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Zhang Z, Ou X, Ma L, Li C, Yang Z, Duan J. A double methylene blue labeled single-stranded DNA and hairpin DNA coupling biosensor for the detection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 156:108612. [PMID: 38035486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The DCL gene in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Race 4 (Foc4) is a pivotal pathogenic factor causing banana fusarium wilt. Precise DCL detection is crucial for Foc4 containment. Here, we present a novel ssDNA-hDNA coupling electrochemical biosensor for highly specific DCL detection. The sensing interface was formed via electrodeposition of a composite containing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto a carbon screen-printed electrode (SPE), followed by thiol-modified ssDNA functionalization. Additionally, the incorporation of hDNA, with methylene blue (MB) at both ends, binds to ssDNA through base complementarity, forming an ssDNA-hDNA coupling probe with bismethylene blue. This sensing strategy relies on DCL recognition by the hDNA probe, leading to DNA hairpin unfolding and detachment of hDNA bearing two MBs from ssDNA, generating a robust "on-off" signal. Empirical results demonstrate the sensor's amplified electrical signals, reduced background currents, and an extended detection range (6.02 × 106-3.01 × 1010 copies/μL) with a limit of detection (3.01 × 106 copies/μL) for DCL identification. We applied this sensor to analyze soil, banana leaves, and fruit samples, confirming its high specificity and stability. Moreover, post-sample detection, the sensor exhibits reusability, offering a cost-effective and rapid approach for banana wilt detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Zhang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangying Ou
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhe Ma
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Scienecs, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jieli Duan
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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2
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Cossettini A, Pasquardini L, Romani A, Feriani A, Pinamonti D, Manzano M. Computational aptamer design for spike glycoprotein (S) (SARS CoV-2) detection with an electrochemical aptasensor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:259. [PMID: 38470514 PMCID: PMC10933206 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
A new bioinformatic platform (APTERION) was used to design in a short time and with high specificity an aptamer for the detection of the spike protein, a structural protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The aptamer concentration on the carbon electrode surface was optimized using static contact angle and fluorescence method, while specificity was tested using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) associated to carbon screen-printed electrodes. The data obtained demonstrated the good features of the aptamer which could be used to create a rapid method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. In fact, it is specific for spike also when tested against bovine serum albumin and lysozyme, competitor proteins if saliva is used as sample to test for the virus presence. Spectrofluorometric characterization allowed to measure the amount of aptamer present on the carbon electrode surface, while DPV measurements proved the affinity of the aptamer towards the spike protein and gave quantitative results. The acquired data allowed to conclude that the APTERION bioinformatic platform is a good method for aptamer design for rapidity and specificity. KEY POINTS: • Spike protein detection using an electrochemical biosensor • Aptamer characterization by contact angle and fluorescent measurements on electrode surface • Computational design of specific aptamers to speed up the aptameric sequence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cossettini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Aldo Feriani
- Arta Peptidion srls, Via Quasimodo 11, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Debora Pinamonti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Marisa Manzano
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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3
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Lema C, Moscoso R, Yáñez C, Squella JA. Exploring novel electroanalytical approach using MWCNT nanostructures to quantify nimodipine. Talanta 2024; 269:125494. [PMID: 38043339 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
A new type of buckypaper of MWCNT with entrapped Nimodipine (NMD) drug was constructed. NMD features a nitroaromatic group that is electroreducible, and a dihydropyridine ring that can be electrooxidized. From the perspective of the nitroaromatic group's reductive capability, we have devised amperometric and voltammetric analytical strategies, including both differential pulse and linear voltammetric techniques. These methods are implemented using glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) modified with buckypaper (BP) disks composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), which are capable of adsorbing NMD. Furthermore, by capitalizing on the oxidative capacity of the dihydropyridine ring, we have designed strategies that involve amperometry using screen-printed electrodes (SPE) modified with BP-MWCNT mini discs within a Batch Injection Analysis Cell (BIAS) designed for SPE. The developed sensor was applied successfully to determine the drug in commercial tablets. The analytical parameters of this sensor were adequate, with a recovery value of 98.24 % and detection and quantification limits of 7.01 mgL-1 and 23.35 mgL-1, respectively using the DPV method.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lema
- Redox Processes Research Center (CiPRex) and Organic and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Postal Code 838492, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Moscoso
- Redox Processes Research Center (CiPRex) and Organic and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Postal Code 838492, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Yáñez
- Redox Processes Research Center (CiPRex) and Organic and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Postal Code 838492, Santiago, Chile
| | - J A Squella
- Redox Processes Research Center (CiPRex) and Organic and Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Postal Code 838492, Santiago, Chile.
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4
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Raucci A, Cimmino W, Romanò S, Singh S, Normanno N, Polo F, Cinti S. Electrochemical detection of miRNA using commercial and hand-made screen-printed electrodes: liquid biopsy for cancer management as case of study. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300203. [PMID: 38333968 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of liquid biopsy, i. e., the possibility of obtaining health information by analysing circulating species (nucleic acids, cells, proteins, and vesicles) in peripheric biofluids, is pushing the field of sensors and biosensors beyond the limit to provide decentralised solutions for nonspecialists. In particular, among all the circulating species that can be adopted in managing cancer evolution, both for diagnostic and prognostic applications, microRNAs have been highly studied and detected. The development of electrochemical devices is particularly relevant for liquid biopsy purposes, and the screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) represent one of the building blocks for producing novel portable devices. In this work, we have taken miR-2115-3p as model target (it is related to lung cancer), and we have developed a biosensor by exploiting the use of a complementary DNA probe modified with methylene blue as redox mediator. In particular, the chosen sensing architecture was applied to serum measurements of the selected miRNA, obtaining a detection limit within the low nanomolar range; in addition, various platforms were interrogated, namely commercial and hand-made SPEs, with the aim of providing the reader with some insights about the optimal platform to be used by considering both the cost and the analytical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Raucci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Wanda Cimmino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Romanò
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Normanno
- Cell Biology and Biotherapy Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori (IRCCS) Fondazione Pascale, Via Mariano Semmola 53, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefano Cinti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 9, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Rioboó-Legaspi P, González-López A, Beltrán-Sánchez JF, Cima-Cabal MD, García-Suárez MM, Sánchez AJG, Fernández-Otero T, Haro JG, Costa-Rama E, Fernández-Abedul MT. Phenol red as electrochemical indicator for highly sensitive quantification of SARS-CoV-2 by loop-mediated isothermal amplification detection. Talanta 2024; 266:124963. [PMID: 37517341 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has made patent the need for rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tests, crucial for future infectious outbreaks. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a promising and decentralized alternative to qPCR. In this work we have developed a sensitive, fast, and simple innovative methodology for quantification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA copies, combining reverse-transcription LAMP with electrochemical detection. This is based on the oxidation of phenol red (PR), a visual and electroactive LAMP indicator, which oxidation peak potential (Ep) changes with the progress of the LAMP reaction. Using that Ep shift as analytical signal, a calibration curve was obtained for fragment N1 copies of SARS-CoV2 (which provided better results than N or S fragments), with a potential shift of 16.2 mV per order of magnitude, and a practical limit of detection of 21 copies·μL-1. Moreover, the precision of Ep is excellent (RSD < 2%): 557 ± 5 mV for negative and 602 ± 7 mV for positive (2148 N fragment RNA copies·µL-1·-1) LAMP controls. This methodology has been applied to the analysis of nasopharyngeal swab samples, resulting in total concordance with clinical RT-qPCR results. Advances towards fully decentralization have been achieved by designing and fabricating a small portable heater for isothermal procedures, obtaining comparable results to those from a commercial benchtop thermal cycler.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rioboó-Legaspi
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - A González-López
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - J F Beltrán-Sánchez
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Cima-Cabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Spain.
| | - M M García-Suárez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Spain
| | - A J García Sánchez
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - T Fernández-Otero
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - J García Haro
- Departamento de Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Costa-Rama
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
| | - M T Fernández-Abedul
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain.
