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Joshi K, Rabari V, Patel H, Patel K, Rakib MRJ, Trivedi J, Paray BA, Walker TR, Jakariya M. Microplastic contamination in filter-feeding oyster Saccostrea cuccullata: Novel insights in a marine ecosystem. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 202:116326. [PMID: 38583217 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution has become a pressing global concern. Oysters are well-known filter feeders who ingest food by filtering microscopic particles suspended in the surrounding water. Along with organic matter, filter-feeding also causes accidental ingestion of MP by oysters. Hence, the aim of the current investigation is to understand the MP contamination in filter-feeding oysters. A total of 500 specimens of oyster Saccostrea cuccullata collected from the intertidal zone of five sampling locations on the Gujarat coast, India. Specimens underwent analysis following established protocols. Each specimen was found to exhibit MP contamination, showing an abundance of 2.72 ± 1.98 MPs/g. A negative relationship was found between shell length and MP abundance. Predominantly, fibers were documented across all study sites. Black, blue, and red-colored MPs with 1-2 mm sizes were most dominant. MP polymer composition was identified as polyethylene terephthalate and polypropylene. Findings provide baseline information on levels of MPs contamination, which can be used to monitor future effects of MP pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Joshi
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Vasantkumar Rabari
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Heris Patel
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India
| | - Krupal Patel
- Marine Biodiversity and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Md Refat Jahan Rakib
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh.
| | - Jigneshkumar Trivedi
- Animal Taxonomy and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan 384265, Gujarat, India..
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tony R Walker
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Md Jakariya
- Department of Environmental Science and Management, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
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2
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Bratu AM, Bojan M, Popa C, Petrus M. Infrared to terahertz identification of chemical substances used for the production of IEDs. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 312:124055. [PMID: 38422931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
In our modern times, improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have become more sophisticated than ever, capable of causing destruction and loss of life. The creative use of homemade substances for IEDs manufactures has led to efforts in developing sensitive detection methods that can anticipate, identify and protect against improvised attacks. Laser-based spectroscopic techniques provide rapid and accurate detection of chemicals in improvised explosives, but no single method can detect all components of all explosives. In this study, two spectroscopic methods are used for the sensitive identification of 8 explosive chemical substances in the form of powders and vapors. Absorption spectra of benzene, toluene, acetone and ethylene glycol were examined with CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy. The photoacoustic signals of the samples were recorded in the CO2 laser emission range from 9.2 to 10.8 µm and a different spectral behavior was observed for each analyzed substance. Time-domain spectroscopy with THz radiation was used to analyze ammonium nitrate, potassium chlorate, dinitrobenzene, hexamethylenetetramine transmission spectra in the 0.1-3 THz range, and it was observed that they have characteristic THz fingerprint spectra. CO2 laser photoacoustic spectroscopy and THz time domain spectroscopy have met the criterion of proven effectiveness in identifying explosive components. The combination of these spectroscopic methods is innovative, giving a promising new approach for detection of a large number of IED components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bratu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - M Bojan
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - C Popa
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - M Petrus
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., PO Box MG-36, 077125 Bucharest, Romania
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3
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Rana P, Sheu SC. Discrimination of four Cinnamomum species by proximate, antioxidant, and chemical profiling: towards quality assessment and authenticity. J Food Sci Technol 2023; 60:2639-2648. [PMID: 37599847 PMCID: PMC10439089 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Cinnamon (genus Cinnamomum) is a worldwide used spice. The highly valued, non-hepatotoxic C. verum (CV) is frequently adulterated with the cheaper hepatotoxic substitutes (C. burmannii (CB), C. cassia (CC), and C. loureiroi (CL)). Therefore, this study evaluated four major Cinnamomum species by proximate composition, antioxidant properties, and chemical analysis. The results showed that CB contained more ash and crude protein content. CC exhibited more moisture, crude fat, and nutritive value, while CV had more crude fiber and total carbohydrate content. The 80% methanol extracts of four Cinnamomum species exhibited the highest total phenolic contents (42.16 to 182.85 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (0.80 to 1.07 mg QE/g), DPPH radical scavenging activities (EC50, 0.94 to 3.98 mg/mL), and ABTS radical scavenging activities (EC50, 0.09 to 0.33 mg/mL). The GC-MS based chemical profiling of CV was markedly different to those of CB, CC, and CL. Compared to the other three species, CV presented the highest eugenol content (5.77%) and the lowest coumarin content (1.90%). Principal component analysis (PCA) accounted for 94.91% of the variability, completely separating CV in quadrant I. Overall, nutritional and chemical profiles in combination with PCA could be effectively applied for monitoring Cinnamomum species, thereby ensuring food safety. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05788-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Rana
