1
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Mitra S, Saran RK, Srivastava S, Rensing C. Pesticides in the environment: Degradation routes, pesticide transformation products and ecotoxicological considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 935:173026. [PMID: 38750741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Among rising environmental concerns, emerging contaminants constitute a variety of different chemicals and biological agents. The composition, residence time in environmental media, chemical interactions, and toxicity of emerging contaminants are not fully known, and hence, their regulation becomes problematic. Some of the important groups of emerging contaminants are pesticides and pesticide transformation products (PTPs), which present a considerable obstacle to maintaining and preserving ecosystem health. This review article aims to thoroughly comprehend the occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicological importance of pesticide transformation products (PTPs). The paper provides an overview of pesticides and PTPs as contaminants of emerging concern and discusses the modes of degradation of pesticides, their properties and associated risks. The degradation of pesticides, however, does not lead to complete destruction but can instead lead to the generation of PTPs. The review discusses the properties and toxicity of PTPs and presents the methods available for their detection. Moreover, the present study examines the existing regulatory framework and suggests the need for the development of new technologies for easy, routine detection of PTPs to regulate them effectively in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Mitra
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata 741245, WB, India
| | - R K Saran
- Department of Microbiology, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sudhakar Srivastava
- Plant Stress Biology Laboratory, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, UP, India.
| | - Christopher Rensing
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, College of Resource and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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2
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Akay C, Ulrich N, Rocha U, Ding C, Adrian L. Sequential Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment Enhances Sulfamethoxazole Removal: From Batch Cultures to Observations in a Large-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12609-12620. [PMID: 38973247 PMCID: PMC11256761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) passes through conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) mainly unaltered. Under anoxic conditions sulfate-reducing bacteria can transform SMX but the fate of the transformation products (TPs) and their prevalence in WWTPs remain unknown. Here, we report the anaerobic formation and aerobic degradation of SMX TPs. SMX biotransformation was observed in nitrate- and sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures. We identified 10 SMX TPs predominantly showing alterations in the heterocyclic and N4-arylamine moieties. Abiotic oxic incubation of sulfate-reducing culture filtrates led to further degradation of the major anaerobic SMX TPs. Upon reinoculation under oxic conditions, all anaerobically formed TPs, including the secondary TPs, were degraded. In samples collected at different stages of a full-scale municipal WWTP, anaerobically formed SMX TPs were detected at high concentrations in the primary clarifier and digested sludge units, where anoxic conditions were prevalent. Contrarily, their concentrations were lower in oxic zones like the biological treatment and final effluent. Our results suggest that anaerobically formed TPs were eliminated in the aerobic treatment stages, consistent with our observations in batch biotransformation experiments. More generally, our findings highlight the significance of varying redox states determining the fate of SMX and its TPs in engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Akay
- Department
Molecular Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadin Ulrich
- Department
Exposure Science, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Ulisses Rocha
- Department
Applied Microbial Ecology, Helmholtz Centre
for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Chang Ding
- Department
Molecular Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lorenz Adrian
- Department
Molecular Environmental Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Environmental Research − UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Chair
of Geobiotechnology, Technische Universität
Berlin, Ackerstraße
76, Berlin 13355, Germany
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3
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Meyer C, Stravs MA, Hollender J. How Wastewater Reflects Human Metabolism─Suspect Screening of Pharmaceutical Metabolites in Wastewater Influent. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9828-9839. [PMID: 38785362 PMCID: PMC11154963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and their human metabolites are contaminants of emerging concern in the aquatic environment. Most monitoring studies focus on a limited set of parent compounds and even fewer metabolites. However, more than 50% of the most consumed pharmaceuticals are excreted in higher amounts as metabolites than as parents, as confirmed by a literature analysis within this study. Hence, we applied a wide-scope suspect screening approach to identify human pharmaceutical metabolites in wastewater influent from three Swiss treatment plants. Based on consumption amounts and human metabolism data, a suspect list comprising 268 parent compounds and over 1500 metabolites was compiled. Online solid phase extraction combined with liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the samples. Data processing, annotation, and structure elucidation were achieved with various tools, including molecular networking as well as SIRIUS/CSI:FingerID and MetFrag for MS2 spectra rationalization. We confirmed 37 metabolites with reference standards and 16 by human liver S9 incubation experiments. More than 25 metabolites were detected for the first time in influent wastewater. Semiquantification with MS2Quant showed that metabolite to parent concentration ratios were generally lower compared to literature expectations, probably due to further metabolite transformation in the sewer system or limitations in the metabolite detection. Nonetheless, metabolites pose a large fraction to the total pharmaceutical contribution in wastewater, highlighting the need for metabolite inclusion in chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Meyer
- Eawag:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse
16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael A. Stravs
- Eawag:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag:
Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, Universitaetstrasse
