Era of bast fibers-based polymer composites for replacement of man-made fibers

Bast fibers are defined as those obtained from the outer cell layers of the bast of various plant families. They are finding use in textile applications and are widely used as reinforcements for green composites, as bast fibers are perceived as "sustainable". There is a growing demand for bast fibers across the world due to their renewable and biodegradable nature. The bast fibers are mainly composed of cellulose, which potentially considers the growing techniques, harvesting and extraction processes of bast fibers most used to produce fibers with appropriate quality to apply in the daily lives of modern men and women in contemporary society. This review paper looks at many aspects of natural fibers, with a focus on plant bast fibers, including their impact on prehistoric and historical society. This review shows that bast fibers are competitive compared to man-made fibers in many applications, but variability in mechanical properties and low tenacity may limit their use in high-strengthh composites and extend to, particularly in aerospace, automotive, packaging, building industries, insulation, E-composites (Eco composites), geotextiles and many other applications are currently being explored. Considering, important characteristics of bast fibers include physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This makes bast fibers one of the most important classes of plant fibers to use as reinforcing agents in thermosetting/thermoplastic polymer matrices. And the effect of bast fibers as reinforcement in the properties of ECO-composites, GREEN-composites, BIO-composites, lightweight composites. Bast fibers play an important role in sustainability, the preservation of the health of the environment, the well-being of the next generation, and even the daily lives of men and women in the contemporary world.

Extraction process and characterization of Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) latex

Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) latex is a natural latex produced from its root, and its extraction optimization process is mainly studied in the present paper. The composition of fresh roots of TKS was quantitatively analyzed, and the results showed that the moisture content of the fresh root was approximately 70 %, and the rubber content averaged to 6 % (dry weight ratio). An optimal process route for extracting the TKS latex was finally determined, making the extraction efficiency reach about 80 %, and a new latex extraction process was established and optimized and named "the process of Buffer Extraction TKS Latex (BETL)". Hevea latex, extracted TKS latex and TKS latex collected directly from the broken roots were compared for study. The results showed that, like Hevea latex, the appearance of TKS latex was milky white; and after centrifugation, both showed four layers from top to bottom: rubber particles, Frey-Wyssling particles, C-serum and lutoids. The results of the composition analysis showed that the concentration of TKS latex ranged from 54.54 % to 68.25 %, which is close to that of concentrated Hevea latex; the moisture content of TKS latex was between 31.75 % and 45.46 %. The protein content of TKS latex was 13.51 mg/mL, which was lower than that of Hevea latex at the same rubber hydrocarbon concentration. The molecular structures and properties of Hevea latex, the extracted TKS latex, and the collected TKS latex were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, GPC, TG, SEM and LPSA, and the results showed that the main components and structure of the three latexes were similar, which are all cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and include the proteins and lipids. The distributions molecular weights of the three latexes all showed a bimodal distribution, but the molecular weight of the latex collected from TKS was lower, which indicates the larger molecules were difficult to flow outside the root automatically. The Hevea latex and TKS latex rubber particles were both core-shell structure and the size distribution were bimodal, which was consistent with the GPC analysis results.

Uncovering quality markers of Yiqi-Tongluo capsule against myocardial ischemia and optimization of its extraction process

Myocardial ischemia (MI), a condition in which the heart is unable to function due to insufficient blood and oxygen supply, is a major cause of death from coronary heart disease (CHD). Yiqi Tongluo capsule (YTC) is a Chinese patent drug which commonly used for treatment of MI in clinic. However, the related active components of YTC for treatment of MI were still uncovered. This paper is aimed to study the quality markers (Q-markers) of YTC and further optimize the extraction process of YTC based on Q-markers, providing research foundation for the further modern pharmaceutical preparations of YTC. We firstly used UPLC-QTOF-MS to analyze the constituents of YTC absorbed in blood, then isoprenaline (ISO) induced H9c2 cell model was used further screen the active constituents with protective effects on cardiomyocytes. After that, the orthogonal table (L9 (34)) was used to optimize the extraction process with three levels of 4 factors (water addition, immersion time, extraction time and decoction times). Finally, the HPLC fingerprint of 15 batches of optimized YTC was established. In our present study, a total of 33 components were identified in YTC, of which 10 components were absorbed in blood. Among the 10 components, 8 compounds had significant protective effects on ISO stimulated H9c2 cells, including Paeoniflorin, Ferulic acid, Calycosin, Senkyunolide A, N-butylphthalide, Z-ligustilide, LevistilideA, and Astragaloside IV, which were considered as the Q-markers of YTC. The optimized extraction process based on Q-marker as follows: soaking 1 h, then adding 8 times water to extract 3 times by decoction, each extraction lasts 1.5 h. The HPLC fingerprint of optimized YTC was established with 15 batches of YTC samples, and the optimized YTC samples has no significant toxicity to the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and brain tissues of rats.

