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Shen ZZ, Zhang XS, Wan J, Liu GX, Tian JX, Liu B, Guo YG, Wen R. Nanoscale Visualization of Lithium Plating/Stripping Tuned by On-site Formed Solid Electrolyte Interphase in All-Solid-State Lithium-Metal Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316837. [PMID: 38315104 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The interfacial processes, mainly the lithium (Li) plating/stripping and the evolution of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), are directly related to the performance of all-solid-state Li-metal batteries (ASSLBs). However, the complex processes at solid-solid interfaces are embedded under the solid-state electrolyte, making it challenging to analyze the dynamic processes in real time. Here, using in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy, we directly visualized the Li plating/stripping/replating behavior, and measured the morphological and mechanical properties of the on-site formed SEI at nanoscale. Li spheres plating/stripping/replating at the argyrodite solid electrolyte (Li6 PS5 Cl)/Li electrode interface is coupled with the formation/wrinkling/inflating of the SEI on its surface. Combined with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, details of the stepwise formation and physicochemical properties of SEI on the Li spheres are obtained. It is shown that higher operation rates can decrease the uniformity of the Li+ -conducting networks in the SEI and worsen Li plating/stripping reversibility. By regulating the applied current rates, uniform nucleation and reversible plating/stripping processes can be achieved, leading to the extension of the cycling life. The in situ analysis of the on-site formed SEI at solid-solid interfaces provides the correlation between the interfacial evolution and the electrochemical performance in ASSLBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xu-Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Xin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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2
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Belrhiti Y, Albaric M, Benmansour M, Sirven JB, Chabli A. Mechanical stirring: Novel engineering approach for in situ spectroscopic analysis of melt at high temperature. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25626. [PMID: 38384584 PMCID: PMC10878881 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel engineering approach to control molten metals at high temperatures considering the industrial environment of such materials. To reduce analysis time and cost, in-line analysis techniques are more advantageous as they provide real-time information about melt composition. For this reason, recent research works focus on the development of new devices based on LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy). These devices allowed for analyzing impurities inside molten metals with great performance. However, improvements related to the immersion probe conception are still required. Indeed, the previous design used bubbling inside the melt, leading to spatial instabilities of the surface analyzed by LIBS. The solution presented here is mechanical stirring by innovative rotary blades which will be a part of an immersion LIBS probe. Their rotation will generate a representative, renewed, and stable surface that will be targeted by spectroscopic techniques in general and particularly by LIBS laser for molten metal monitoring at high temperatures. This solution was validated using experimental tests based on particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) in water at room temperature and then applied to silicon melt at high temperatures. To do so, it was necessary to design a system that allows the introduction of the blade in the melt and controls its rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Belrhiti
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, England, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - M. Albaric
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, INES, Le Bourget du Lac, 73375, France
| | - M. Benmansour
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, INES, Le Bourget du Lac, 73375, France
| | - J.-B. Sirven
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, SEARS, Gif sur Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - A. Chabli
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LITEN, INES, Le Bourget du Lac, 73375, France
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Duan C, Xiao X, Yu Y, Xu M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Dai H, Pi F, Wang J. In situ Raman characterization of the stability of blueberry anthocyanins in aqueous solutions under perturbations in temperature, UV, pH. Food Chem 2024; 431:137155. [PMID: 37591141 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Blueberry anthocyanin (BA) is a functional ingredient to enhance the biological activity of food, and the stability of BA is of great interest. BA stability in aqueous solutions stored in polypropylene and glass bottles was analyzed in-situ using confocal Raman spectroscopy, and the acceptable depth of focus was optimized. The Raman characteristics of BA degradation were explained by multivariate analysis. The degradation rate of BA was significantly accelerated by heating above 65 °C for 2 h or ultraviolet irradiation (10 W) for 96 h. The first order kinetic reaction rate was accelerated with the increase of pH value and temperature and the prolongation of ultraviolet irradiation time. The synergistic effect of multiple factors promoted BA degradation. This study provides an in-situ, nondestructive method for the analysis of anthocyanin stability, which has great utility in the food industry to optimize processing, storage, and transportation measures to reduce the degradation of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghui Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanpeng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Dai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuwei Pi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahua Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, People's Republic of China; Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil (Wuhan Polytechnic University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430023, People's Republic of China.
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Lomont JP, Smith JP. In situ process analytical technology for real time viable cell density and cell viability during live-virus vaccine production. Int J Pharm 2024; 649:123630. [PMID: 38040394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Viable cell density (VCD) and cell viability (CV) are key performance indicators of cell culture processes in biopharmaceutical production of biologics and vaccines. Traditional methods for monitoring VCD and CV involve offline cell counting assays that are both labor intensive and prone to high variability, resulting in sparse sampling and uncertainty in the obtained data. Process analytical technology (PAT) approaches offer a means to address these challenges. Specifically, in situ probe-based measurements of dielectric spectroscopy (also commonly known as capacitance) can characterize VCD and CV continuously in real time throughout an entire process, enabling robust process characterization. In this work, we propose in situ dielectric spectroscopy as a PAT tool for real time analysis of live-virus vaccine (LVV) production. Dielectric spectroscopy was collected across 25 discreet frequencies, offering a thorough evaluation of the proposed technology. Correlation of this PAT methodology to traditional offline cell counting assays was performed, in which VCD and CV were both successfully predicted using dielectric spectroscopy. Both univariate and multivariate data analysis approaches were evaluated for their potential to establish correlation between the in situ dielectric spectroscopy and offline measurements. Univariate analysis strategies are presented for optimal single frequency selection. Multivariate analysis, in the form of partial least squares (PLS) regression, produced significantly higher correlations between dielectric spectroscopy and offline VCD and CV data, as compared to univariate analysis. Specifically, by leveraging multivariate analysis of dielectric information from all 25 spectroscopic frequencies measured, PLS models performed significantly better than univariate models. This is particularly evident during cell death, where tracking VCD and CV have historically presented the greatest challenge. The results of this work demonstrate the potential of both single and multiple frequency dielectric spectroscopy measurements for enabling robust LVV process characterization, suggesting that broader application of in situ dielectric spectroscopy as a PAT tool in LVV processes can provide significantly improved process understanding. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of in situ dielectric spectroscopy with multivariate analysis to successfully predict VCD and CV in real time during live virus-based vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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5
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Cheng Y, Cong L, Qu X, Zhao J, Chen J, Li P, Shi W, Xu W, Xu S. A SERS/fluorescence dual-mode immuno-nanoprobe for investigating two anti-diabetic drugs on EGFR expressions. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:124. [PMID: 36894729 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05705-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)/fluorescence dual-mode nanoprobe was proposed to assess anti-diabetic drug actions from the expression level of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is a significant biomarker of breast cancers. The nanoprobe has a raspberry shape, prepared by coating a dye-doped silica nanosphere with a mass of SERS tags, which gives high gains in fluorescence imaging and SERS measurement. The in situ detection of EGFR on the cell membrane surfaces after drug actions was achieved by using this nanoprobe, and the detection results agree with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Our study suggests that rosiglitazone hydrochloride (RH) may be a potential drug for diabetic patients with breast cancer, while the anti-cancer effect of metformin hydrochloride (MH) is debatable since MH slightly promotes the EGFR expression of MCF-7 cells in this study. This sensing platform endows more feasibility for highly sensitive and accurate feedback of pesticide effects at the membrane protein level.