16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Tkalec Ž, Antignac JP, Bandow N, Béen FM, Belova L, Bessems J, Le Bizec B, Brack W, Cano-Sancho G, Chaker J, Covaci A, Creusot N, David A, Debrauwer L, Dervilly G, Duca RC, Fessard V, Grimalt JO, Guerin T, Habchi B, Hecht H, Hollender J, Jamin EL, Klánová J, Kosjek T, Krauss M, Lamoree M, Lavison-Bompard G, Meijer J, Moeller R, Mol H, Mompelat S, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Oberacher H, Parinet J, Van Poucke C, Roškar R, Togola A, Trontelj J, Price EJ. Innovative analytical methodologies for characterizing chemical exposure with a view to next-generation risk assessment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108585. [PMID: 38521044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The chemical burden on the environment and human population is increasing. Consequently, regulatory risk assessment must keep pace to manage, reduce, and prevent adverse impacts on human and environmental health associated with hazardous chemicals. Surveillance of chemicals of known, emerging, or potential future concern, entering the environment-food-human continuum is needed to document the reality of risks posed by chemicals on ecosystem and human health from a one health perspective, feed into early warning systems and support public policies for exposure mitigation provisions and safe and sustainable by design strategies. The use of less-conventional sampling strategies and integration of full-scan, high-resolution mass spectrometry and effect-directed analysis in environmental and human monitoring programmes have the potential to enhance the screening and identification of a wider range of chemicals of known, emerging or potential future concern. Here, we outline the key needs and recommendations identified within the European Partnership for Assessment of Risks from Chemicals (PARC) project for leveraging these innovative methodologies to support the development of next-generation chemical risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Tkalec
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic; Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | | | - Nicole Bandow
- German Environment Agency, Laboratory for Water Analysis, Colditzstraße 34, 12099 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frederic M Béen
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Chemistry for Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; KWR Water Research Institute, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Lidia Belova
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Jos Bessems
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium.
| | | | - Werner Brack
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | | | - Jade Chaker
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Creusot
- INRAE, French National Research Institute For Agriculture, Food & Environment, UR1454 EABX, Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHub, Gazinet Cestas, France.
| | - Arthur David
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France.
| | - Laurent Debrauwer
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Radu Corneliu Duca
- Unit Environmental Hygiene and Human Biological Monitoring, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), 1 Rue Louis Rech, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg; Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Valérie Fessard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 35306 Fougères, France.
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Thierry Guerin
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Strategy and Programs Department, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Baninia Habchi
- INRS, Département Toxicologie et Biométrologie Laboratoire Biométrologie 1, rue du Morvan - CS 60027 - 54519, Vandoeuvre Cedex, France.
| | - Helge Hecht
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology - Eawag, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Emilien L Jamin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE UMR 1331, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Paul Sabatier University (UPS), Toulouse, France.
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Martin Krauss
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH - UFZ, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Marja Lamoree
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Chemistry for Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gwenaelle Lavison-Bompard
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Section Chemistry for Environment and Health, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ruth Moeller
- Unit Medical Expertise and Data Intelligence, Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), 1 Rue Louis Rech, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research - Part of Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Mompelat
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory of Fougères, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, 35306 Fougères, France.
| | - An Van Nieuwenhuyse
- Environment and Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Protection, Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), 1 Rue Louis Rech, L-3555 Dudelange, Luxembourg.
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Insbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julien Parinet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Laboratory for Food Safety, Pesticides and Marine Biotoxins Unit, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Christof Van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries And Food (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium.
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Slovenia.
| | - Anne Togola
- BRGM, 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060 Orléans, France.
| | | | - Elliott J Price
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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5
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Vosough M, Schmidt TC, Renner G. Non-target screening in water analysis: recent trends of data evaluation, quality assurance, and their future perspectives. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:2125-2136. [PMID: 38300263 PMCID: PMC10951028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
This trend article provides an overview of recent advancements in Non-Target Screening (NTS) for water quality assessment, focusing on new methods in data evaluation, qualification, quantification, and quality assurance (QA/QC). It highlights the evolution in NTS data processing, where open-source platforms address challenges in result comparability and data complexity. Advanced chemometrics and machine learning (ML) are pivotal for trend identification and correlation analysis, with a growing emphasis on automated workflows and robust classification models. The article also discusses the rigorous QA/QC measures essential in NTS, such as internal standards, batch effect monitoring, and matrix effect assessment. It examines the progress in quantitative NTS (qNTS), noting advancements in ionization efficiency-based quantification and predictive modeling despite challenges in sample variability and analytical standards. Selected studies illustrate NTS's role in water analysis, combining high-resolution mass spectrometry with chromatographic techniques for enhanced chemical exposure assessment. The article addresses chemical identification and prioritization challenges, highlighting the integration of database searches and computational tools for efficiency. Finally, the article outlines the future research needs in NTS, including establishing comprehensive guidelines, improving QA/QC measures, and reporting results. It underscores the potential to integrate multivariate chemometrics, AI/ML tools, and multi-way methods into NTS workflows and combine various data sources to understand ecosystem health and protection comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Vosough
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Department of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, P.O. Box 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstr. 26, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45476, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Gerrit Renner
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 2, Essen, 45141, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.