With near infrared spectroscopy

Swertia mussotii Franch. (SMF), a traditional Tibetan medicine, which has miraculous effect on treating hepatitis diseases. However, there is no research on its entire production process, and invisible production process has seriously hindered the SMF modern development. In this study, principal component analysis (PCA), subtractive spectroscopy, and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) were used to explain changes of characteristic groups in the extraction process. Four main characteristic peaks at 1884 nm, 1944 nm, 2246 nm and 2308 nm were identified to describe the changes of molecular structure information of total active components in SMF extraction process. In addition, multi critical quality attributes (CQAs) models were established by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with the total quantum statistical moment (TQSM). The coefficients of determination (R²_eval and R²_ival) were both greater than 0.99. The ratios of the standard deviation of validation to the standard error of the prediction (RPD_e and RPD_i) were greater than five. The quantitative model of AUC_T could save time on primary data measurement by not requiring determination of indicator components compared with others. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that it was feasible to understand the SMF extraction process through AUC_T and characteristic groups. These could realize the visual digital characterization and quality stability of the SMF extraction process.

Ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Cercis chinensis and properites, antioxidant activity of polysaccharide

The purpose of the study was to improve the extraction of polysaccharide from the leaves of Cercis chinensis Bunge using ultrasound, and compare the difference between boiling and ultrasound extraction in terms of polysaccharide content, monosaccharide compounds, and evaluate how the factors affected the bioactivity. The best conditions, according to the single factor experiments and the Box-Bohnken design (BBD), were an intensity of ultrasound of 180 W, duration of extraction of 40 min, proportion of water to material of 15:1 (g/g), and a higher polysaccharide yield of 20.02 ± 0.55 (mg/g) than in boiling extraction (16.09 ± 0.82 mg/g). The antioxidative experiment suggested the polysaccharide by ultrasound exhibited higher DPPH, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacities, and reducing power at 1.2-1.4 mg/mL, which was superior to the boiling polysaccharide. Further analysis showed that the ultrasonic purified polysaccharides like Gla, N-Glu, and GluA contained more total sugar and uronic acids than the boiling method did. This may indicate that the ultrasonic isolation of the polysaccharides increase the antioxidant activity of the polysaccharides.

Multi critical quality attributes monitoring of Chinese oral liquid extraction process with a spectral sensor fusion strategy

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) extraction process is a complicated dynamic system with many variables and disturbance. Therefore, multi critical quality attributes (CQAs) monitoring is of great significance to understand the whole process. Spectroscopy is a powerful process analytical tool used for process understanding. However, single senor sometimes could not provide comprehensive information. Sensor fusion is a very practical method to overcome this deficiency. In this study, the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid (XXZOL) was carried out in pilot scale, where near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and mid infrared (MIR) spectroscopy were collected to determine the concentrations of seven CQAs (synephrine, arecoline, chlorogenic acid, forsythoside A, naringin, hesperidin and neohesperidin) during extraction process. Based on fused data blocks, fusion partial least squares (PLS) models were established. Two fusion data blocks are obtained from the concatenation of original spectra (low-level data fusion) and the concatenation of characteristic variables based on band selection (mid-level data fusion) respectively. The results indicated that for all seven analytes, the mid-level data fusion models were superior to the single spectral models, with the prediction performance significantly improved. Specifically, the coefficients of determination (R_p² and R_t²) of NIR, MIR and fusion quantitative models were all higher than 0.95. The relative standard errors of prediction (RSEP) values were all within 10%, except for models of neohesperidin, which were 10.76%, 12.39%, 12.05%, 10.03% for NIR, MIR, low-level and mid-level models respectively. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to monitor the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike Oral Liquid more accurately and rapidly by fusing NIR and MIR spectroscopy, and the proposed approach also has vital and valuable reference value for the rapid monitoring of the mixed decoction process of other TCM.