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Moulay V, Freissinet C, Rizk-Bigourd M, Buch A, Ancelin M, Couturier E, Breton C, Trainer MG, Szopa C. Selection and Analytical Performances of the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer Gas Chromatographic Columns to Support the Search for Organic Molecules of Astrobiological Interest on Titan. Astrobiology 2023; 23:213-229. [PMID: 36577024 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Titan is a key planetary body for astrobiology, with the presence of a subsurface ocean and a dense atmosphere, in which complex chemistry is known to occur. Approximately 1-Titan-year after the Cassini-Huygens mission arrived in the saturnian system, Dragonfly rotorcraft will land on Titan's surface by 2034 for an exhaustive geophysical and chemical investigation of the Shangri-La organic sand sea region. Among the four instruments onboard Dragonfly, the Dragonfly Mass Spectrometer (DraMS) is dedicated to analyze the chemical composition of surface samples and noble gases in the atmosphere. One of the DraMS analysis modes, the Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), is devoted to the detection and identification of organic molecules that could be involved in the development of a prebiotic chemistry or even representative of traces of past or present life. Therefore, DraMS-GC subsystem should be optimized to detect and identify relevant organic compounds to meet this objective. This work is focused on the experimental methods employed to select the chromatographic column to be integrated in DraMS-GC, to assess the analytical performances of the column selected, and also to assess the performances of the second DraMS-GC column, which is devoted to the separation of organic enantiomers. Four different stationary phases have been tested to select the most relevant one for the separation of the targeted chemical species. The results show that the stationary phase composed of polymethyl (95%) diphenyl (5%) siloxane is the best compromise in terms of efficiency, robustness, and retention times of the molecules. The combination of the general and the chiral columns in DraMS is perfectly suited to in situ chemical analysis on Titan and for the detection of expected diverse and complex organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Moulay
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Caroline Freissinet
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Malak Rizk-Bigourd
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Arnaud Buch
- Laboratoire Génie des Procédés et Matériaux, CentraleSupelec, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mayline Ancelin
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Elise Couturier
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Caroline Breton
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
| | - Melissa G Trainer
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Cyril Szopa
- LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Guyancourt, France
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7
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Zhang N, Yue C, Liu J, Zhan X, Cheng Z, Li C, Du Y, Tian F. Fabrication of planar monolayer microreactor array for visual statistical analysis and droplet-based digital quantitative analysis in situ. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:627-37. [PMID: 36504285 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Planar monolayer microreactor arrays (PMMRAs) make droplet-based numerical measurements and statistical analysis cheap and easy. However, PMMRAs are typically produced in complex microfluidic devices and, moreover, still requires stringent control to reduce droplet loss during heating. In this paper, a simple, reliable, and flexible method for fabricating PMMRAs in a 96-well plate is described in detail by using simple materials and low-cost equipment. The partitioned droplets spontaneously assemble into PMMRAs in the plates, and this distribution is maintained even after incubation. This is advantageous for in situ analysis based on an individual droplet in droplet digital loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ddLAMP) and does not require the transfer of positive droplets. Precise and reproducible quantification of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) extracts was executed in these PMMRAs to verify its availability. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach not only provides a flexible and controllable execution scheme for droplet-based nucleic acid quantification in resource-limited laboratories but also opens new perspectives for numerous analytical and biochemical applications using droplets as versatile plastic microreactors.
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8
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Chia JC, Woll AR, Smieska L, Vatamaniuk OK. Visualizing Metal Distribution in Plants Using Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2665:177-189. [PMID: 37166601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3183-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent improvements in synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence (SXRF) microscopy established it as an advanced analytical tool for analyzing 2D- and 3D distribution of mineral elements in plants. Among existing imaging techniques, SXRF microscopy offers several unique capabilities, including in situ metal quantification in plant tissues and high sensitivity, as low as 1 mg kg-1, at the nanoscale spatial resolution. SXRF is increasingly utilized in different plant science disciplines to provide a fundamental understanding of metal homeostasis, and the function of trace elements in plant metabolism and development. Here, we describe methods for SXRF imaging, including sample preparation, the optimization of conventional SXRF for analyzing trace elements, and the development of confocal SXRF (C-SXRF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Chen Chia
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Arthur R Woll
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Louisa Smieska
- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Olena K Vatamaniuk
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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9
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Tao R, Xing P, Li H, Cun Z, Wang C, Ma S, Sun Z. Kinetics study and recycling strategies in different stages of full-component pyrolysis of spent LiNi xCo yMn zO 2 lithium-ion batteries. Waste Manag 2023; 155:8-18. [PMID: 36335774 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Full-component pyrolysis has been proven to be a prospective method for the disposal of organic matters and the cathode material reduction of spent LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the kinetics of the full-component pyrolysis of spent NCM LIBs is still unclear. This work represents the first attempt to study the kinetics of different stages of full-component pyrolysis of NCM LIBs based on isoconversional method to guide the recycling of spent LIBs. Pyrolysis process was divided into four stages in accordance to the main weight loss temperature ranges and the classical Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose and Flynn-Wall-Ozawa kinetics models were employed to calculate the activation energy (E) in each stage. The main physicochemical reactions were clarified though in situ analysis, and the average E in the four stages was determined: (I) The volatilization of electrolytes occurred in the temperature range of 100-200 °C with the E of 98.6 kJ/mol. (II) The decomposition of organic matters and the preliminary reduction of cathode material transpired in the temperature range of 400-500 °C with the E of 227.2 kJ/mol. (III) The further reduction of NiO and CoO occurred from 650 to 800 °C with the E of 258.8 kJ/mol. (Ⅳ) The reduction of MnO took place from 850 to 1000 °C with the E of 334.9 kJ/mol. The recycling strategies based on full-component pyrolysis of spent NCM LIBs was accordingly proposed. During pyrolysis, the cathode material was gradually reduced and the pyrolytic products can be controlled through temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Huiquan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhigen Cun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chenye Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shengyue Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenhua Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Green Recycling for Strategic Metal Resources, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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Ben-Tal Y, Boaler PJ, Dale HJA, Dooley RE, Fohn NA, Gao Y, García-Domínguez A, Grant KM, Hall AMR, Hayes HLD, Kucharski MM, Wei R, Lloyd-Jones GC. Mechanistic analysis by NMR spectroscopy: A users guide. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2022; 129:28-106. [PMID: 35292133 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A 'principles and practice' tutorial-style review of the application of solution-phase NMR in the analysis of the mechanisms of homogeneous organic and organometallic reactions and processes. This review of 345 references summarises why solution-phase NMR spectroscopy is uniquely effective in such studies, allowing non-destructive, quantitative analysis of a wide range of nuclei common to organic and organometallic reactions, providing exquisite structural detail, and using instrumentation that is routinely available in most chemistry research facilities. The review is in two parts. The first comprises an introduction to general techniques and equipment, and guidelines for their selection and application. Topics include practical aspects of the reaction itself, reaction monitoring techniques, NMR data acquisition and processing, analysis of temporal concentration data, NMR titrations, DOSY, and the use of isotopes. The second part comprises a series of 15 Case Studies, each selected to illustrate specific techniques and approaches discussed in the first part, including in situ NMR (1/2H, 10/11B, 13C, 15N, 19F, 29Si, 31P), kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects, isotope entrainment, isotope shifts, isotopes at natural abundance, scalar coupling, kinetic analysis (VTNA, RPKA, simulation, steady-state), stopped-flow NMR, flow NMR, rapid injection NMR, pure shift NMR, dynamic nuclear polarisation, 1H/19F DOSY NMR, and in situ illumination NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Boaler
