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Tomaino G, Pantaleoni C, D’Urzo A, Santambrogio C, Testa F, Ciprandi M, Cotugno D, Frascotti G, Vanoni M, Tortora P. An Efficient Method for Vault Nanoparticle Conjugation with Finely Adjustable Amounts of Antibodies and Small Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6629. [PMID: 38928334 PMCID: PMC11203631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaults are eukaryotic ribonucleoproteins consisting of 78 copies of the major vault protein (MVP), which assemble into a nanoparticle with an about 60 nm volume-based size, enclosing other proteins and RNAs. Regardless of their physiological role(s), vaults represent ideal, natural hollow nanoparticles, which are produced by the assembly of the sole MVP. Here, we have expressed in Komagataella phaffi and purified an MVP variant carrying a C-terminal Z peptide (vault-Z), which can tightly bind an antibody's Fc portion, in view of targeted delivery. Via surface plasmon resonance analysis, we could determine a 2.5 nM affinity to the monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab (Tz)/vault-Z 1:1 interaction. Then, we characterized the in-solution interaction via co-incubation, ultracentrifugation, and analysis of the pelleted proteins. This showed virtually irreversible binding up to an at least 10:1 Tz/vault-Z ratio. As a proof of concept, we labeled the Fc portion of Tz with a fluorophore and conjugated it with the nanoparticle, along with either Tz or Cetuximab, another monoclonal antibody. Thus, we could demonstrate antibody-dependent, selective uptake by the SKBR3 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell lines. These investigations provide a novel, flexible technological platform that significantly extends vault-Z's applications, in that it can be stably conjugated with finely adjusted amounts of antibodies as well as of other molecules, such as fluorophores, cell-targeting peptides, or drugs, using the Fc portion as a scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tomaino
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Camilla Pantaleoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Annalisa D’Urzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Carlo Santambrogio
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Filippo Testa
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Matilde Ciprandi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Davide Cotugno
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Gianni Frascotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Vanoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
- ISBE-SYSBIO Centre for Systems Biology, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tortora
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.T.); (C.P.); (A.D.); (C.S.); (F.T.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (M.V.)
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Sciacca C, Cardullo N, Pulvirenti L, Travagliante G, D'Urso A, D'Agata R, Peri E, Cancemi P, Cornu A, Deffieux D, Pouységu L, Quideau S, Muccilli V. Synthesis of obovatol and related neolignan analogues as α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2024; 147:107392. [PMID: 38723423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, which can be counteracted by the inhibition of α-glucosidase (α-Glu) and α-amylase (α-Amy), enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. In recent decades, many natural compounds and their bioinspired analogues have been studied as α-Glu and α-Amy inhibitors. However, no studies have been devoted to the evaluation of α-Glu and α-Amy inhibition by the neolignan obovatol (1). In this work, we report the synthesis of 1 and a library of new analogues. The synthesis of these compounds was achieved by implementing methodologies based on: phenol allylation, Claisen/Cope rearrangements, methylation, Ullmann coupling, demethylation, phenol oxidation and Michael-type addition. Obovatol (1) and ten analogues were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity towards α-Glu and α-Amy. Our investigation highlighted that the naturally occurring 1 and four neolignan analogues (11, 22, 26 and 27) were more effective inhibitors than the hypoglycemic drug acarbose (α-Amy: 34.6 µM; α-Glu: 248.3 µM) with IC5O value of 6.2-23.6 µM toward α-Amy and 39.8-124.6 µM toward α-Glu. Docking investigations validated the inhibition outcomes, highlighting optimal compatibility between synthesized neolignans and both the enzymes. Concurrently circular dichroism spectroscopy detected the conformational changes in α-Glu induced by its interaction with the studied neolignans. Detailed studies through fluorescence measurements and kinetics of α-Glu and α-Amy inhibition also indicated that 1, 11, 22, 26 and 27 have the greatest affinity for α-Glu and 1, 11 and 27 for α-Amy. Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) measurements confirmed that among the compounds studied, the neolignan 27 has the greater affinity for both enzymes, thus corroborating the results obtained by kinetics and fluorescence quenching. Finally, in vitro cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds was tested on human colon cancer cell line (HCT-116). All these results demonstrate that these obovatol-based neolignan analogues constitute promising candidates in the pursuit of developing novel hypoglycemic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sciacca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Luana Pulvirenti