Research on Transfer Rate of Heavy Metals and Harmful Elements in Traditional Chinese Medicine Extraction and Refining Processes and Product Health Risk Assessment

Ramulus Mori alkaloids, also known as SangZhi alkaloids (SZ-A), is a natural medicine used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. SZ-A is extracted from Morus alba L., which grows in the natural environment and may be contaminated by heavy metals and harmful elements. These contaminants can enter SZ-A products during the extraction of M. alba, thereby posing a threat to patient health. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate scientific and reasonable limits to ensure patient safety. For this purpose, in this study, we used the extraction process of SZ-A as the object of investigation and determined the content of five harmful elements: Cd, Pb, As, Hg, and Cu in the herb raw material, SZ-A product, and its intermediates obtained in different extraction steps. Next, the transfer rate of harmful elements in the extraction process was used as an indicator to evaluate the ability of different operations to remove harmful elements. Subsequently, the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in SZ-A were assessed. Our results demonstrated that M. alba has little risk of contamination by Hg. The cation and anion resin refining processes are the best effective method to remove Cd, Pb, and Cu from the products. However, As is not easily eliminated during the water extraction. There is as much as 87% of As transferred from the herb raw material to the water-extracted intermediate, while Cd, Pb, and Cu are rarely transferred (6% to 17%) under the same conditions. Overall, the results indicate that the regulatory standard limits for Cd, Pb, As, Hg, and Cu contained in natural medicine Ramulus Mori alkaloids are set to 1, 5, 2, 0.2, and 20 μg/g, respectively, which is the most scientific and it can guarantee the safety of patients.

Ultrasound-homogenization-assisted extraction of polyphenols from coconut mesocarp: Optimization study

Coconut pericarp (shell fiber (mesocarp) and shell (endocarp)), the main by-product of coconut production, is often discarded and causing serious environmental pollution. To make better use of coconut pericarp, the extraction process of polyphenols from coconut mesocarp (CM) carefully studied by screening seven solvent systems, optimizing the assisted ultrasonic process by response surface methodology, and comparing the four processes of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Homogenization-Assisted Extraction (HAE), Homogenization-Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (HUAE), and Ultrasound-Homogenization-Assisted Extraction (UHAE). The UAE and HAE are considered to be the main methods for efficient extraction of natural active ingredients. The former effectively destroys the cell wall structure and promotes the intermolecular diffusion based on the cavitation, thermal and mechanical effect of ultrasonic, while the latter breaks the material based on strong shear force between the rotor and stator. Their combinations (HUAE and UHAE) enhance the damage to the cell wall of raw materials and improve the extraction efficiency by the synergistic effect. The results showed that using 60% acetone (V : V) as extraction solvent, solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 g mL^-1, ultrasonic temperature of 80 ℃, ultrasonic time of 80 min, ultrasonic power of 225 W, and then homogenizing at 10,000 rpm for 10 min, the total flavonoid content of CM reached the maximum value of 551.99 ± 12.69 mg Rutin g^-1 dry weight (dw), while the total phenolic content reached the maximum value of 289.48 ± 4.41 mg GAE g^-1 dw at 10,000 rpm for 5 min, which may be related to the oxidative degradation of polyphenols caused by the increase of polyphenol oxidase with the extension of homogenization time. This study provides a technical guarantee for the further utilization of phenolic substances in CM.

A comprehensive review on the techniques for coconut oil extraction and its application

Virgin coconut oil is a useful substance in our daily life. It contains a high percentage of lauric acid which has many health benefits. The current industry has developed several methods to extract the oil out from the coconut fruit. This review paper aims to highlight several common extraction processes used in modern industries that includes cold extraction, hot extraction, low-pressure extraction, chilling, freezing and thawing method, fermentation, centrifugation, enzymatic extraction and supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Different extraction methods will produce coconut oil with different yields and purities of lauric acid, thus having different uses and applications. Challenges that are faced by the industries in extracting the coconut oil using different methods of extraction are important to be explored so that advancement in the oil extraction technology can be done for efficient downstream processing. This study is vital as it provides insights that could enhance the production of coconut oil.

