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Millbern Z, Trettin A, Wu R, Demmler M, Vinueza NR. Synthetic dyes: A mass spectrometry approach and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:327-344. [PMID: 36353972 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic dyes are found in a wide variety of applications today, including but not limited to textiles, foods, and medicine. The analysis of these molecules is pertinent to several fields such as forensics, environmental monitoring, and quality control, all of which require the sensitivity and selectivity of analysis provided by mass spectrometry (MS). Recently, there has been an increase in the implementation of MS evaluation of synthetic dyes by various methods, with the majority of research thus far falling under electrospray ionization and moving toward direct ionization methods. This review covers an overview of the chemistry of synthetic dyes needed for the understanding of MS sample preparation and spectral results, current fields of application, ionization methods, and fragmentation trends and works that have been reported in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Millbern
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison Trettin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Wu
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Morgan Demmler
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Hong Y, Birse N, Quinn B, Li Y, Jia W, van Ruth S, Elliott CT. MALDI-ToF MS and chemometric analysis as a tool for identifying wild and farmed salmon. Food Chem 2024; 432:137279. [PMID: 37657341 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the difference between wild and farmed salmon production was successfully profiled and differentiated by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS) combined with chemometric analysis. The established method based on multivariate analysis mainly involved principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) as the screening and verifying tools to provide insights into the distinctive features found in wild and farmed salmon products, respectively. The discrimination between farmed and wild salmon was accomplished with 100% classification accuracy using chemometric models, 100% identification accuracy was also achieved in distinguishing wild Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus nerka samples. The results of the present work suggest that the proposed method could serve as a reference for detecting salmon fraud relating to wild or farmed production and expand the application of MALDI-ToF technology further into food authenticity applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Hong
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Birse
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian Quinn
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yicong Li
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Wenyang Jia
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Saskia van Ruth
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- National Measurement Laboratory, Centre of Excellence in Agriculture and Food Integrity, Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom; School of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, 99 Mhu 18, Pahonyothin Road, Khong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Jenisha Daisy Priscillal I, Wang SF. Designing nano ranged electrode modifier comprised of samarium niobate anchored carbon nanofibers for trace level detection of food colourant: Tartrazine. Food Chem 2023; 422:136230. [PMID: 37141761 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tartrazine (TRZ) is a predominantly used food color in food processing industries which is soluble in water to produce a orange colour. This food colorant is categorized under the mono-azo pyrazolone dye group known for the perilous azo group (-NN-) attached to the aromatic ring that threatens human health. In consideration of these aspects, a novel TRZ sensing platform with advanced electrode material is designed by incorporating nanotechnology with chemical engineering. This innovative sensor is prepared by electrode modification through a nano ranged electrode modifier of SmNbO4 decorated on the enmeshed carbon nanofibers. This is the first report on the investigation of SmNbO4/f-CNF as an electrode modifier to extricate the superlative electrochemical properties towards TRZ detection and protracted its practicality to food samples with a lower limit of detection (2 nmolL-1), broad linear range, good selectivity, and functional stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jenisha Daisy Priscillal
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sea-Fue Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Sec. 3, Chung-Hsiao East Rd., Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Bogdanova P, Vakh C, Bulatov A. A surfactant-mediated microextraction of synthetic dyes from solid-phase food samples into the primary amine-based supramolecular solvent. Food Chem 2022; 380:131812. [PMID: 34996637 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
An effective and simple surfactant-mediated microextraction of synthetic dyes from solid-phase food samples into the primary amine-based supramolecular solvents is presented for the first time. The developed procedure involved two stages: (i) an isolation of dyes from a solid-phase food sample into a micellar solution of the primary amine; (ii) a preconcentration of the extracted dyes into the supramolecular solvent phase generated from the obtained micellar solution under a coacervation process. The microextraction procedure was applied for the determination of synthetic dyes in confectionery, dried fruits, and spices samples. The supramolecular solvent formed from aqueous micelle aggregates of 1-octylamine due to coacervation induced by thymol provided maximum extraction recovery values for synthetic dyes. In the proposed two-stage extraction procedure the micellar solution of primary amine was a media for analytes isolation from solid-phase and their followed preconcentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Bogdanova
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St., Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Christina Vakh
