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Yang SW, Xie Y, Liu JZ, Zhang D, Huang J, Liang P. A novel method for quantitative determination of multiple substances using Raman spectroscopy combined with CWT. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124427. [PMID: 38754205 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The identification of mixed solutions is a challenging and important subject in chemical analysis. In this paper, we propose a novel workflow that enables rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of mixed solutions. We use a methanol-ethanol mixed solution as an example to demonstrate the superiority of this workflow. The workflow includes the following steps: (1) converting Raman spectra into Raman images through CWT; (2) using MobileNetV3 as the backbone network, improved multi-label and multi-channel synchronization enables simultaneous prediction of multiple mixture concentrations; and (3) using transfer learning and multi-stage training strategies for training to achieve accurate quantitative analysis. We compare six traditional machine learning algorithms and two deep learning models to evaluate the performance of our new method. The experimental results show that our model has achieved good prediction results when predicting the concentration of methanol and ethanol, and the coefficient of determination R2 is greater than 0.999. At different concentrations, both MAPE and RSD outperform other models, which demonstrates that our workflow has outstanding analytical capabilities. Importantly, we have solved the problem that current quantitative analysis algorithms for Raman spectroscopy are almost unable to accurately predict the concentration of multiple substances simultaneously. In conclusion, it is foreseeable that this non-destructive, automated, and highly accurate workflow can further advance Raman spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Wei Yang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Liu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - De Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Averkiev A, Rodriguez RD, Fatkullin M, Lipovka A, Yang B, Jia X, Kanoun O, Sheremet E. Towards solving the reproducibility crisis in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based pesticide detection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173262. [PMID: 38768719 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Growing concerns about pesticide residues in agriculture are pushing the scientific community to develop innovative and efficient methods for detecting these substances at low concentrations down to the molecular level. In this context, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical method that has so far already undergone some validation for its effectiveness in pesticide detection. However, despite its great potential, SERS faces significant difficulties obtaining reproducible and accurate pesticide spectra, particularly for some of the most widely used pesticides, such as malathion, chlorpyrifos, and imidacloprid. Those inconsistencies can be attributed to several factors, such as interactions between pesticides and SERS substrates and the variety of substrates and solvents used. In addition, differences in the equipment used to obtain SERS spectra and the lack of standards for control experiments further complicate the reproducibility and reliability of SERS data. This review systematically discusses the problems mentioned above, including a comprehensive analysis of the challenges in precisely evaluating SERS spectra for pesticide detection. We not only point out the existing limitations of the method, which can be traced in previous review works, but also offer practical recommendations to improve the quality and comparability of SERS spectra, thereby expanding the potential applications of the method in such an essential field as pesticide detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Lipovka
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina ave. 30, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Bin Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China.
| | - Olfa Kanoun
- Professorship of Measurement and Sensor Technology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
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3
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Gao J, Zhang T, Fang Y, Zhao Y, Yang M, Zhao L, Li Y, Huang J, Zhu G, Guo Y. On-site rapid detection of multiple pesticide residues in tea leaves by lateral flow immunoassay. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:276-283. [PMID: 38464789 PMCID: PMC10921326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of pesticides (mostly insecticides and fungicides) during the tea-planting process will undoubtedly increase the dietary risk associated with drinking tea. Thus, it is necessary to ascertain whether pesticide residues in tea products exceed the maximum residue limits. However, the complex matrices present in tea samples comprise a major challenge in the analytical detection of pesticide residues. In this study, nine types of lateral flow immunochromatographic strips (LFICSs) were developed to detect the pesticides of interest (fenpropathrin, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and iprodione). To reduce the interference of tea substrates on the assay sensitivity, the pretreatment conditions for tea samples, including the extraction solvent, extraction time, and purification agent, were optimized for the simultaneous detection of these pesticides. The entire testing procedure (including pretreatment and detection) could be completed within 30 min. The detected results of authentic tea samples were confirmed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), which suggest that the LFICS coupled with sample rapid pretreatment can be used for on-site rapid screening of the target pesticide in tea products prior to their market release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Gao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yihua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center, Shanghai, 201103, China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Jun Huang