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harvey J A Dale
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth E Dooley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole A Fohn
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrés García-Domínguez
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Katie M Grant
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M R Hall
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L D Hayes
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej M Kucharski
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Ran Wei
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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11
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Wu M, Zhi M, Liu Y, Han J, Qin Y. In situ analysis of copper speciation during in vitro digestion: Differences between copper in drinking water and food. Food Chem 2022; 371:131388. [PMID: 34808779 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the safety of copper in drinking water has increasingly been questioned. Copper speciation is an important factor that affects its bioavailability and toxicity; thus, it is critical to investigate the speciation of copper that is ingested from food and drinking water during in vitro digestion. After digestion, water- and food-derived copper formed 60 ± 4% 0.1-1 kDa and 49 ± 6% 10-1,000 kDa copper complexes, respectively. Under simulated fasting drinking water conditions, up to 90 ± 2% 0.1-1 kDa copper complexes formed. In addition, using ion selective electrode analysis, water-derived copper was detected that contained higher Cu2+ concentrations after digestion than those of food-derived copper. These results indicate that water-derived copper forms smaller-sized species and exhibits higher Cu2+ concentrations during digestion than those of food-derived copper, thereby highlighting the importance of reassessing the safety limit for copper in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute. Hangzhou 310018, PR China; Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, PR China
| | - Mingyu Zhi
- Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute. Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute. Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, PR China
| | - Yumei Qin
- Food Nutrition Science Centre, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310035, PR China.
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12
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Ralbovsky NM, Lomont JP, Ruccolo S, Konietzko J, McHugh PM, Wang SC, Mangion I, Smith JP. Utilizing in situ spectroscopic tools to monitor ketal deprotection processes. Int J Pharm 2022; 611:121324. [PMID: 34848366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of protection groups to shield a functional group during a synthesis is employed throughout many reactions and organic syntheses. The role of a protection group can be vital to the success of a reaction, as well as increase reaction yield and selectivity. Although much work has been done to investigate the addition of a protection group, the removal of the protection group is just as important - however, there is a lack of methods employed within the literature for monitoring the removal of a protection group in real time. In this work, the process of removing, or deprotecting, a ketal protecting group is investigated. Process analytical technology tools are incorporated for in situ analysis of the deprotection reaction of a small molecule model compound. Specifically, Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy show that characteristic bands can be used to track the decrease of the reactant and the increase of the expected products over time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of process analytical technology being used to monitor a ketal deprotection reaction in real time. This information can be capitalized on in the future for understanding and optimizing pharmaceutically-relevant deprotection processes and downstream reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Ralbovsky
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Justin P Lomont
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Serge Ruccolo
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Janelle Konietzko
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Patrick M McHugh
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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13
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Zhou S, Wu Q, Wang Z, Liang Q, Lu H. Photocatalytic reduction-based liquid microjunction surface sampling-mass spectrometry for rapid in situ analysis of aromatic amines originating from azo dyes in packaging papers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6649-6660. [PMID: 34495385 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A rapid in situ analytical method was developed for the detection of generated carcinogenic aromatic amines from banned azo dyes utilizing a photocatalytic reduction-based liquid microjunction surface sampling (LMJSS)-mass spectrometry (MS) system. We utilized photocatalytic reduction under UV irradiation with TiO2 as catalyst to have rapid and mild reduction of azo dyes. The reaction conditions were optimized to have complete photocatalytic reduction within 2-5 min in pure methanol at room temperature. TiO2 was immobilized in the inner wall of the capillaries in the LMJSS system to achieve in situ sampling-online rapid reduction-MS detection for aromatic amines originating from azo dyes in packaging surface. The yields of in-tube photocatalytic reduction were near 100% by delivering the azo dye extracts through the capillary at 1 μL/min under UV irradiation. With this design, in situ analysis was completed within 2 min via direct MS detection and 7 min via liquid chromatography (LC)-MS detection. The detection limits for five aromatic amines originating from four different azo dyes were in the range of 1-17 mg/kg with relative standard deviations (RSDs) < 8.5%. In the application of the new method, four carcinogenic aromatic amines were detected and identified in three commercial packaging materials, and the quantitation results were comparable with those obtained by the conventional chemical reduction-LC-MS method (relative recovery, 81-121%). Moreover, due to the spatial resolution of the present method with a flow probe, MS imaging was achieved demonstrating clear azo dye patterns of a lab-made sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiguo Wang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Qiuju Liang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410007, Hunan, China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, People's Republic of China
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Pycarelle SC, Brijs K, Delcour JA. The role of exogenous lipids in starch and protein mediated sponge cake structure setting during baking. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109551. [PMID: 33233174 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
While it is well established that using exogenous lipids (ELs) such as monoacylglycerols and polyglycerolesters of fatty acids improves gas cell incorporation and stability in sponge cake batter (SCB) and allows producing sponge cakes (SCs) with very high volume, fine grained crumb and soft texture, their impact on starch gelatinization and protein polymerization remained unknown. Here, differential scanning calorimetry and size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography were performed on SC(B) samples prepared with or without ELs. Starch gelatinization and protein denaturation and polymerization started at temperatures exceeding 67 °C and mostly occurred up to a temperature of 96 °C. During further isothermal treatment at 96 °C the rigidity of the cake matrix (for which temperature-controlled time domain 1H NMR T2 relaxation times are a predictor) further increased mainly because of protein polymerization. While the temperature range of starch crystal melting was not affected by the use of ELs, protein polymerized more intensively in an 88 to 94 °C temperature range when SCB contained ELs. The more intense protein polymerization and the high water binding capacity of ELs presumably made the cake matrix more rigid at that point in time. The present results allow concluding that ELs not only impact air-liquid interface stability but also cake structure setting. Hence, both aspects most likely contribute to the superior quality of SCs containing ELs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Pycarelle
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Kristof Brijs
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan A Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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15
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Straub H, Eberl L, Zinn M, Rossi RM, Maniura-Weber K, Ren Q. A microfluidic platform for in situ investigation of biofilm formation and its treatment under controlled conditions. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:166. [PMID: 33176791 PMCID: PMC7661213 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studying bacterial adhesion and early biofilm development is crucial for understanding the physiology of sessile bacteria and forms the basis for the development of novel antimicrobial biomaterials. Microfluidics technologies can be applied in such studies since they permit dynamic real-time analysis and a more precise control of relevant parameters compared to traditional static and flow chamber assays. In this work, we aimed to establish a microfluidic platform that permits real-time observation of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation under precisely controlled homogeneous laminar flow conditions. Results Using Escherichia coli as the model bacterial strain, a microfluidic platform was developed to overcome several limitations of conventional microfluidics such as the lack of spatial control over bacterial colonization and allow label-free observation of bacterial proliferation at single-cell resolution. This platform was applied to demonstrate the influence of culture media on bacterial colonization and the consequent eradication of sessile bacteria by antibiotic. As expected, the nutrient-poor medium (modified M9 minimal medium) was found to promote bacterial adhesion and to enable a higher adhesion rate compared to the nutrient-rich medium (tryptic soy broth rich medium ). However, in rich medium the adhered cells colonized the glass surface faster than those in poor medium under otherwise identical conditions. For the first time, this effect was demonstrated to be caused by a higher retention of newly generated bacteria in the rich medium, rather than faster growth especially during the initial adhesion phase. These results also indicate that higher adhesion rate does not necessarily lead to faster biofilm formation. Antibiotic treatment of sessile bacteria with colistin was further monitored by fluorescence microscopy at single-cell resolution, allowing in situ analysis of killing efficacy of antimicrobials. Conclusion The platform established here represents a powerful and versatile tool for studying environmental effects such as medium composition on bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Our microfluidic setup shows great potential for the in vitro assessment of new antimicrobials and antifouling agents under flow conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Straub
