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Lochmann F, Flatschacher D, Stock V, Schiller A, Zeilinger S, Ruzsanyi V. Near real-time quantification of microbial volatile organic compounds from mycoparasitic fungi: Potential for advanced monitoring and pest control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1244:124237. [PMID: 39013326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are thought to play a key role in the interactions between mycoparasitic fungi, such as the biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride (T. atroviride), and their environment. However, the analysis of MVOC emissions from fungal samples is challenging because of low analyte concentrations, typically in the ppbV-range, and the complex chemical nature of biological samples. In a recent study using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) to determine MVOC emissions from T. atroviride, many product ions were unspecific, as they could arise from a large number of possible analytes. The aim of the present study was to determine whether fast gas chromatography (fast-GC) coupled to PTR-ToF-MS could be used to overcome this issue and constitute a suitable on-line, near real-time method to identify and quantify fungal MVOC emissions in the ppbV-to-ppmV regime. Using gas standards of eleven MVOCs known to be emitted by T. atroviride such as 6-amyl-α-pyrone (6-PP), 2-pentylfuran, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-heptanone, 3-octanone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-pentanone, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutanal, acetone and ethanol, we developed a fast-GC method with a total runtime of 180 s which significantly enhances the analytical specificity of PTR-ToF-MS compared to conventional PTR-ToF-MS without fast-GC separation. Limits of detection were on the order of 0.1-4 ppbV. The increased analytical specificity demonstrated notable benefits, especially for MVOCs having partially overlapping distributions of product ions when analyzed directly using PTR-ToF-MS. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the analytical method, we analysed T. atroviride samples in four biological replicates twice daily over a duration of five days. Using the fast-GC method, nine out of the eleven MVOC species considered in this study in the headspace of T. atroviride could be identified and quantified and their time evolution over the five-day incubation period determined. The measured volume mixing ratios (VMRs) ranged from single-digit ppbV (2-pentylfuran) up to few ppmV (6-PP and ethanol), with the other compounds in the 10-to-100-ppbV range (1-octen-3-ol, 2-heptanone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methylbutanal and acetone). Our results suggest that fast-GC-PTR-ToF-MS is a method well-suited for the analysis of gas-phase samples of biological origin, including but not limited to (mycoparasitic) fungi, in a wide range of VMRs from sub-ppbV to few-ppmV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lochmann
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Flatschacher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentina Stock
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institut für Atemgasanalytik, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Lochmann F, Flatschacher D, Speckbacher V, Zeilinger S, Heuschneider V, Bereiter S, Schiller A, Ruzsanyi V. Demonstrating the Applicability of Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry to Quantify Volatiles Emitted by the Mycoparasitic Fungus Trichoderma atroviride in Real Time: Monitoring of Trichoderma-Based Biopesticides. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:1168-1177. [PMID: 38708575 PMCID: PMC11157538 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the potential application of proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) for real-time monitoring of microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). This investigation can be broadly divided into two parts. First, a selection of 14 MVOCs was made based on previous research that characterized the MVOC emissions of Trichoderma atroviride, which is a filamentous fungus widely used as a biocontrol agent. The analysis of gas-phase standards using PTR-ToF-MS allowed for the categorization of these 14 MVOCs into two groups: the first group primarily undergoes nondissociative proton transfer, resulting in the formation of protonated parent ions, while the second group mainly undergoes dissociative proton transfer, leading to the formation of fragment ions. In the second part of this investigation, the emission of MVOCs from samples of T. atroviride was continuously monitored over a period of five days using PTR-ToF-MS. This also included the first quantitative online analysis of 6-amyl-α-pyrone (6-PP), a key MVOC emitted by T. atroviride. The 6-PP emissions of T. atroviride cultures were characterized by a gradual increase over the first two days of cultivation, reaching a plateau-like maximum with volume mixing ratios exceeding 600 ppbv on days three and four. This was followed by a marked decrease, where the 6-PP volume mixing ratios plummeted to below 50 ppbv on day five. This observed sudden decrease in 6-PP emissions coincided with the start of sporulation of the T. atroviride cultures as well as increasing intensities of product ions associated with 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone, whereas both these MVOCs were previously associated with sporulation in T. atroviride. The study also presents the observations and discussion of further MVOC emissions from the T. atroviride samples and concludes with a critical assessment of the possible applications and limitations of PTR-ToF-MS for the online monitoring of MVOCs from biological samples in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lochmann