- CNR-ICB, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania 95126, Italy
| | - Gabriele Travagliante
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Urso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Agata
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Emanuela Peri
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Patrizia Cancemi
- Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo 90128, Italy
| | - Anaëlle Cornu
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Denis Deffieux
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Pouységu
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Quideau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 351 cours de la Libération, Talence Cedex, France; Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Dong T, Wan S, Wang Y, Fu Y, Wang P. Effects of Chemical Fixatives on Kinetic Measurements of Biomolecular Interaction on Cell Membrane. J Membr Biol 2024; 257:131-142. [PMID: 38206377 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-024-00305-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the interaction between ligands and membrane proteins is important for drug design and optimization. Although investigation using live cells is desirable, it is not feasible in some circumstances and cell fixation is performed to reduce cell motion and degradation. This study compared the effects of five fixatives, i.e., formaldehyde vapor (FV), paraformaldehyde (PFA), acetone, methanol, and ethanol, on kinetic measurements via the LigandTracer method. We found that all five fixatives exerted insignificant effects on lectin-glycan interaction. However, antibody-receptor interaction is markedly perturbed by coagulant fixatives. The acetone fixation changed the binding of the anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) antibody to HER2 on the cell membrane from a 1:2 to a 1:1 binding model, while methanol and ethanol abolished the antibody binding possibly by removal of the HER2 receptors on the cell membrane. The capability of binding was retained when methanol fixation was performed at lower temperatures, albeit with a binding model of 1:1 instead. Moreover, whereas cell morphology does not exert a substantial impact on lectin-glycan interaction, it can indeed modify the binding model of antibody-receptor interaction. Our results provided insights into the selection of fixatives for cell-based kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Shengyang Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yaru Fu
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, 250022, P. R. China.
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Conrad M, Fechner P, Proll G, Gauglitz G. (R)evolution of the Standard Addition Procedure for Immunoassays. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:849. [PMID: 37754083 PMCID: PMC10526245 DOI: 10.3390/bios13090849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A new method to transfer the standard addition procedure for concentration determination to immunoassays with non-linear calibration curves was developed. The new method was successfully applied to simulated data and benchmarked against a state-of-the-art algorithm, showing a significantly improved performance with improvement factors between 2 and 192. The logit function was used to transform the immunoassay signal response of test samples spiked with known analyte concentrations. The relationship between logit(signal) and log-transformed estimated total analyte concentration is linear if the estimated total analyte concentration is correct. Finally, the new method was validated experimentally using different assays in varying, relevant complex matrices, such as serum, saliva, and milk. Different concentrations of testosterone and amitriptyline between 0.05 and 3.0 µg L-1 were quantified using a binding inhibition assay in combination with reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS) as the transduction principle. The sample concentration was calculated using a numerical method. Samples could be quantified with recoveries between 70 and 118%. The standard addition method accounts for individual matrix interference on the immunoassay by spiking the test sample itself. Although the experiments were carried out using RIfS, the method can be applied to any immunoassay that meets the analytical requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Conrad
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany (G.P.); (G.G.)
