five proteins was estimated to be sufficient to keep the sampling error below 15%. For the studied materials, HbA2 mass fractions (or purities) of 923 and 928 mg(HbA2)/g(total protein) were found with expanded uncertainties (U) of 2.8 and 1.3%, resp. Value assignment by LFQ thus contributes up to about 3% of the overall uncertainty of HbA2 quantification when these materials are used as calibrators. Further purification of the natural HbA2 yielded a mass fraction of 999.1 mg/g, with a negligible uncertainty (U = 0.02%), though at a significant loss of material. If an overall uncertainty of 5% is acceptable for protein quantification, working with the original materials would therefore definitely be viable, circumventing the need of further purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Henrion
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Maik Liebl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Gavin O'Connor
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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4
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Mi W, Zhang X, Tian X, Sun R, Ma S, Hu Z, Dai X. Development of a potential primary method for protein quantification via electrospray differential mobility analysis. Talanta 2024; 266:124797. [PMID: 37541009 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Accurate protein quantification is the basis for establishing the metrological traceability of in vitro diagnostics or drug products. In this study, we established and validated a potential primary method for protein quantification based on electrospray-differential mobility analysis coupled with a condensation particle counter (ES-DMA-CPC). The analytical performance of this method was assessed using the certified reference material NIMCmAb, and the uncertainty of measurement was evaluated. The method was applied to the quantification of three other protein reference materials and one highly purified protein, including myoglobin, bovine serum albumin, IgG monoclonal antibody, and one highly purified fibrinogen, with a molecular weight range between 17 kDa and 340 kDa. In addition, when compared with isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and UV‒VIS spectrophotometry approaches, the ES-DMA-CPC method showed good agreement with IDMS method for the quantification of these protein reference materials. Our proposed method provided an accurate quantification of proteins, especially those with large molecular weights. Moreover, our method could be a potential primary method for protein quantification and serve as a complement to IDMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mi
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiangrong Tian
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, JiShou University, Renming South Road 120, Jishou, Hunan, 416000, China
| | - Ruixue Sun
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Shangying Ma
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Zhishang Hu
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology, No.18 Beisanhuan Donglu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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5
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McRae G, Leek DM, Meija J, Shurmer B, Lehotay SJ, Polzer J, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Production and certification of BOTS-1: bovine muscle-certified reference material for incurred veterinary drug residues. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:759-771. [PMID: 37326831 PMCID: PMC10766801 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04794-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A freeze-dried bovine muscle-certified reference material (CRM), known as BOTS-1 (DOI: https://doi.org/10.4224/crm.2018.bots-1 ), containing incurred residues of commonly used veterinary drugs was produced and certified for the mass fraction of eight veterinary drug residues. Value assignment was carried out using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods in conjunction with isotope dilution and standard addition approaches involving stable isotope internal standards. Data from the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety in Germany (BVL) were used for value assignment. Results for two drug residues were also obtained through an international inter-laboratory comparison CCQM-K141/P178 organized under the auspices of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). Quantitative NMR (1H-qNMR) was used to characterize primary standards of all veterinary drugs certified. The certified mass fractions of the veterinary drug residues were 490 ± 100 µg/kg for chlorpromazine, 44 ± 4.4 µg/kg for ciprofloxacin, 3.3 ± 1.4 µg/kg for clenbuterol, 9.5 ± 0.8 µg/kg for dexamethasone, 57 ± 4.8 µg/kg for enrofloxacin, 3.0 ± 0.4 µg/kg for meloxicam, 12.4 ± 1.2 µg/kg for ractopamine, and 2290 ± 120 µg/kg for sulfadiazine with expanded uncertainties quoted (95% confidence) which include the effects due to between-bottle inhomogeneity, instability during long-term storage and transportation, and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Donald M Leek
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Juris Meija
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bryn Shurmer
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 2R3, Canada
| | - Steven J Lehotay
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Eastern Regional Research Center, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA, 19038, USA
| | - Joachim Polzer
- German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL), Mauerstrasse 39-42, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Zoltan Mester
- National Research Council Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, ON, K1A 0R6, Ottawa, Canada
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Seger C, Kessler A, Taibon J. Establishing metrological traceability for small molecule measurands in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:1890-1901. [PMID: 36622091 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