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St., Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Andrey Bulatov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St., Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Zhou S, Wu Q, Wang Z, Liang Q, Lu H. Photocatalytic reduction-based liquid microjunction surface sampling-mass spectrometry for rapid in situ analysis of aromatic amines originating from azo dyes in packaging papers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6649-6660. [PMID: 34495385 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid in situ analytical method was developed for the detection of generated carcinogenic aromatic amines from banned azo dyes utilizing a photocatalytic reduction-based liquid microjunction surface sampling (LMJSS)-mass spectrometry (MS) system. We utilized photocatalytic reduction under UV irradiation with TiO2 as catalyst to have rapid and mild reduction of azo dyes. The reaction conditions were optimized to have complete photocatalytic reduction within 2-5 min in pure methanol at room temperature. TiO2 was immobilized in the inner wall of the capillaries in the LMJSS system to achieve in situ sampling-online rapid reduction-MS detection for aromatic amines originating from azo dyes in packaging surface. The yields of in-tube photocatalytic reduction were near 100% by delivering the azo dye extracts through the capillary at 1 μL/min under UV irradiation. With this design, in situ analysis was completed within 2 min via direct MS detection and 7 min via liquid chromatography (LC)-MS detection. The detection limits for five aromatic amines originating from four different azo dyes were in the range of 1-17 mg/kg with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 8.5%. In the application of the new method, four carcinogenic aromatic amines were detected and identified in three commercial packaging materials, and the quantitation results were comparable with those obtained by the conventional chemical reduction-LC-MS method (relative recovery, 81-121%). Moreover, due to the spatial resolution of the present method with a flow probe, MS imaging was achieved demonstrating clear azo dye patterns of a lab-made sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
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The Coated-Wire Ion-Selective Electrode (CWISE) of Tartrazine Using Chitosan as an Ionophore. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2021. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.24.6.206-212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE) of coated wire-type tartrazine using chitosan as an ionophore has been developed. The variables used in the manufacture of ISE are membrane composition and immersion time. Meanwhile, the basic characteristics of ISE measured are Nernst value, measurement concentration range, detection limit, and measurement response time. The results showed that ISE tartrazine coated wire type had an optimum membrane composition in a mixture of chitosan: PVC: DOP of 3: 34: 63 (% w/w) and a membrane immersion time 20 minutes. The basic characteristics of ISE produce a Nernst value of 20.976 mV/decade. The measurement concentration range is 1×10-7-1×10-2 M with a detection limit of 2.749×10-7 M or 0.1469 ppm. The response time ranges from 10-60 seconds, with an average of 40 seconds.
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Feng J, Li J, Huang W, Cheng H, Zhang Z, Li L. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Determination of Five Trace Food Additives in Beverage Samples Using Counterflow Transient Isotachophoresis. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sivrikaya Ozak S, Yılmaz Y. Ultrasound-assisted hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent based solid-liquid microextraction of Sudan dyes in spice samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118353. [PMID: 32320916 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly, simple method was carried out with the help of an ultrasonic assisted solid-liquid microextraction technique using a new deep eutectic solvent (DES) for the extraction and determination of Sudan dyes (I-IV) in spice samples. In this method, parameters affecting the optimization were researched and optimized such as DES composition, DES volume, ultrasonic time, temperature and, centrifuge time. The analytical performance of the developed method was quite satisfactory, the R2 values were higher than 0.9989, and the limits of quantification were <1.17 μg g-1. Two different concentrations (10-50 μg g-1) were spiked to Chili peppers, paprika, cumin and sumac spices for the applicability and accuracy of the developed microextraction method. Some of these spices were found to contain Sudan I and IV dyes. The recovery values for spiked samples were found to be between 85.55% and 99.29% and relative standard deviations were found to be <3.17% when using a 10 μg g-1 Sudan dyes concentration. The results showed that the developed method can be successfully applied for extraction and determination of Sudan dyes in spice samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sezen Sivrikaya Ozak
- Polymer Engineering Department, Technology Faculty, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey.
| | - Yunus Yılmaz
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Science, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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Sabatini F, Degano I. Investigating the fragmentation pathways of β-naphthol pigments using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8789. [PMID: 32207178 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Today, β-naphthol pigments are among the largest and most widely used classes of synthetic organic pigments. Their application fields range from textiles, food and beverages, printing inks, plastics to paint formulations. Most of the research dealing with their study using mass spectrometry focuses on developing sensitive methods for their quantification or their removal from industrial wastewater. Their qualitative recognition in formulations, whose composition is undisclosed by manufacturers, has not been tackled yet. METHODS The collision-induced dissociation fragmentation pathways of 10 red and orange widely used pigments of the late 19th to the early 20th centuries, belonging to the β-naphthol and Naphthol AS classes, were characterized using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in negative-ion mode. RESULTS The fragmentation pathways of these pigments were determined, and the pigments are discussed in relation to their chemical structures. The results were used to determine the composition in terms of the secondary components of one of our reference commercial formulations, characterized by a complex mixture of synthesis by-products. CONCLUSIONS By coupling the high sensitivity of high-resolution mass spectrometry with an efficient chromatographic separation optimized for the analysis of β-naphthol dyes and pigments, we provided a method for the qualitative recognition of this class of molecules in unknown formulations possibly used in different kinds of industrial and synthetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sabatini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Degano
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Tahtaisleyen S, Gorduk O, Sahin Y. Electrochemical Determination of Tartrazine Using a Graphene/Poly(L-Phenylalanine) Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1716242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selen Tahtaisleyen
- Faculty of Arts & Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge Gorduk
- Faculty of Arts & Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yucel Sahin
- Faculty of Arts & Science, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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