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Eberl
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Zinn
- Institute of Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO Valais-Wallis), Sion, Switzerland
| | - René M Rossi
- Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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16
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Soares I, França de Sá S, Ferreira JL. A first approach into the characterisation of historical plastic objects by in situ diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 240:118548. [PMID: 32531729 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research explores the potential of a portable instrumentation of diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy for the in situ characterisation of plastics cultural objects. As sampling has been increasingly questioned in the conservation field, the development of portable devices has been sought. Among them, infrared (IR) spectroscopy in reflection mode has been gaining a powerful position in conservation research. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) has been widely used for plastics, yet the strong contact required by the technique can make it inappropriate for flexible and/or fragile historic objects. Therefore, in this study, the potential of in situ DRIFT spectroscopy is assessed on both references and historical objects made of the same polymers - polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Plastic samples showing different characteristics such as refractive and absorption indexes and topography are also included. These different polymers and surface qualities are discussed as factors influencing the final spectra. In situ DRIFT proved to be very versatile as it could be applied in a variety of plastics and objects' shapes, does not require sampling nor an intimate contact as ATR. Moreover, specific bands and spectral profiles were identified as DRIFT markers of the polymers under study. The acquisition conditions for the in situ analysis were optimized and a pilot spectral database using different IR modes (transmission, ATR and DR) was created. Important information was collected, which allowed the polymer identification of the majority of the historical objects produced between the 1940s and 1980s, from a Portuguese private collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Soares
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
| | - Susana França de Sá
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Joana Lia Ferreira
- Department of Conservation and Restoration and LAQV-REQUIMTE, NOVA School of Sciences and Technology of NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Monte da Caparica, Portugal
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17
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Ballester-Caudet A, Hakobyan L, Moliner-Martinez Y, Molins-Legua C, Campíns-Falcó P. Ionic-liquid doped polymeric composite as passive colorimetric sensor for meat freshness as a use case. Talanta 2020; 223:121778. [PMID: 33298283 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A composite membrane containing 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid sodium salt (NQS) embedded in an ionic liquid (IL)- polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)- tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)- SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) polymeric matrix is proposed. The selected IL was 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (OMIM PF6). It is demonstrated that ILs chemical additives of PDMS influenced the sol-gel porosity. The sensor analytical performance for ammonia atmospheres has been tested as a function of sampling time (between 0.5 and 312 h), temperature (25 °C and 4 °C) and sampling volume (between 2L and 22 mL) by means of diffuse reflectance measurements and sensor photos, which can be registered and saved as images by a smartphone, which permit RGB measurements too. Flexible calibration was possible, adapting it to the sampling time, temperature and sampling volume needed for its application. Calibration linear slopes (mA vs ppmv) between 1.7 and 467 ppmv-1 were obtained for ammonia in function of the several studied conditions. Those slopes were between 48 and 91% higher than those achieved with sensors without ILs. The practical application of this sensing device was demonstrated for the analysis of meat packaging environments, being a potential cost-effective candidate for in situ meat freshness analysis. NQS provided selectivity in reference to other family compounds emitted from meat products, such as sulphides. After 10 days at 4 °C ammonia liberated by the assayed meat was 20 ± 4 μg/kg and 18 ± 3 μg/kg, quantified by using diffuse reflectance and %R measurements, respectively. Homogeneity of the ammonia atmosphere was tested by using two sensors placed in two different positions inside the packages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballester-Caudet
- MINTOTA Research Group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - L Hakobyan
- MINTOTA Research Group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Moliner-Martinez
- MINTOTA Research Group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - C Molins-Legua
- MINTOTA Research Group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100-Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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18
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Venuti V, Fazzari B, Crupi V, Majolino D, Paladini G, Morabito G, Certo G, Lamberto S, Giacobbe L. In situ diagnostic analysis of the XVIII century Madonna della Lettera panel painting (Messina, Italy). Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 228:117822. [PMID: 31767416 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The scientific investigation of the techniques employed by the artist, such as composition of the paints, color palette, and painting style represents a fundamental pre-requisite in order to develop proper conservation and restoration strategies. In this context, the combined use of non-destructive, non-invasive in situ image and chemical analyses was here successfully employed for the investigation of the XVIII century Madonna della Lettera panel painting from the ancient Basilian abbey of Santa Maria di Bordonaro in Messina (Italy). The used techniques were visible, infrared (IR) and false-color infrared (FCIR) photography, X-ray radiography, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy. The goal was to obtain accurate information on materials and techniques originally used and possible later interventions, with particular regard to the nature of the painting materials. From the results, details of the artwork useful for restoration and conservation procedures were revealed. The identification of most of the artist's palette was also achieved: Prussian blue for blue color, lead white for white, umber for the brown, cinnabar for the red, and carbon black for the black color. The composition of different preparatory substrates was also investigated. The obtained results, other than constituting a crucial step for future restoration works, can be at the same time useful for the dating of the painting, that does not report the date and the artist's signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Venuti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Barbara Fazzari
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Reggio Calabria, Piazza De Nava 26, 89100 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Vincenza Crupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Domenico Majolino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paladini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Morabito
- Associazione Nazionale Tecnici Sanitari di Radiologia Medica Volontari Messina, Via Giuseppe Garibaldi 439, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Certo
- Associazione Nazionale Tecnici Sanitari di Radiologia Medica Volontari Messina, Via Giuseppe Garibaldi 439, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Lamberto
- Associazione Nazionale Tecnici Sanitari di Radiologia Medica Volontari Messina, Via Giuseppe Garibaldi 439, 98121 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Giacobbe
- Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali e Ambientali di Messina, Viale Boccetta 38, 98100 Messina, Italy
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Abstract
Ambient ionization-based mass spectrometry (MS) methods coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS) have emerged as promising approaches for high-throughput in situ analysis for biomedical to environmental applications. These methods are capable of direct profiling and molecular imaging of metabolites, lipids, peptides, and xenobiotics from biological tissues with minimal sample preparation. Furthermore, employing IMS within the workflow improves the molecular coverage, resolves isobaric species, and improves biomolecule identifications through accurate collision cross section measurements. Laser ablation electrospray ionization (LAESI)-MS coupled with IMS has been successful in profiling and molecular imaging of small biomolecules directly from biological tissues and single cells. Herein, we describe a protocol for the direct analysis of adherent mammalian cells with limited perturbations by LAESI-IMS-MS. A benefit of IMS is that within the same LAESI acquisition, the spectral features related to the ESI background, washing buffer, and cell signal can be extracted and isolated separately.