For molecules that can be well described metrologically in the sense of the definition of measurands, and which can also be recorded analytically as individual substances, reference measurement service traceability to a metrologically sound foundation is a necessity. The establishment of traceability chains must be initiated by National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) according to applicable standards; they are at the top and leading position in this concept. If NMIs are not in the position to take up this task, alternative approaches must be sought. Traceability initiatives established by in vitro device industry or academia must meet the quality standards of NMIs. Adherence to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) procedure 15193 must be a matter of course for the establishment of reference measurement procedures (RMPs). Certified reference material (CRM) characterization must be thorough, e.g., by the application of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance measurements and by adherence to ISO 15194. Both for RMPs and CRMs Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM) listing must be the ultimate goal. Results must be shared in a transparent manner to allow other stakeholders including NMIs to reproduce and disseminate the reference measurement procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Seger
- Labordiagnostic St. Gallen West AG, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmacy, CCB - Centrum of Chemistry and Biomedicine, CMBI - Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anja Kessler
- Stiftung für Pathobiochemie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Bonn, Germany
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McCarthy D, Han Y, Carrick K, Schmidt D, Workman W, Matejtschuk P, Duru C, Atouf F. Reference Standards to Support Quality of Synthetic Peptide Therapeutics. Pharm Res 2023; 40:1317-1328. [PMID: 36949371 PMCID: PMC10338602 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptides are an important class of therapeutics. Their quality is evaluated using a series of analytical tests, many of which depend on well-characterized reference standards to determine identity, purity, and strength. OBJECTIVE Discuss approaches to producing peptide reference standards, including vialing, lyophilization, analytical testing and stability studies. METHODS Case studies are used to illustrate analytical approaches to characterize reference standards, including methods for value assignment, content uniformity, and identity testing. Methods described include NMR, mass spectrometry, and chromatography techniques for identity testing and HPLC and GC methods for assessing peptide content and impurities. RESULTS This report describes the analytical strategy used to establish peptide reference standard and illustrates how results from multiple labs are integrated to assign a value to the final lyophilized vial. A two-step process for value assignment is described, which uses a mass balance approach to assign a quantitative value to a bulk peptide material. The bulk material is then used as a standard to assign a final value to the vialed material. Testing to confirm peptide identity and to ensure consistency of the vialed material is also described. Considerations for addressing variability, identifying outliers, and implementing stability studies are also presented. CONCLUSION The methods and case studies described provide a benchmark for best practices in establishing the preparation, analytical testing, handling, and storage of peptide reference standards for the pharmaceutical industry. Some peptide features, such as chiral or isobaric amino acids, may require additional techniques to ensure a full characterization of the peptide reference standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane McCarthy
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Ying Han
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Kevin Carrick
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Dale Schmidt
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Wesley Workman
- Workman Biotech Consultants, LLC, Cottleville, MO, 63304, USA
| | - Paul Matejtschuk
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Chinwe Duru
- Analytical & Biological Sciences, Medicines & Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, UK
| | - Fouad Atouf
- Global Biologics, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Pkwy, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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8
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Quantitative 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (qNMR) of Aromatic Amino Acids for Protein Quantification. Methods Protoc 2023; 6:mps6010011. [PMID: 36827498 PMCID: PMC9965020 DOI: 10.3390/mps6010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrolysis of protein samples into amino acids facilitates the use of NMR spectroscopy for protein and peptide quantification. Different conditions have been tested for quantifying aromatic amino acids and proteins. The pH-dependent signal shifts in the aromatic region of amino acid samples were examined. A pH of 12 was found to minimize signal overlap of the four aromatic amino acids. Several aromatic compounds, such as terephthalic acid, sulfoisophthalic acid, and benzene tricarboxylic acid, were applied as internal standards. The quantification of amino acids from an amino acid standard was performed. Using the first two suggested internal standards, recovery was ~97% for histidine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine at a concentration of approximately 1 mM in solution. Acidic hydrolysis of a certified reference material (CRM) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and subsequent quantification of Phe and Tyr yielded recoveries of 98% ± 2% and 88% ± 4%, respectively, at a protein concentration of 16 g/L or 250 µM.