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 311200, China
| | - Guonian Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yirong Guo
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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Tang T, Luo Q, Yang L, Gao C, Ling C, Wu W. Research Review on Quality Detection of Fresh Tea Leaves Based on Spectral Technology. Foods 2023; 13:25. [PMID: 38201054 PMCID: PMC10778318 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the raw material for tea making, the quality of tea leaves directly affects the quality of finished tea. The quality of fresh tea leaves is mainly assessed by manual judgment or physical and chemical testing of the content of internal components. Physical and chemical methods are more mature, and the test results are more accurate and objective, but traditional chemical methods for measuring the biochemical indexes of tea leaves are time-consuming, labor-costly, complicated, and destructive. With the rapid development of imaging and spectroscopic technology, spectroscopic technology as an emerging technology has been widely used in rapid non-destructive testing of the quality and safety of agricultural products. Due to the existence of spectral information with a low signal-to-noise ratio, high information redundancy, and strong autocorrelation, scholars have conducted a series of studies on spectral data preprocessing. The correlation between spectral data and target data is improved by smoothing noise reduction, correction, extraction of feature bands, and so on, to construct a stable, highly accurate estimation or discrimination model with strong generalization ability. There have been more research papers published on spectroscopic techniques to detect the quality of tea fresh leaves. This study summarizes the principles, analytical methods, and applications of Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the nondestructive testing of the quality and safety of fresh tea leaves for the purpose of tracking the latest research advances at home and abroad. At the same time, the principles and applications of other spectroscopic techniques including Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), Raman spectroscopy (RS), and other spectroscopic techniques for non-destructive testing of quality and safety of fresh tea leaves are also briefly introduced. Finally, in terms of technical obstacles and practical applications, the challenges and development trends of spectral analysis technology in the nondestructive assessment of tea leaf quality are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Tang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.T.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Qing Luo
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.T.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.T.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Changlun Gao
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.T.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.); (C.G.)
| | - Caijin Ling
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weibin Wu
- College of Engineering, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (T.T.); (Q.L.); (L.Y.); (C.G.)
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Zhang D, Wu Z, Cao M, Ni D, Yu Z, Liang P. A facile heat-treatment solid phase microextraction method for SERS detection of isocarbophos in tea using a hand-held Raman spectrometer. Food Chem 2023; 424:136397. [PMID: 37247599 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A facile sensor system based on heat-treatment solid phase microextraction and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (HT-SPME-SERS) was established for in-situ detection of isocarbophos in complex tea matrix. Starting from the action optimization of temperature control unit and air flow control unit, pesticide molecules volatilizing from solution are efficiently captured by substrate and generate real-time SERS signals by a hand-held Raman spectrometer, and the sensor system based on HT-SPME-SERS was finally established. A novel SERS substrate of Cu@rGO@Ag was developed as HT-SPME-SERS material, where reduced graphene oxide (rGO) enriched pesticide molecules by π-π stacking. A superior detection sensitivity brought by the ultra-high enhancement effect of Cu@rGO@Ag substrate was obtained. A good linear relationship between Raman intensity and isocarbophos concentration was obtained and the limit of detection (LOD) was as low as 0.00451 ppm. The detection results obtained from the sensor system have been verified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), showing its great application potential for the safety of agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoqun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Minhui Cao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| | - Dejiang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| | - Zhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China.