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20
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Sun S, Zhang Y, Li P, Xi H, Wu L, Zhang J, Peng G, Su Y. Direct analysis of volatile components from intact jujube by carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry. BMC Chem 2019; 13:125. [PMID: 31696162 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0641-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ analysis of odor is an important approach to connect odor with chemical composition. However, it is difficult to conduct a rapid direct analysis of the odor sample because of low analyte concentration and sampling. To achieve the direct analysis, a carbon fiber ionization mass spectrometry (CFI-MS) method has been developed and applied to measure volatile components releasing from intact jujube. To build the CFI source, a 2.0-cm long carbon fiber bundle was integrated on the pin of a commercial corona discharge needle by mean of a 1.3-cm long stainless hollow tube. Odor sample driven by N2 gas can be directly introduced to the carbon fiber bundle to complete the ionization of analytes. Acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl caproate, octyl acetate, and damascone present in jujube were selected to evaluate the performance of the CFI-MS method on quantitative analysis of the gaseous sample. Good lineary was obtained (R2 ≥ 0.9946) between 5.0 and 500.0 ng/L with limits of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 ng/L. Recoveries of five volatile compounds for the spiked jujube samples were between 94.36 and 106.74% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 7.27% (n = 5). Jujube of different varieties can be distinguished by principal components analysis based on the analytical results of volatile compounds. The developed method demonstrated obvious advantages such as simplicity, high throughput, good sensitivity and wide range of applicability, which will be an alternative way for in situ analysis of the odor sample.![]()
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21
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Creamer JS, Mora MF, Noell AC, Willis PA. Long-term thermal stability of fluorescent dye used for chiral amino acid analysis on future spaceflight missions. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:3117-3122. [PMID: 31599461 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Future spaceflight missions focused on life detection will carry with them new, state-of-the-art instrumentation capable of highly selective and sensitive organic analysis. CE-LIF is an ideal candidate for such a mission due to its high separation efficiency and low LODs. One perceived risk of utilizing this technique on a future mission is the stability of the chemical reagents in the spaceflight environment. Here, we present an investigation of the thermal stability of the fluorescent dye (5-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester) used for amino acid analysis. The dye was stored at 4, 25, and 60°C for 1 month, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. When stored at 4°C for 2 years, 25°C for 6 months, or 60°C for 1 month there was no effect on CE-LIF assay performance due to dye degradation. Beyond these time points, while the dye degradation begins to interfere with the analysis, it is still possible to perform the analysis and achieve the majority of amino acid biosignature science goals described in the science definition team report for the potential Europa Lander mission. This work indicates that thermal control of the dye at ≤4°C will be needed during transit on future spaceflight missions to maintain dye stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Creamer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Maria F Mora
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Aaron C Noell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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22
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de Oliveira LMA, Dos Santos VB, da Silva EKN, Lopes AS, Dantas-Filho HA. An environment-friendly spot test method with digital imaging for the micro-titration of citric fruits. Talanta 2019; 206:120219. [PMID: 31514888 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method to determine the total titratable acidity of orange, lemon and passion fruit, based on a spot test obtained from digital images and using anthocyanins as the biodegradable indicator, is presented for the first time. The colorimetric reactions were carried out by acid-base titration on a microscale, employing anthocyanin with a microplate for spot test purposes, with detection by digital imaging. To obtain highly precise data, a chamber based on a diffuser was developed to control the illumination supplied by the light emitting diodes, and coupled to a smartphone to acquire adequate digital images. High precision was obtained with a relative standard deviation of 0.758% for n = 95. The RGB values were extracted from the digital images and used as analytical signals, the values being correlated with the micro-volume of the titrant and used to construct the titration curves and obtain the first and second derivatives, respectively. For comparative purposes, the official AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) and MAPA (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply of Brazil) methods were used and the results compared by applying the paired t-test at the 95% confidence level (n = 3). No difference was found between the values and the relative errors were less than 2.8%. The micro-titrimetric method was fast, uses anthocyanins as the natural indicator, is practical, and permits a reduction of 922 times or 99.9% of the volume required in a conventional titration. It is therefore ideal for routine analyses leading to a reduction in the waste generated, according to the principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vagner Bezerra Dos Santos
- Institute of Exact and Natural Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Fundamental Chemistry Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
| | - Emelle K N da Silva
- Institute of Exact and Natural Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Santos Lopes
- Faculty of Food Engineering (FEA), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Federal University of Pará (UFPA), 66075-110, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Torres I, Sánchez MT, de la Haba MJ, Pérez-Marín D. LOCAL regression applied to a citrus multispecies library to assess chemical quality parameters using near infrared spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2019; 217:206-214. [PMID: 30939367 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The non-destructive on-tree measurement of the chemical quality attributes of fruits belonging to the Citrus genus using rapid spectral sensors is of vital interest to citrus growers, allowing them to carry out a selective harvest of any species of Citrus fruit. With this objective, the viability of using of a handheld portable near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument to predict soluble solid content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), maturity index and BrimA, in order to measure the optimum harvest time in a group made up of 608 samples belonging to the Citrus genus (378 oranges and 230 mandarins) was evaluated. For each of the parameters analysed, both non-linear regression (LOCAL algorithm) and linear regression (Modified Partial Least Squares, MPLS) strategies were designed and compared. The use of the LOCAL algorithm in the sample group of oranges and mandarins for all the parameters analysed allowed to obtain more robust models than those obtained with MPLS regression, and it could also be extended more easily when routinely applied. The results confirm that NIRS technology combined with non-linear regression strategies such as the LOCAL algorithm can indeed respond to the needs of the Citrus growers and help them to set the optimum harvest time, in this case of oranges and mandarins, by predicting the chemical quality parameters in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Torres
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Sánchez
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - María-José de la Haba
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Marín
- Department of Animal Production, University of Cordoba, Campus of Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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24