Water as a probe to understand the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process with near infrared spectroscopy: A case of Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge) extraction process

Extraction process is not only a critical manufacturing unit but also the initial process of various extracts and preparations. Taking the most extensive Chinese herbal medicine Danshen (Salvia miltziorrhiza Bge) as an example, salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is its main active pharmaceutical ingredient but lacks accurate characterization of the extraction process. As one of process analytical technologies, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology has been widely applied for monitoring pharmaceutical extraction process. In most past studies, water spectral information is often eliminated due to its high absorption. However, this study proposed a method of using water spectrum to understand the whole extraction process and to quickly determine the content of Sal B. Principal component analysis (PCA) was first utilized to investigate the whole extraction process, then the reconstructed spectrum based on PCA was established and analyzed by Aquaphotomics, and finally the partial least squares regression (PLSR) quantitative model of Sal B was established. PCA and Aquaphotomics results showed the whole extraction process could be considered as a dynamic change from structure breaker to structure maker, and the dominance of highly H-bonded water structures increases with the extraction time. Also, the Sal B quantitative model with water spectrum showed higher accuracy and stability than other methods, which parameters (RMSEC, RMSECV, RMSEP, R²c, R²cv, R²p, RPD) were 0.2408 mg/mL, 0.2939 mg/mL, 0.2584 mg/mL, 0.9536, 0.9300, 0.9494, 4.6298, respectively, and the paired t-test showed that Sal B content measured by NIR and HPLC methods had no significant differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, all result indicated that water can be used as a probe to understand the traditional Chinese medicine extraction process with NIRS.

Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides obtained via optimized extraction treat experimental autoimmune hepatitis effectively

The extraction process of Paeoniae radix alba polysaccharides (PRAP) was optimized as the liquid-solid ratio of 10.65 mL/g, the extraction time of 2.10 h, and the 2 extraction repetitions through a response surface methodology. The chemical profiles of the obtained PRAP were characterized by measuring the contents of total carbohydrates, total phenolics, uronic acid and protein, and by analyzing the FT-IR spectrum and monosaccharide composition. To determine the therapeutic effects of PRAP on experimental autoimmune hepatitis (EAH), we established an EAH mice model. After treated with PRAP, liver and spleen injuries were reduced, and hepatocyte regeneration and liver function were improved. Further study of the mechanism by which PRAP treats EAH showed that PRAP significantly inhibited oxidative stress in the livers of EAH model mice. More importantly, PRAP inhibited immune inflammatory reactions in EAH model mice, including the hepatic infiltration of inflammatory CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells, as well as overexpression of inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10, via inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Improved extraction of bioactive compounds from biomass of the marine dinoflagellate microalga Amphidinium carterae

The extraction of three families of compounds (carotenoids, fatty acids and amphidinols) from the biomass of two strains of Amphidinium carterae (ACRN03 and Dn241EHU) was improved by tuning cell disruption and solvent extraction operations. The extraction of carotenoids was evaluated using alkaline saponification (0%-60% KOH d.w.) at different temperatures (25-80 °C). High levels of carotenoids were obtained at 60 °C using freeze-dried biomass, not subjected to cell disruption methods. The ACRN03 strain required 20% KOH whereas the Dn241EHU strain did not require saponification since carotenoid degradation was observed. The extraction efficiencies were determined with a wide range of pure solvents and mixtures thereof. Two empirical non-linear equations were used to correlate extraction percentages for each family of compounds with the Hildebrand solubility parameter (δ_T) and the polarity index of the solvents (PI). Thresholds of δ_T and PI of around 20 MPa^1/2 and 6, respectively, were determined for the extraction of amphidinols, consistent with antiproliferative activity measurements.

A new analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of isoflavones and lignans in 25 green coffee samples by HPLC-MS/MS

Green coffee, the raw material of roasted coffee and coffee beverages, is one of the most widely traded commodities worldwide. There is a dearth of studies on its content in phytoestrogens such as isoflavones and lignans. Previously, we developed an efficient method for the simultaneous quantification of 6 isoflavones (daidzin, genistin, daidzein, genistein, formononetin and biochanin A) and 3 lignans (secoisolariciresinol, matairesinol and lariciresinol) in green coffee by using HPLC-MS/MS. Several extraction processes were evaluated and the best performing, base hydrolysis followed by enzymatic digestion, was validated and used to analyse 25 different coffee samples, 1 Coffea canephora and 24 Coffea arabica, from different countries. Lignans (total content: 286.5-8131.8 µg kg-1) were found in higher concentration than isoflavones (total content: 3.4-300.0 µg kg-1) and the most abundant were secoisolariciresinol (172.6-5714.1 µg kg-1) and lariciresinol (113.9-2417.7 µg kg-1). Notably, the Ethiopian coffee samples contained the highest levels of these compounds.