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6
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Castaño-Ortiz JM, Gago-Ferrero P, Barceló D, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Gil-Solsona R. HRMS-based suspect screening of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products in multiple environmental compartments: An alternative to target analysis? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:132974. [PMID: 38218030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The comprehensive monitoring of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the environment is challenging given the myriad of substances continuously discharged, the increasing number of new compounds being produced (and released), or the variety of the associated human metabolites and transformation products (TPs). Approaches such as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS)-based suspect analysis have emerged to overcome the drawbacks of classical target analytical methods, e.g., restricted chemical coverage. In this study, we assess the readiness of HRMS-based suspect screening to replace or rather complement target methodologies by comparing the performance of both approaches in terms of i) detection of PhACs in various environmental samples (water, sediments, biofilm, fish plasma, muscle and liver) in a field study; ii) PhACs (semi)quantification and iii) prediction of their environmental risks. Our findings revealed that target strategies alone significantly underestimate the variety of PhACs potentially impacting the environment. However, relying solely on suspect strategies can misjudge the presence and risk of low-level but potentially risky PhACs. Additionally, semiquantitative approaches, despite slightly overestimating concentrations, can provide a realistic overview of PhACs concentrations. Hence, it is recommended to adopt a combined strategy that first evaluates suspected threats and subsequently includes the relevant ones in the established target methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Castaño-Ortiz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gago-Ferrero
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain.
| | - Ruben Gil-Solsona
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), C/ Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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7
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Johnson TA, Abrahamsson DP. Quantification of chemicals in non-targeted analysis without analytical standards - Understanding the mechanism of electrospray ionization and making predictions. CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & HEALTH 2024; 37:100529. [PMID: 38312491 PMCID: PMC10836048 DOI: 10.1016/j.coesh.2023.100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The constant creation and release of new chemicals to the environment is forming an ever-widening gap between available analytical standards and known chemicals. Developing non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods that have the ability to detect a broad spectrum of compounds is critical for research and analysis of emerging contaminants. There is a need to develop methods that make it possible to identify compound structures from their MS and MS/MS information and quantify them without analytical standards. Method refinements that utilize machine learning algorithms and chemical descriptors to estimate the instrument response of particular compounds have made progress in recent years. This narrative review seeks to summarize the current state of the field of non-targeted analysis (NTA) toward quantification of unknowns without the use of analytical standards. Despite the limited accumulation of validation studies on real samples, the ongoing enhancement in data processing and refinement of machine learning tools could lead to more comprehensive chemical coverage of NTA and validated quantitative NTA methods, thus boosting confidence in their usage and enhancing the utility of quantitative NTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Johnson
- Division of Environmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University
| | - Dimitri P Abrahamsson
- Division of Environmental Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University
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8
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Sepman H, Malm L, Peets P, MacLeod M, Martin J, Breitholtz M, Kruve A. Bypassing the Identification: MS2Quant for Concentration Estimations of Chemicals Detected with Nontarget LC-HRMS from MS 2 Data. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12329-12338. [PMID: 37548594 PMCID: PMC10448440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget analysis by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) is now widely used to detect pollutants in the environment. Shifting away from targeted methods has led to detection of previously unseen chemicals, and assessing the risk posed by these newly detected chemicals is an important challenge. Assessing exposure and toxicity of chemicals detected with nontarget HRMS is highly dependent on the knowledge of the structure of the chemical. However, the majority of features detected in nontarget screening remain unidentified and therefore the risk assessment with conventional tools is hampered. Here, we developed MS2Quant, a machine learning model that enables prediction of concentration from fragmentation (MS2) spectra of detected, but unidentified chemicals. MS2Quant is an xgbTree algorithm-based regression model developed using ionization efficiency data for 1191 unique chemicals that spans 8 orders of magnitude. The ionization efficiency values are predicted from structural fingerprints that can be computed from the SMILES notation of the identified chemicals or from MS2 spectra of unidentified chemicals using SIRIUS+CSI:FingerID software. The root mean square errors of the training and test sets were 0.55 (3.5×) and 0.80 (6.3×) log-units, respectively. In comparison, ionization efficiency prediction approaches that depend on assigning an unequivocal structure typically yield errors from 2× to 6×. The MS2Quant quantification model was validated on a set of 39 environmental pollutants and resulted in a mean prediction error of 7.4×, a geometric mean of 4.5×, and a median of 4.0×. For comparison, a model based on PaDEL descriptors that depends on unequivocal structural assignment was developed using the same dataset. The latter approach yielded a comparable mean prediction error of 9.5×, a geometric mean of 5.6×, and a median of 5.2× on the validation set chemicals when the top structural assignment was used as input. This confirms that MS2Quant enables to extract exposure information for unidentified chemicals which, although detected, have thus far been disregarded due to lack of accurate tools for quantification. The MS2Quant model is available as an R-package in GitHub for improving discovery and monitoring of potentially hazardous environmental pollutants with nontarget screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sepman
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Louise Malm
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilleriin Peets
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew MacLeod
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Martin