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Wan L, Gong G, Liang H, Huang G. In situ analysis of unsaturated fatty acids in human serum by negative-ion paper spray mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:120-127. [PMID: 31196417 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ identification and quantification of unsaturated fatty acid (FA) C=C positional isomers in human serum is herein performed by negative-ion paper spray (PS) mass spectrometry. Typically, by direct application of an alternating current (AC) voltage to the wet paper, the PS ionization could perform stably in the negative-ion mode without severe discharge. We suppose epoxidation reaction between unsaturated C=C bonds and reactive oxidative species might be initiated by a mild electrical discharge, which could be rapidly and controllably produced via a low amplitude AC voltage. Upon collision-induce dissociation (CID), the epoxide was fragmented to generate diagnostic ions indicating the C=C location. The intensity of the characteristic product ions could also be used for absolute quantification of the FA C=C positional isomers. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were roughly in the range of 0.0178-0.0506 μM and 0.0218-0.3634 μM for standard FAs. Without the additional sample preparations or reactive chemical reagents, epoxidation of unsaturated FAs and ionization of the epoxide could be achieved in one-step by negative-ion mode PS, which enable a promising methodology for on-site clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhong Wan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guanda Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Hao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China; Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China; National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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25
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Jornet-Martínez N, Samper-Avilés M, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Modifying the reactivity of copper (II) by its encapsulation into polydimethylsiloxane: A selective sensor for ephedrine-like compounds. Talanta 2019; 196:300-308. [PMID: 30683367 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the reactivity of copper (II) can be modified through its entrappment in a polymeric matrix of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), which makes possible the reaction into the support instead of in solution. Amino-containing compounds such as amino acids, proteins and sugars, which react with Cu (II) in solution, do not react inside the polymer. As a prove of concept, a highly specific Cu (II) PDMS-based sensor for ephedrines has been developed in this work. When the sensors are put into contact with solutions of these drugs under basic conditions, a change in their color from pale green to purple is observed. This change enables the visual identification of ephedrine (Eph) in a few min, as well as its quantification using both reflectance diffuse measurements of the sensors and color intensities of their digitalized images. The sensors show suitable analytical performance for Eph-like compounds, and provide limits of detection (LODs) of 0.3-1.0 mg, and relative standard deviations (RDSs) < 10%. The method has been applied to both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of different types of liquid and solid samples (intravenous injection solution of Eph, dietary supplements and illicit drug-street samples) without the need of any special sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Jornet-Martínez
- MINTOTA research group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Samper-Avilés
- MINTOTA research group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA research group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA research group. Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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Hespanhol MC, Pasquini C, Maldaner AO. Evaluation of a low-cost portable near-infrared spectrophotometer for in situ cocaine profiling. Talanta 2019; 200:553-561. [PMID: 31036222 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential of a low-cost (∼US$ 1000) portable near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometer for in situ characterization of seized cocaine samples was evaluated. A set of 240 samples of cocaine seized in several regions and cities across Brazil by its federal police was employed in this study. These samples were previously analyzed by chromatography at the Forensic Chemistry Laboratory of the National Institute of Criminalistics in Brasília-DF for the contents of several constituents to chemically characterize the samples. A low-cost NanoNIR spectrophotometer (Texas instruments) was used to acquire the NIR spectra of the samples in the range 900-1700 nm. The spectra set was treated by the second derivative to construct and validate multivariate regression (Partial Least Square - PLS) and classification (software independent modeling of class analogy - SIMCA) models aiming to characterize the samples. Consequently, an informative toll for objective decision making could be used by the police agents to produce immediate answers to forensic questions raised at the point of seizing. Among those questions the most relevant are: does the seized sample contain cocaine? what is the cocaine form? what is its content? is the sample adulterated and/or diluted? what is the content of adulterant? is the sample significantly adulterated and/or diluted? what is the degree of oxidation of the cocaine? The results of this work allow to propose a NIR/chemometrics based analytical protocol providing fast answers to these questions with satisfactory confidence level for the purpose of reliably screen the seized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Hespanhol
- Group of Analysis and Education for Sustainability (GAES), Chemistry Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Celio Pasquini
- Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 290, Campinas, SP, 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Adriano O Maldaner
- National Institute of Criminalistics, Brazilian Federal Police, SAIS Quadra 07 Lote 23, Brasília, DF, 70610-200, Brazil
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Jornet-Martínez N, Herráez-Hernández R, Campíns-Falcó P. Stabilization of formaldehyde into polydimethylsiloxane composite: application to the in situ determination of illicit drugs. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:2141-2148. [PMID: 30798338 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The Marquis test is the most frequently used spot color assay for the screening of unknown drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, 3,4-metilenedioxymethamphetamine, and morphine. However, this test involves the use of the toxic reagent formaldehyde, as well as the manipulation of concentrated sulfuric acid. Here, we report a new format of this test that improves the sustainability and safety for the operator by immobilizing formaldehyde into a polydimetylsiloxane composite. In contact with a solution (or suspension) of the suspected sample in sulfuric acid, the dispositive delivers formaldehyde and the reaction takes place in a few seconds. Under the proposed conditions, only small amounts of the drug (μg) are necessary to produce intense changes of color. In addition, the percentage of the drug in the sample can be established by obtaining pictures of the test vials and subsequent analysis of the digitalized images. The responses were linear for amphetamine-like drugs up to a concentration of 100 mg L-1, and the precision achieved was adequate (relative standard deviations, RSDs < 10%). The developed composites were tested for the determination of MDMA in several drug street samples, and a good correlation with the results obtained by a reference method based on liquid chromatography was found. The main advantages of the proposed approach over the traditional Marquis test format are better portability and safety for the operator at a lower cost and the possibility of using it for quantitative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Jornet-Martínez
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
| | - Rosa Herráez-Hernández
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Pilar Campíns-Falcó
- MINTOTA Research Group, Departament de Química Analítica, Facultat de Química, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
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28
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Li L, Yuanzhi W, Jie W, Xiao LC. In situ analysis of deformation twins within a magnesium polycrystal: (II) twin growth. Micron 2019; 119:8-16. [PMID: 30639945 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of twin growth is difficult to be captured instantaneously. Synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction (micro-XRD) is applied to in situ study twin growth in extruded Mg-3Al-1Zn polycrystal subjected to uniaxial tension. The micro-XRD data is used to map an area of 396 × 200 μm2 under the loading levels from 12 MPa to 73 MPa. The orientations of seven parents and ten resultant twins are determined by indexing Laue patterns, while their morphologies are mapped by the integrated intensities of particular reflections. {101¯2} twins are detected at 64 MPa. The maximum SF criterion for twin variant selection is invalid here. Twin growth rates are deduced from the variation of integrated intensities between 64 MPa and 68 MPa. It is found that twin growth rates in the HCP material are not proportional to active twin's SF values, though the SF value is related to the magnitude of driving resource. Twin growth rate exhibits obvious anisotropy, either for lengthwise growth rate or thickness growth rate. When two twins within a parent belong to the same twin variant, they exhibit similar growth rates. Meanwhile, when two twins within a parent come across, one can block the other and the latter occur shrinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, PR China; Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, PR China.