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6
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Ramos DLO, de Faria LV, Alves DAC, Muñoz RAA, Dos Santos WTP, Richter EM. Electrochemical platform produced by 3D printing for analysis of small volumes using different electrode materials. Talanta 2023; 265:124832. [PMID: 37354624 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing is a promising additive manufacturing technique to produce low-cost disposable electrochemical devices. However, the print of devices like well-known screen-printed electrodes (all electrodes on the same device) is difficult using the available technology (few materials available for production of working electrodes). In this paper we present a procedure to produce disposable and robust electrochemical devices by FDM 3D printing that allows reproducible analysis of small volumes (50-2000 μL). The device consists of just two printed parts that allow easy coupling of different conductive materials for using as disposable or non-disposable working electrodes with reproducible geometric area. Printed counter and pseudo-reference electrodes can also be easily fitted into the microcell. Moreover, conventional counter (platinum wire) and mini reference electrodes can also be used. As a proof of concept, paracetamol, cocaine and uric acid were used as model analytes using different materials as working electrodes. Linear calibration curves (r > 0.99) with similar slopes (0.29 ± 0.01 μA μmol L-1; RSD = 3.4%) were obtained by square wave voltammetry (SWV) using a complete printed system and different volumes of standard solutions of paracetamol (50, 100, and 200 μL). For uric acid, a linear range of 10-125 μmol L-1 (r > 0.99), was obtained using differential pulse voltammetry as the electrochemical technique and a disposable laser-induced graphene base as the working electrode. With the coupling of boron-doped diamond working electrode, screening tests were successfully performed in seized cocaine samples with selective detection of cocaine in the presence of its most common adulterants. The production cost per unit of a complete electrochemical system is around US 5.00. In large-scale production, only the working electrode needs to be replaced while the microcell and counter/pseudo reference electrodes do not need to be discarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L O Ramos
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas V de Faria
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego A C Alves
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A A Muñoz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wallans T P Dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, 39100-000, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Richter
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, 38400-902, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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7
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Singh AK, Agrahari S, Gautam RK, Tiwari I. A highly efficient NiCo 2O 4 decorated g-C 3N 4 nanocomposite for screen-printed carbon electrode based electrochemical sensing and adsorptive removal of fast green dye. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-30373-3. [PMID: 37837595 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate the preparation and application of NiCo2O4 decorated over a g-C3N4-based novel nanocomposite (NiCo2O4@g-C3N4). The prepared material was well characterized through several physicochemical techniques, including FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM. The electrochemical characterizations via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show the low electron transfer resistance of NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 owing to the successful incorporation of NiCo2O4 nanoparticles on the sheets of g-C3N4. NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 nanocomposite was employed in the fabrication of a screen-printed carbon electrode-based innovative electrochemical sensing platform and the adsorptive removal of a food dye, i.e., fast green FCF dye (FGD). The electrochemical oxidation of FGD at the developed NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 nanocomposite modified screen-printed carbon electrode (NiCo2O4@g-C3N4/SPCE) was observed at an oxidation potential of 0.65 V. A wide dual calibration range for electrochemical determination of FGD was successfully established at the prepared sensing platform, showing an excellent LOD of 0.13 µM and sensitivity of 0.6912 µA.µM-1.cm-2 through differential pulse voltammetry. Further, adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and temperature were optimized to study the adsorption phenomena. The adsorption thermodynamics, isotherm, and kinetics were also investigated for efficient removal of FGD at NiCo2O4@g-C3N4-based adsorbents. The adsorption phenomenon of FGD on NiCo2O4@g-C3N4 was best fitted (R2 = 0.99) with the Langmuir and Henry model, and the corresponding value of Langmuir adsorption efficiency (qm) was 3.72 mg/g for the removal of FGD. The reaction kinetics for adsorption phenomenon were observed to be pseudo-second order. The sensitive analysis of FGD in a real sample was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shreanshi Agrahari
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar Gautam
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ida Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry (Centre of Advanced Study), Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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8
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Ficek M, Cieślik M, Janik M, Brodowski M, Sawczak M, Bogdanowicz R, Ryl J. Boron-doped diamond nanosheet volume-enriched screen-printed carbon electrodes: a platform for electroanalytical and impedimetric biosensor applications. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:410. [PMID: 37736868 PMCID: PMC10516795 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05991-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the development of a novel electrode based on boron-doped diamond nanosheet full-volume-enriched screen-printed carbon electrodes (BDDPE) for use as an impedimetric biosensor. Impedimetric biosensors offer high sensitivity and selectivity for virus detection, but their use as point-of-care devices is limited by the complexity of nanomaterials' architecture and the receptor immobilisation procedures. The study presents a two-step modification process involving the electroreduction of diazonium salt at the BDDPE and the immobilisation of antibodies using zero-length cross-linkers for a selective impedimetric biosensor of Haemophilus influenzae (Hi). The incorporation of diamond nanosheets into BDDPE leads to enhanced charge transfer and electrochemical behaviour, demonstrating greatly improved electrochemically active surface area compared with unmodified screen-printed electrodes (by 44% and 10% on average for [Ru(NH3)6]Cl2 and K3[Fe(CN)6], respectively). The presented sensing system shows high specificity towards protein D in Hi bacteria, as confirmed by negative controls against potential interference from other pathogens, with an estimated tolerance limit for interference under 12%. The Hi limit of detection by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was 1 CFU/mL (measured at - 0.13 V vs BDDPE pseudo-reference), which was achieved in under 10 min, including 5 min sample incubation in the presence of the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Ficek
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Cieślik
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Monika Janik
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Brodowski
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sawczak
- Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Bogdanowicz
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Jacek Ryl
- Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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9
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Madej M, Trzcińska A, Lipińska J, Kapica R, Fronczak M, Porada R, Kochana J, Baś B, Tyczkowski J. Electrochemical sensing platform based on screen-printed carbon electrode modified with plasma polymerized acrylonitrile nanofilms for determination of bupropion. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:391. [PMID: 37704761 PMCID: PMC10499721 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
A original electrochemical sensing platform, based on screen-printed electrodes modification with plasma polymerized acrylonitrile (pp-AN) nanofilms is proposed. For that purpose, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process was conducted in a parallel plate (13.56 MHz) plasma reactor for 2 min with discharge power of 10 W. The surface topography and electrochemical properties of prepared sensors were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical characteristics of pp-AN/SPCE and pp-AN/SPAuE sensors was investigated for model redox pair [Fe(CN)6]4-/3-. Conducted research confirmed the excellent chemical stability, durability, wide potential window, high signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, and, most importantly, the ability to standardize the sensors. The pp-AN/SPCE sensor was applied to the determination of bupropion, an antidepressant drug whose intake has increased dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic. The voltammetric response of pp-AN/SPCE for BUP was linear in two concentration ranges of 0.63-10.0 and 10.0-50.0 μmol L-1, with a detection limit of 0.21 μmol L-1. Satisfactory recoveries (96.2-102%) and good precision (RSD below 4.1%) obtained for environmental and biological samples confirmed the usefulness of the sensor for the analysis of various kinds of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Madej
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agata Trzcińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Lipińska
- Faculty of Materials and Ceramics, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ryszard Kapica
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Fronczak
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Porada
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kochana
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogusław Baś
- Faculty of Materials and Ceramics, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Tyczkowski
- Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Department of Molecular Engineering, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 213, 93-005, Lodz, Poland
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10
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Khanaaekwichaporn P, Thammakhet-Buranachai C, Sangsudcha W, Thavarungkul P, Kanatharana P, Jeerapan I. A wearable electrode based on copper nanoparticles for rapid determination of paraquat. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:286. [PMID: 37417989 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05861-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of copper-based nanoparticles synthesized via green synthesis and their integration with a wearable electrode is reported for designing a flexible catalytic electrode on a glove for onsite electroanalysis of paraquat. A copper precursor and an orange extract from Citrus reticulata are used to synthesize an economical electrocatalytic material for supporting the selective and sensitive detection of paraquat. The electrode yields multidimensional fingerprints due to two redox couples in a square wave voltammogram, corresponding to the presence of paraquat. The developed lab-on-a-finger sensor provides the fast electroanalysis of paraquat within 10 s, covering a wide range from 0.50 to 1000 µM, with a low detection limit down to 0.31 µM and high selectivity. It is also possible to use this sensor at a fast scan rate as high as 6 V s-1 (< 0.5 s for a scan). This wearable glove sensor allows the user to directly touch and analyze samples, such as surfaces of vegetables and fruits, to screen the contamination. It is envisioned that these glove-embedded sensors can be applied to the on-site analysis of food contamination and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phennapa Khanaaekwichaporn
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Chongdee Thammakhet-Buranachai
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Warawut Sangsudcha
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Panote Thavarungkul
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Proespichaya Kanatharana
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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11
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Trachioti MG, Lazanas AC, Prodromidis MI. Shedding light on the calculation of electrode electroactive area and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants at graphite screen-printed electrodes. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:251. [PMID: 37280450 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present in detail the most known and commonly used methods for the calculation of electrode electroactive area ([Formula: see text]) and heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants ([Formula: see text]). The correct procedure for the calculation of these parameters is often disregarded due to either lack of a minimum theoretical background or oversimplification of each method's limitations and prerequisites. The aim of this work is to provide the theoretical background as well as a detailed guide for the implementation of these measurements by impressing upon the electrochemists the parameters that need to be considered so that the obtained results are safe and useful. Using graphite screen-printed electrodes, [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] were calculated with different methods and techniques. Data are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Trachioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45 110, Ioannina, Greece.
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12
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Filippova TA, Masamrekh RA, Shumyantseva VV, Latsis IA, Farafonova TE, Ilina IY, Kanashenko SL, Moshkovskii SA, Kuzikov AV. Electrochemical biosensor for trypsin activity assay based on cleavage of immobilized tyrosine-containing peptide. Talanta 2023; 257:124341. [PMID: 36821964 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we proposed a biosensor for trypsin proteolytic activity assay using immobilization of model peptides on screen-printed electrodes (SPE) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by electrosynthetic method. Sensing of proteolytic activity was based on electrochemical oxidation of tyrosine residues of peptides. We designed peptides containing N-terminal cysteine residue for immobilization on an SPE, modified with gold nanoparticles, trypsin-specific cleavage site and tyrosine residue as a redox label. The peptides were immobilized on SPE by formation of chemical bonds between mercapto groups of the N-terminal cysteine residues and AuNPs. After the incubation with trypsin, time-dependent cleavage of the immobilized peptides was observed by decline in tyrosine electrochemical oxidation signal. The kinetic parameters of trypsin, such as the catalytic constant (kcat), the Michaelis constant (KM) and the catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM), toward the CGGGRYR peptide were determined as 0.33 ± 0.01 min-1, 198 ± 24 nM and 0.0016 min-1 nM-1, respectively. Using the developed biosensor, we demonstrated the possibility of analysis of trypsin specificity toward the peptides with amino acid residues disrupting proteolysis. Further, we designed the peptides with proline or glutamic acid residues after the cleavage site (CGGRPYR and CGGREYR), and trypsin had reduced activity toward both of them according to the existing knowledge of the enzyme specificity. The developed biosensor system allows one to perform a comparative analysis of the protease steady-state kinetic parameters and specificity toward model peptides with different amino acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Filippova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova st., Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Rami A Masamrekh
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova st., Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova st., Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Ivan A Latsis
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | | | - Irina Y Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, 119435, Russia
| | - Sergey L Kanashenko
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - Sergei A Moshkovskii
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova st., Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya st., Moscow, 119435, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Kuzikov
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 1 Ostrovityanova st., Moscow 117997, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., Moscow, 119121, Russia.