- Science
for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Breitholtz
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106
91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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9
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Bieber S, Letzel T, Kruve A. Electrospray Ionization Efficiency Predictions and Analytical Standard Free Quantification for SFC/ESI/HRMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023. [PMID: 37358930 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a promising, sustainable, and complementary alternative to liquid chromatography (LC) and has often been coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for nontarget screening (NTS). Recent developments in predicting the ionization efficiency for LC/ESI/HRMS have enabled quantification of chemicals detected in NTS even if the analytical standards of the detected and tentatively identified chemicals are unavailable. This poses the question of whether analytical standard free quantification can also be applied in SFC/ES/HRMS. We evaluate both the possibility to transfer an ionization efficiency predictions model, previously trained on LC/ESI/HRMS data, to SFC/ESI/HRMS as well as training a new predictive model on SFC/ESI/HRMS data for 127 chemicals. The response factors of these chemicals ranged over 4 orders of magnitude in spite of a postcolumn makeup flow, expectedly enhancing the ionization of the analytes. The ionization efficiency values were predicted based on a random forest regression model from PaDEL descriptors and predicted values showed statistically significant correlation with the measured response factors (p < 0.05) with Spearman's rho of 0.584 and 0.669 for SFC and LC data, respectively. Moreover, the most significant descriptors showed similarities independent of the chromatography used for collecting the training data. We also investigated the possibility to quantify the detected chemicals based on predicted ionization efficiency values. The model trained on SFC data showed very high prediction accuracy with median prediction error of 2.20×, while the model pretrained on LC/ESI/HRMS data yielded median prediction error of 5.11×. This is expected, as the training and test data for SFC/ESI/HRMS have been collected on the same instrument with the same chromatography. Still, the correlation observed between response factors measured with SFC/ESI/HRMS and predicted with a model trained on LC data hints that more abundant LC/ESI/HRMS data prove useful in understanding and predicting the ionization behavior in SFC/ESI/HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bieber
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN-TS GmbH (Analytisches Forschungsinstitut für Non-Target Screening), Am Mittleren Moos 48, 86167 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius Väg 16, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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10
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Gallé T, Bayerle M, Pittois D. Geochemical matrix differently affects the response of internal standards and target analytes for pesticide transformation products measured in groundwater samples. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135815. [PMID: 35921885 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization (ESI) is the most common technique in liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) allowing for sensitive detection of polar compounds with online water concentration. The technique is popular in groundwater monitoring programs and has permitted great progress in the detection and quantification of polar pesticide transformation products (TP) in recent years. However, ESI is also known to be prone to matrix effects. The common solution to this potential bias is the use of labelled internal standards. Unfortunately, these are not available for all target compounds, which leads to the linkage of target compounds to non-homologue internal standards with unknown consequences for quantification in variable geochemical settings. We investigated these matrix effects for polar TP with a molecular mass range of 225-350 Da and logDpH7 between -0.27 and -1.7 as well as for parent compounds with logDpH3 between 0.84 and 3.22. The acquired internal standards were tested on a gradient of DOC, anions, conductivity and inorganic carbon with a set of ten carefully chosen groundwater samples. Internal standards that were measured in positive ionization mode proved to be insensitive to geochemical variations while those that were measured in negative ionization mode showed reduced response with increasing anion concentration. All pairs of internal standards and target analytes were investigated for deviating matrix effects using standard addition experiments. Positive ionization compounds and target compounds with deuterated homologues showed little deviation while non-homologue pairs in negative mode proved to be strongly biased. Although bias was up to factor five for some compounds it was remarkably stable over the entire gradient studied, suggesting an identical suppression mode at varying matrix levels for different compounds. We advocate the conduct of standard addition experiments if homologue internal standards are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Denis Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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11
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Approaches for assessing performance of high-resolution mass spectrometry-based non-targeted analysis methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6455-6471. [PMID: 35796784 PMCID: PMC9411239 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) using high-resolution mass spectrometry has enabled the detection and identification of unknown and unexpected compounds of interest in a wide range of sample matrices. Despite these benefits of NTA methods, standardized procedures do not yet exist for assessing performance, limiting stakeholders’ abilities to suitably interpret and utilize NTA results. Herein, we first summarize existing performance assessment metrics for targeted analyses to provide context and clarify terminology that may be shared between targeted and NTA methods (e.g., terms such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity). We then discuss promising approaches for assessing NTA method performance, listing strengths and key caveats for each approach, and highlighting areas in need of further development. To structure the discussion, we define three types of NTA study objectives: sample classification, chemical identification, and chemical quantitation. Qualitative study performance (i.e., focusing on sample classification and/or chemical identification) can be assessed using the traditional confusion matrix, with some challenges and limitations. Quantitative study performance can be assessed using estimation procedures developed for targeted methods with consideration for additional sources of uncontrolled experimental error. This article is intended to stimulate discussion and further efforts to develop and improve procedures for assessing NTA method performance. Ultimately, improved performance assessments will enable accurate communication and effective utilization of NTA results by stakeholders.