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Flatschacher
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Speckbacher
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Institut
für Mikrobiologie, Universität
Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse
25d, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Valentina Heuschneider
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stephanie Bereiter
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Ruzsanyi
- Institut
für Atemgasanalytik, Universität
Innsbruck, Innrain 52a and 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Speckbacher V, Flatschacher D, Martini-Lösch N, Ulbrich L, Baldin C, Bauer I, Ruzsanyi V, Zeilinger S. The histone deacetylase Hda1 affects oxidative and osmotic stress response as well as mycoparasitic activity and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Trichoderma atroviride. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0309723. [PMID: 38334386 PMCID: PMC10913545 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03097-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma atroviride is applied in agriculture as a biostimulant and biologic control agent against fungal pathogens that infest crop plants. Secondary metabolites are among the main agents determining the strength and progress of the mycoparasitic attack. However, expression of most secondary metabolism-associated genes requires specific cues, as they are silent under routine laboratory conditions due to their maintenance in an inactive heterochromatin state. Therefore, histone modifications are crucial for the regulation of secondary metabolism. Here, we functionally investigated the role of the class II histone deacetylase encoding gene hda1 of T. atroviride by targeted gene deletion, phenotypic characterization, and multi-omics approaches. Deletion of hda1 did not result in obvious phenotypic alterations but led to an enhanced inhibitory activity of secreted metabolites and reduced mycoparasitic abilities of T. atroviride against the plant-pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. The ∆hda1 mutants emitted altered amounts of four volatile organic compounds along their development, produced different metabolite profiles upon growth in liquid culture, and showed a higher susceptibility to oxidative and osmotic stress. Moreover, hda1 deletion affected the expression of several notable gene categories such as polyketide synthases, transcription factors, and genes involved in the HOG MAPK pathway.IMPORTANCEHistone deacetylases play crucial roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene transcription. To date, classical-Zn2+ dependent-fungal histone deacetylases are divided into two classes, of which each comprises orthologues of the two sub-groups Rpd3 and Hos2 and Hda1 and Hos3 of yeast, respectively. However, the role of these chromatin remodelers in mycoparasitic fungi is poorly understood. In this study, we provide evidence that Hda1, the class II histone deacetylases of the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma atroviride, regulates its mycoparasitic activity, secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and osmotic and oxidative stress tolerance. The function of Hda1 in regulating bioactive metabolite production and mycoparasitism reveals the importance of chromatin-dependent regulation in the ability of T. atroviride to successfully control fungal plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura Ulbrich
- Umweltmonitoring und Forensische Chemie, Hochschule Hamm-Lippstadt, Hamm, Germany
| | - Clara Baldin
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ingo Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Zumsande S, Thoben C, Dennhardt N, Krauß T, Sümpelmann R, Zimmermann S, Rüffert H, Heiderich S. Rebounds of sevoflurane concentration during simulated trigger-free pediatric and adult anesthesia. BMC Anesthesiol 2023; 23:196. [PMID: 37291484 PMCID: PMC10249316 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-023-02148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trigger-free anesthesia a volatile anesthetic concentration of 5 parts per million (ppm) should not be exceeded. According to European Malignant Hyperthermia Group (EMHG) guideline, this may be achieved by removing the vapor, changing the anesthetic breathing circuit and renewing the soda lime canister followed by flushing with O2 or air for a workstation specific time. Reduction of the fresh gas flow (FGF) or stand-by modes are known to cause rebound effects. In this study, simulated trigger-free pediatric and adult ventilation was carried out on test lungs including ventilation maneuvers commonly used in clinical practice. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether rebounds of sevoflurane develop during trigger-free anesthesia. METHODS A Dräger® Primus® was contaminated with decreasing concentrations of sevoflurane for 120 min. Then, the machine was prepared for trigger-free anesthesia according to EMHG guideline by changing recommended parts and flushing the breathing circuits using 10 or 18 l⋅min- 1 FGF. The machine was neither switched off after preparation nor was FGF reduced. Simulated trigger-free ventilation was performed with volume-controlled ventilation (VCV) and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) including various ventilation maneuvers like pressure support ventilation (PSV), apnea, decreased lung compliance (DLC), recruitment maneuvers, prolonged expiration and manual ventilation (MV). A high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation was used to measure sevoflurane in the ventilation gas mixture in a 20 s interval. RESULTS Immediately after start of simulated anesthesia, there was an initial peak of 11-18 ppm sevoflurane in all experiments. The concentration dropped below 5 ppm after 2-3 min during adult and 4-18 min during pediatric ventilation. Other rebounds of sevoflurane > 5 ppm occurred after apnea, DLC and PSV. MV resulted in a decrease of sevoflurane < 5 ppm within 1 min. CONCLUSION This study shows that after guideline-compliant preparation for trigger-free ventilation anesthetic machines may develop rebounds of sevoflurane > 5 ppm during typical maneuvers used in clinical practice. The changes in rate and direction of internal gas flow during different ventilation modes and maneuvers are possible explanations. Therefore, manufacturers should provide machine-specific washout protocols or emphasize the use of active charcoal filters (ACF) for trigger-free anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zumsande
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Thoben
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Dennhardt
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Terence Krauß
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Sümpelmann
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henrik Rüffert
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Klinik Schkeuditz, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heiderich
- Clinic of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Kim K, Lee S, Choi Y, Kim D. Emissions of Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds in Residential Environments and Temporal Emission Patterns: Implications for Sampling Methods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12601. [PMID: 36231902 PMCID: PMC9564960 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Currently, little is known about the occurrences of fungi-derived microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) in various indoor materials and their detection in residential environments, despite mVOCs being linked to several acute health effects. We identified various mVOCs emitted from fungi grown on PVC wallpaper, silicone rubber, and malt extract agar. We also investigated mVOCs temporal emission and whether fungi-derived VOCs concentration can be used to estimate fungal concentration in the air using active and passive air sampling methods. Among the three fungal growth media included in this study, silicone rubber produced the most variety of mVOCs: 106 compounds (from Aspergillus niger), 35 compounds (from Alternaria alternata), and 85 compounds (from Penicillium chrysogenum). We also found the emission patterns of eight chemical classes (i.e., aromatics, ethers, aliphatics, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, chlorides, and nitrides) from the three different fungi. From the results of our field experiments in 11 residential environments, passive air samplers led to higher correlations coefficients (0.08 to 0.86) between mVOCs' air concentrations and airborne fungal concentrations, compared with active air samplers, which showed negative correlation coefficients (-0.99 to -0.02) for most compounds. This study elucidated the occurrence and temporal emission patterns of fungal VOCs in residential environments.
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Zhu W, Benkwitz F, Sarmadi B, Kilmartin PA. Validation Study on the Simultaneous Quantitation of Multiple Wine Aroma Compounds with Static Headspace-Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:15020-15035. [PMID: 34874158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new quantitative method based on static headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (SHS-GC-IMS) is proposed, which enables the simultaneous quantitation of multiple aroma compounds in wine. The method was first evaluated for its stability and the necessity of using internal standards as a quality control measure. The two major hurdles in applying GC-IMS in quantitation studies, namely, nonlinearity and multiple ion species, were also investigated using the Boltzmann function and generalized additive model (GAM) as potential solutions. Metrics characterizing the model performance, including root mean squared error, bias, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery, were investigated. Both nonlinear fitting methods, Boltzmann function and GAM, were able to return desirable analytical outcomes with an acceptable range of error. Potential pitfalls that would cause inaccurate quantitation, that is, effects of ethanol content and competitive ionization, were also discussed. The performance of the SHS-GC-IMS method was subsequently compared against that of a currently established method, namely, GC-MS, using commercial wine samples. These findings provide an initial validation of a GC-IMS-based quantitation method, as well as a starting point for further enhancing the analytical scope of GC-IMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyao Zhu
- Wine Science Programme, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Kim Crawford Winery, Constellation Brands NZ, 237 Hammerichs Road, Blenheim 7273, New Zealand
| | - Frank Benkwitz
- Kim Crawford Winery, Constellation Brands NZ, 237 Hammerichs Road, Blenheim 7273, New Zealand
| | - Bahareh Sarmadi
- Wine Science Programme, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Wine Science Programme, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Heiderich S, Thoben C, Dennhardt N, Krauß T, Sümpelmann R, Zimmermann S, Reitz M, Rüffert H. Preparation of Dräger Atlan A350 and General Electric Healthcare Carestation 650 anesthesia workstations for malignant hyperthermia susceptible patients. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:315. [PMID: 34903173 PMCID: PMC8667359 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients at risk of malignant hyperthermia need trigger-free anesthesia. Therefore, anesthesia machines prepared for safe use in predisposed patients should be free of volatile anesthetics. The washout time depends on the composition of rubber and plastic in the anesthesia machine. Therefore, new anesthesia machines should be evaluated regarding the safe preparation for trigger-free anesthesia. This study investigates wash out procedures of volatile anesthetics for two new anesthetic workstations: Dräger Atlan A350 and General Electric Healthcare (GE) Carestation 650 and compare it with preparation using activated charcoal filters (ACF). METHODS A Dräger Atlan and a Carestation 650 were contaminated with 4% sevoflurane for 90 min. The machines were decontaminated with method (M1): using ACF, method 2 (M2): a wash out method that included exchange of internal parts, breathing circuits and soda lime canister followed by ventilating a test lung using a preliminary protocol provided by Dräger or method 3 (M3): a universal wash out instruction of GE, method 4 (M4): M3 plus exchange of breathing system and bellows. Decontamination was followed by a simulated trigger-free ventilation. All experiments were repeated with 8% desflurane contaminated machines. Volatile anesthetics were detected with a closed gas loop high-resolution ion mobility spectrometer with gas chromatographic pre-separation attached to the bacterial filter of the breathing circuits. Primary outcome was time until < 5 ppm of volatile anesthetics and total preparation time. RESULTS Time to < 5 ppm for the Atlan was 17 min (desflurane) and 50 min (sevoflurane), wash out continued for a total of 60 min according to protocol resulting in a total preparation time of 96-122 min. The Carestation needed 66 min (desflurane) and 24 min (sevoflurane) which could be abbreviated to 24 min (desflurane) if breathing system and bellows were changed. Total preparation time was 30-73 min. When using active charcoal filters time to < 5 ppm was 0 min for both machines, and total preparation time < 5 min. CONCLUSION Both wash out protocols resulted in a significant reduction of trace gas concentrations. However, due to the complexity of the protocols and prolonged total preparation time, feasibility in clinical practice remains questionable. Especially when time is limited preparation of the anesthetic machines using ACF remain superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heiderich
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christian Thoben
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nils Dennhardt
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Terence Krauß
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Sümpelmann
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Reitz
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henrik Rüffert
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helios Klinik Schkeuditz, Leipzig, Germany
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Identification of volatile compounds from bacteria by spectrometric methods in medicine diagnostic and other areas: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6245-6255. [PMID: 34415392 PMCID: PMC8377328 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11469-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of bacterial infections until today mostly relies on conventional microbiological methods. The resulting long turnaround times can lead to delayed initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy and prolonged periods of empiric antibiotic therapy (e.g., in intensive care medicine). Therewith, they contribute to the mortality of bacterial infections and the induction of multidrug resistances. The detection of species specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by bacteria has been proposed as a possible diagnostic approach with the potential to serve as an innovative point-of-care diagnostic tool with very short turnaround times. A range of spectrometric methods are available which allow the detection and quantification of bacterial VOCs down to a range of part per trillion. This narrative review introduces the application of spectrometric analytical methods for the purpose of detecting VOCs of bacterial origin and their clinical use for diagnosing different infectious conditions over the last decade. KEY POINTS: • Detection of VOCs enables bacterial differentiation in various medical conditions. • Spectrometric methods may function as point-of-care diagnostics in near future.
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