The impact of different filter baskets, heights of perforated disc and amount of ground coffee on the extraction of organics acids and the main bioactive compounds in espresso coffee

Espresso coffee (EC) is a complex and much appreciated beverage among coffee consumers. The extraction phase of EC, a combination of physical and chemical variables in a very short time, has a direct effect on the flavour of the beverage. This research aims to optimize the extraction process of EC by decreasing the amount of ground coffee from 14 g to 12 g (double cup), while keeping constant the particle size of ground coffee and the physical parameters of the espresso machine, making use of the following accessories: two different filter baskets, and four different heights of perforated discs (4-7 mm). Quantitative analyses on several organic acids (acetic, citric, caffeic, malic, tartaric) and caffeine, trigonelline, nicotinic and 5-caffeoylquinic acid are carried out with HPLC-VWD through a newly developed method. This combines the quantification of organic acids, obtained through HPLC-VWD, with the results of a sensory panel evaluation on the descriptive notes of EC. The outcomes will trigger and support further studies on different extraction processes, to develop more sustainable and economically affordable coffee of high quality.

Hypericum species: An analysis on the patent technologies

Hypericum (Hypericaceae) is a genus that comprises approximately 500 species around the world. The industrial relevance of these plants is based on the occurence of specialized metabolites that exhibit a range of pharmaceutical potential. Besides that, several species are relevant due to their ornamental value. Taking to account the vast market worth of products and processes involving Hypericum, the present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of patents concerning this subject between 2007and 2017. For this purpose, a survey was performed in free databases (Espacenet®, PatentScope® and Google Patents®) using the keyword Hypericum in the patents title or title plus abstract. The documents were then organized by groups (medicinal and non-medicinal approaches), subgroups, type of applicants and countries. Espacenet® was chosen to data analysis, and a total of 174 patents were found. The majority of the applicants are from China and companies appear as the principal owners of patents. Several technologies are not intended for medicinal purposes, being mainly related to the development of new cultivars for ornamental uses. Concerning the medicinal approaches, the chief subject is related to extraction and incorporation into formulations. The main species cited in the documents is H. perforatum and the therapeutic use is for central nervous system diseases. In general, this study covers the patents published in recent years hoping to boost the scientists and companies that invest in Hypericum researches to visualize the state of art, opportunities and challenges for innovation in this area.

Influence of extraction parameters and stability of betacyanins extracted from red amaranth during storage

Natural colorants are important alternatives to synthetic colorants. They are considered harmless and positively affect biological activities owing to their antioxidant potential. The present study deals with the assessment of the extraction processes and the effects of pH (1.0, 3.0, and 5.0), extraction media (water and 50% ethanol) and storage condition (ambient and refrigeration) on betacyanin content, color values, as well as degradation kinetics of total betacyanins in red amaranth. Betacyanin content was more stable at higher than at lower pH. The degradation rate constant (K) was higher and the half-life (t_1/2) was lower at ambient temperature compared to refrigeration temperature. Betacyanin degradation was higher at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C) than at refrigeration temperature (4 °C). The pH, storage time, and temperature affected the stability of the color attributes. Therefore, this work suggests that water and lower temperature (4 °C) could be applied to extract more betacyanins from red amaranth and betacyanins might be used as an alternative to synthetic color.

Enhanced extraction of butyric acid under high-pressure CO2 conditions to integrate chemical catalysis for value-added chemicals and biofuels

BACKGROUND

Extractive fermentation with the removal of carboxylic acid requires low pH conditions because acids are better partitioned into the solvent phase at low pH values. However, this requirement conflicts with the optimal near-neutral pH conditions for microbial growth.

RESULTS

CO2 pressurization was used, instead of the addition of chemicals, to decrease pH for the extraction of butyric acid, a fermentation product of Clostridium tyrobutyricum, and butyl butyrate was selected as an extractant. CO2 pressurization (50 bar) improved the extraction efficiency of butyric acid from a solution at pH 6, yielding a distribution coefficient (D) 0.42. In situ removal of butyric acid during fermentation increased the production of butyric acid by up to 4.10 g/L h, an almost twofold increase over control without the use of an extraction process.