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13
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Portugal-Gómez P, Navarro-Cuñado AM, Alonso-Lomillo MA, Domínguez-Renedo O. Electrochemical sensors for the determination of 4-ethylguaiacol in wine. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:141. [PMID: 36933096 PMCID: PMC10024668 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of an electrochemical procedure for the determination of 4-ethylguaiacol and its application to wine analysis is described. Modified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) with fullerene C60 (C60) have been shown to be efficient in this kind of analysis. The developed activated C60/SPCEs (AC60/SPCEs) were adequate for the determination of 4-ethylguaicol, showing a linear range from 200 to 1000 µg/L, a reproducibility of 7.6% and a capability of detection (CCβ) value of 200 µg/L, under optimized conditions. The selectivity of the AC60/SPCE sensors was evaluated in the presence of possibly interfering compounds, and their practical applicability was demonstrated in the analysis of different wine samples obtaining recoveries ranging from 96 to 106%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Portugal-Gómez
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - A Marta Navarro-Cuñado
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - M Asunción Alonso-Lomillo
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Olga Domínguez-Renedo
- Faculty of Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Burgos, Pza. Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
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14
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Papavasileiou AV, Hoder T, Medek T, Prodromidis MI, Hrbac J. Sensitive riboflavin sensing using silver nanoparticles deposited onto screen-printed electrodes via controlled-energy spark discharges. Talanta 2023; 258:124409. [PMID: 36871518 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we elaborated the graphite screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) modification with metal nanoparticles formed as a result of spark discharges produced between a metal wire electrode and SPE that are connected to an Arduino board-based DC high voltage power supply. This sparking device allows, on the one hand, the toposelective formation of NPs of controlled dimensions through a direct and liquid-free approach, and on the other hand, controls the number and energy of the discharges delivered to the electrode surface during a single spark event. This way, the potential damage to the SPE surface by the action of heat evolved during the sparking process is considerably minimized compared with the standard setup in which each spark event consists of multiple electrical discharges. Data demonstrated that the sensing properties of the resulting electrodes are significantly improved compared with those achieved when conventional spark generators are employed, as demonstrated for silver-sparked SPEs that exhibit enhanced sensitivity to riboflavin. Sparked AgNp-SPEs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and voltammetric measurements in alkaline conditions. The analytical performance of sparked AgNP-SPEs was evaluated by various electrochemical techniques. Under optimum conditions, the detection range for DPV was from 1.9 (LOQ) to 100 nM riboflavin (R2 = 0.997), while a limit of detection (LOD, S/N 3) of 0.56 nM was achieved. The analytical utility is demonstrated for the determination of riboflavin in the real matrices of B-complex pharmaceutical preparation and an energy drink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios V Papavasileiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 451 10, Greece; Institute of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hoder
- Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Medek
- Department of Physical Electronics, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Hrbac
- Institute of Chemistry, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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15
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Drobysh M, Ramanavicius A, Baradoke A. Polyaniline-based electrochemical immunosensor for the determination of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160700. [PMID: 36493838 PMCID: PMC9726207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report an impedimetric system for the detection of antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein. The sensing platform is based on recombinant Spike protein (SCoV2-rS) immobilized on the phytic acid doped polyaniline films (PANI-PA). The affinity interaction between immobilized SCoV2-rS protein and antibodies in the physiological range of concentrations was registered by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Analytical parameters of the sensing platform were tuned by the variation of electropolymerization times during the synthesis of PANI-PA films. The lowest limit of detection and quantification were obtained for electropolymerization time of 20 min and equalled 8.00 ± 0.20 nM and 23.93 ± 0.60 nM with an equilibrium dissociation constant of 3 nM. The presented sensing system is label-free and suitable for the direct detection of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in real patient serum samples after coronavirus disease 2019 and/or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania; NanoTechnas-Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko str. 24, 03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ausra Baradoke
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio ave. 3, Vilnius, Lithuania
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16
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Pinyou P, Blay V, Monkrathok J, Janphuang P, Chansaenpak K, Pansalee J, Lisnund S. A facile method for generating polypyrrole microcapsules and their application in electrochemical sensing. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:410. [PMID: 36208339 PMCID: PMC9547802 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A facile and rapid strategy to generate polypyrrole microcapsules is reported. The strategy is compatible with a vortex mixer and with a microfluidic chip for droplet generation, allowing a > 100-fold reduction in particle size. The sub-micron particle sizes obtained can also be tuned to some extent based on the chip geometry. The capsules can be kept stably in solution and can be transferred onto electrochemical devices. As an application example, we casted the polypyrrole capsules generated onto screen-printed electrodes, leading to a significant increase in their electroactive surface area and capacitance. The electrodes were further modified with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) to fabricate glucose biosensors. The introduction of polypyrrole microcapsules increased the dynamic range of the glucose sensor to ca. 300% compared with that of the electrode without polypyrrole microcapsules. The resulting glucose sensor is operated at a constant applied potential of 0.20 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3 M KCl) in an air-equilibrated electrolyte. At this potential, the sensor showed a linear range from 1.0 to 9.0 mM glucose with a sensitivity of 3.23 µA cm−2 mM−1 (R2 = 0.993). The limit of detection obtained was 0.09 mM, and the reproducibility was 3.6%. The method allows generating polypyrrole microcapsules without surfactants or organic solvents and may enable new opportunities in the design of biosensors, electronic devices, and molecular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyanut Pinyou
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
| | - Vincent Blay
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Jirawan Monkrathok
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, 111 University Ave., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.,Institute of Research and Development, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave.., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Pattanaphong Janphuang
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute, 111 University Ave., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kantapat Chansaenpak
- National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jaruwan Pansalee
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Ave., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Sireerat Lisnund
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Liberal Arts, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, 744, Suranarai Rd., Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
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17
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Pinheiro-Sousa DB, Sousa Lima MI, Gonçalves RM, Silva Santos DM, Vieira de Carvalho Neta A, Benjamim LDA, Nunes GS, Brasil de Oliveira Marques PR, Fortes Carvalho-Neta RN. Interaction between Benzo[a]anthracene 7,2-dione 7-oxime (BZA) and calf thymus dsDNA using electroanalytical genosensor. Anal Biochem 2022; 657:114905. [PMID: 36154836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the objective was to evaluate in situ interaction between Benzo[a]anthracene 7,2-dione 7-oxime (BZA) and calf thymus dsDNA (ct-dsDNA) using electroanalytical genosensor. Analytical techniques based on Ultraviolet/Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and electroanalytical were used to investigate the interaction processes in solution and immobilized on carbon screen-printed electrodes modified with electrochemical mediator Meldola blue. In addition, was possible to evaluate the degree of damage caused to the genetic material by the analyte through of toxicity estimate (S%). The interaction evaluated by genosensor showed processes of intercalation, degradation, and breaks of the double strand of ct-dsDNA, suggesting that the interaction simulates highly toxic (values varying from 0.6 to 0.8 μA in 48 h of interaction), such as 8-oxoguanine (+0.48 V), which is a by-product of guanine oxidation. Furthermore, monitoring A (+1.10 V) after 1 h showed an S% value between 50 and 90%, indicative of high toxicity, and monitoring G (+0.85 V), which showed S>90%, indicated no toxicity after 10 min. Overall, the electroanalytical genosensor developed in a miniaturized system displayed good reproducibility and stability over time being a quick alternative for assesses the degree of toxicity between toxic xenobiotics and biologically electroactive molecules, such as DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Batista Pinheiro-Sousa
- Coordenação do Curso de Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP 65800-000, Balsas, MA, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia (REDE BIONORTE), Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, CEP 65055-310 São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Mayara Ingrid Sousa Lima
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Paulo VI, CEP 65055-970, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Mendes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Campus Paulo VI, CEP 65055-970, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Laércio Dos Anjos Benjamim
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gilvanda Silva Nunes
- Departamento de Tecnologia Química, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, CEP 65080-805 São Luís, MA, Brazil
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18
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Moro G, Severin Sfragano P, Ghirardo J, Mazzocato Y, Angelini A, Palchetti I, Polo F. Bicyclic peptide-based assay for uPA cancer biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114477. [PMID: 35751954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The use of synthetic bioreceptors to develop biosensing platforms has been recently gaining momentum. This case study compares the performance of a biosensing platform for the human biomarker urokinase-type plasminogen activator (h-uPA) when using two bicyclic peptides (P1 and P2) with different affinities for the target protein. The bioreceptors P1 and P2 were immobilized on magnetic microbeads and tested within a sandwich-type affinity electrochemical assay. Apart from enabling h-uPA quantification at nanomolar levels (105.8 ng/mL for P1 and 32.5 ng/mL for P2), this case study showed the potential of synthetic bicyclic peptides applicability and how bioreceptor affinity can influence the performance of the final sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Patrick Severin Sfragano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Jessica Ghirardo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, Venice, 30124, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Venice, Italy; European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Dorsoduro 3911, Calle Crosera, Venice, 30124, Italy.
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19
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Malla P, Liao HP, Liu CH, Wu WC, Sreearunothai P. Voltammetric biosensor for coronavirus spike protein using magnetic bead and screen-printed electrode for point-of-care diagnostics. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:168. [PMID: 35362759 PMCID: PMC8973645 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the novel human coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) and its morbidity have created an urgent need for rapid and sensitive diagnostics. The real-time polymerase chain reaction is the gold standard for detecting the coronavirus in various types of biological specimens. However, this technique is time consuming, labor intensive, and expensive. Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) can be used as point-of-care devices because of their low cost, sensitivity, selectivity, and ability to be miniaturized. The ability to detect the spike protein of COVID-19 in serum, urine, and saliva was developed using SPE aided by magnetic beads (MBs) and a portable potentiostat. The antibody-peroxidase-loaded MBs were the captured and catalytic units for the electrochemical assays. The MBs enable simple washing and homogenous deposition on the working electrode using a magnet. The assembly of the immunological MBs and the electrochemical system increases the measuring sensitivity and speed. The physical and electrochemical properties of the layer-by-layer modified MBs were systematically characterized. The performance of these immunosensors was evaluated using spike protein in the range 3.12–200 ng mL−1. We achieved a limit of detection of 0.20, 0.31, and 0.54 ng mL−1 in human saliva, urine, and serum, respectively. A facile electrochemical method to detect COVID-19 spike protein was developed for quick point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravanjan Malla
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ping Liao
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsien Liu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, 261, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84, Gung-Juan Road, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, 5, Fu-Hsing Street, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 259, Wen-Hwa First Road, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Paiboon Sreearunothai
- Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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20
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Shishov A, Volodina N, Semenova E, Navolotskaya D, Ermakov S, Bulatov A. Reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on decomposition of deep eutectic solvent for the determination of lead and cadmium in vegetable oil. Food Chem 2022; 373:131456. [PMID: 34731809 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a reversed-phase dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure based on the decomposition of deep eutectic solvent was suggested for the first time. The procedure was utilized for fast and simple separation of lead and cadmium from vegetable oil samples. The procedure assumed mixing of oil sample and DES based on menthol, formic acid and water. Water as component of DES promoted its decomposition in sample matrix resulting menthol dissolution in the sample phase and dispersion of aqueous formic acid solution. In this procedure menthol acted as a dispersive solvent during DES decomposition for dispersion of aqueous formic acid solution. The metals were determined by the square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The limits of detection, were 0.01 µg kg-1 for lead and 0.006 µg kg-1 for cadmium. The RSD was less then 6% for both analytes. The enrichment factor was 36 and 39 for lead and cadmium, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Shishov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Natalia Volodina
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semenova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Daria Navolotskaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Sergey Ermakov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey Bulatov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, Saint Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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21
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Hu T, Wang D, Xu J, Chen K, Li X, Yi H, Ni Z. Glucose sensing on screen-printed electrochemical electrodes based on porous graphene aerogel @prussian blue. Biomed Microdevices 2022; 24:14. [PMID: 35218431 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-022-00614-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As one of the three major chronic diseases, diabetes often causes many complications, which can affect various parts of the body and even threaten the life of the patients. At present, the situation of diabetes in the world is quite serious. Accurate detection of blood glucose is very important for the diagnosis, treatment and medication of diabetes as well as the self-management of diabetic patients. In this paper, an electrochemical glucose biosensor was developed based on screen-printed electrode (SPE) modified with composite material of graphene aerogel (GA) and Prussian blue (PB) (denoted as GA@PB), which was fabricated via chemical reduction using L-ascorbic acid as a reducing agent through a freeze-drying process. Glucose was specifically captured by glucose oxidase (GOx) which were immobilized into the GA@PB by chitosan. The structure and performance of the sensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy measurements, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric detection. The sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.5-6.0 mmol·L-1 with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.15 mmol·L-1, indicating that the combination of graphene aerogel and Prussian blue possess well conductivity and catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Hong Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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22
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Tapia MA, Gusmão R, Pérez-Ràfols C, Subirats X, Serrano N, Sofer Z, Díaz-Cruz JM. Enhanced voltammetric performance of sensors based on oxidized 2D layered black phosphorus. Talanta 2022; 238:123036. [PMID: 34801894 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The exceptional properties of 2D layered black phosphorus (BP) make it a promising candidate for electrochemical sensing applications and, even though BP is considered unstable and tends to degrade by the presence of oxygen and moisture, its oxidation can be beneficial in some situations. In this work, we present an unequivocal demonstration that the exposition of BP-based working electrodes to normal ambient conditions can indeed be advantageous, leading to an enhancement of voltammetric sensing applications. This point was proved using a BP modified screen-printed carbon electrode (BP-SPCE) for the voltammetric determination of dopamine (DA) as a model target analyte. Oxidized BP-SPCE (up to 35% of PxOy at the surface) presented an enhanced analytical performance with a 5-fold and 2-fold increase in sensitivity, as compared to bare-SPCE and non-oxidized BP-SPCE stored in anhydrous atmosphere, respectively. Good detection limit, repeatability, reproducibility, stability, selectivity, and accuracy were also achieved. Overall, the results presented herein display the prominent possibilities of preparing and working with BP based-sensors in normal ambient settings and showcase their implementation under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Tapia
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rui Gusmão
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Clara Pérez-Ràfols
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Water Research Institute (IdRA), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Subirats
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Water Research Institute (IdRA), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - José Manuel Díaz-Cruz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain; Water Research Institute (IdRA), University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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El-Akaad S, Morozov R, Golovin M, Bol'shakov O, De Saeger S, Beloglazova N. A novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of fipronil and its toxic metabolite fipronil sulfone using TiO 2-polytriazine imide submicrostructured composite as an efficient electrocatalyst. Talanta 2022; 238:123025. [PMID: 34801916 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on a screen printed electrode (SPE) modified with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and polytriazine imide submicrostructured composite (TiO2-PTI) has been developed for the simultaneous detection of fipronil (FIP) and its toxic metabolite fipronil sulfone (FIP-S). The submicrostructured composite material based on TiO2 and PTI was obtained by simple hydrothermal treatment of the Ti peroxocomplexes in the presence of pristine. This carbon nitride allotrope has better crystallinity and conductivity than its graphitic analog. It was found that the TiO2-PTI submicrostructured composite enhanced the electrochemical sensing of the SPE electrode towards FIP and its metabolite FIP-S in 0.1 M Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 10) at the oxidation potentials of 0.82 V and 0.94 V, respectively. In addition, it showed good stability and reproducibility for the determination of both analytes. Under optimal conditions, the peak currents by square wave voltammetry were found to vary linearly with FIP and FIP-S concentrations in the range from 0.01 to 10 μM and from 10 to 50 μM, with a detection limit of 8.42 nM, 3.6 μg/kg for FIP and 9.72 nM, 4.04 μg/kg for FIP-S. This sensor was successfully used to detect FIP and FIP-S in eggs and water samples with good recoveries of 90%-106.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan El-Akaad
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Roman Morozov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail Golovin
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Oleg Bol'shakov
- Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia; N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia Beloglazova
- Centre of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Nanotechnology Education and Research Center, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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24
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Klein RS, Taniguchi MM, Dos Santos PD, Bonafe EG, Martins AF, Monteiro JP. Trans-resveratrol electrochemical detection using portable device based on unmodified screen-printed electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114399. [PMID: 34653743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trans-resveratrol (t-RESV) is an important and natural polyphenolic antioxidant generally found in grapes and in its derivatives such as red wine and grape juices. The t-RESV has been explored in the pharmaceutical industry for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective properties. The t-RESV electrochemical determination has basically been carried out using modified electrodes-based sensors. Although these devices show good analytical performance, the electrode preparation can be laborious, and the devices may lack reproducibility. In this sense, it was proposed here a new methodology for the t-RESV electrochemical detection using unmodified screen-printed electrodes and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response of the anodic signal has optimized varying the most important parameters of DPV (pulse time, pulse potential, and pulse step) using the response surface methodology. We showed based on analysis of variance that the new mathematical model developed can predict responses for the t-RESV using DPV. Furthermore, the new analytical method was validated from the limits of detection and quantification. We have still shown that t-RESV can be quantified in commercial drug using DPV with the optimized parameters. The selectivity test also showed that the sensor can be used to determine the antioxidant in other more complex matrices. Additionally, the proposed electrochemical system is completely portable and can work with its own energy, which facilitates point-of-care analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosecler Scacchetti Klein
- Laboratório de Materiais, Macromoleculas e Compósitos (LaMMAC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Marcílio Dias 635, 86812-460 Apucarana, State of Paraná, Brazil; Group of Polymeric Materials and Composites (GMPC), Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), 87020-900, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Maiara Mitiko Taniguchi
- Laboratório de Materiais e Sensores (LMSEN), Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Av colombo 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patricia Daniele Dos Santos
- Grupo Aple-A, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), Ac Colombo 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elton Guntendorfer Bonafe
- Laboratório de Materiais, Macromoleculas e Compósitos (LaMMAC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Marcílio Dias 635, 86812-460 Apucarana, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Francisco Martins
- Laboratório de Materiais, Macromoleculas e Compósitos (LaMMAC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Marcílio Dias 635, 86812-460 Apucarana, State of Paraná, Brazil
| | - Johny Paulo Monteiro
- Laboratório de Materiais, Macromoleculas e Compósitos (LaMMAC), Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), Rua Marcílio Dias 635, 86812-460 Apucarana, State of Paraná, Brazil.
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25
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Papavasileiou AV, Trachioti MG, Hrbac J, Prodromidis MI. Simultaneous determination of guanine and adenine in human saliva with graphite sparked screen-printed electrodes. Talanta 2021; 239:123119. [PMID: 34864536 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Saliva represents one of the most useful biological samples for non-invasive testing of health status and diseases prognosis and therefore, the development of advanced sensors enabling the determination of biomarkers in unspiked human whole saliva is of immense importance. Herein, we report on the development of a screen-printed graphite sensor modified with carbon nanomaterials generated by spark discharge for the determination of guanine and adenine in unspiked human whole saliva. The designed sensor was developed with a "green", extremely simple, fast (16 s), fully automated "linear mode" sparking process implemented with a 2D positioning device. Carbon nanomaterial-modified surfaces exhibit outstanding electrocatalytic properties enabling the determination of guanine and adenine over the concentration range 5 - 1000 nM and 25 - 1000 nM, while achieving limits of detection (S/N 3) as low as 2 nM and 8 nM, respectively. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of purine bases in unspiked human whole saliva following a simple assay protocol based on ultrafiltration that effectively alleviates biofouling issues. Recovery was 96-108%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria G Trachioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece
| | - Jan Hrbac
- Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Mamas I Prodromidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Ioannina, Greece.
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26
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Kumar V, Matai I, Kumar A, Sachdev A. GNP-CeO 2- polyaniline hybrid hydrogel for electrochemical detection of peroxynitrite anion and its integration in a microfluidic platform. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:436. [PMID: 34837536 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-) is an important in vivo oxidative stress biomarker whose aberrant levels have pathophysiological implications. In this study, an electrochemical sensor for ONOO- detection was developed based on graphene nanoplatelets-cerium oxide nanocomposite (GNP-CeO2) incorporated polyaniline (PANI) conducting hydrogels. The nanocomposite-hydrogel platform exhibited distinct synergistic advantages in terms of large electroactive surface coverage and providing a conductive pathway for electron transfer. Besides, the 3D porous structure of hydrogel integrated the GNP-CeO2 nanocomposite to provide hybrid materials for the evolution of catalytic activity towards electrochemical oxidation of ONOO-. Various microscopic and spectroscopic characterization techniques endorsed the successful formation of GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements of GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE) were carried out to record the current changes influenced by ONOO-. The prepared sensor demonstrated a significant dose-dependent increase in CV peak current within a linear range of 5-100 µM (at a potential of 1.12 V), and a detection limit of 0.14 with a sensitivity of 29.35 ± 1.4 μA μM-1. Further, a customized microfluidic flow system was integrated with the GNP-CeO2-PANI hydrogel modified SPE to enable continuous electrochemical detection of ONOO- at low sample volumes. The developed microfluidic electrochemical device demonstrated an excellent sensitivity towards ONOO- under optimal experimental conditions. Overall, the fabricated microfluidic device with hybrid hydrogels as electrochemical interfaces provides a reliable assessment of ONOO- levels. This work offers considerable potential for understanding the oxidative stress-related disease mechanisms through determination of ONOO- in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayesh Kumar
- Materials Science & Sensor Application Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, 160030, India
| | - Ishita Matai
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University Punjab, Mohali, 140306, India.
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Abhay Sachdev
- Materials Science & Sensor Application Division, CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIR-CSIO), Chandigarh, 160030, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 211002, India.
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27
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Gilep A, Kuzikov A, Sushko T, Grabovec I, Masamrekh R, Sigolaeva LV, Pergushov DV, Schacher FH, Strushkevich N, Shumyantseva VV. Electrochemical characterization of mutant forms of rubredoxin B from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Proteins Proteom 2021; 1870:140734. [PMID: 34662730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer in metalloproteins is a driving force for many biological processes and widely distributed in nature. Rubredoxin B (RubB) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a first example among [1Fe-0S] proteins that support catalytic activity of terminal sterol-monooxygenases enabling its application in metabolic engineering. To explore the tolerance of RubB to the specific amino acid changes we evaluated the effect of surface mutations on its electrochemical properties. Based on the RubB fold we also designed the mutant with a putative additional site for protein-protein interactions to further evaluate electron transfer and electrochemical properties. The investigation of redox properties of mutant variants of RubB was done using screen-printed graphite electrodes (SPEs) modified with stable dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The redox potentials (midpoint potentials, E0Ꞌ) of mutants did not significantly differ from the wild type protein and vary in the range of -264 to -231 mV vs. Ag/AgCl electrode. However, all mutations affect electron transfer rate between the protein and electrode. Notably, the modulation of the protein-protein interactions was observed for the insertion mutant suggesting the possibility of tailoring of rubredoxin for the selected redox-partner. Overall, RubB is tolerant to the significant modifications in its structure enabling rational engineering of novel redox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Gilep
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus; Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Kuzikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina Grabovec
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Rami Masamrekh
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa V Sigolaeva
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Pergushov
- Department of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Victoria V Shumyantseva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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28
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Materón EM, Wong A, Freitas TA, Faria RC, Oliveira ON. A sensitive electrochemical detection of metronidazole in synthetic serum and urine samples using low-cost screen-printed electrodes modified with reduced graphene oxide and C60. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:646-652. [PMID: 34765278 PMCID: PMC8572701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the concentration of antibiotics in body fluids is essential to optimizing the therapy and minimizing the risk of bacteria resistance, which can be made with electrochemical sensors tailored with appropriate materials. In this paper, we report on sensors made with screen-printed electrodes (SPE) coated with fullerene (C60), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Nafion (NF) (C60-rGO-NF/SPE) to determine the antibiotic metronidazole (MTZ). Under optimized conditions, the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor exhibited a linear response in square wave voltammetry for MTZ concentrations from 2.5 × 10-7 to 34 × 10-6 mol/L, with a detection limit of 2.1 × 10-7 mol/L. This sensor was also capable of detecting MTZ in serum and urine, with recovery between 94% and 100%, which are similar to those of the standard chromatographic method (HPLC-UV). Because the C60-rGO-NF/SPE sensor is amenable to mass production and allows for MTZ determination with simple principles of detection, it fulfills the requirements of therapeutic drug monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Maria Materón
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ademar Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tayane Aguiar Freitas
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Censi Faria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N. Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil
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29
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Antonacci A, Attaallah R, Arduini F, Amine A, Giardi MT, Scognamiglio V. A dual electro-optical biosensor based on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii immobilised on paper-based nanomodified screen-printed electrodes for herbicide monitoring. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:145. [PMID: 34001124 PMCID: PMC8130446 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00887-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of herbicides in agriculture contributes to soil and water pollution, with important endangering consequences on the ecosystems. Among the available analytical systems, algal biosensors have demonstrated to be valid tools thanks to their high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and eco-design. Herein, we report the development of a dual electro-optical biosensor for herbicide monitoring, based on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii whole cells immobilised on paper-based screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon black nanomaterials. To this aim, a systematic study was performed for the selection and characterisation of a collection among 28 different genetic variants of the alga with difference response behaviour towards diverse herbicide classes. Thus, CC125 strain was exploited as case study for the study of the analytical parameters. The biosensor was tested in standard solutions and real samples, providing high sensitivity (detection limit in the pico/nanomolar), high repeatability (RSD of 5% with n = 100), long lasting working (10 h) and storage stability (3 weeks), any interference in the presence of heavy metals and insecticides, and low matrix effect in drinking water and moderate effect in surface one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Antonacci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Raouia Attaallah
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy.,SENSE4MED, Via Renato Rascel 30, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Aziz Amine
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Maria Teresa Giardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy.,Biosensor Srl, Via degli Olmetti 44, Formello, 00060, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Via Salaria km 29.300, Monterotondo, 00015, Rome, Italy.
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30
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Fiore L, Mazzaracchio V, Galloni P, Sabuzi F, Pezzola S, Matteucci G, Moscone D, Arduini F. A paper-based electrochemical sensor for H 2O 2 detection in aerosol phase: Measure of H 2O 2 nebulized by a reconverted ultrasonic aroma diffuser as a case of study. Microchem J 2021; 166:106249. [PMID: 33840838 PMCID: PMC8020605 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 is caused by high contagiousness and rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus between people when an infected person is in close contact with another one. In this overall scenario, the disinfection processes have been largely improved. For instance, some countries have approved no-touch technologies by vaporizing disinfectants such as hydrogen peroxide, with the overriding goal to boost the safety of the places. In the era of sustainability, we designed an electrochemical paper-based device for the assessment of hydrogen peroxide nebulized by a cost-effective ultrasonic aroma diffuser. The paper-based sensor was fabricated by modifying via drop-casting a filter paper-based screen-printed electrode with a dispersion of carbon black-Prussian Blue nanocomposite, to assess the detection of hydrogen peroxide at −0.05 V vs Ag/AgCl. The use of paper-based modified screen-printed electrode loaded with phosphate buffer allowed for monitoring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in aerosol, without any additional sampling instrument to capture the nebulized solution of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration up to 7% w/w. Hydrogen peroxide, a reconverted ultrasonic aroma diffuser, and the paper-based electrochemical sensor assisted by smartphone have demonstrated how different low-cost technologies are able to supply an useful and cost-effective solution for disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Fiore
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,BT-INNOVACHEM, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,BT-INNOVACHEM, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Silvia Pezzola
- BT-INNOVACHEM, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | | | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, Rome 00133, Italy.,SENSE4MED, Via Renato Rascel 30, Rome 00128, Italy
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Ibáñez D, González-García MB, Hernández-Santos D, Fanjul-Bolado P. Detection of dithiocarbamate, chloronicotinyl and organophosphate pesticides by electrochemical activation of SERS features of screen-printed electrodes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 248:119174. [PMID: 33234478 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Enhancement of Raman intensity due to the electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman scattering (EC-SERS) effect is an interesting alternative to overcome the lack of sensitivity traditionally associated with Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, activation of metallic screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) by electrochemical route leads to the reproducible generation of nanostructures with excellent SERS properties. EC-SERS procedure proposed in this work for the detection of several pesticides (thiram, imidacloprid and chlorpyrifos) with different nature, uses gold SPEs as SERS substrates, but also includes a preconcentration step as the initial and essential stage. Taking into account the small volume of solution employed, only 60 µL, the preconcentration cannot be performed for more than 15 min in order to ensure the proper contact of the solution with WE, RE and CE. Furthermore, selected temperature, 34 °C, is not very high to allow the exhaustive control of the drop volume. Optimization of preconcentration parameters (time and temperature) displays a crucial step, particularly in the detection of low concentrations of pesticides, because it will provide higher Raman intensity in EC-SERS experiments. After the initial step, gold SPEs were electrochemically activated by cyclic voltammetry, allowing the detection of very low concentration (µg·L-1) of pesticides due to the generation of fresh nanostructures with SERS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ibáñez
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.
| | - María Begoña González-García
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - David Hernández-Santos
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Pablo Fanjul-Bolado
- Metrohm DropSens, S.L. Vivero Ciencias de la Salud, C/Colegio Santo Domingo de Guzmán s/n, 33010 Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.
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Fabiani L, Saroglia M, Galatà G, De Santis R, Fillo S, Luca V, Faggioni G, D'Amore N, Regalbuto E, Salvatori P, Terova G, Moscone D, Lista F, Arduini F. Magnetic beads combined with carbon black-based screen-printed electrodes for COVID-19: A reliable and miniaturized electrochemical immunosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112686. [PMID: 33086175 PMCID: PMC7833515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The diffusion of novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus over the world generated COVID-19 pandemic event as reported by World Health Organization on March 2020. The huge issue is the high infectivity and the absence of vaccine and customised drugs allowing for hard management of this outbreak, thus a rapid and on site analysis is a need to contain the spread of COVID-19. Herein, we developed an electrochemical immunoassay for rapid and smart detection of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in saliva. The electrochemical assay was conceived for Spike (S) protein or Nucleocapsid (N) protein detection using magnetic beads as support of immunological chain and secondary antibody with alkaline phosphatase as immunological label. The enzymatic by-product 1-naphtol was detected using screen-printed electrodes modified with carbon black nanomaterial. The analytical features of the electrochemical immunoassay were evaluated using the standard solution of S and N protein in buffer solution and untreated saliva with a detection limit equal to 19 ng/mL and 8 ng/mL in untreated saliva, respectively for S and N protein. Its effectiveness was assessed using cultured virus in biosafety level 3 and in saliva clinical samples comparing the data using the nasopharyngeal swab specimens tested with Real-Time PCR. The agreement of the data, the low detection limit achieved, the rapid analysis (30 min), the miniaturization, and portability of the instrument combined with the easiness to use and no-invasive sampling, confer to this analytical tool high potentiality for market entry as the first highly sensitive electrochemical immunoassay for SARS-CoV-2 detection in untreated saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fabiani
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Saroglia
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Galatà
- GTS Consulting S.r.l., Via Consolare Pompea 1, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Fillo
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Luca
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nino D'Amore
- Scientific Department, Army Medical Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Genciana Terova
- University of Insubria, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, Varese, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabiana Arduini
- University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; SENSE4MED, Via Renato Rascel 30, 00128, Rome, Italy.
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Subak H, Selvolini G, Macchiagodena M, Ozkan-Ariksoysal D, Pagliai M, Procacci P, Marrazza G. Mycotoxins aptasensing: From molecular docking to electrochemical detection of deoxynivalenol. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107691. [PMID: 33232846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes a voltammetric aptasensor to detect deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin. The development steps of the aptasensor were partnered for the first time to a computational study to gain insights onto the molecular mechanisms involved into the interaction between a thiol-tethered DNA aptamer (80mer-SH) and DON. The exploited docking study allowed to find the binding region of the oligonucleotide sequence and to determine DON preferred orientation. A biotinylated oligonucleotide sequence (20mer-BIO) complementary to the aptamer was chosen to carry out a competitive format. Graphite screen-printed electrodes (GSPEs) were electrochemically modified with polyaniline and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@PANI) by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and worked as a scaffold for the immobilization of the DNA aptamer. Solutions containing increasing concentrations of DON and a fixed amount of 20mer-BIO were dropped onto the aptasensor surface: the resulting hybrids were labeled with an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) conjugate to hydrolyze 1-naphthyl phosphate (1-NPP) substrate into 1-naphthol product, detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). According to its competitive format, the aptasensor response was signal-off in the range 5.0-30.0 ng·mL-1 DON. A detection limit of 3.2 ng·mL-1 was achieved within a 1-hour detection time. Preliminary experiments on maize flour samples spiked with DON yielded good recovery values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasret Subak
- Yuzuncu Yil University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 65010 Van, Turkey; Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giulia Selvolini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Marina Macchiagodena
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Dilsat Ozkan-Ariksoysal
- Ege University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Piero Procacci
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Viale delle Medaglie D'Oro 305, 00136 Rome, Italy.
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Dvořák P, Ramos RM, Vyskočil V, Rodrigues JA. A new electroanalytical methodology for the determination of formaldehyde in wood-based products. Talanta 2020; 217:121068. [PMID: 32498846 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new electroanalytical methodology was developed for the sensitive and selective determination of formaldehyde in wood-based products (WBPs), featuring an extraction process using a Headspace Liquid Acceptor System (HLAS), and detection by square-wave voltammetry (SWV) on unmodified screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs). HLAS, here presented for the first time, captures and derivatizes formaldehyde released from the sample by using the acetylacetone reagent as acceptor solution. The product of formaldehyde with acetylacetone, in the presence of ammonium salt, is 3,5-diacetyl-1,4-dihydrolutidine (DDL) which we have found to be electrochemically active at unmodified SPCEs, generating a selective oxidation peak at +0.4 V. Detection and quantification limits of 0.57 and 1.89 mg kg-1 were obtained, together with intra- and inter-day precisions below 10% (as relative standard deviation, RSD). The methodology was used to determine formaldehyde content in seven WBPs, with similar results being obtained by the developed HLAS-SPCE method and the European standard method EN 717-3, with a profound reduction of total analysis time. The developed HLAS-SPCE combines the use of a new sample preparation procedure for volatiles with, as far as we know, the first determination of formaldehyde (as the derivative product, DDL) on unmodified SPCEs, offering a promising alternative for the determination of formaldehyde in WBPs and other samples.
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Castrovilli MC, Bolognesi P, Chiarinelli J, Avaldi L, Cartoni A, Calandra P, Tempesta E, Giardi MT, Antonacci A, Arduini F, Scognamiglio V. Electrospray deposition as a smart technique for laccase immobilisation on carbon black-nanomodified screen-printed electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 163:112299. [PMID: 32568697 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes immobilisation represents a critical issue in the design of biosensors to achieve standardization as well as suitable analytical performances in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. In this work electrospray deposition (ESD) has been exploited as a novel technique for the immobilisation of laccase enzyme on carbon black modified screen-printed electrodes. The aim is to fabricate an amperometric biosensor for phenolic compound detection. The electrodes produced by ESD have been analysed by scanning electron microscopy and characterised electrochemically to prove that this immobilisation technique is suited to manufacture high performance biosensors. The results show that the laccase enzyme maintains its activity after undergoing the electrospray ionisation process and deposition and the fabricated biosensor has improved performances in terms of storage (up to 3 months at room temperature) and working (up to 25 measurements on the same electrode) stability. The laccase-based biosensor has been tested for phenolic compound detection, with catechol as target analyte, in the linear range 2.5-50 μM, with 2.0 μM limit of detection, without interference from lead, cadmium, atrazine, and paraoxon, and without matrix effect in drinking, surface, and wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Institute of Structure of Matter, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Calandra
- Institute of Nanostructured Materials, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tempesta
- Institute of Environmental Geology and Geoengineering, National Research Council, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Giardi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy; Biosensor Srl, Via Degli Olmetti 4, 00060, Formello, Rome, Italy
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; SENSE4MED, Via Renato Rascel 30, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy.
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Sethi J, Van Bulck M, Suhail A, Safarzadeh M, Perez-Castillo A, Pan G. A label-free biosensor based on graphene and reduced graphene oxide dual-layer for electrochemical determination of beta-amyloid biomarkers. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:288. [PMID: 32333119 PMCID: PMC7182627 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04267-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A label-free biosensor is developed for the determination of plasma-based Aβ1–42 biomarker in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The platform is based on highly conductive dual-layer of graphene and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The modification of dual-layer with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Pyr-NHS) is achieved to facilitate immobilization of H31L21 antibody. The effect of these modifications were studied with morphological, spectral and electrochemical techniques. The response of the biosensor was evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The data was acquired at a working potential of ~ 180 mV and a scan rate of 50 mV s−1. A low limit of detection (LOD) of 2.398 pM is achieved over a wide linear range from 11 pM to 55 nM. The biosensor exhibits excellent specificity over Aβ1–40 and ApoE ε4 interfering species. Thus, it provides a viable tool for electrochemical determination of Aβ1–42. Spiked human and mice plasmas were used for the successful validation of the sensing platform in bio-fluidic samples. The results obtained from mice plasma analysis concurred with the immunohistochemistry (IHC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data obtained from brain analysis. Schematic representation of the electrochemical system proposed for Aβ1–42 determination: (a) modification of graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE) with monolayer graphene oxide (GO) followed by its electrochemical reduction generating graphene/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dual-layer (b), modification of dual-layer with linker (c), Aβ1–42 antibody (H31L21) (d), bovine serum albumin (BSA) (e) and Aβ1–42 peptide (f). ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagriti Sethi
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK.
| | - Michiel Van Bulck
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahmed Suhail
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Mina Safarzadeh
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ana Perez-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier, 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Valderrebollo, 5, 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Genhua Pan
- Wolfson Nanomagnetics Laboratory, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Devon, PL4 8AA, UK
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Attaallah R, Antonacci A, Mazzaracchio V, Moscone D, Palleschi G, Arduini F, Amine A, Scognamiglio V. Carbon black nanoparticles to sense algae oxygen evolution for herbicides detection: Atrazine as a case study. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 159:112203. [PMID: 32364935 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel amperometric algae-based biosensor was developed for the detection of photosynthetic herbicides in river water. The green photosynthetic algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was immobilized on carbon black modified screen-printed electrodes, exploiting carbon black as smart nanomaterial to monitor changes in algae oxygen evolution during the photosynthetic process. The decrease of oxygen evolution, occurring in the presence of herbicides, results in a decrease of current signals by means of amperometric measurements, in an analyte concentration dependent manner. Atrazine as case study herbicide was detected in a concentration range of 0.1 and 50 μM, with a linear range from 0.1 to 5 μM and a detection limit of 1 nM. No interference was observed in presence of 100 ppb arsenic, 20 ppb copper, 5 ppb cadmium, 10 ppb lead, 10 ppb bisphenol A, and 1 ppb paraoxon, tested as safety limits. A ~25% matrix effect and satisfactory recovery values of 107 ± 10% and 96 ± 8% were obtained in river water for 3 and 5 μM of atrazine, respectively. Stability studies were also performed obtaining a high working stability up to 10 h and repeatability with an RSD of 1.1% (n = 12), as well as a good storage stability up to 3 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouia Attaallah
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amina Antonacci
- Institute of Crystallography (IC-CNR), Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mazzaracchio
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Danila Moscone
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Arduini
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy; SENSE4MED, via Renato Rascel 30, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Aziz Amine
- Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Viviana Scognamiglio
- Institute of Crystallography (IC-CNR), Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, Via Salaria km 29.300, 00015, Monterotondo, Italy.