| | - Wu Yuanzhi
- Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, PR China
| | - Wu Jie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, PR China
| | - Li Cui Xiao
- Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan, 421002, PR China
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29
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Mazzaracchio V, Neagu D, Porchetta A, Marcoccio E, Pomponi A, Faggioni G, D'Amore N, Notargiacomo A, Pea M, Moscone D, Palleschi G, Lista F, Arduini F. A label-free impedimetric aptasensor for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spore simulant. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:640-6. [PMID: 30522085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an impedimetric DNA-based aptamer sensor for a single-step detection of B. anthracis spore simulant (B. cereus spore). Specifically, we designed a miniaturized label-free aptasensor for B. cereus spores based on a gold screen-printed electrode functionalized with B. cereus spores-binding aptamer (BAS-6R). Several parameters were optimized to fabricate the aptasensor such as the concentration of DNA aptamer solution (0.5 µM), the time (48 h), the temperature (4 °C), and the pH (7.5) for aptamer immobilization on the working electrode surface. Once the aptasensor was developed, it was tested against B. cereus spores 14579 evaluating the effect of incubation time and MgCl2 concentration. Under the optimized conditions (incubation time equal to 3 h and absence of MgCl2), B. cereus spores 14579 were detected with a linear range between 104 CFU/ml and 5 × 106 CFU/ml and a detection limit of 3 × 103 CFU/ml. Furthermore, the study of selectivity toward B. cereus 11778, B. subtilis, Legionella pneumophila, and Salmonella Typhimurium has demonstrated the capability of this sensor to detect B. cereus spores, proving the suitability of the DNA-based sensing element combined with a portable instrument for a label-free measurement on site of B. anthracis spore simulant.
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30
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Wertz JH, Tang PL, Quye A, France DJ. Characterisation of oil and aluminium complex on replica and historical 19th c. Turkey red textiles by non-destructive diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2018; 204:267-275. [PMID: 29936224 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.05.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates historical and replica Turkey red textiles with diffuse reflectance infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy to study the coordination complex between cellulose, fatty acids, and the aluminium ions that form the basis of the colour lake. Turkey red was produced in Scotland for around 150 years, and is held in many museum and archive collections. The textile was renowned for its brilliant red hue, and for its fastness to light, washing, rubbing, and bleaching. This was attributed to its unusual preparatory process, the chemistry of which was never fully understood, that involved imbuing cotton with a solution of aqueous fatty acids and then aluminium in the following step. Here we show, for the first time, a characterisation of the Turkey red complex on replica and historical textiles. The development of techniques for non-destructive and in situ analysis of historical textiles is valuable for improving understanding of their chemistry, hopefully contributing to better conservation and display practices. The results show the fatty acids condense onto the cellulose polymer via hydrogen bonding between the CO and OH of the respective compounds, then the aluminium forms a bridging complex with the fatty acid carboxyl. This contributes to an improved understanding of Turkey red textiles, and shows the useful application of handheld diffuse FTIR instruments for heritage textile research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Wertz
- Centre for Textile Conservation, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, G11 6AQ, UK
| | - Pik Leung Tang
- Agilent Technologies, 5 Lochside Avenue, Edinburgh Park, Edinburgh EH12 9DJ, UK
| | - Anita Quye
- Centre for Textile Conservation, University of Glasgow, 56 Dumbarton Road, G11 6AQ, UK.
| | - David J France
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, G12 8QQ, UK
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Sui T, Salvati E, Harper RA, Zhang H, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. In situ monitoring and analysis of enamel demineralisation using synchrotron X-ray scattering. Acta Biomater 2018; 77:333-341. [PMID: 30026103 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases that affect human teeth. It often initiates in enamel, undermining its mechanical function and structural integrity. Little is known about the enamel demineralisation process caused by dental caries in terms of the microstructural changes and crystallography of the inorganic mineral phase. To improve the understanding of the carious lesion formation process and to help identify efficient treatments, the evolution of the microstructure at the nano-scale in an artificially induced enamel erosion region was probed using advanced synchrotron small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS). This is the first in vitro and time-resolved investigation of enamel demineralisation using synchrotron X-ray techniques which allows in situ quantification of the microstructure evolution over time in a simulated carious lesion. The analysis revealed that alongside the reduction of mineral volume, a heterogeneous evolution of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallites (in terms of size, preferred orientation and degree of alignment) could be observed. It was also found that the rate and direction of dissolution depends on the crystallographic orientation. Based on these findings, a novel conceptual view of the process is put forward that describes the key structural parameters in establishing high fidelity ultrastructure-based numerical models for the simulation of the enamel demineralisation process. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystallites in the enamel dissolve during dental caries although little is known about the structural-chemical relationships that control the dynamic demineralisation process. For the first time this work investigated the in situ evolution of nano-scale morphology and the spatial distribution of ultrastructural HAp crystallites of human enamel during demineralisation in simulated caries. Advanced synchrotron SAXS and WAXS techniques showed that the heterogeneous evolution of crystallites (size, preferred orientation and degree of alignment) could be attributed to crystallographic-orientation-dependent anisotropic dissolution. Hence we propose a novel conceptual schematic diagram to describe the demineralisation process. These findings have important implications for understanding the detailed mechanisms of enamel demineralisation and provide insight into potential enamel remineralisation that could restore structural integrity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Sui
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK; Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Enrico Salvati
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Robert A Harper
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Hongjia Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Richard M Shelton
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK.
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Li L, Wu Y, Wu J. In-situ analysis of grain rotation and lattice strain within a magnesium polycrystal based on synchrotron polychromatic X-ray diffraction technique: (I) prior to twin. Micron 2018; 111:1-8. [PMID: 29792941 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hexagonal-close-packed structure aggregates exhibit complicated deformation behaviors, involving different slips and twinning. Synchrotron polychromatic X-ray microdiffraction (micro-XRD) was utilized to study in situ an extruded Mg-3Al-1Zn strip subjected to uniaxial tension. The evolution of grain rotation and lattice strain was analyzed under the load levels from 12 to 73 MPa. The micro-XRD data was used to map an area of 396 × 200 μm within the region of interest. The experimental set-up and X-ray diffraction microscopy in two dimensions allow the morphology, orientation and strain of the target grain to be determined at the submicron size. Results depict local orientation fluctuation, lattice strain evolution, slips system and elastic modulus within the same grain. As the applied load increases, the grain's rotation is accelerated between 46 MPa and 51 MPa at which level of load the grain-scale plastic deformation is activated. The predominantly slip modes prior to twin are identified as the combination of b1→ = (0002) [112¯0] andb3→ = (0002) [2¯110]. During the inspection, all reflection planes displayed an onset of micro yielding at the macro load level of ∼38 MPa. In this work, we confirm that magnesium is nearly elastic isotropic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, PR China; Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, PR China; Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.
