Current and emerging mass spectrometry methods for the preclinical development of metal-based drugs: a critical appraisal

Review about Powerful Combinations of Advanced and Hyphenated Sample Introduction Techniques with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Elucidating Trace Element Species in Pathologic Conditions on a Molecular Level

Element analysis in clinical or biological samples is important due to the essential role in clinical diagnostics, drug development, and drug-effect monitoring. Particularly, the specific forms of element binding, actual redox state, or their spatial distribution in tissue or in single cells are of interest in medical research. This review summarized exciting combinations of sophisticated sample delivery systems hyphenated to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), enabling a broadening of information beyond the well-established outstanding detection capability. Deeper insights into pathological disease processes or intracellular distribution of active substances were provided, enabling a better understanding of biological processes and their dynamics. Examples were presented from spatial elemental mapping in tissue, cells, or spheroids, also considering elemental tagging. The use of natural or artificial tags for drug monitoring was shown. In the context of oxidative stress and ferroptosis iron, redox speciation gained importance. Quantification methods for Fe2+, Fe3+, and ferritin-bound iron were introduced. In Wilson’s disease, free and exchangeable copper play decisive roles; the respective paragraph provided information about hyphenated Cu speciation techniques, which provide their fast and reliable quantification. Finally, single cell ICP-MS provides highly valuable information on cell-to-cell variance, insights into uptake of metal-containing drugs, and their accumulation and release on the single-cell level.

Correlating the charge transfer efficiency of metallic sulfa-isatins to design efficient NLO materials with better drug designs

The present study presents synthesis, characterization and first principle studies on metal chelates, (1-12), of sulfonamide-isatin reacted ligands (S¹-S³). All the products were evaluated by various physical and spectral (UV, IR, NMR, MS) means. The octahedral geometry for Co⁺², Ni⁺² and Zn⁺², while square planner geometry for Cu⁺² chelates were confirmed by their spectroscopic and magnetic data. Their physical chemistry investigation show the ability of aromatic rings to stabilize sulfonamide rings across NH-π interactions at their optimized geometries. The nonlinear optical response for all the compounds disclosed that the z-axis has the most contributions. An efficient electron injection and hole studies for Au and Al electrodes having the energies of - 0.1-3.1 and 0.0-11.8 eV respectively were noted. Their bioactive character was shown by global reactivity calculated from FMO energy gaps. The enzyme inhibitory results were found to be 45-61% and IC₅₀ = 102-122 µL, for compound (4), (10), (8), (5) and (12) against the amylase, protease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) respectively The antibacterial findings showed significant action having 11-17 mm for (2), (7) and (10) for bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus. The DPPH and ferric reducing power assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity with 49.0 ± 0.09-66.2 ± 0.08% and IC₅₀ = 102.3-122.4 µL range. In comparison to ligands, the results showed that all metal chelates had higher bioactivity. The chelation was the primary cause of their increased bioactivity. These findings suggested that such metal-based compounds might be used as antimicrobial, and antioxidant options in future to cope drug resistance.