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9
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Westwood S, Lippa K, Shimuzu Y, Lalerle B, Saito T, Duewer D, Dai X, Davies S, Ricci M, Baldan A, Lang B, Sarge S, Wang H, Pratt K, Josephs R, Mariassy M, Pfeifer D, Warren J, Bremser W, Ellison S, Toman B, Nelson M, Huang T, Fajgelj A, Gören A, Mackay L, Wielgosz R. Methods for the SI-traceable value assignment of the purity of organic compounds (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2020-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The “purity” of an organic compound typically refers, in practice, to an assignment of the mass fraction content of the primary organic component present in the material. The “purity” value of an organic primary calibrator material is the ultimate source of metrological traceability of any quantitative measurement of the content of that compound in a given matrix. The primary calibrator may consist of a Certified Reference Material (CRM) whose purity has been assigned by the CRM producer or a laboratory may choose to value-assign a material to the extent necessary for their intended application by using appropriately valid methods. This report provides an overview of the approach, performance and applicability of the principal methods used to determine organic purity including mass balance, quantitative NMR, thermal methods and direct-assay techniques. A statistical section reviews best practice for combination of data, value assignment as the upper limit values corresponding to 100 % purity are approached and how to report and propagate the standard uncertainty associated with the assigned values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Westwood
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | - Katrice Lippa
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | | | - Beatrice Lalerle
- Laboratoire Nationale de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE) , Paris , France
| | - Takeshi Saito
- National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) , Tsukuba , Japan
| | - David Duewer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Xinhua Dai
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Stephen Davies
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | | | - Annarita Baldan
- Nederlands Metrologisch Instituut (VSL) , Delft , The Netherlands
| | - Brian Lang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Stefan Sarge
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) , Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Haifeng Wang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ken Pratt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ralf Josephs
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
| | | | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Bremser
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM) , Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Blaza Toman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Michael Nelson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) , Gaithersburg , MD , USA
| | - Ting Huang
- National Institute of Metrology (China) (NIM) , Beijing , China
| | - Ales Fajgelj
- International Atomic Energy Agency , Vienna , Austria
| | - Ahmet Gören
- Kimya Bölümü, Gebze Teknik Üniversitesi , Gebze , Turkey
| | - Lindsey Mackay
- National Measurement Institute Australia (NMIA) , North Ryde , NSW , Australia
| | - Robert Wielgosz
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) , Sèvres , France
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10
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Lee H, Lee J. Peptide purity assignment for antibody quantification by combining isotope dilution mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwashim Lee
- Biometrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Yuseong‐Gu, Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwan Lee
- Biometrology Group Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Yuseong‐Gu, Daejeon Republic of Korea
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11
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Stocks BB, Thibeault MP, Schrag JD, Melanson JE. Characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reference material. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3561-3569. [PMID: 35260938 PMCID: PMC8904068 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04000-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of diagnostic testing capability has advanced with unprecedented pace in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. An undesirable effect of such speed is a lack of standardization, often leading to unreliable test results. To assist the research community surmount this challenge, the National Research Council Canada has prepared a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reference material, SMT1-1, as a buffered solution. Value assignment was achieved by amino acid analysis (AAA) by double isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ID-MS/MS) following acid hydrolysis of the protein, in combination with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) based on tryptophan and tyrosine absorbance at 280 nm. Homogeneity of the material was established through spectrophotometric absorbance readings at 280 nm. Transportation and long-term storage stabilities were assessed by monitoring relative changes in oligomeric state by size-exclusion liquid chromatography (LC-SEC) with UV detection. The molar concentration of the spike protein in SMT1-1 was 5.68 ± 0.22 µmol L-1 (k = 2, 95% CI), with the native trimeric form accounting for ~ 94% of the relative abundance. Reference mass concentration and mass fraction values were calculated using the protein molecular weight and density of the SMT1-1 solution. The spike protein is highly glycosylated which leads to analyte ambiguity when reporting the more commonly used mass concentration. After glycoprotein molar mass determination by LC-SEC with multi-angle light scattering detection, we thus reported mass concentration values for both the protein-only portion and intact glycoprotein as 0.813 ± 0.030 and 1.050 ± 0.068 mg mL-1 (k = 2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley B Stocks
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Marie-Pier Thibeault
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Joseph D Schrag
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Ave, Montreal, QC, H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
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12
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Development of a human insulin certified reference material with SI-traceable purity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:3443-3457. [PMID: 35201368 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A human insulin (hINS) certified reference material (CRM) was developed by the National Institute of Metrology (NIM). Three milligrams of purified solid hINS was packed into a brown sealed tube. The candidate material was identified by de novo sequence using mass spectrometry and Edman degradation methods. The content of insulin-related impurities, aggregation, moisture, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), anions, and ignition residues was also determined. Both mass balance (MB) and amino acid analysis-based isotope dilution mass spectrometry (AAA-IDMS) were used for the certified value assessment, which was determined to be (0.857 ± 0.024) g/g. The certified value was validated by liquid chromatography-circular dichroism spectroscopy (LC-CD) and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) methods, which were in good agreement. No inhomogeneity was observed during a homogeneity examination. A stability examination showed that the CRM was stable for at least 12 months when stored at - 70 °C, and for 7 days when stored at 4, 25, or 40 °C. The CRM is expected to be used as a primary calibrator for matrix insulin CRM development and for quality control in biopharmaceutical production and clinical diagnostics.
