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Tong S, Niu J, Wang Z, Jiao Y, Fu Y, Li D, Pan X, Sheng N, Yan L, Min P, Chen D, Cui S, Liu Y, Lin S. The Evolution of Microfluidic-Based Drug-Loading Techniques for Cells and Their Derivatives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403422. [PMID: 39152940 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery techniques face challenges related to targeting and adverse reactions. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in nanoparticle-based drug carriers. Nevertheless, concerns persist regarding their safety and insufficient metabolism. Employing cells and their derivatives, such as cell membranes and extracellular vesicles (EVs), as drug carriers effectively addresses the challenges associated with nanoparticle carriers. However, an essential hurdle remains in efficiently loading drugs into these carriers. With the advancement of microfluidic technology and its advantages in precise manipulation at the micro- and nanoscales, as well as minimal sample loss, it has found extensive application in the loading of drugs using cells and their derivatives, thereby fostering the development of drug-loading techniques. This paper outlines the characteristics and benefits of utilizing cells and their derivatives as drug carriers and provides an overview of current drug-loading techniques, particularly those rooted in microfluidic technology. The significant potential for microfluidic technology in targeted disease therapy through drug delivery systems employing cells and their derivatives, is foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tong
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jiaqi Niu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yingao Jiao
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yanfei Fu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Dongxia Li
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinni Pan
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Nengquan Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Peiru Min
- Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University College of Medicine, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Erana-Perez Z, Igartua M, Santos-Vizcaino E, Hernandez RM. Genetically engineered loaded extracellular vesicles for drug delivery. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:350-365. [PMID: 38508958 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for drug delivery is being widely explored by scientists from several research fields. To fully exploit their therapeutic potential, multiple methods for loading EVs have been developed. Although exogenous methods have been extensively utilized, in recent years the endogenous method has gained significant attention. This approach, based on parental cell genetic engineering, is suitable for loading large therapeutic biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. We review the most commonly used EV loading methods and emphasize the inherent advantages of the endogenous method over the others. We also examine the most recent advances and applications of this innovative approach to inform on the diverse therapeutic opportunities that lie ahead in the field of EV-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Erana-Perez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Manoli Igartua
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
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3
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Wang Y, Huo Y, Zhao C, Liu H, Shao Y, Zhu C, An L, Chen X, Chen Z. Engineered exosomes with enhanced stability and delivery efficiency for glioblastoma therapy. J Control Release 2024; 368:170-183. [PMID: 38382811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the application of chemical drugs for glioblastoma treatment is severely limited. Recently, exosomes have been widely applied for drug delivery to the brain. However, the differences in brain targeting efficiency among exosomes derived from different cell sources, as well as the premature drug leakage during circulation, still limit the therapeutic efficacy. Here, we designed a functional oligopeptide-modified exosome loaded with doxorubicin (Pep2-Exos-DOX) for glioblastoma treatment. BV2 mouse microglial cell line was selected as the exosome source due to the favorable BBB penetration. To avoid drug release in the circulation, a redox-response oligopeptide was designed for incorporation into the membranes of exosomes to lock the drug during circulation. The enrichment of the drug in glioblastoma was confirmed. Pharmacodynamic evaluation showed Pep2-Exos-DOX possessed significant anti-cancer activity against glioblastoma as well as relative biosafety. This exosome-based drug delivery system modified with redox-response oligopeptides provides us a novel strategy for brain diseases treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiming Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Heng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Entomological Biopharmaceutical R&D, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Yurou Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chenqi Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lan An
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- School of Biopharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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4
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Lee C, Kumar S, Park J, Choi Y, Clarissa EM, Cho YK. Tonicity-induced cargo loading into extracellular vesicles. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2069-2079. [PMID: 38436394 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00830d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The current challenge in using extracellular vesicles (EVs) as drug delivery vehicles is to precisely control their membrane permeability, specifically in the ability to switch between permeable and impermeable states without compromising their integrity and functionality. Here, we introduce a rapid, efficient, and gentle loading method for EVs based on tonicity control (TC) using a lab-on-a-disc platform. In this technique, a hypotonic solution was used for temporarily permeabilizing a membrane ("on" state), allowing the influx of molecules into EVs. The subsequent isotonic washing led to an impermeable membrane ("off" state). This loading cycle enables the loading of different cargos into EVs, such as doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox), ssDNA, and miRNA. The TC approach was shown to be more effective than traditional methods such as sonication or extrusion, with loading yields that were 4.3-fold and 7.2-fold greater, respectively. Finally, the intracellular assessments of miRNA-497-loaded EVs and doxorubicin-loaded EVs confirmed the superior performance of TC-prepared formulations and demonstrated the impact of encapsulation heterogeneity on the therapeutic outcome, signifying potential opportunities for developing novel exosome-based therapeutic systems for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeeun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Elizabeth Maria Clarissa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Korea.