| | - Yuanzhi Wu
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Jie Wu
- Research Institute of Automobile Parts Technology, Hunan Institute of Technology, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, PR China
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Scatigno C, Prieto-Taboada N, García-Florentino C, Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo S, Maguregui M, Madariaga JM. Combination of in situ spectroscopy and chemometric techniques to discriminate different types of Roman bricks and the influence of microclimate environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:6285-6299. [PMID: 29247413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0938-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Red and yellow bricks are the wall-building materials generally used in Roman masonries. The reasons for the different coloration are not always understood, causing loss of crucial information both for the conservation and for the archaeological knowledge of the cultural sites. In this work, a combination of in situ analyses, employing portable Raman spectroscopy and handheld energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (HH-ED-XRF) spectroscopy along with chemometric analysis, was carried out on ancient Roman bricks of the "Casa di Diana" building (Ostia Antica, Italy-130 CE). Specifically, the compounds and the characteristic elements, which describe each type of brick (red and yellow), were studied avoiding destructive or invasive sampling. The molecular analysis allowed us to identify the major and minor compounds that characterise the bricks (anatase, hematite, quartz, calcite and silicates). However, the elemental analysis gave more useful information. Thus, the complex HH-ED-XRF data matrix generated was treated by a specific principal component analysis (PCA) to identify behavioural differences of the coloured bricks. The results revealed that Ca and Fe are the discriminatory elements for the two types of bricks. The PCA outcomes suggest that the contribution of certain elements is different in the bricks (mainly Ca, P, Sr, As and S, for yellow bricks), which could indicate different raw materials. Even among bricks with the same red colour (Al, Si, Ti, K, Fe, Cr, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cu, Rb and Zr, seemed to be the elements linked to raw materials), as a function of the surface impacts (orientation and microclimate affect the salts' formation), a distinction was made. Furthermore, the PCA pointed out that the yellow bricks are those more affected by decaying processes (related with Ca, P and S), complying with the Raman spectroscopy results in which the efflorescences (gypsum) affect especially the surface of these types of bricks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scatigno
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Nagore Prieto-Taboada
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Florentino
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Madariaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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Mora MF, Jones SM, Creamer J, Willis PA. Extraction of amino acids from aerogel for analysis by capillary electrophoresis. Implications for a mission concept to Enceladus' Plume. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:620-625. [PMID: 29136289 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ocean worlds like Europa and Enceladus in the outer solar system are prime targets in the search for life beyond Earth. Enceladus is particularly interesting due to the presence of a water plume ejecting from the south polar region. The recent discovery of H2 in the plume, in addition to the presence of previously observed organic compounds, highlights the possibility of life in this moon. The plume provides materials from the underlying ocean that could be collected simply by flying through it. The presence of the plume means that material from the ocean is available for collection during a flyby, without the need for landing or complex sample handling operations such as scooping or drilling. An attractive approach to preserve the organics in particles collected during flyby encounters would be to utilize silica aerogel, the material used to collect particles at hypervelocity during the Stardust mission. Here we demonstrate amino acids can be extracted from aerogel simply by adding water. This simple liquid extraction method could be implemented during a mission prior to analysis with a liquid-based technique like capillary electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Mora
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Steve M Jones
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Creamer
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Colozza N, Gravina MF, Amendola L, Rosati M, Akretche DE, Moscone D, Arduini F. A miniaturized bismuth-based sensor to evaluate the marine organism Styela plicata bioremediation capacity toward heavy metal polluted seawater. Sci Total Environ 2017; 584-585:692-700. [PMID: 28129904 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium and lead are highly toxic heavy metals which cause a severe worldwide pollution. In addition to the toxic effect produced by the direct exposure, they can be bioconcentrated and accumulated in living organisms, including humans. Herein, a miniaturized and disposable electrochemical sensor was improved for the simultaneous detection of cadmium and lead ions to study the bioremediation of polluted seawater in presence of the filter-feeding marine organism Styela plicata. A screen-printed electrode modified in situ with a bismuth film was selected using the anodic stripping analysis as detection technique. This sensor was coupled with a portable potentiostat and the detection of cadmium and lead ions was carried out by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry, allowing the simultaneous detection of both heavy metals at ppb level (LOD=0.3ppb for lead, 1.5ppb for cadmium). This analytical tool was then applied to assess the bioremediation capacity of S. plicata through a bioremediation experiment, in which the organism has been exposed to seawater artificially polluted with 1000ppb of Cd2+ and Pb2+. The matrix effect of both seawater and acid digested biological samples was evaluated. A bioconcentration phenomenon was observed for both heavy metals through the analysis of S. plicata tissues. In details, Pb2+ resulted to be about 2.5 times more bioconcentrated than Cd2+, giving an effective bioremediation level in seawater of 13% and 40% for Cd2+ and Pb2+, respectively. Thus, our results demonstrate the capability of S. plicata to bioremediate Cd2+ and Pb2+ polluted seawater as well as the suitability of the electrochemical sensor for contaminated marine environment monitoring and bioremediation evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Colozza
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Flavia Gravina
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Amendola
- ArpaLazio, Via Giuseppe Saredo 52, 00173 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Djamal Eddine Akretche
- Laboratory of Hydrometallurgy and Inorganic Molecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, USTHB, BP32, El-Alia, 16111 Bab Ezzouar, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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Kathiria P, Kovalchuk I. In Situ Analysis of DNA Methylation in Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1456:81-8. [PMID: 27770359 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7708-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation in the plant genome is associated with the determination of expression patterns of various genes. Methylation of DNA at cytosine residues is one of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation and has been a subject of various studies. Various techniques have been developed to analyze DNA methylation, most of which involve isolation of chromatin from cells and further in vitro studies. Limited techniques are available for in situ study of DNA methylation in plants. Here, we present such an in situ method for DNA methylation analysis which has high sensitivity and good reproducibility.
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Lakhwani GR, Sherikar OD, Mehta PJ. Nondestructive and rapid concurrent estimation of paracetamol and nimesulide in their combined dosage form using Raman spectroscopic technique. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:211-6. [PMID: 24019571 PMCID: PMC3757861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, nondestructive Raman spectroscopic method was developed for quantitative estimation of paracetamol and nimesulide in their combined dosage form. A Raman univariate calibration model was developed by measuring the peak intensities of paracetamol and nimesulide at 853 cm(-1) and 1336 cm(-1), respectively. The developed method was successfully applied for in situ, concurrent estimation of paracetamol and nimesulide in their combined dosage and method was also validated according to International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines. Thus, the developed Raman spectroscopic method can be applied for simultaneous estimation of paracetamol and nimesulide in their combined dosage form as a process analytical technology tool by pharmaceutical industries for routine quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi R. Lakhwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad-382 481, India
| | - O. D. Sherikar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad-382 481, India
| | - Priti J. Mehta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad-382 481, India,Address for correspondence: E-mail:
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