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13
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Bahadoor A, Brinkmann A, Melanson JE. 13C-Satellite Decoupling Strategies for Improving Accuracy in Quantitative Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Anal Chem 2021; 93:851-858. [PMID: 33300782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (qHNMR) with an appropriate internal standard is a well-established quantitation method for assigning purity to organic molecules. For accurate measurements, the premise of qHNMR relies on the careful selection of integrals, for both the analyte and the standard, in such a way that the selected integrals are free from interferences. The 13C-satellite signals of adjacent integrals, low-level impurities, and tautomer signals are among the common integral interferences that are typically encountered. One of the simplest ways to identify and avoid these interferences is to decouple the 13C-satellites. Two decoupling schemes were explored to illustrate the benefits of 13C-decoupling for qHNMR or qH{13C}NMR: GARP and bilevel adiabatic broadband decoupling. Unwanted sample heating and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) enhancements are the two main drawbacks of decoupling schemes. We show that with careful optimization of acquisition parameters and decoupling power, no excessive sample heating occurred during acquisition at 400 MHz. At 900 MHz, only bilevel adiabatic decoupling could be safely implemented. Furthermore, any undesirable NOE enhancements were completely avoided if acquisition was executed with an inverse-gated pulse sequence. We explored and confirmed the benefits of qH{13C}NMR through the quantitation of a diverse set of compounds, namely, small molecules (dimethyl terephthalate and zearalenone), a 13C-labeled compound (13C6-ochratoxin A), and an octapeptide (angiotensin II). Statistical comparisons confirmed that qH{13C}NMR produced comparable data to qHNMR. However, with qH{13C}NMR data providing added clarity about the presence of overlapping 13C-satellites, impurities, and tautomers, it has an edge over qHNMR for accurate measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adilah Bahadoor
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andreas Brinkmann
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
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14
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Abstract
The assessment of primary calibrator purity is critical for establishing traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Recently, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) has been used as a purity determination method for reference material development, and many related measurement techniques have been designed to acquire accurate and reliable results. This review introduces the recent advances in these techniques (including multidimensional methods), focusing on the application of qNMR to reference material preparation.
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15
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McRae G, Melanson JE. Quantitative determination and validation of 17 cannabinoids in cannabis and hemp using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7381-7393. [PMID: 32833075 PMCID: PMC7533253 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increase in production of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes in recent years has led to a corresponding increase in laboratories performing cannabinoid analysis of cannabis and hemp. We have developed and validated a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that is simple, reliable, specific, and accurate for the analysis of 17 cannabinoids in cannabis and hemp. Liquid-solid sample extraction coupled with dilution into a calibration range from 10 to 10,000 ng/mL and LC-MS/MS analysis provides quantification of samples ranging from 0.002 to 200 mg/g (0.0002 to 20.0%) in matrix. Linearity of calibration curves in methanol was demonstrated with regression r2 ≥ 0.99. Within-batch precision (0.5 to 6.5%) and accuracy (91.4 to 108.0%) and between-batch precision (0.9 to 5.1%) and accuracy (91.5 to 107.5%) were demonstrated for quality control (QC) samples in methanol. Within-batch precision (0.2 to 3.6%) and accuracy (85.4 to 111.6%) and between-batch precision (1.4 to 6.1 %) and accuracy (90.2 to 110.3%) were also evaluated with a candidate cannabis certified reference material (CRM). Repeatability (1.5 to 12.4% RSD) and intermediate precision (2.2 to 12.8% RSD) were demonstrated via analysis of seven cannabis samples with HorRat values ranging from 0.3 to 3.1. The method provides enhanced detection limits coupled with a large quantitative range for 17 cannabinoids in plant material. It is suitable for a wide range of applications including routine analysis for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabinol (CBN) as well as more advanced interrogation of samples for both major and minor cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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16