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shyang-Chwen Sheu
- Department of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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4
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Jacob O, Ramírez-Piñero A, Elsner M, Ivleva NP. TUM-ParticleTyper 2: automated quantitative analysis of (microplastic) particles and fibers down to 1 [Formula: see text]m by Raman microspectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04712-9. [PMID: 37286906 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04712-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of small microplastics in environmental and food samples is a prerequisite for studying their potential hazard. Knowledge of numbers, size distributions and polymer type for particles and fibers is particularly relevant in this respect. Raman microspectroscopy can identify particles down to 1 [Formula: see text]m in diameter. Here, a fully automated procedure for quantifying microplastics across the entire defined size range is presented as the core of the new software TUM-ParticleTyper 2. This software implements the theoretical approaches of random window sampling and on-the-fly confidence interval estimation during ongoing measurements. It also includes improvements to image processing and fiber recognition (when compared to the previous software TUM-ParticleTyper for analysis of particles/fibers [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]m), and a new approach to adaptive de-agglomeration. Repeated measurements of internally produced secondary reference microplastics were evaluated to assess the precision of the whole procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Jacob
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alejandro Ramírez-Piñero
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Water Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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5
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Fisher CM, Peter KT, Newton SR, Schaub AJ, Sobus JR. Approaches for assessing performance of high-resolution mass spectrometry-based non-targeted analysis methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022. [PMID: 35796784 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04203-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-targeted analysis (NTA) using high-resolution mass spectrometry has enabled the detection and identification of unknown and unexpected compounds of interest in a wide range of sample matrices. Despite these benefits of NTA methods, standardized procedures do not yet exist for assessing performance, limiting stakeholders’ abilities to suitably interpret and utilize NTA results. Herein, we first summarize existing performance assessment metrics for targeted analyses to provide context and clarify terminology that may be shared between targeted and NTA methods (e.g., terms such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and selectivity). We then discuss promising approaches for assessing NTA method performance, listing strengths and key caveats for each approach, and highlighting areas in need of further development. To structure the discussion, we define three types of NTA study objectives: sample classification, chemical identification, and chemical quantitation. Qualitative study performance (i.e., focusing on sample classification and/or chemical identification) can be assessed using the traditional confusion matrix, with some challenges and limitations. Quantitative study performance can be assessed using estimation procedures developed for targeted methods with consideration for additional sources of uncontrolled experimental error. This article is intended to stimulate discussion and further efforts to develop and improve procedures for assessing NTA method performance. Ultimately, improved performance assessments will enable accurate communication and effective utilization of NTA results by stakeholders.
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Sun Y, Wu H, Xu S, Tang S, Hao J, Liu X, Zhang H, Han L. Roles of the EPS66A polysaccharide from Streptomyces sp. in inducing tobacco resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:885-894. [PMID: 35439473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
EPS66A was derived from an unidentified Streptomyces sp. HL-66 by chemical fraction and disease-resistance assays. It was identified as a polysaccharide through a series of chemical characterization, including infrared spectrum analysis, methylation, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance, and high-performance gel permeation chromatography. To determine its effect in plant, EPS66A was applied to tobacco leaves infected with TMV, resulting in the plant with enhanced systemic resistance with a significant reduction of TMV severity. Plant defense was confirmed by early responses, including hypersensitive response (HR) indicated by programed cell death, moderate alkalization, oxidative burst, increase in nitric oxide (NO) and salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, EPS66A induced callose deposition to form defense barriers against pathogen invasion and the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, which confirmed the second level of plant defense. Therefore, EPS66A served as a resistance inducer, which was reorganized by tobacco cells that triggered the production of signal molecules. The signals moved in long distance and systemically in plant, which coordinated the expression of defense responses. The study provided a new perspective in understanding the mechanism of EPS66A in regulating plants on environmental adaptability and provided a theoretical foundation for designing safe and sustainable pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shanshan Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shiqi Tang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianjun Hao