CONCLUSION

In situ extraction of butyric acid using temporal CO2 pressurization may be applied to an integrated downstream catalytic process for upgrading butyric acid to value-added chemicals in an organic solvent.

Improved collagen extraction from jellyfish (Acromitus hardenbergi) with increased physical-induced solubilization processes

Efficiency and effectiveness of collagen extraction process contribute to huge impacts to the quality, supply and cost of the collagen produced. Jellyfish is a potential sustainable source of collagen where their applications are not limited by religious constraints and threats of transmittable diseases. The present study compared the extraction yield, physico-chemical properties and toxicology in vitro of collagens obtained by the conventional acid-assisted and pepsin-assisted extraction to an improved physical-aided extraction process. By increasing physical intervention, the production yield increased significantly compared to the conventional extraction processes (p < .05). Collagen extracted using the improved process was found to possess similar proximate and amino acids composition to those extracted using pepsin (p > .05) while retaining high molecular weight distributions and polypeptide profiles similar to those extracted using only acid. Moreover, they exhibited better appearance, instrumental colour and were found to be non-toxic in vitro and free of heavy metal contamination.

Optimized extraction process and identification of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb against aquatic pathogenic Vibrio harveyi

Response surface optimization was applied for the extraction of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb (ASR) against aquatic pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. Based on the experimental results of single factors, the optimal extraction conditions were determined by Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology with conditions: 100% ethanol as extraction solvent, liquid/material ratio of 29 mL/g and extraction temperature at 88 °C for 148 min. The factual value of inhibition zones can reach 21.31 ± 0.95 mm and is not different from the predicted value (21.74 mm), which showed that the response surface methodology applied to the extraction optimization of antibacterial substances from Rhubarb against V. harveyi is feasible. Moreover, the yield of ASR was 30.29 ± 2.27%. Five compounds, namely, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion, were identified in ASR by comparing the HPLC chromatogram of the reference mixtures and the sample. Contents of the five compounds were 0.68 ± 0.02, 0.24 ± 0.05, 0.78 ± 0.07, 6.68 ± 0.97 and 0.58 ± 0.15%, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ASR, aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion were 0.625, 0.125, 0.015, > 1, > 1, and > 1 mg/mL, respectively, which indicated that aloe-emodin and rhein are the main antibacterial compounds of Rhubarb.

Novel Approaches to Extraction Methods in Recovery of Capsaicin from Habanero Pepper (CNPH 15.192)

Introduction:

The objective of this study was to compare three capsaicin extraction methods: Shoxlet, Ultrasound-assisted Extraction (UAE), and Shaker-assisted Extraction (SAE) from Habanero pepper, CNPH 15.192.

Materials and Methods:

The different parameters evaluated were alcohol degree, time extraction, and solid–solvent ratio using response surface methodology (RSM).

Results:

The three parameters found significant (p < 0.05) were for UAE and solvent concentration and extraction time for SAE. The optimum conditions for the capsaicin UAE and SAE were similar 95% alcohol degree, 30 minutes and solid–liquid ratio 2 mg/mL. The Soxhlet increased the extraction in 10–25%; however, long extraction times (45 minutes) degraded 2% capsaicin.

Conclusion:

The extraction of capsaicin was influenced by extraction method and by the operating conditions chosen. The optimized conditions provided savings of time, solvent, and herbal material. Prudent choice of the extraction method is essential to ensure optimal yield of extract, thereby making the study relevant and the knowledge gained useful for further exploitation and application of this resource.

SUMMARY

Habanero pepper, line CNPH 15.192, possess capsaicin in higher levels when compared with others species

Higher levels of ethanolic strength are more suitable to obtain a higher levels of capsaicin

Box-Behnken design indicates to be useful to explore the best conditions of ultrasound assisted extraction of capsaicin.

Abbreviations used: Nomenclature UAE: Ultrasound-assisted Extraction; SAE: Shaker-assisted Extraction.