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Yang D, Su B, Bi Y, Zhang L, Zhang B, Song J, Lu Y, Du G. Preparation and Certification of a New Salvianolic Acid A Reference Material for Food and Drug Research. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:67-75. [PMID: 32306209 PMCID: PMC7176770 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (Sal A), a water-soluble ingredient in Danshen, has various biological activities. Sal A and its impurities have similar physical and chemical properties, as well as strong reducibility; therefore, they are difficult to prepare and purify. In this study, high-purity Sal A was obtained by purification of sephadex chromatography and preparative chromatography. Furthermore, HPLC-DAD tandem ECD and HPLC-DAD tandem MS methods were used for non-volatile organic impurity analysis, ICP-MS method was used for non-volatile inorganic impurities and mass balance method and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance were employed to certify the product. The structures of Sal A and its relative impurities were validated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and their contents were quantified as well. Following the principles of ISO Guides 34:2009 and 35:2005, a Sal A reference material was certified, covering homogeneity studies, stability studies, characterization, and uncertainty estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Su
- Soteria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Laiwu, 271100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yancai Bi
- Soteria Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Laiwu, 271100, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxi Zhang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Junke Song
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Choules MP, Bisson J, Gao W, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Niemitz M, Jaki BU, Franzblau SG, Pauli GF. Quality Control of Therapeutic Peptides by 1H NMR HiFSA Sequencing. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3055-3073. [PMID: 30793905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring identity, purity, and reproducibility are equally essential during synthetic chemistry, drug discovery, and for pharmaceutical product safety. Many peptidic APIs are large molecules that require considerable effort for integrity assurance. This study builds on quantum mechanical 1H iterative Full Spin Analysis (HiFSA) to establish NMR peptide sequencing methodology that overcomes the intrinsic limitations of principal compendial methods in identifying small structural changes or minor impurities that affect effectiveness and safety. HiFSA sequencing yields definitive identity and purity information concurrently, allowing for API quality assurance and control (QA/QC). Achieving full peptide analysis via NMR building blocks, the process lends itself to both research and commercial applications as 1D 1H NMR (HNMR) is the most sensitive and basic NMR experiment. The generated HiFSA profiles are independent of instrument or software tools and work at any magnetic field strength. Pairing with absolute or 100% qHNMR enables quantification of mixtures and/or determination of peptide conformer populations. Demonstration of the methodology uses single amino acids (AAs) and peptides of increasing size, including the octapeptide, angiotensin II, and the nonapeptide, oxytocin. The feasibility of HiFSA coupled with automated NMR and qHNMR for use in QC/QA efforts is established through case-based examples and recommended procedures.
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Li C, Bhavaraju S, Thibeault MP, Melanson J, Blomgren A, Rundlöf T, Kilpatrick E, Swann CJ, Rudd T, Aubin Y, Grant K, Butt M, Shum W, Kerim T, Sherwin W, Nakagawa Y, Pavón S, Arrastia S, Weel T, Pola A, Chalasani D, Walfish S, Atouf F. Survey of peptide quantification methods and comparison of their reproducibility: A case study using oxytocin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 166:105-112. [PMID: 30640042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
USP's peptide reference standards content is typically determined using an HPLC assay against an external standard for which the purity was determined by a mass balance approach. To explore the use of other analytical methods, the USP Biologics Department conducted a multi-laboratory collaborative study. The study determined the inter-laboratory variability for peptide quantitation using the following methods: HPLC assay, quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy, or amino acid analysis (AAA). The three methods were compared with regard to their suitability for quantitation of the nonapeptide oxytocin. In this study, the HPLC assay method using the same peptide bulk material as the standard showed the lowest inter-lab variability. The coefficient of variation (%CV) was calculated without counting the uncertainty associated with the purity assignment of the standard with mass balance. The proton qNMR method is a direct measurement of the peptide against an internal standard, which is not difficult to perform under common laboratory conditions. Because of the simpler operation and shorter analytical time, qNMR as a primary method for peptide reference standard value assignment deserves further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensheng Li
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Sitaram Bhavaraju
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Marie-Pier Thibeault
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jeremy Melanson
- National Research Council Canada (NRC), 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Andreas Blomgren
- Swedish Medical Products Agency (Lakemedelsverket), Uppsala Science Park, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Torgny Rundlöf
- Swedish Medical Products Agency (Lakemedelsverket), Uppsala Science Park, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 42, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eric Kilpatrick
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr, Stop 8314, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Carolyn J Swann