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Korea
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5
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Chandler K, Millar J, Ward G, Boyall C, White T, Ready JD, Maani R, Chapple K, Tempest R, Brealey J, Duckett C, Haywood-Small S, Turega S, Peake N. Imaging of Light-Enhanced Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Delivery of Oxaliplatin to Colorectal Cancer Cells via Laser Ablation, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Cells 2023; 13:24. [PMID: 38201228 PMCID: PMC10778274 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer structures released by all cells that mediate cell-to-cell communication via the transfer of bioactive cargo. Because of the natural origin of EVs, their efficient uptake by recipient cells, capacity to stabilize and transport biomolecules and their potential for cell/tissue targeting and preferential uptake by cancer cells, they have enormous potential for bioengineering into improved and targeted drug delivery systems. In this work, we investigated the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) as a tool to measure the loading of platinum-based chemotherapeutic agents. The EV loading of oxaliplatin via co-incubation was demonstrated, and LA-ICP-MS imaging showed greater efficiency of delivery to colorectal cancer cells compared to free oxaliplatin, leading to enhanced cytotoxic effect. Further, the impact of EV co-loading with a porphyrin (C5SHU, known as 'C5') photosensitizer on oxaliplatin delivery was assessed. Fluorescence analysis using nano-flow cytometry showed dose-dependent EV loading as well as a trend towards the loading of larger particles. Exposure of OXA-C5-EV-treated colorectal cancer cells to light indicated that delivery was enhanced by both light exposure and porphyrins, with a synergistic effect on cell viability observed between oxaliplatin, EVs and light exposure after the delivery of the co-loaded EVs. In summary, this work demonstrates the utility of LA-ICP-MS and mass spectrometry imaging in assessing the loading efficiency and cellular delivery of platinum-based therapeutics, which would also be suitable for agents containing other elements, confirms that EVs are more efficient at delivery compared to free drugs, and describes the use of light exposure in optimizing delivery and therapeutic effects of EV-mediated drug delivery both in combination and independently of porphyrin-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Chandler
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Josh Millar
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - George Ward
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Christopher Boyall
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Tom White
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Joseph David Ready
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
- PerkinElmer AES (UK) Ltd., Chalfont Road, Seer Green, Beaconsfield HP9 2FX, UK
| | - Rawan Maani
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Keith Chapple
- Department of General Surgery, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK
| | - Robert Tempest
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd., Medicity, D6 Thane Road, Nottingham NG60 6BH, UK
| | - Joseph Brealey
- NanoFCM Co., Ltd., Medicity, D6 Thane Road, Nottingham NG60 6BH, UK
| | - Catherine Duckett
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Sarah Haywood-Small
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Simon Turega
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
| | - Nick Peake
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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6
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Huang L, Wu E, Liao J, Wei Z, Wang J, Chen Z. Research Advances of Engineered Exosomes as Drug Delivery Carrier. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43374-43387. [PMID: 38027310 PMCID: PMC10666244 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles secreted by living cells that have similar membrane composition to parental cells and carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Therefore, exosomes have certain biological activities and play an important role in intercellular communication. On the basis of its potential as a carrier for drug delivery systems, exosomes have been engineered to compensate for the shortage of natural exosomes through various engineering strategies for improving drug delivery efficiency, enhancing targeting to tissues and organs, and extending the circulating half-life of exosomes. This review focuses on the engineered exosomes loading drugs through different strategies, discussions on exosome surface modification strategies, and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies. In addition, this review provides an overview of the recent applications of engineered exosomes in a number of refractory and relapsable diseases. This review has the potential to provide a reference for further research and development of engineered exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianghui Huang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Enguang Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Liao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zongyi Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of
Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
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7
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Gao H, Wang S, Liu Z, Hirvonen JT, A. Santos H. Mycophenolic Acid-loaded Naïve Macrophage-derived Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Cardiac Myoblast after Inflammatory Injury. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:4269-4276. [PMID: 37774367 PMCID: PMC10583195 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are natural endogenous extracellular vesicles with phospholipid-based bilayer membrane structures. Due to their unique protein-decorated membrane properties, exosomes have been regarded as promising drug carriers to deliver small molecules and genes. A number of approaches have been developed for exosome-based drug loading. However, the drug loading capability of exosomes is inconsistent, and the effects of loading methods on the therapeutic efficacy have not been investigated in detail. Herein, we developed anti-inflammatory drug-loaded exosomes as an immunomodulatory nanoplatform. Naïve macrophage-derived exosomes (Mϕ-EVs) were loaded with the anti-inflammatory drug mycophenolic acid (MPA) by three major loading methods. Loading into exosomes significantly enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidation effects of MPA in vitro compared to free drugs. These findings provide a scientific basis for developing naïve macrophage-secreted exosomes as drug carriers for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, University Medical
Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shiqi Wang
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Zehua Liu
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouni T. Hirvonen
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hélder A. Santos
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, W.J. Kolff Institute for Biomedical Engineering
and Materials Science, University Medical
Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Drug
Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Roerig J, Schulz-Siegmund M. Standardization Approaches for Extracellular Vesicle Loading with Oligonucleotides and Biologics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301763. [PMID: 37287374 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely recognized for their potential as drug delivery systems. EVs are membranous nanoparticles shed from cells. Among their natural features are their ability to shield cargo molecules against degradation and enable their functional internalization into target cells. Especially biological or bio-inspired large molecules (LMs), like nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, and others, may profit from encapsulation in EVs for drug delivery purposes. In the last years, a variety of loading protocols are explored for different LMs. The lack of standardization in the EV drug delivery field has impeded their comparability so far. Currently, the first reporting frameworks and workflows for EV drug loading are proposed. The aim of this review is to summarize these evolving standardization approaches and set recently developed methods into context. This will allow for enhanced comparability of future work on EV drug loading with LMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josepha Roerig
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04317, Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Tréton G, Sayer C, Schürz M, Jaritsch M, Müller A, Matea CT, Stanojlovic V, Melo-Benirschke H, Be C, Krembel C, Rodde S, Haffke M, Hintermann S, Marzinzik A, Ripoche S, Blöchl C, Hollerweger J, Auer D, Cabrele C, Huber CG, Hintersteiner M, Wagner T, Lingel A, Meisner-Kober N. Quantitative and functional characterisation of extracellular vesicles after passive loading with hydrophobic or cholesterol-tagged small molecules. J Control Release 2023; 361:694-716. [PMID: 37567507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized intercellular messengers that bear enormous application potential as biological drug delivery vehicles. Much progress has been made for loading or decorating EVs with proteins, peptides or RNAs using genetically engineered donor cells, but post-isolation loading with synthetic drugs and using EVs from natural sources remains challenging. In particular, quantitative and unambiguous data assessing whether and how small molecules associate with EVs versus other components in the samples are still lacking. Here we describe the systematic and quantitative characterisation of passive EV loading with small molecules based on hydrophobic interactions - either through direct adsorption of hydrophobic compounds, or by membrane anchoring of hydrophilic ligands via cholesterol tags. As revealed by single vesicle imaging, both ligand types bind to CD63 positive EVs (exosomes), however also non-specifically to other vesicles, particles, and serum proteins. The hydrophobic compounds Curcumin and Terbinafine aggregate on EVs with no apparent saturation up to 106-107 molecules per vesicle as quantified by liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). For both compounds, high density EV loading resulted in the formation of a population of large, electron-dense vesicles as detected by quantitative cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a reduced EV cell uptake and a toxic gain of function for Curcumin-EVs. In contrast, cholesterol tagging of a hydrophilic mdm2-targeted cyclic peptide saturated at densities of ca 104-105 molecules per vesicle, with lipidomics showing addition to, rather than replacement of endogenous cholesterol. Cholesterol anchored ligands did not change the EVs' size or morphology, and such EVs retained their cell uptake activity without inducing cell toxicity. However, the cholesterol-anchored ligands were rapidly shed from the vesicles in presence of serum. Based on these data, we conclude that (1) both methods allow loading of EVs with small molecules but are prone to unspecific compound binding or redistribution to other components if present in the sample, (2) cholesterol anchoring needs substantial optimization of formulation stability for in vivo applications, whereas (3) careful titration of loading densities is warranted when relying on hydrophobic interactions of EVs with hydrophobic compounds to mitigate changes in physicochemical properties, loss of EV function and potential cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenola Tréton
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Sayer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Schürz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Maria Jaritsch
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Müller
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cristian-Tudor Matea
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vesna Stanojlovic
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Heloisa Melo-Benirschke
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Celine Be
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Krembel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Rodde
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Haffke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Hintermann
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Marzinzik
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Ripoche
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Constantin Blöchl
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Julia Hollerweger
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Auer
- GMP Unit, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Chiara Cabrele
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian G Huber
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Trixie Wagner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Meisner-Kober
- University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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10
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Qian S, Mao J, Zhao Q, Zhao B, Liu Z, Lu B, Zhang L, Mao X, Zhang Y, Wang D, Sun X, Cui W. "Find-eat" strategy targeting endothelial cells via receptor functionalized apoptotic body nanovesicle. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:826-837. [PMID: 36973107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) injury plays a key role in the chronic wound process. A long-term hypoxic microenvironment hinders the vascularization of ECs, thus delaying wound healing. In this study, CX3CL1-functionalized apoptotic body nanovesicles (nABs) were constructed. The "Find-eat" strategy was implemented through a receptor-ligand combination to target ECs that highly express CX3CR1 in the hypoxic microenvironment, therefore amplifying the "Find-eat" signal and promoting angiogenesis. Apoptotic bodies (ABs) were obtained by chemically inducing apoptosis of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and then functionalized nABs containing deferoxamine (DFO-nABs) were obtained through a series of steps, including optimized hypotonic treatment, mild ultrasound, drug mixing and extrusion treatment. In vitro experiments showed that nABs had good biocompatibility and an effective "Find-eat" signal via CX3CL1/CX3CR1 to induce ECs in the hypoxic microenvironment, thereby promoting cell proliferation, cell migration and tube formation. In vivo experiments showed that nABs could promote the rapid closure of wounds, release the "Find-eat" signal to target ECs and realize the sustained release of angiogenic drugs to promote new blood vessel formation in diabetic wounds. These receptor-functionalized nABs, which can target ECs by releasing dual signals and achieve the sustained release of angiogenic drugs, may provide a novel strategy for chronic diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutong Qian
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiayi Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Binfan Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhimo Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Bolun Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Liucheng Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiyuan Mao
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuguang Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Danru Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China.
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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11
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Alexandre L, Sun J, Taverna M, Zhong W. Advances in extracellular vesicle analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1235-1238. [PMID: 36740632 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Alexandre
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes pour la Microfluidique (IPGG), 6, rue Jean Calvin, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Galien Paris-Saclay (UMR-CNRS-8612), Faculté de Pharmacie, Bâtiment Henri Moissan, 19 Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Jiashu Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay (UMR-CNRS-8612), Faculté de Pharmacie, Bâtiment Henri Moissan, 19 Avenue des Sciences, 91400, Orsay, France
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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12
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Matsuzaka Y, Yashiro R. Extracellular Vesicle-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030539. [PMID: 36992123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) vaccines are mainly used as SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Despite several issues concerning storage, stability, effective period, and side effects, viral vector vaccines are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Recently, viral vector-encapsulated extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been suggested as useful tools, owing to their safety and ability to escape from neutral antibodies. Herein, we summarize the possible cellular mechanisms underlying EV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, The Institute of Medical Science, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8551, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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13
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Draguet F, Bouland C, Dubois N, Bron D, Meuleman N, Stamatopoulos B, Lagneaux L. Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Natural Nanocarriers: Concise Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020558. [PMID: 36839879 PMCID: PMC9964668 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication, through direct and indirect cell contact, is mandatory in multicellular organisms. These last years, the microenvironment, and in particular, transfer by extracellular vesicles (EVs), has emerged as a new communication mechanism. Different biological fluids and cell types are common sources of EVs. EVs play different roles, acting as signalosomes, biomarkers, and therapeutic agents. As therapeutic agents, MSC-derived EVs display numerous advantages: they are biocompatible, non-immunogenic, and stable in circulation, and they are able to cross biological barriers. Furthermore, EVs have a great potential for drug delivery. Different EV isolation protocols and loading methods have been tested and compared. Published and ongoing clinical trials, and numerous preclinical studies indicate that EVs are safe and well tolerated. Moreover, the latest studies suggest their applications as nanocarriers. The current review will describe the potential for MSC-derived EVs as drug delivery systems (DDS) in disease treatment, and their advantages. Thereafter, we will outline the different EV isolation methods and loading techniques, and analyze relevant preclinical studies. Finally, we will describe ongoing and published clinical studies. These elements will outline the benefits of MSC-derived EV DDS over several aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Draguet
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Cyril Bouland
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saint-Pierre Hospital, 322 Rue Haute, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery, Grand Hôpital de Charleroi, 3 Grand’Rue, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nathan Dubois
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Bron
- Department of Haematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Meuleman
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Haematology, Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Medicine Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Basile Stamatopoulos
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
- Medicine Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Route de Lennik 808, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurence Lagneaux
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy (LCCT), Jules Bordet Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 90 Rue Meylemeersch, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
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