Effects of extraction methods on molecular characteristics, antioxidant properties and immunomodulation of alginates from Sargassum angustifolium

The relationship between molecular structure and bioactivity was evaluated for alginates obtained under different extraction methods (water, acid, alcalase and cellulase) from Sargassum angustifolium. The use of enzymes considerably reduced protein (from 14.58% to <0.4%) and polyphenol (from 16.0% to <1.7mg GA/g sample) contaminations of alginates compared to those of water and acid. The FT-IR spectrum revealed that extraction method did not affect the structure of the recovered alginates. The highest molecular weight (Mw) (557.1×103g/mol) was found in acid treated alginate while the Mw of cellulase assistant alginate (356.2×103g/mol) was the minimum. The SVg values varied from 2.79-5.17cm3/g revealing the loosed conformational structures of alcalase and cellulase assistant alginates. Alcalase assistant alginate stimulated RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. Enzyme treated alginates showed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Therefore, the present results showed the determinant effect of pretreatment during the extraction process of alginate and the beneficial influence of enzymatic process when biological functions of alginates are of high interest in the industry.

Characterization of Hypericum perforatum polysaccharides with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities: Optimization based statistical modeling

In this study, the extracting parameters of crude polysaccharides (CPSs) from the Hypericum perforatum (HP) including extraction time (ETi, 60-180min), extraction temperature (ETe, 60-90°C), and the water/solid ratio (W/S, 10-30 was optimized by using three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) based on the single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were as follow: ETi 117.5min, ETe 74.28°C, and W/S 20.3:1. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 6.69%. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify structure of polysaccharide extracted at the optimal operating point. HP-CPSs was proved to possess antioxidant activities including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH free-radicals scavenging activates in vitro. The antibacterial activities of HP-CPSs against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated by determining clear growth inhibition zone diameters and by essays in liquid media. Overall, the results indicated that those polysaccharides could offer promising sources of polysaccharides for future application as antioxidant ingredients in the food industry.

A new kinetic model of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from Chinese chive

Chinese chive, a famous green vegetable, is widely cultivated in the Asia. In the present study, we found that ultrasound caused the degradation of Chinese chive polysaccharides (CCP) in the process of extraction. Since lacking the consideration of polysaccharide degradation, the traditional kinetic models can not reflect the real extraction process of CCP. Therefore, a modified kinetic model was thus established by introducing a parameter of degradation coefficient based on the Fick's second law, suggesting the diffusion and degradation of CCP is highly dependent on the ultrasonic power, extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio. According to this modified model, the maximum CCP yield was obtained under an optimal extraction condition including extraction temperature 37°C, ultrasonic power 458 w, extraction time 30min and solid-liquid ratio 1:32. The objective polysaccharides responding to ultrasound were shown to be four different fractions, contributing to the increased diffusion and degradation of CCP by ultrasound treatment.

One-pot β-cyclodextrin-assisted extraction of active ingredients from Xue-Zhi-Ning basing its encapsulated ability

Xue-Zhi-Ning (XZN) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula, containing active ingredients with poor solubility in water, which has been demonstrated to be helpful for patients with hyperlipidemia. One-pot β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-assisted extraction of active ingredients from XZN has been carried out to develop an efficient and eco-friendly extraction process. Five active compounds--rubrofusarin gentiobioside, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside, emodin, nuciferine and quercetin--were identified by UPLC/DAD/MS and used as indexes to evaluate the process optimized by an orthogonal test. The results showed that addition of β-CD significantly enhanced the extraction ratios of all five components. The enhancement of extraction ratios was positively correlated with the apparent formation constants between β-CD and the compounds. The study also showed that the stabilities and dissolution rates of the active ingredients were improved in the presence of β-CD. This one-pot β-cyclodextrin-assisted extraction has the potential to be applied in pharmaceutical preparations directly.

Response surface optimization of mucilage aqueous extraction from flixweed (Descurainia sophia) seeds

The effects of four factors of pH (4-8), temperature (50-95°C), weed-seed ratio (W/S, 15-45), and time (1-4 h) on the yield of mucilage extraction of Descurainia sophia seeds were investigated using response surface methodology-Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD). Results showed that a second-order model for the studied response was adequately fitted with a coefficient of determination of 98.7% (p<0.0001). The optimum conditions to achieve the highest yield (10.45%) were extraction time of 2.9 h, extraction temperature of 94.32°C, pH of 7.55 and the W/S ratio of 44.2. The extracted mucilage at the optimal point effectively scavenged DPPH free radical, and more concentrations of this polysaccharide indicated potent antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner.