1
|
Mathias S, Amerio-Cox M, Jackson T, Douce D, Sage A, Luke P, Sleeman R, Crean C, Sears P. Selectivity of Explosives Analysis with Ambient Ionization Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry: Implications for Trace Detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:50-61. [PMID: 38086767 PMCID: PMC10767746 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization (AI) is a rapidly growing field in mass spectrometry (MS). It allows for the direct analysis of samples without any sample preparation, making it a promising technique for the detection of explosives. Previous studies have shown that AI can be used to detect a variety of explosives, but the exact gas-phase reactions that occur during ionization are not fully understood. This is further complicated by differences in mass spectrometers and individual experimental set ups between researchers. This study investigated the gas-phase ion reactions of five different explosives using a variety of AI techniques coupled to a Waters QDa mass spectrometer to identify selective ions for explosive detection and identification based on the applied ambient ionization technique. The results showed that the choice of the ion source can have a significant impact on the number of ions observed. This can affect the sensitivity and selectivity of the data produced. The findings of this study provide new insights into the gas-phase ion reactions of explosives and could lead to the development of more sensitive and selective AI-based methods for their detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mathias
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Marius Amerio-Cox
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Toni Jackson
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - David Douce
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Ashley Sage
- Waters
Corporation, Stamford
Avenue, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K.
| | - Peter Luke
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Richard Sleeman
- Mass
Spec Analytical, Future Space UWE North Gate, Bristol BS34 8RB, U.K.
| | - Carol Crean
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Patrick Sears
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ai J, Zhao W, Yu Q, Qian X, Zhou J, Huo X, Tang F. SR-Unet: A Super-Resolution Algorithm for Ion Trap Mass Spectrometers Based on the Deep Neural Network. Anal Chem 2023; 95:17407-17415. [PMID: 37963290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The mass spectrometer is an important tool for modern chemical analysis and detection. Especially, the emergence of miniature mass spectrometers has provided new tools for field analysis and detection. The resolution of a mass spectrometer reflects the ability of the instrument to discriminate between adjacent mass-to-charge ratio ions, and the higher the resolution, the better the discrimination of complex mixtures. Quadrupole ion traps are generally considered as a low-resolution mass spectrometry method, but they have gained wide attention and development in recent years because of their suitability for miniaturization and high qualitative capability. For an ion trap mass spectrometer, the mass sensitivity and resolution can be mutually constrained and need to be balanced by setting an appropriate scanning speed. In this study, a super-resolution U-net algorithm (SR-Unet) is proposed for ion trap mass spectrometry, which can estimate the possible ions from the overlapping ion peaks of low-resolution spectra and improve the equivalent resolution while ensuring sufficient sensitivity and analysis speed of the instrument. By determining the mass spectra of a linear ion trap mass spectrometer (LTQ XL) in Turbo and Normal scan modes, the same unit mass resolution as that at a scan speed of 16,667 Da/s was successfully obtained at 125,000 Da/s. Also, the experiments demonstrated that the algorithm is capable of the mass-to-charge ratio and instrument migration. SR-Unet can be migrated and applied to a miniature mass spectrometer for cruise detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and the identification of VOC species in Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) was improved from 31 to 50 species with the same monitoring and analysis speed requirement. Further, super-unit mass resolution peptide detection was achieved on a miniature mass spectrometer with the help of the SR-Unet algorithm, which reduced the full width at half-maxima (FWHM) of bradykinin divalent ions (m/z 531) from 0.35 to 0.15 Da at a scan speed of 375 Da/s and improved the equivalent resolution to 3540. The proposed method provides a new idea to enhance the field mixture detection capability of miniature ion trap mass spectrometers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Ai
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weize Zhao
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xinming Huo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ding X, Yu Q, Lu X, Wang X, Huo X, Qian X. SWIFTSIN: A High-Resolution Ion Isolation Waveform for the Miniaturized Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer by Coarse to Fine Excitation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2348-2355. [PMID: 36609163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To figure out the reason for the drawback of the stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT) waveform and realize the high-resolution ion isolation on the miniaturized linear ion trap mass spectrometer, we studied the efficiency that ions can be excited under different excitation durations and amplitudes at different frequencies and compared the overlap ratios of the effective excitation frequency bandwidths of the adjacent ions. According to this, we proposed a new coarse-to-fine isolation waveform named SWIFTSIN. By superposing one or more sinusoidal waveforms on the SWIFT waveform and modulating the phases of the superposed sinusoidal waveforms, the generated SWIFTSIN waveform can achieve unit mass isolation on the miniaturized linear ion trap mass spectrometer without reducing the intensity of the target ion. The isolation ability of the SWIFTSIN waveform was verified by isolating a single isotope peak in the mixed samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Ding
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Quan Yu
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xinqiong Lu
- Shenzhen Chin Instrument Co. Ltd., Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xinming Huo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen518107, China
| | - Xiang Qian
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song D, Yuan S, Zhang C, Luan L, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Rapid Detection of Estrogens in Cosmetics by Chemical Derivatization and Paper-Spray Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031130. [PMID: 36770794 PMCID: PMC9920920 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens in personal care products are harmful to customers. Conventional methods such as HPLC and LC-MS require tedious sample pretreatment and long analytical time. Paper-spray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-MS) is a powerful tool for the determination of compounds with little time and minimal pretreatment procedures. Since most estrogens show poor responses in PSI-MS, we developed a chemical derivatization and PSI-MS method to determinate three estrogens: estradiol, estriol and ethinyloestradiol with estradiol valerate as the internal standard (I.S.). After derivatization with 2-fluoro-1-methyl-pyridinium-p-toluene-sulfonate, the three estrogens could be quantified in seconds. This method showed good linearity in the range of 0.1~30 μg·mL-1, with R2 > 0.999. Their recovery results were all between 85%~115%. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.04 μg·mL-1, 0.02 μg·mL-1 and 0.02 μg·mL-1 for estradiol, estriol and ethinyloestradiol respectively, which improved around 200, 2000, and 900 times compared to non-derivative PSI-MS. The method could quantitatively determine estrogens in cosmetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Song
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Song Yuan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Caiyu Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Lin Luan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.Z.)
| | - Qingsheng Zhang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Chemical Drugs, Beijing 102629, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2023; 6:100298. [PMID: 36685733 PMCID: PMC9845958 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2022.100298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- Arson and Explosives Section I, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- Forensic Services, United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rankin‐Turner S, Reynolds JC, Turner MA, Heaney LM. Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2021: An annual review. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 3:67-89. [PMID: 38715637 PMCID: PMC10989594 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has revolutionized the field of analytical chemistry, enabling the rapid, direct analysis of samples in their native state. Since the inception of AIMS almost 20 years ago, the analytical community has driven the further development of this suite of techniques, motivated by the plentiful advantages offered in addition to traditional mass spectrometry. Workflows can be simplified through the elimination of sample preparation, analysis times can be significantly reduced and analysis remote from the traditional laboratory space has become a real possibility. As such, the interest in AIMS has rapidly spread through analytical communities worldwide, and AIMS techniques are increasingly being integrated with standard laboratory operations. This annual review covers applications of AIMS techniques throughout 2021, with a specific focus on AIMS applications in a number of key fields of research including disease diagnostics, forensics and security, food safety testing and environmental sciences. While some new techniques are introduced, the focus in AIMS research is increasingly shifting from the development of novel techniques toward efforts to improve existing AIMS techniques, particularly in terms of reproducibility, quantification and ease-of-use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin‐Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and ImmunologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - James C. Reynolds
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Matthew A. Turner
- Department of ChemistryLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
| |
Collapse
|