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Moro G, Bottari F, Van Loon J, Du Bois E, De Wael K, Moretto LM. Disposable electrodes from waste materials and renewable sources for (bio)electroanalytical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 146:111758. [PMID: 31605984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The numerous advantages of disposable and screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) particularly in terms of portability, sensibility, sensitivity and low-cost led to the massive application of these electroanalytical devices. To limit the electronic waste and recover precious materials, new recycling processes were developed together with alternative SPEs fabrication procedures based on renewable, biocompatible sources or waste materials, such as paper, agricultural byproducts or spent batteries. The increased interest in the use of eco-friendly materials for electronics has given rise to a new generation of highly performing green modifiers. From paper based electrodes to disposable electrodes obtained from CD/DVD, in the last decades considerable efforts were devoted to reuse and recycle in the field of electrochemistry. Here an overview of recycled and recyclable disposable electrodes, sustainable electrode modifiers and alternative fabrication processes is proposed aiming to provide meaningful examples to redesign the world of disposable electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Moro
- LSE Research Group, Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy; AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fabio Bottari
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joren Van Loon
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Product Development Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Ambtmanstraat 1, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Els Du Bois
- Product Development Research Group, Faculty of Design Sciences, University of Antwerp, Ambtmanstraat 1, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Wael
- AXES Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- LSE Research Group, Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy.
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Freitas M, Neves MMPS, Nouws HPA, Delerue-Matos C. Quantum dots as nanolabels for breast cancer biomarker HER2-ECD analysis in human serum. Talanta 2019; 208:120430. [PMID: 31816682 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of cancer increases the possibility for an adequate and successful treatment of the disease. Therefore, in this work, a disposable electrochemical immunosensor for the front-line detection of the ExtraCellular Domain of the Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2-ECD), a breast cancer biomarker, in a simple and efficient manner is presented. Bare screen-printed carbon electrodes were selected as the transducer onto which a sandwich immunoassay was developed. The affinity process was detected through the use of an electroactive label, core/shell CdSe@ZnS Quantum Dots, by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in a total time assay of 2 h, with an actual hands-on time of less than 30 min. The proposed immunosensor responded linearly to HER2-ECD concentration within a wide range (10-150 ng/mL), showing acceptable precision and a limit of detection (2.1 ng/mL, corresponding to a detected amount (sample volume = 40 μL) of 1.18 fmol) which is about 7 times lower than the established cut-off value (15 ng/mL). The usefulness of the developed methodology was tested through the analysis of spiked human serum samples. The reliability of the presented biosensor for the selective screening of HER2-ECD was confirmed by analysing another breast cancer biomarker (CA15-3) and several human serum proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Freitas
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta M P S Neves
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henri P A Nouws
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Politécnico do Porto, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
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Lopes P, Costa-Rama E, Beirão I, Nouws HPA, Santos-Silva A, Delerue-Matos C. Disposable electrochemical immunosensor for analysis of cystatin C, a CKD biomarker. Talanta 2019; 201:211-216. [PMID: 31122413 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Specific monitoring of cystatin C (CysC) levels in biological fluids is critical for diagnosis, treatment and mechanistic understanding of a spectrum of diseases, particularly chronic kidney disease (CKD). Despite evidences that CysC correlates with the high risk and/or progression of CKD, its use in clinical practice is still scarce. In this context, we report the development of a simple and sensitive immunosensor for the detection of CysC. The biosensor combines the technology of cost-effective screen-printed electrodes with the high specificity of a sandwich immunoassay. Optimized conditions showed that the sensor operates in a linear range between 10 and 100 ng mL-1, with a detection limit and a sensitivity of 6.0 ng mL-1 and 6.4 ± 0.3 μA ng mL-1 cm-2, respectively. Moreover, the sensor provided precise results (RSD ≤ 6.2%) and the quantification of CysC in CKD serum samples revealed to be in agreement with the values obtained by a particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay. In this light, the proposed immunosensor qualifies for clinical application, constituting a step forward in the development of fast, sensitive and cost-effective diagnostic tools that can improve the current medical care settings of CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Lopes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Estefanía Costa-Rama
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Idalina Beirão
- Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-001, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Henri P A Nouws
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-213, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina Delerue-Matos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida 431, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal.
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Eissa S, Almusharraf AY, Zourob M. A comparison of the performance of voltammetric aptasensors for glycated haemoglobin on different carbon nanomaterials-modified screen printed electrodes. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2019; 101:423-30. [PMID: 31029337 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The integration of carbon nanomaterials into electrochemical aptasensors has gained significant interest in the recent years because of their high electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and large surface area. However, no comparative study has been reported so far between different carbon nanomaterials for aptasensing applications. Here, we report, a comparative investigation of six carbon electrode materials (carbon, graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and carbon nanofiber (CNF)) on the performance of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) aptasensor prepared by physical adsorption. The aptamers were non-covalently immobilized on the six nanomaterial electrodes via π-π stacking interactions between the DNA nucleobases and the surface of the carbon material which creates a barrier to the electron transfer. However, upon binding of the target protein to the aptamer, the aptamer dissociates from the surface leading to enhancement of the electron transfer which represent the basis of the detection. The aptamer adsorption, sensors responses and selectivity of the different nanomaterials were compared showing better performance of the SWCNT-based sensor. The voltammetric SWCNT aptasensors showed high sensitivity and selectivity with detection limits of 0.13 pg/mL and 0.03 pg/mL for total haemoglobin (tHb) and HbA1c, respectively. The aptasensor showed selectivity against other proteins in the blood including cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), survival motor neuron (SMN), dedicator of cytokinesis 8 (DOCK8), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). This SWCNT aptasensor was superior to the reported detection assays for HbA1c in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and cost. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the choice of the carbon nanomaterial can have a profound impact on the biosensing performance.
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Baccarin M, Rowley-Neale SJ, Cavalheiro ÉTG, Smith GC, Banks CE. Nanodiamond based surface modified screen-printed electrodes for the simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine and uric acid. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:200. [PMID: 30796537 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The electroanalytical detection of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) in the presence of uric acid (UA) is explored for the first time using commercially procured nanodiamonds (NDs). These are electrically wired via surface modification upon screen-printed graphite macroelectrodes (SPEs). The surface coverage of the NDs on the SPEs was explored in order to optimize electroanalytical outputs to result in well-resolved signals and in low limits of detection. The (electro)analytical outputs are observed to be more sensitive than those achieved at bare (unmodified) SPEs. Such responses, previously reported in the academic literature have been reported to be electrocatalytic and have been previously attributed to the presence of surface sp2 carbon and oxygenated species on the surface of the NDs. However, XPS analysis reveals the commercial NDs to be solely composed of nonconductive sp3 carbon. The low/negligible electroconductivity of the NDs was further confirmed when ND paste electrodes were fabricated and found to exhibit no electrochemical activity. The electroanalytical enhancement, when using NDs electronically wired upon SPEs, is attributed not to the NDs themselves being electrocatalytic, as reported previously, but rather changes in mass transport where the inert NDs block the underlying electroactive SPEs and create a random array of graphite microelectrodes. The electrode was applied to simultaneous sensing of DA and UA at pH 5.5. Figures of merit include (a) low working potentials of around 0.27 and 0.35 V (vs. Ag/AgCl); and (b) detection limits of 5.7 × 10−7 and 8.9 × 10−7 M for DA and UA, respectively. The electroanalytical enhancement of screen-printed electrodes modified with inert/non-conductive nanodiamonds is due to a change in mass transfer where the inert nanodiamonds facilitate the production of a random microelectrode array. ![]()
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Mazzaracchio V, Neagu D, Porchetta A, Marcoccio E, Pomponi A, Faggioni G, D'Amore N, Notargiacomo A, Pea M, Moscone D, Palleschi G, Lista F, Arduini F. A label-free impedimetric aptasensor for the detection of Bacillus anthracis spore simulant. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 126:640-6. [PMID: 30522085 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report an impedimetric DNA-based aptamer sensor for a single-step detection of B. anthracis spore simulant (B. cereus spore). Specifically, we designed a miniaturized label-free aptasensor for B. cereus spores based on a gold screen-printed electrode functionalized with B. cereus spores-binding aptamer (BAS-6R). Several parameters were optimized to fabricate the aptasensor such as the concentration of DNA aptamer solution (0.5 µM), the time (48 h), the temperature (4 °C), and the pH (7.5) for aptamer immobilization on the working electrode surface. Once the aptasensor was developed, it was tested against B. cereus spores 14579 evaluating the effect of incubation time and MgCl2 concentration. Under the optimized conditions (incubation time equal to 3 h and absence of MgCl2), B. cereus spores 14579 were detected with a linear range between 104 CFU/ml and 5 × 106 CFU/ml and a detection limit of 3 × 103 CFU/ml. Furthermore, the study of selectivity toward B. cereus 11778, B. subtilis, Legionella pneumophila, and Salmonella Typhimurium has demonstrated the capability of this sensor to detect B. cereus spores, proving the suitability of the DNA-based sensing element combined with a portable instrument for a label-free measurement on site of B. anthracis spore simulant.