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Dong T, Han C, Liu X, Wang Z, Wang Y, Kang Q, Wang P, Zhou F. Live Cells versus Fixated Cells: Kinetic Measurements of Biomolecular Interactions with the LigandTracer Method and Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:2094-2104. [PMID: 36939457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based kinetic studies of ligand or candidate drug binding to membrane proteins have produced affinity and kinetic values that are different from measurements using purified proteins. However, ligand binding to fixated cells whose membrane constituents (e.g., proteins and their glycosylated forms) are partially connected by a cross-linking reagent has not been compared to that to live cells. Under the same experimental conditions for the LigandTracer method, we measured the interactions of fluorophore-labeled lectins and antibody molecules with glycans at HFF cells and the human epithelial growth receptor 2 at SKBR3 cells, respectively. In conjunction with surface plasmon resonance microscopy, the effects of labels and cell/sub-cell heterogeneity on binding kinetics were investigated. Our results revealed that, for cell constituents whose structures and functions are not closely dependent on cell viability, the ligand binding kinetics at fixated cells is only slightly different from that at live cells. The altered kinetics is explained on the basis of a less mobile receptor confined in a local environment created by partially interconnected protein molecules. We show that cell/sub-cell heterogeneity and labels on the ligands can alter the binding reaction more significantly. Thus, fixating cells not only simplifies experimental procedures for drug screening and renders assays more robust but also provides reliable kinetic information about drug binding to cell constituents whose structures are not changed by chemical fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbao Dong
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Chaowei Han
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Qing Kang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
| | - Feimeng Zhou
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China
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Conrad M, Proll G, Builes-Münden E, Dietzel A, Wagner S, Gauglitz G. Tools to compare antibody gold nanoparticle conjugates for a small molecule immunoassay. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:62. [PMID: 36662292 PMCID: PMC9859872 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody gold nanoparticle conjugates as recognition elements are essential for the overall performance of lateral flow assays. When immobilizing antibodies on gold nanoparticles, the challenge is to prevent aggregation and to ensure that the antibodies are correctly oriented so that they remain functional and their paratopes remain accessible. There are many methods available, and it is difficult to decide which one to use. To help selecting the most appropriate conjugate production method, different synthetic routes of binding antibodies to gold nanoparticles are systematically investigated for the purpose of a quantitative lateral flow test for small molecules. The direct comparison of different conjugate syntheses shows how to select a suitable conjugate for a lateral flow assay. The syntheses examined are direct adsorption of antibody, direct adsorption of reduced antibody, covalent binding to polyethylene glycol linker, and binding via biotin-streptavidin interaction. The conjugates are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering to determine their stability. Their performance on structured lateral flow test strips is examined using calibrations for different amitriptyline concentrations. It was shown that the best conjugate for quantification of amitriptyline was realized by direct adsorption of an UV-light irradiated antibody to gold nanoparticles. The methods employed can serve as a guide for selecting the most appropriate conjugate for an application and enhance the performance of lateral flow assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Conrad
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Günther Proll
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Esteban Builes-Münden
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Straße 203, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Dietzel
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Alte Salzdahlumer Straße 203, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Wagner
- OFFIS-Institut für Informatik, Escherweg 2, 26121, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Günter Gauglitz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry (IPTC), Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Xi X, Xiao G, An G, Liu L, Liu X, Hao P, Wang JY, Song D, Yu W, Gu Y. A novel shark single-domain antibody targeting OGT as a tool for detection and intracellular localization. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1062656. [PMID: 36855630 PMCID: PMC9968394 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1062656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction O-GlcNAcylation is a type of reversible post-translational modification on Ser/Thr residues of intracellular proteins in eukaryotic cells, which is generated by the sole O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Thousands of proteins, that are involved in various physiological and pathological processes, have been found to be O-GlcNAcylated. However, due to the lack of favorable tools, studies of the O-GlcNAcylation and OGT were impeded. Immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) derived from shark is attractive to research tools, diagnosis and therapeutics. The variable domain of IgNARs (VNARs) have several advantages, such as small size, good stability, low-cost manufacture, and peculiar paratope structure. Methods We obtained shark single domain antibodies targeting OGT by shark immunization, phage display library construction and panning. ELISA and BIACORE were used to assess the affinity of the antibodies to the antigen and three shark single-domain antibodies with high affinity were successfully screened. The three antibodies were assessed for intracellular function by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence co-localization. Results In this study, three anti-OGT VNARs (2D9, 3F7 and 4G2) were obtained by phage display panning. The affinity values were measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that 2D9, 3F7 and 4G2 bound to OGT with KD values of 35.5 nM, 53.4 nM and 89.7 nM, respectively. Then, the VNARs were biotinylated and used for the detection and localization of OGT by ELISA, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. 2D9, 3F7 and 4G2 were exhibited the EC50 values of 102.1 nM, 40.75 nM and 120.7 nM respectively. VNAR 3F7 was predicted to bind the amino acid residues of Ser375, Phe377, Cys379 and Tyr 380 on OGT. Discussion Our results show that shark single-domain antibodies targeting OGT can be used for in vitro detection and intracellular co-localization of OGT, providing a powerful tool for the study of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Xi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guokai Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guiqi An
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaochun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiyu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jennifer Yiyang Wang
- College of Letters and Science Dept. of Microbiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dandan Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Wengong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuchao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology of Shandong Province, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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