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12
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Uncertainty estimation strategies for quantitative non-targeted analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4919-4933. [PMID: 35699740 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) methods are widely used for chemical discovery but seldom employed for quantitation due to a lack of robust methods to estimate chemical concentrations with confidence limits. Herein, we present and evaluate new statistical methods for quantitative NTA (qNTA) using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) data from EPA's Non-Targeted Analysis Collaborative Trial (ENTACT). Experimental intensities of ENTACT analytes were observed at multiple concentrations using a semi-automated NTA workflow. Chemical concentrations and corresponding confidence limits were first estimated using traditional calibration curves. Two qNTA estimation methods were then implemented using experimental response factor (RF) data (where RF = intensity/concentration). The bounded response factor method used a non-parametric bootstrap procedure to estimate select quantiles of training set RF distributions. Quantile estimates then were applied to test set HRMS intensities to inversely estimate concentrations with confidence limits. The ionization efficiency estimation method restricted the distribution of likely RFs for each analyte using ionization efficiency predictions. Given the intended future use for chemical risk characterization, predicted upper confidence limits (protective values) were compared to known chemical concentrations. Using traditional calibration curves, 95% of upper confidence limits were within ~tenfold of the true concentrations. The error increased to ~60-fold (ESI+) and ~120-fold (ESI-) for the ionization efficiency estimation method and to ~150-fold (ESI+) and ~130-fold (ESI-) for the bounded response factor method. This work demonstrates successful implementation of confidence limit estimation strategies to support qNTA studies and marks a crucial step towards translating NTA data in a risk-based context.
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13
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Aalizadeh R, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis NA, Thomaidis NS. First Novel Workflow for Semiquantification of Emerging Contaminants in Environmental Samples Analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Quadrupole Time of Flight-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9766-9774. [PMID: 35760399 PMCID: PMC9280717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ionization efficiency
of emerging contaminants was modeled
for the first time in gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry
(GC-HRMS) which is coupled to an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
source (APCI). The recent chemical space has been expanded in environmental
samples such as soil, indoor dust, and sediments thanks to recent
use of high-resolution mass spectrometric techniques; however, many
of these chemicals have remained unquantified. Chemical exposure in
dust can pose potential risk to human health, and semiquantitative
analysis is potentially of need to semiquantify these newly identified
substances and assist with their risk assessment and environmental
fate. In this study, a rigorously tested semiquantification workflow
was proposed based on GC-APCI-HRMS ionization efficiency measurements
of 78 emerging contaminants. The mechanism of ionization of compounds
in the APCI source was discussed via a simple connectivity index and
topological structure. The quantitative structure–property
relationship (QSPR)-based model was also built to predict the APCI
ionization efficiencies of unknowns and later use it for their quantification
analyses. The proposed semiquantification method could be transferred
into the household indoor dust sample matrix, and it could include
the effect of recovery and matrix in the predictions of actual concentrations
of analytes. A suspect compound, which falls inside the application
domain of the tool, can be semiquantified by an online web application,
free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos A Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.,Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
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Tadić Đ, Manasfi R, Bertrand M, Sauvêtre A, Chiron S. Use of Passive and Grab Sampling and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Non-Targeted Analysis of Emerging Contaminants and Their Semi-Quantification in Water. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103167. [PMID: 35630644 PMCID: PMC9146997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different groups of organic micropollutants including pharmaceuticals and pesticides have emerged in the environment in the last years, resulting in a rise in environmental and human health risks. In order to face up and evaluate these risks, there is an increasing need to assess their occurrence in the environment. Therefore, many studies in the past couple of decades were focused on the improvements in organic micropollutants’ extraction efficiency from the different environmental matrices, as well as their mass spectrometry detection parameters and acquisition modes. This paper presents different sampling methodologies and high-resolution mass spectrometry-based non-target screening workflows for the identification of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and their transformation products in different kinds of water (domestic wastewater and river water). Identification confidence was increased including retention time prediction in the workflow. The applied methodology, using a passive sampling technique, allowed for the identification of 85 and 47 contaminants in the wastewater effluent and river water, respectively. Finally, contaminants’ prioritization was performed through semi-quantification in grab samples as a fundamental step for monitoring schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Đorđe Tadić
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France; (R.M.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Rayana Manasfi
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France; (R.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Marine Bertrand
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, CNRS, IRD, 30100 Ales, France; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrés Sauvêtre
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, CNRS, IRD, 30100 Ales, France; (M.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Serge Chiron
- Hydrosciences Montpellier, University Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France; (R.M.); (S.C.)
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15
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Khabazbashi S, Engelhardt J, Möckel C, Weiss J, Kruve A. Estimation of the concentrations of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum using ionization efficiency prediction for electrospray. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7451-7460. [PMID: 35507099 PMCID: PMC9482908 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxylated PCBs are an important class of metabolites of the widely distributed environmental contaminants polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). However, the absence of authentic standards is often a limitation when subject to detection, identification, and quantification. Recently, new strategies to quantify compounds detected with non-targeted LC/ESI/HRMS based on predicted ionization efficiency values have emerged. Here, we evaluate the impact of chemical space coverage and sample matrix on the accuracy of ionization efficiency-based quantification. We show that extending the chemical space of interest is crucial in improving the performance of quantification. Therefore, we extend the ionization efficiency-based quantification approach to hydroxylated PCBs in serum samples with a retraining approach that involves 14 OH-PCBs and validate it with an additional four OH-PCBs. The predicted and measured ionization efficiency values of the OH-PCBs agreed within the mean error of 2.1 × and enabled quantification with the mean error of 4.4 × or better. We observed that the error mostly arose from the ionization efficiency predictions and the impact of matrix effects was of less importance, varying from 37 to 165%. The results show that there is potential for predictive machine learning models for quantification even in very complex matrices such as serum. Further, retraining the already developed models provides a timely and cost-effective solution for extending the chemical space of the application area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Khabazbashi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Josefin Engelhardt
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Möckel
- Department of Materials and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Materials and Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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16
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Aalizadeh R, Nikolopoulou V, Alygizakis N, Slobodnik J, Thomaidis NS. A novel workflow for semi-quantification of emerging contaminants in environmental samples analyzed by LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7435-7450. [PMID: 35471250 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing need for developing a strategy to quantify the newly identified substances in environmental samples, where there are not always reference standards available. The semi-quantitative analysis can assist risk assessment of chemicals and their environmental fate. In this study, a rigorously tested and system-independent semi-quantification workflow is proposed based on ionization efficiency measurement of emerging contaminants analyzed in liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. The quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR)-based model was built to predict the ionization efficiency of unknown compounds which can be later used for their semi-quantification. The proposed semi-quantification method was applied and tested in real environmental seawater samples. All semi-quantification-related calculations can be performed online and free of access at http://trams.chem.uoa.gr/semiquantification/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
| | - Varvara Nikolopoulou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece
- Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241, Koš, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771, Athens, Greece.
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17
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Minkus S, Bieber S, Letzel T. Spotlight on mass spectrometric non-target screening analysis: Advanced data processing methods recently communicated for extracting, prioritizing and quantifying features. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 3:103-112. [PMID: 38715638 PMCID: PMC10989605 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Non-target screening of trace organic compounds complements routine monitoring of water bodies. So-called features need to be extracted from the raw data that preferably represent a chemical compound. Relevant features need to be prioritized and further be interpreted, for instance by identifying them. Finally, quantitative data is required to assess the risks of a detected compound. This review presents recent and noteworthy contributions to the processing of non-target screening (NTS) data, prioritization of features as well as (semi-) quantitative methods that do not require analytical standards. The focus lies on environmental water samples measured by liquid chromatography, electrospray ionization and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Examples for fully-integrated data processing workflows are given with options for parameter optimization and choosing between different feature extraction algorithms to increase feature coverage. The regions of interest-multivariate curve resolution method is reviewed which combines a data compression alternative with chemometric feature extraction. Furthermore, prioritization strategies based on a confined chemical space for annotation, guidance by targeted analysis and signal intensity are presented. Exploiting the retention time (RT) as diagnostic evidence for NTS investigations is highlighted by discussing RT indexing and prediction using quantitative structure-retention relationship models. Finally, a seminal technology for quantitative NTS is discussed without the need for analytical standards based on predicting ionization efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Minkus
- AFIN‐TS GmbHAugsburgGermany
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering)MunichGermany
| | | | - Thomas Letzel
- AFIN‐TS GmbHAugsburgGermany
- Technical University of Munich (Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering)MunichGermany
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18
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Sussman EM, Oktem B, Isayeva IS, Liu J, Wickramasekara S, Chandrasekar V, Nahan K, Shin HY, Zheng J. Chemical Characterization and Non-targeted Analysis of Medical Device Extracts: A Review of Current Approaches, Gaps, and Emerging Practices. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:939-963. [PMID: 35171560 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The developers of medical devices evaluate the biocompatibility of their device prior to FDA's review and subsequent introduction to the market. Chemical characterization, described in ISO 10993-18:2020, can generate information for toxicological risk assessment and is an alternative approach for addressing some biocompatibility end points (e.g., systemic toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive/developmental toxicity) that can reduce the time and cost of testing and the need for animal testing. Additionally, chemical characterization can be used to determine whether modifications to the materials and manufacturing processes alter the chemistry of a patient-contacting device to an extent that could impact device safety. Extractables testing is one approach to chemical characterization that employs combinations of non-targeted analysis, non-targeted screening, and/or targeted analysis to establish the identities and quantities of the various chemical constituents that can be released from a device. Due to the difficulty in obtaining a priori information on all the constituents in finished devices, information generation strategies in the form of analytical chemistry testing are often used. Identified and quantified extractables are then assessed using toxicological risk assessment approaches to determine if reported quantities are sufficiently low to overcome the need for further chemical analysis, biological evaluation of select end points, or risk control. For extractables studies to be useful as a screening tool, comprehensive and reliable non-targeted methods are needed. Although non-targeted methods have been adopted by many laboratories, they are laboratory-specific and require expensive analytical instruments and advanced technical expertise to perform. In this Perspective, we describe the elements of extractables studies and provide an overview of the current practices, identified gaps, and emerging practices that may be adopted on a wider scale in the future. This Perspective is outlined according to the steps of an extractables study: information gathering, extraction, extract sample processing, system selection, qualification, quantification, and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Sussman
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Berk Oktem
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Irada S Isayeva
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jinrong Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Samanthi Wickramasekara
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Vaishnavi Chandrasekar
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Keaton Nahan
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Hainsworth Y Shin
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Jiwen Zheng
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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19
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Palm E, Kruve A. Machine Learning for Absolute Quantification of Unidentified Compounds in Non-Targeted LC/HRMS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031013. [PMID: 35164283 PMCID: PMC8840743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
LC/ESI/HRMS is increasingly employed for monitoring chemical pollutants in water samples, with non-targeted analysis becoming more common. Unfortunately, due to the lack of analytical standards, non-targeted analysis is mostly qualitative. To remedy this, models have been developed to evaluate the response of compounds from their structure, which can then be used for quantification in non-targeted analysis. Still, these models rely on tentatively known structures while for most detected compounds, a list of structural candidates, or sometimes only exact mass and retention time are identified. In this study, a quantification approach was developed, where LC/ESI/HRMS descriptors are used for quantification of compounds even if the structure is unknown. The approach was developed based on 92 compounds analyzed in parallel in both positive and negative ESI mode with mobile phases at pH 2.7, 8.0, and 10.0. The developed approach was compared with two baseline approaches- one assuming equal response factors for all compounds and one using the response factor of the closest eluting standard. The former gave a mean prediction error of a factor of 29, while the latter gave a mean prediction error of a factor of 1300. In the machine learning-based quantification approach developed here, the corresponding prediction error was a factor of 10. Furthermore, the approach was validated by analyzing two blind samples containing 48 compounds spiked into tap water and ultrapure water. The obtained mean prediction error was lower than a factor of 6.0 for both samples. The errors were found to be comparable to approaches using structural information.
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20
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Souihi A, Mohai MP, Palm E, Malm L, Kruve A. MultiConditionRT: Predicting liquid chromatography retention time for emerging contaminants for a wide range of eluent compositions and stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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21
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Badry A, Treu G, Gkotsis G, Nika MC, Alygizakis N, Thomaidis NS, Voigt CC, Krone O. Ecological and spatial variations of legacy and emerging contaminants in white-tailed sea eagles from Germany: Implications for prioritisation and future risk management. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106934. [PMID: 34662799 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of chemicals in the European Union (EU) has resulted in environmental emissions and wildlife exposures. For approving a chemical within the EU, producers need to conduct an environmental risk assessment, which typically relies on data generated under laboratory conditions without considering the ecological and landscape context. To address this gap and add information on emerging contaminants and chemical mixtures, we analysed 30 livers of white-tailed sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) from northern Germany with high resolution-mass spectrometry coupled to liquid and gas chromatography for the identification of >2400 contaminants. We then modelled the influence of trophic position (δ15N), habitat (δ13C) and landscape on chemical residues and screened for persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic (PBT) properties using an in silico model to unravel mismatches between predicted PBT properties and observed exposures. Despite having generally low PBT scores, most detected contaminants were medicinal products with oxfendazole and salicylamide being most frequent. Chemicals of the Stockholm Convention such as 4,4'-DDE and PCBs were present in all samples below toxicity thresholds. Among PFAS, especially PFOS showed elevated concentrations compared to other studies. In contrast, PFCA levels were low and increased with δ15N, which indicated an increase with preying on piscivorous species. Among plant protection products, spiroxamine and simazine were frequently detected with increasing concentrations in agricultural landscapes. The in silico model has proven to be reliable for predicting PBT properties for most chemicals. However, chemical exposures in apex predators are complex and do not solely rely on intrinsic chemical properties but also on other factors such as ecology and landscape. We therefore recommend that ecological contexts, mixture toxicities, and chemical monitoring data should be more frequently considered in regulatory risk assessments, e.g. in a weight of evidence approach, to trigger risk management measures before adverse effects in individuals or populations start to manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Badry
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Gabriele Treu
- Umweltbundesamt, Department Chemicals, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844 Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Georgios Gkotsis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; Environmental Institute, Okružná 784/42, 97241 Koš, Slovak Republic
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Alfred-Kowalke Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Krone
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Wildlife Diseases, Alfred-Kowalke-Straße 17, 10315 Berlin, Germany
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22
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Tehrani MW, Newmeyer MN, Rule AM, Prasse C. Response to Letter to the Editor Regarding Characterizing the Chemical Landscape in Commercial E-Cigarette Liquids and Aerosols by Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 35:1-2. [PMID: 34932311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina W Tehrani
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States.,Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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23