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Borisova B, Sánchez A, Soto-Rodríguez PED, Boujakhrout A, Arévalo-Villena M, Pingarrón JM, Briones-Pérez A, Parrado C, Villalonga R. Disposable amperometric immunosensor for Saccharomyces cerevisiae based on carboxylated graphene oxide-modified electrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7901-7907. [PMID: 30298193 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and disposable amperometric immunosensor for Saccharomyces cerevisiae was constructed by using carbon screen-printed electrodes modified with propionic acid-functionalized graphene oxide as transduction element. The affinity-based biosensing interface was assembled by covalent immobilization of a specific polyclonal antibody on the carboxylate-enriched electrode surface via a water-soluble carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide coupling approach. A concanavalin A-peroxidase conjugate was further used as signaling element. The immunosensor allowed the amperometric detection of the yeast in buffer solution and white wine samples in the range of 10-107 CFU/mL. This electroanalytical device also exhibited low detection limit and high selectivity, reproducibility, and storage stability. The immunosensor was successfully validated in spiked white wine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boryana Borisova
- Nanosensors and Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Sánchez
- Nanosensors and Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paul E D Soto-Rodríguez
- Nanosensors and Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Arévalo-Villena
- Regional Institute of Applied Scientific Research (RIASR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av Camilo Jose Cela S/N, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Briones-Pérez
- Regional Institute of Applied Scientific Research (RIASR), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Av Camilo Jose Cela S/N, Campus Universitario, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Concepción Parrado
- Nanosensors and Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Reynaldo Villalonga
- Nanosensors and Nanomachines Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Cerrato-Alvarez M, Bernalte E, Bernalte-García MJ, Pinilla-Gil E. Fast and direct amperometric analysis of polyphenols in beers using tyrosinase-modified screen-printed gold nanoparticles biosensors. Talanta 2018; 193:93-99. [PMID: 30368304 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work it is explored a real applicability of miniaturised and portable biosensing technology for the estimation of total phenolic content in 15 different commercial beers by applying direct amperometry. Gold nanoparticles screen-printed electrodes were thoroughly modified with tyrosinase (Tyr-AuNPS-SPCEs), which was immobilised on the surface by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. All chemical and instrumental variables involved in the electrochemical method were optimised to develop a reliable and powerful tool to estimate rapidly the content of phenolic compounds in complex beer samples. Catechol, phenol, caffeic acid and tyrosol were analysed individually using the proposed methodology and good analytical and kinetic performances were obtained. Total phenolic content in tested beers (high fermented, low fermented and non-alcoholic) were expressed as mg L-1 of tyrosol, which is one of the major phenolic compound reported in beer. Moreover, the developed amperometric methodology was successfully benchmarked against standardised Folin-Ciocalteau spectrophotometric method with a good Pearson correlation (r = 0.821, p < 0.01). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) was also applied on electrochemical results and a good capability to group tested beers based on their tyrosol concentration was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cerrato-Alvarez
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Elena Bernalte
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - María Josefa Bernalte-García
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Ecología y Ciencias de la Tierra, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Adolfo Suárez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Eduardo Pinilla-Gil
- Departamento de Química Analítica e IACYS, Universidad de Extremadura, Av. de Elvas, s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Nawaz MH, Hayat A, Catanante G, Latif U, Marty JL. Development of a portable and disposable NS1 based electrochemical immunosensor for early diagnosis of dengue virus. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1026:1-7. [PMID: 29852984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study represents fabrication of nonstructural antibody (NS1) based immunosensor coupled with bovine serum albumin (BSA) modified screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) as transducing substrate for the early diagnosis of dengue virus. The anti-NS1 monoclonal antibody was immobilized on electro grafted BSA surface of working electrode. The electrons transfer resistance before and after NS1 attachment was monitored as a function of its concentration to perform the qualitative and quantitative analysis. The as prepared impedimetric immunosensor successfully detected the dengue virus protein with enhanced limit of detection (0.3 ng/mL) and linear range (1-200 ng/mL). The selectivity of the designed device was further elaborated with several interfering analytes and was finally demonstrated with human serum samples. The extravagant selectivity, sensitivity and easier fabrication protocol corroborate the potential applications of such immunosensor for practical diagnosis of dengue virus.
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Tuteja SK, Ormsby C, Neethirajan S. Noninvasive Label-Free Detection of Cortisol and Lactate Using Graphene Embedded Screen-Printed Electrode. Nanomicro Lett 2018; 10:41. [PMID: 30393690 PMCID: PMC6199085 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-018-0193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A sensitive and specific immunosensor for the detection of the hormones cortisol and lactate in human or animal biological fluids, such as sweat and saliva, was devised using the label-free electrochemical chronoamperometric technique. By using these fluids instead of blood, the biosensor becomes noninvasive and is less stressful to the end user, who may be a small child or a farm animal. Electroreduced graphene oxide (e-RGO) was used as a synergistic platform for signal amplification and template for bioconjugation for the sensing mechanism on a screen-printed electrode. The cortisol and lactate antibodies were bioconjugated to the e-RGO using covalent carbodiimide chemistry. Label-free electrochemical chronoamperometric detection was used to analyze the response to the desired biomolecules over the wide detection range. A detection limit of 0.1 ng mL-1 for cortisol and 0.1 mM for lactate was established and a correlation between concentration and current was observed. A portable, handheld potentiostat assembled with Bluetooth communication and battery operation enables the developed system for point-of-care applications. A sandwich-like structure containing the sensing mechanisms as a prototype was designed to secure the biosensor to skin and use capillary action to draw sweat or other fluids toward the sensing mechanism. Overall, the immunosensor shows remarkable specificity, sensitivity as well as the noninvasive and point-of-care capabilities and allows the biosensor to be used as a versatile sensing platform in both developed and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Tuteja
- BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Connor Ormsby
- BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Suresh Neethirajan
- BioNano Lab, School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Ibáñez-Redín G, Wilson D, Gonçalves D, Oliveira ON Jr. Low-cost screen-printed electrodes based on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-carbon black nanocomposites for dopamine, epinephrine and paracetamol detection. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 515:101-8. [PMID: 29331776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A green approach for the preparation of carbon black (CB) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide composite (ERGO) is described based on screen printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) fabricated on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as electrochemical sensors. This approach leads to a heterogeneous hydrophilic surface with high concentration of defect sites according to scanning electron microscopy, contact angle and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The SPCE/CB-ERGO sensor was tested with dopamine (DA), epinephrine (EP) and paracetamol (PCM), exhibiting an enhanced electrocatalytic performance compared to the bare SPCE. It displayed a wider linear range, lower limit of detection and a remarkably higher analytical sensitivity, viz. 1.5, 0.13 and 0.028 A L mol-1 for DA, EP and PCM, respectively, being also capable of simultaneous determination of the three analytes. Such high performance is demonstration that SPCE/CB-ERGO may serve as generic platform for cost-effective flexible electrochemical sensors.
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Serafín V, Torrente-Rodríguez RM, González-Cortés A, García de Frutos P, Sabaté M, Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. An electrochemical immunosensor for brain natriuretic peptide prepared with screen-printed carbon electrodes nanostructured with gold nanoparticles grafted through aryl diazonium salt chemistry. Talanta 2017; 179:131-138. [PMID: 29310212 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive amperometric immunosensor has been prepared by immobilization of capture antibodies onto gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) grafted on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) through aryl diazonium salt chemistry using 4-aminothiophenol (AuNPs-S-Phe-SPCE). The immunosensor was designed for the accurate determination of clinically relevant levels of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in human serum samples. The nanostructured electrochemical platform resulted in an ordered layer of AuNPs onto SPCEs which combined the advantages of high conductivity and improved stability of immobilized biomolecules. The resulting disposable immunosensor used a sandwich type immunoassay involving a peroxidase-labeled detector antibody. The amperometric transduction was carried out at -0.20V (vs the Ag pseudo-reference electrode) upon the addition of hydroquinone (HQ) as electron transfer mediator and H2O2 as the enzyme substrate. The nanostructured immunosensors show a storage stability of at least 25 days, a linear range between 0.014 and 15ngmL-1, and a LOD of 4pgmL-1, which is 100 times lower than the established cut-off value for heart failure (HF) diagnosis. The performance of the immunosensor is advantageously compared with that provided with immunosensors prepared by grafting SPCE with p-phenylendiamine (H2N-Phe-SPCE) and attaching AuNPs by immersion into an AuNPs suspension or by electrochemical deposition, as well as with immunosensors constructed using commercial AuNPs-modified SPCEs. The developed immunosensor was applied to the successful analysis of human serum from heart failure (HF) patients upon just a 10-times dilution as sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Serafín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R M Torrente-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - A González-Cortés
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - P García de Frutos
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation IIBB-CSIC, and IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M Sabaté
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi iSunyer (IDIBAPS) and The Cardiovascular Clinic Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - S Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - P Yáñez-Sedeño
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - J M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University Complutense of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Nanoscience, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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50
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Islam MN, Masud MK, Nguyen NT, Gopalan V, Alamri HR, Alothman ZA, Hossain MSA, Yamauchi Y, Lamd AK, Shiddiky MJA. Gold-loaded nanoporous ferric oxide nanocubes for electrocatalytic detection of microRNA at attomolar level. Biosens Bioelectron 2017; 101:275-281. [PMID: 29096366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A crucial issue in microRNA (miRNA) detection is the lack of sensitive method capable of detecting the low levels of miRNA in RNA samples. Herein, we present a sensitive and specific method for the electrocatalytic detection of miR-107 using gold-loaded nanoporous superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocubes (Au-NPFe2O3NC). The target miRNA was directly adsorbed onto the gold surfaces of Au-NPFe2O3NC via gold-RNA affinity interaction. The electrocatalytic activity of Au-NPFe2O3NC was then used for the reduction of ruthenium hexaammine(III) chloride (RuHex, [Ru(NH3)6]3+) bound with target miRNA. The catalytic signal was further amplified by using the ferri/ferrocyanide [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- system. These multiple signal enhancement steps enable our assay to achieve the detection limit of 100aM which is several orders of magnitudes better than most of the conventional miRNA sensors. The method was also successfully applied to detect miR-107 from cancer cell lines and a panel of tissue samples derived from patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma with excellent reproducibility (% RSD = < 5%, for n = 3) and high specificity. The analytical accuracy of the method was validated with a standard RT-qPCR method. We believe that our method has the high translational potential for screening miRNAs in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nazmul Islam
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia; Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Vinod Gopalan
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Laboratory in School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hatem R Alamri
- Physics Department, Jamoum University College, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A Alothman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair, Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Shahriar Al Hossain
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia; International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 NamikiTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM), University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Innovation Campus, North Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia; International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 NamikiTsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Alfred K Lamd
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Laboratory in School of Medicine, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Muhammad J A Shiddiky
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia; Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, QLD 4111, Australia.
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