- School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Xili Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lirong Han
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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7
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Zhang X, Chen ZY, Qiu ZD, Liu M, Xu J, Lai CJS, Frankevich V, Chingin K. Molecular differentiation of Panax notoginseng grown under different conditions by internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis. Phytochemistry 2022; 194:113030. [PMID: 34839132 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng is a highly valuable and widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine. The quality and efficacy of Panax notoginseng grown under different conditions can greatly vary due to the differences in chemical composition. The analysis of chemical composition in Panax notoginseng typically involves various experimental steps including extraction, chromatographic separation and characterization, which can be time- and labor-consuming. Therefore, the efficient quality assessment and control of Panax notoginseng requires the development of more rapid methods for the chemical characterization and classification of Panax notoginseng. In this study, a method based on internal extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (iEESI-MS) was developed to characterize chemical components of Panax notoginseng samples under different growth conditions (e.g., place of origin, soil quality, growth season) at the speed of 0.5 min per sample, without sample pretreatment and chromatographic separation. A total of 35 chemical components, including sugars, saponins, organic acids, etc., were identified in Panax notoginseng samples. Clear separation was observed in the multivariate analysis of the iEESI-MS data from Panax notoginseng samples grown under different conditions. The difference in the content of sucrose, fructose, Rg1, Rf, Rb1, Noto-R1, malonyl-Rb1, malonyl-Rg1, malonyl-Rf, Rd, Re, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and malic acid can be used as key characteristic indicators to discriminate origin, commercial specifications, and cultivation conditions of Panax notoginseng samples. The results of our study indicate the high power of iEESI-MS for the rapid molecular characterization and classification of Panax notoginseng under different growth conditions, which can be used for the quality assessment of traditional herbal medicines as well as in pharmaceutical and clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Ze-Yan Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Zi-Dong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Mingxing Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Jiaquan Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China
| | - Chang-Jiang-Sheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
| | - Vladimir Frankevich
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I.Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, PR China.
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Back HDM, Vargas Junior EC, Alarcon OE, Pottmaier D. Training and evaluating machine learning algorithms for ocean microplastics classification through vibrational spectroscopy. Chemosphere 2022; 287:131903. [PMID: 34455125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics are contaminants of emerging concern - not only environmental, but also to human health. Characterizing them is of fundamental importance to evaluate their potential impacts and target specific actions aiming to reduce potential harming effects. This study extends the exploration of machine learning classification algorithms applied to FTIR spectra of microplastics collected at sea. A comparison of successful classification models was made in order to evaluate prediction performance for 13 classes of polymers. A rigorous methodology was applied using a pipeline scheme to avoid bias in the training and selection phases. The application of an oversampling technique also contributed by compensating unbalanceness in the dataset. The log-loss was used as the minimization function target and to assess performance. In our analysis, Support Vector Machine Classifier provides a good relationship between simplicity and performance, for a fast and useful automatic characterization of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daphiny Pottmaier
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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9
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van Kollenburg GH, van Manen HJ, Admiraal N, Gerretzen J, Jansen JJ. Low-cost handheld NIR spectroscopy for identification of organic solvents and low-level quantification of water contamination. Talanta 2021; 223:121865. [PMID: 33298291 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Quality control of liquid raw materials arriving on an industrial manufacturing site is typically performed in a dedicated laboratory using time- and chemicals-consuming analytical methods. Herein, we report the successful development of a handheld near-infrared spectroscopy method for the rapid, low-cost testing of organic solvents. Our methodology enables the classification of organic solvents with 100% accuracy and the quantification of water in methyl ethyl ketone with a precision of ~0.01 wt% in the 0-0.25 wt% range. The accessory that we have developed for the NIR sensor enables the development of a broad range of sensing applications on organic liquid systems.