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Alygizakis N, Galani A, Rousis NI, Aalizadeh R, Dimopoulos MA, Thomaidis NS. Change in the chemical content of untreated wastewater of Athens, Greece under COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149230. [PMID: 34364275 PMCID: PMC8321698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic spread rapidly worldwide with unanticipated effects on mental health, lifestyle, stability of economies and societies. Although many research groups have already reported SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in untreated wastewater, only few studies evaluated the implications of the pandemic on the use of chemicals by influent wastewater analysis. Wide-scope target and suspect screening were used to monitor the effects of the pandemic on the Greek population through wastewater-based epidemiology. Composite 24 h influent wastewater samples were collected from the wastewater treatment plant of Athens during the first lockdown and analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. A wide range of compounds was investigated (11,286), including antipsychotic drugs, illicit drugs, tobacco compounds, food additives, pesticides, biocides, surfactants and industrial chemicals. Mass loads of chemical markers were estimated and compared with the data obtained under non-COVID-19 conditions (campaign 2019). The findings revealed increases in surfactants (+196%), biocides (+152%), cationic quaternary ammonium surfactants (used as surfactants and biocides) (+331%), whereas the most important decreases were estimated for tobacco (-33%) and industrial chemicals (-52%). The introduction of social-restriction measures by the government affected all aspects of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikiforos Alygizakis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Aikaterini Galani
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15528 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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24
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Nika MC, Aalizadeh R, Thomaidis NS. Non-target trend analysis for the identification of transformation products during ozonation experiments of citalopram and four of its biodegradation products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126401. [PMID: 34182420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During ozonation in wastewater treatment plants, ozone reacts with emerging pollutants, which are partially removed through the secondary treatment, as long as, with their biotransformation products, triggering the formation of ozonation transformation products (TPs). Although the transformation of parent compounds (PCs) and their metabolites has been reported in the literature, the probable transformation of biotransformation products has not been investigated so far. This study evaluates the fate of citalopram (CTR) and four of its biotransformation products (DESCTR, CTRAM, CTRAC and CTROXO) during ozonation experiments. A Gaussian curve-based trend analysis was performed for the first time for the automated detection of TPs in ozone concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 12 mg/L. In total 46 ozonation TPs were detected; 7 TPs of CTR, 10 of DESCTR, 9 of CTRAM, 12 of CTRAC and 8 of CTROXO and were structurally elucidated based on their high resolution tandem mass spectra interpretation and tandem mass spectra similarity with the respective PC. Results have demonstrated that the examined compounds follow common transformation pathways in reaction with ozone and that common TPs were formed through the ozonation of different structurally-alike compounds. Moreover, the toxicity of the identified TPs was predicted with an in-house risk assessment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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25
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Been F, Kruve A, Vughs D, Meekel N, Reus A, Zwartsen A, Wessel A, Fischer A, Ter Laak T, Brunner AM. Risk-based prioritization of suspects detected in riverine water using complementary chromatographic techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117612. [PMID: 34536689 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface waters are widely used as drinking water sources and hence their quality needs to be continuously monitored. However, current routine monitoring programs are not comprehensive as they generally cover only a limited number of known pollutants and emerging contaminants. This study presents a risk-based approach combining suspect and non-target screening (NTS) to help extend the coverage of current monitoring schemes. In particular, the coverage of NTS was widened by combining three complementary separations modes: Reverse phase (RP), Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) and Mixed-mode chromatography (MMC). Suspect lists used were compiled from databases of relevant substances of very high concern (e.g., SVHCs) and the concentration of detected suspects was evaluated based on ionization efficiency prediction. Results show that suspect candidates can be prioritized based on their potential risk (i.e., hazard and exposure) by combining ionization efficiency-based concentration estimation, in vitro toxicity data or, if not available, structural alerts and QSAR.based toxicity predictions. The acquired information shows that NTS analyses have the potential to complement target analyses, allowing to update and adapt current monitoring programs, ultimately leading to improved monitoring of drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Been
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland.
| | - Anneli Kruve
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Dennis Vughs
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Nienke Meekel
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Astrid Reus
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Anne Zwartsen
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Arnoud Wessel
- Department of Technology and Sources, Evides, P.O. Box 4472, Rotterdam 3006 AL, the Netherland
| | - Astrid Fischer
- Department of Technology and Sources, Evides, P.O. Box 4472, Rotterdam 3006 AL, the Netherland; Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft 2628 CN, the Netherland
| | - Thomas Ter Laak
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
| | - Andrea M Brunner
- KWR Water Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein 3430 BB, the Netherland
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26
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Guide to Semi-Quantitative Non-Targeted Screening Using LC/ESI/HRMS. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123524. [PMID: 34207787 PMCID: PMC8228683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-targeted screening (NTS) with reversed phase liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/HRMS) is increasingly employed as an alternative to targeted analysis; however, it is not possible to quantify all compounds found in a sample with analytical standards. As an alternative, semi-quantification strategies are, or at least should be, used to estimate the concentrations of the unknown compounds before final decision making. All steps in the analytical chain, from sample preparation to ionization conditions and data processing can influence the signals obtained, and thus the estimated concentrations. Therefore, each step needs to be considered carefully. Generally, less is more when it comes to choosing sample preparation as well as chromatographic and ionization conditions in NTS. By combining the positive and negative ionization mode, the performance of NTS can be improved, since different compounds ionize better in one or the other mode. Furthermore, NTS gives opportunities for retrospective analysis. In this tutorial, strategies for semi-quantification are described, sources potentially decreasing the signals are identified and possibilities to improve NTS are discussed. Additionally, examples of retrospective analysis are presented. Finally, we present a checklist for carrying out semi-quantitative NTS.
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