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Joshi R, Adhikari S, Pil Son J, Jang Y, Lee D, Cho BK. Au nanogap SERS substrate for the carbaryl pesticide determination in juice and milk using chemomterics. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 297:122734. [PMID: 37080052 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Conventional spectroscopic methods like IR, and Raman are not very effective at detecting low levels of pesticides or harmful chemicals in food matrices. A quick, highly accurate approach that can identify pesticides present in different food products at lower levels must be developed in order to address this problem and ensure food safety. In this study, a highly sensitive and uniform wafer-scale Au nanogap surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate was used for the quantitative analysis of carbaryl pesticide levels in standard solution, mango juice, and milk samples using chemometrics. Carbaryl was detected up to 3 ppb concentration levels for all three group of samples. However, due to the higher sensitivity, uniformity, and enhancement factors of the SERS substrate used in this investigation, the limit of detection (LOD) values for the standard solution, mango juice, and milk were 0.37 ppb, 0.57 ppb, and 0.15 ppb at 1380 cm-1, 1380 cm-1, and 1364 cm-1 wavenumber ranges. In order to predict different carbaryl concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 ppb), the variable importance in projection (VIP) method combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) and attained the coefficient of determination (R2) values of 0.994, 0.989, and 0.978 along with minimum root mean square error (RMSE) values of 0.112, 0.190, and 0.278 ppb for the prediction datasets. Furthermore, PLS-DA was able to distinguish between pure and adulterated samples with the highest classification accuracy of 100 % for a standard solution, and mango juice and 94.4 % for milk samples. Considering this, we can conclude that the SERS Au Nanogap substrate can rapidly and effectively detect carbaryl pesticides quantitatively and qualitatively in mango juice and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Joshi
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-to, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Samir Adhikari
- Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Son
- Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yudong Jang
- Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghan Lee
- Institute of Quantum Systems, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Physics, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Kwan Cho
- Department of Biosystems Machinery Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-to, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Smart Agricultural Systems, College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-to, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Sradha S A, George L, P K, Varghese A. Recent advances in electrochemical and optical sensing of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos: a review. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:431-448. [PMID: 36178423 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2122770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is one of the most popular organophosphorus pesticides that is commonly used in agricultural and nonagricultural environments to combat pests. However, several concerns regarding contamination due to the unmitigated use of chlorpyrifos have come up over recent years. This has popularized research on various techniques for chlorpyrifos detection. Since conventional methods do not enable smooth detection, the recent trends of chlorpyrifos detection have shifted toward electrochemical and optical sensing techniques that offer higher sensitivity and selectivity. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of some of the important and innovative contributions in the field of electrochemical and optical sensing of chlorpyrifos with a primary focus on the comparative advantages and shortcomings of these techniques. This review paper will help to offer better perspectives for research in organophosphorus pesticide detection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Sradha S
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
| | - Louis George
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
| | - Keerthana P
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, India
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8
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Wang L, Ma P, Chen H, Chang M, Lu P, Chen N, Yuan Y, Chen N, Zhang X. Rapid Determination of Mixed Pesticide Residues on Apple Surfaces by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Foods 2022; 11:foods11081089. [PMID: 35454676 PMCID: PMC9031303 DOI: 10.3390/foods11081089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are insecticides and herbicides which has been widely used on farms. However, CPF and 2,4-D residues on corps can bring high risks to human health. Accurate detection of pesticide residues is important for controlling health risks caused by CPF and 2,4-D. Therefore, we developed a fast, sensitive, economical, and lossless surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS)-based method for pesticide detection. It can rapidly and simultaneously determine the CPF and 2,4-D mixed pesticide residues on an apple surface at a minimum of 0.001 mg L−1 concentration, which is far below the pesticide residue standard in China and the EU. The limits of detection reach down to 1.28 × 10−9 mol L−1 for CPF and 2.47 × 10−10 mol L−1 for 2,4-D. The limits of quantification are 4.27 × 10−9 mol L−1 and 8.23 × 10−10 mol L−1 for CPF and 2,4-D. This method has a great potential for the accurate detection of pesticide residues, and may be applied to other fields of agricultural products and food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Min Chang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yanbing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Nan Chen
- School of Electrical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China; (L.W.); (P.M.); (H.C.); (M.C.); (P.L.); (N.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Correspondence:
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Study on the Absorption and Conduction Properties of Vanisulfane in Tobacco. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6249042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to explore the systemic properties of vanisulfane in tobacco plant and to provide a reference for the rational use of vanisulfane in the field. After the tobacco plants were treated by hydroponics and foliar spraying, the contents of vanisulfane in root and stem leaf were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS), and the position of vanisulfane in root and stem leaf was real-time observed through fluorescence two-photon confocal microscope. UPLC-HRMS results showed that the contents of vanisulfane in root and stem leaf gradually increased with the extension of processing time, and after 12 h treatment, the contents of vanisulfane in root and stem leaf reached the maximum levels of 31.95 and 0.215 mg/kg, respectively. In addition, fluorescence two-photon confocal microscope results showed that vanisulfane could observe in the root and stem leaf. These results showed that vanisulfane had excellent upward and downward of systemic in tobacco plants, which is helpful to guide a reference for the rational use of vanisulfane in the field.