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10
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Khani ME, Arbab MH. Chemical Identification in the Specular and Off-Specular Rough-Surface Scattered Terahertz Spectra Using Wavelet Shrinkage. IEEE Access 2021; 9:29746-29754. [PMID: 35433152 PMCID: PMC9009754 DOI: 10.1109/access.2021.3059424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We present the development and implementation of a novel wavelet shrinkage technique for the retrieval of obscured characteristic resonant signatures in the scattered terahertz (THz) reflectivity of molecular crystals. In this implementation, the wavelet basis functions associated with the absorption features were identified using the second-order total variation of the wavelet coefficients. Additionally, wavelet coefficients at certain scales were modified using the phase function corrections and wavelet hard thresholding. Reconstruction of the original spectra using these modified wavelet coefficients yielded the exact resonant frequencies of the chemicals, which were otherwise unrecognizable in the spectral artifacts of the rough surface scattering. We examined the robustness of this method over controlled levels of rough surface scattering, validated using the Kirchhoff approximation, in spectroscopic targets made from α-lactose monohydrate and 4-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which have close spectral lines. We successfully retrieved the spectral absorption fingerprints in both specular and off-specular reflection geometries. This technique can be utilized for stand-off material characterization using the THz reflection spectroscopy in uncontrolled environments and potentially can be adopted for other broadband spectroscopic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E Khani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - M Hassan Arbab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Yeshi K, Wangdi T, Qusar N, Nettles J, Craig SR, Schrempf M, Wangchuk P. Geopharmaceuticals of Himalayan Sowa Rigpa medicine: Ethnopharmacological uses, mineral diversity, chemical identification and current utilization in Bhutan. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 223:99-112. [PMID: 29751124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geological materials, such as minerals, have a long history of usage as ingredients in multicompound formulations of Himalayan Sowa Rigpa medicine - as well as in its localized form of Bhutanese traditional medicine (BTM) - for treating various disorders for over thousand years. Yet, hardly any scientific research has been done on their ethnopharmacological efficacy and chemistry. AIM OF THE STUDY This study documents and correlates the rarely explored ethnopharmacological and chemical identification of various minerals and their ethnomedicinal uses in BTM formulations for the first time. MATERIAL AND METHODS A five stage cross-disciplinary process was conducted as follows: (1) a review of classical literature of Sowa Rigpa texts (Tibetan medical texts, pharmacopoeias and formularies) that are still in use today; (2) listing of mineral ingredients according to Sowa Rigpa names, followed by identification with common English and chemical names, as well as re-translating their ethnomedical uses; (3) cross-checking the chemical names and chemical composition of identified Sowa Rigpa minerals with various geological mineral databases and mineral handbooks; (4) authentication and standardization of Sowa Rigpa names through open forum discussion with diverse BTM practitioners; (5) further confirmation of the chemical names of identified minerals by consulting different experts and pharmacognosists. RESULTS Our current study lists 120 minerals as described in Sowa Rigpa medical textbooks most of which we were able to chemically identify, and of which 28 are currently used in BTM herbo-mineral formulations. Out of these 28 mineral ingredients, 5 originate from precious metal and stone, 10 stem from earth, mud and rocks, 8 are salts, and 5 concern 'essences' and exudates. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified 120 mineral ingredients described in Sowa Rigpa medical textbooks, out of which 28 are currently used. They are crucial in formulating 108 multicompound prescription medicines in BTM presently in use for treating more than 135 biomedically defined ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karma Yeshi
- Wangbama Central School, Thimphu District, Bhutan
| | - Tendrel Wangdi
- Khesar Gyalpo University of Medical Sciences of Bhutan, Thimphu, Bhutan
| | - Namgyal Qusar
- Qusar Tibetan Healing Centre, P.O. Sidhpur, Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Mona Schrempf
- Central Asian Seminar, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
| | - Phurpa Wangchuk
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Australia.
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Zanardo V, Volpe F, Parotto M, Giliberti L, Simbi A, Severino L, Straface G. Maternal areola pH: A chemical basis for mother-infant recognition. Early Hum Dev 2018; 121:33-6. [PMID: 29747156 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human female's areolar region is the point of arrival of a natural progression from birth to breastfeeding continuum, supported by numerous functional features. AIMS The aim of this study was to look more closely into the areola' skin chemical signals that are uniquely important for mother-infant chemoemission, chemoreception, and breastfeeding continuum. STUDY DESIGN A dermatological study of the areolae and corresponding breast quadrants was undertaken on 71 healthy, at-term women. Areolar and corresponding breast quadrant pH were assessed pre-partum and 1 and 2 days post-partum using a corneometer (Soft Plus 5.5; Callegari S.P.A., Parma, Italy). RESULTS Pre-partum, the pH of the areola was significantly higher than the pH of the breast quadrant (4.25 ± 0.26 vs. 4.06 ± 0.44, p < 0.015). Post-partum, the pH of the areola was significantly higher that the pH of the breast quadrant both on day one (4.28 ± 0.31 vs 4.01 ± 0.25, p < 0.001) and on day two (4.39 ± 0.19 vs 4.01 ± 0.16, p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, pre-labor pH of the areola increased on day one post-partum and significantly on day two postpartum (4.25 ± 0.26 vs 4.39 ± 0.19, p 0.004). Moreover, the pH of the areola increased significantly from day one to day two post-partum (4.28 ± 0.31 v s 4.39 ± 0.19, p < 0.041). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show, for the first time, that the areola has a higher pH than the surrounding breast skin, and this increases from day one to day two postpartum. We believe that the pH changes of the areolar region may act as a unique chemical signal to guide the infant directly to the nipple.