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Rudd
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3QG, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Yves Aubin
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting, A.L. 2201E, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kevin Grant
- Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 136 Narrabundah Lane, SYMONSTON, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2609, Australia
| | - Margaret Butt
- Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 136 Narrabundah Lane, SYMONSTON, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2609, Australia
| | - WaiKei Shum
- Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 136 Narrabundah Lane, SYMONSTON, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2609, Australia
| | - Tursun Kerim
- Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 136 Narrabundah Lane, SYMONSTON, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2609, Australia
| | - William Sherwin
- Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), 136 Narrabundah Lane, SYMONSTON, Australian Capital Territory (ACT) 2609, Australia
| | - Yukari Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Regulatory Science Society of Japan (PMRJ), Japanese Pharmacopoeia Reference Standards Laboratory (JPRS Lab), 2-1-2, Hiranomachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0046, Japan
| | - Sergi Pavón
- BCN Peptides, Poligon Industrial Els Vinyets Els Fogars, Sant Quinti de Mediona, Catalonia 08777, Spain
| | - Silvia Arrastia
- BCN Peptides, Poligon Industrial Els Vinyets Els Fogars, Sant Quinti de Mediona, Catalonia 08777, Spain
| | - Tim Weel
- Aspen Oss BV, Corellistraat 10, 5344 AG Oss, PO Box 98, 5340 AB Oss, Netherlands
| | - Arunima Pola
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Dinesh Chalasani
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Steven Walfish
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Fouad Atouf
- United States Pharmacopeia Convention, 12601 Twinbrook Parkway, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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19
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Stocks BB, Thibeault MP, Meija J, Melanson JE. Assessing MS-based quantitation strategies for low-level impurities in peptide reference materials: application to angiotensin II. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:6963-6972. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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20
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Pagliano E, Campanella B, Shi L, Thibeault MP, Onor M, Crum S, Melanson JE, Mester Z. Determination of total dissolved nitrogen in seawater by isotope dilution gas chromatography mass spectrometry following digestion with persulfate and derivatization with aqueous triethyloxonium. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:193-199. [PMID: 30076005 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel approach for the determination of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in seawater combining high-precision isotope dilution GC-MS with persulfate digestion. A 2 mL sample aliquot was digested with an alkaline solution of persulfate to convert nitrogen containing compounds to nitrate. Digested samples were spiked with 15NO3- internal standard and treated with aqueous triethyloxonium to convert the analyte into volatile EtONO2. This derivative was readily separated from the matrix under gaseous form and could be sampled from the headspace before GC-MS analysis. The resulting chromatograms showed a stable flat baseline with EtONO2 as the only eluting peak (retention time 2.75 min on a DB 5.625 column). Such an approach provides specificity and obviates the shortcomings of current detection methods employed to analyze seawater samples after digestion with persulfate. In negative chemical ionization mode, the method reached a detection limit of 0.5 μmol/kg TDN (7 ng/g N) and could be applied to quantify seawater samples with 1-25 μmol/kg TDN. On the upper end of the range, quantitation could be repeated within 1%, whereas on a 6 μmol/kg TDN sample repeatability was 2.3% on eight measurements. The method was employed in two proficiency testing exercises providing results in agreement with consensus values. We investigated the impact of reagent blank and we implemented a blank-matching optimal design to account for such contribution. Finally, we performed a study on the yield of persulfate oxidation for organic and inorganic nitrogen compounds typically present in seawater. Whilst nitrite and ammonium are fully converted to nitrate, more complex organic molecules showed recoveries varying from 70% to 100%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enea Pagliano
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Beatrice Campanella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, UOS di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Shi
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Thibeault
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Massimo Onor
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici, UOS di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Steven Crum
- QUASIMEME, NL-6700 EC Wageningen, Bornsesteeg 10, 6721 NG Bennekom, The Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zoltán Mester
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, K1A 0R6 Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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