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10
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Chen W, Li C, Yu Z, Song Y, Zhang X, Ni D, Zhang D, Liang P. Optimum synthesis of cactus-inspired SERS substrate with high roughness for paraquat detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120703. [PMID: 34896679 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat is a highly effective herbicide and widely used in agricultural production. However, paraquat residue is harmful for human health and can cause irreversible hazard. Thus, it is crucial for monitoring of paraquat residues. In this paper, an efficient SERS platform based on cactus-inspired nanoparticles is proposed for sensitive detection of paraquat. The cactus-liked nanoparticles obtained from one-pot stepwise reduction method possess multiple spiny structures and can produce abundant hot spots, resulting in remarkable SERS performance. SEM, TEM, UV-vis and Raman tests were conducted to characterize and optimize the morphology of cactus-liked nanoparticles under different preparation conditions. The synthesis mechanism and corresponding parameters influence mechanism of cactus-liked nanoparticles were explored in detail. Optimized substrate exhibited a high sensitivity with the detectable concentration of crystal violet (CV) down to 10-9 M and an excellent reproducibility proved by SERS mapping. Furthermore, it behaved good linear relationship with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 96.89% between Raman intensities and concentrations of paraquat, which indicates the SERS substrate prepared with cactus-liked nanoparticles could offer a great potential for identification of paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chen
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, 330203 Nanchang, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Song
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Xiubing Zhang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - De Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, 430070 Wuhan, China.
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China.
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11
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Yang S, Xie Y, Liu J, Zhao S, Jin S, Zhang D, Chen Q, Huang J, Liang P. Raman spectral classification algorithm of cephalosporin based on VGGNeXt. Analyst 2022; 147:5486-5494. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01355j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The classification algorithm VGGNeXt of cephalosporin Raman spectrum is proposed. The low resolution spectrum of portable Raman spectrometer is predicted by using the high resolution spectrum training of benchtop Raman spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Yang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhen Liu
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangzhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - De Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jie Huang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Wu Y, An Q, Li D, Kang L, Zhou C, Zhang J, Pan C. Multi-residue analytical method development and risk assessment of 56 pesticides and their metabolites in tea by chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. Food Chem 2021; 375:131819. [PMID: 34920310 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A modified QuEChERS method coupled to chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy was established and used to identify 56 pesticides and 21 metabolites residues in tea samples. The average recoveries for the target compounds ranged from 71% to 109% with RSDs of 1-17%. Pesticides and metabolites residues in 248 tea samples from China were investigated by the developed method, and the dietary intake risk for consumers was estimated. The results showed that 36 pesticides and 14 metabolites were detected with concentrations of 0.0050-7.7 mg/kg. There are unlikely to present a public health concern for Chinese consumers. The acute risk of pesticides would be exaggerated when calculated by the residue level in tea instead of tea infusion. The unauthorized and banned pesticide contributed to the chronic and acute hazard index by 68% and 36%, respectively. The cumulative risk of residual pesticides and their metabolites on human health deserve further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangliu Wu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Quanshun An
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dong Li
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Kang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi 830091, China
| | - Chunran Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingbang Zhang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Canping Pan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Wu H, Xu X, Liu L, Xu L, Kuang H, Xu C. Gold-based immunochromatographic assay strip for the detection of quinclorac in foods. Analyst 2021; 146:6831-6839. [PMID: 34723310 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01748a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a highly specific and sensitive monoclonal antibody (mAb) against quinclorac (Qui) was prepared. Based on the selected mAb, 2G3, an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) and an immunochromatographic strip assay were established for the detection of Qui in actual samples. The 50%-inhibitory concentration of mAb 2G3 against Qui was 48.763 ng mL-1. No cross-reaction with other quinolines indicated that mAb 2G3 had high specificity. The recovery of the established ic-ELISA method was in the range of 85.6% to 98.9%. The cut-off value of Qui in cucumber and tomato by immunochromatographic strip was 200 ng g-1. The analysis results of ic-ELISA and immunochromatographic strip assay were consistent with the results of LC-MS/MS, which further proved that the established ic-ELISA and immunochromatographic strip assay could provide valuable tools for the rapid detection of Qui residues in cucumber and tomato samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
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14
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Zhang D, Liang P, Chen W, Tang Z, Li C, Xiao K, Jin S, Ni D, Yu Z. Rapid field trace detection of pesticide residue in food based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:370. [PMID: 34622367 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy is an alternative detection tool for monitoring food security. However, there is still a lack of a conclusion of SERS detection with respect to pesticides and real sample analysis, and the summary of intelligent algorithms in SERS is also a blank. In this review, a comprehensive report of pesticides detection using SERS technology is given. The SERS detection characteristics of different types of pesticides and the influence of substrate on inspection are discussed and compared by the typical ways of classification. The key points, including the progress in real sample analysis and Raman data processing methods with intelligent algorithm, are highlighted. Lastly, major challenges and future research trends of SERS analysis of pesticide residue are also addressed. SERS has been proven to be a powerful technique for rapid test of residue pesticides in complex food matrices, but there still is a tremendous development space for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Zhang