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13
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Guo L, Guo J, Xu F. Optimized extraction process and identification of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb against aquatic pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:377. [PMID: 29071174 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Response surface optimization was applied for the extraction of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb (ASR) against aquatic pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Based on the experimental results of single factors, the optimal extraction conditions were determined by Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology with conditions: 100% ethanol as extraction solvent, liquid/material ratio of 29 mL/g and extraction temperature at 88 °C for 148 min. The factual value of inhibition zones can reach 21.31 ± 0.95 mm and is not different from the predicted value (21.74 mm), which showed that the response surface methodology applied to the extraction optimization of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb against V. harveyi is feasible. Moreover, the yield of ASR was 30.29 ± 2.27%. Five compounds, namely, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion, were identified in ASR by comparing the HPLC chromatogram of the reference mixtures and the sample. Contents of the five compounds were 0.68 ± 0.02, 0.24 ± 0.05, 0.78 ± 0.07, 6.68 ± 0.97 and 0.58 ± 0.15%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASR, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were 0.625, 0.125, 0.015, > 1, > 1, and > 1 mg/mL, respectively, which indicated that aloe-emodin and rhein are the main antibacterial compounds of Rhubarb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Lianyungang, 222004 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Life and Fisheries, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005 China
| | - Jiacai Guo
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Lianyungang, 222004 China
| | - Fuquan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Lianyungang, 222004 China
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Ma Z, Hu J. Production and characterization of surfactin-type lipopeptides as bioemulsifiers produced by a Pinctada martensii-derived Bacillus mojavensis B0621A. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1520-9. [PMID: 26373943 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1832-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus mojavensis B0621A was isolated from the mantle of a pearl oyster Pinctada martensii collected from South China Sea. Semi-purified surfactins (225 mg L(-1)) were obtained by acid precipitation and vacuum flash chromatography. The component of the semi-purified surfactins was preliminarily analyzed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometer system, and the results showed that all these surfactins could be a group of homologues. Eight surfactin homologues were isolated and afforded by reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Furthermore, their structure was characterized by mass spectrometry analysis combined with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques. These surfactins shared seven amino acids as peptide backbone and a saturated β-hydroxy fatty acid chain residue (from C13 to C15), differed each other from peptide sequence in the position of Leu7 or Val7. All these surfactins had significant activity and stability of emulsification under various pH (from 7.0 to 12.0), temperature range (from 20 to 115 °C) and sodium chloride concentration (from 2.5 to 20.0 %, w/v). Taken all together, these results indicated that B. mojavensis B0621A have potential to be an alternative source as a biological-derived emulsifying agent.
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Coulibaly AY, Hashim R, Sulaiman SF, Sulaiman O, Ang LZ, Ooi KL. Bioprospecting medicinal plants for antioxidant components. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2014; 7S1:S553-9. [PMID: 25312183 DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60289-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate antioxidant activities of seven medicinal plant species and their fractions, and to identify their phenolic compounds. METHODS Two extractions were processed and further fractionated by column chromatography to evaluate the concentration that inhibit 50% of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-suslfonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radicals, and their ferric reducing antioxidant power. The identification of the fractions of phenolic compounds was done by ultra performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The aqueous-acetone extracts of Feretia apodanthera and Ozoroa insignis exhibited the highest antioxidant potentials comparable to those of the standard quercetin. Their subsequently silica gel column fractionation showed three most active fractions from which the major constituents quercetin, myricetin, kampferol, rutin and isoquercetin were identified. CONCLUSIONS These plant species have potent antioxidant profiles and polyphenol compounds that may help to manage with radical related disease and aging.
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