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhexiang Tang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangxi Sericulture and Tea Research Institute, Nanchang, 330203, China
| | - Kunyue Xiao
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shangzhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Dejiang Ni
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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15
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Wang J, Chen Q, Belwal T, Lin X, Luo Z. Insights into chemometric algorithms for quality attributes and hazards detection in foodstuffs using Raman/surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2476-2507. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang People's Republic of China
| | - Tarun Belwal
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Lin
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zisheng Luo
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Key Laboratory of Agro‐Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agri‐Food Processing, National‐Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment Zhejiang University Hangzhou People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Research Institute Zhejiang University Ningbo People's Republic of China
- Fuli Institute of Food Science Hangzhou People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhang D, Tang L, Chen J, Tang Z, Liang P, Huang Y, Cao M, Zou M, Ni D, Chen J, Yu Z, Jin S. Controllable Self-Assembly of SERS Hotspots in Liquid Environment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:939-948. [PMID: 33397111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Controllable synthesis of novel metal nanoparticles and effective capture of hotspots are of great significance for SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) detection. Therefore, in this paper, a green controllable synthesis method of gold nanoparticle was achieved via epigallocatechin gallate reduction. Different morphologies of gold nanoparticles were synthesized just by changing the solution pH values, and the growth kinetics of AuNPs (gold nanoparticles) were systematically studied. The synthetic AuNPs were put in a droplet to study dynamic variations of self-assembly SERS hotspots from the liquid sol state to the solid dry state. The addition of halogen ions in the droplet can controllably regulate the self-assembly three-dimensional hotspot model of gold nanoparticles in the evaporation process of a droplet, during which the most enhancement effect can be easily captured. The dynamically changing images of nanoparticles in the process were graphically described based on the internal interaction forces of a droplet. Two stronger areas in the changes of SERS intensity were achieved with a high concentration of halogen ions, while only one maximum intensity area was obtained with a low concentration of halogen ions added. This method can effectively avoid complex and unpredictable microenvironments of SERS substrates in the liquid drop, further improving the reproducibility of SERS detection as well as broadening it to biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Zhang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisha Tang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Zhexiang Tang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Liang
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Mingqiang Zou
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), No. A 3, Gaobeidian Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100123, China
- China Inspection Laboratory Technologies Co. Ltd. (CILT), No. A 3, Gaobeidian Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100123, China
| | | | | | | | - Shangzhong Jin
- College of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
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17
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Mi S, Ji L, Yu H, Guo Y, Cheng Y, Yang F, Yao W, Xie Y. Zero-Background Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection of Cymoxanil Based on the Change of the Cyano Group after Ultraviolet Irradiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:520-527. [PMID: 33356226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A zero-background method based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed for the rapid determination of cymoxanil residue in food. Because of the influence of complex matrices, conventional Raman spectroscopy has multiple peaks that overlap with those of target molecules, which makes qualitative and quantitative detection difficult. However, the cyano group (C≡N) of cymoxanil after ultraviolet irradiation has a special characteristic peak in the Raman-silent region (1800-2800 cm-1), which eliminates the possible background interference. The intensity of the characteristic peak at 2130 cm-1 exhibited a good linear relationship (R2 = 0.9907) with the concentration of cymoxanil in the range of 1.0-50.0 mg/L, whose limit of detection was 0.5 mg/L. The novel method was also applied to the detection of cymoxanil residue in real samples such as cucumber and grape, and the results were in good agreement with those from high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. This revealed that the SERS method has great potential in the detection of cymoxanil in fruits and vegetables. Moreover, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was adopted to identify the photoproducts of cymoxanil. The photolysis mechanism was explored by SERS and the UPLC-QTOF/MS technique, which provided basic information on photodegradation of cymoxanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Lijun Ji
- Suzhou Institute of Production Quality Supervision and Inspection, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215128, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
| | - Fangwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Weirong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
| | - Yunfei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214122, China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266109, China
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