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An J, Park H, Ju M, Woo Y, Seo Y, Min J, Lee T. An updated review on the development of a nanomaterial-based field-effect transistor-type biosensors to detect exosomes for cancer diagnosis. Talanta 2024; 279:126604. [PMID: 39068827 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, a life-threatening genetic disease caused by abnormalities in normal cell growth regulatory functions, poses a significant challenge that current medical technologies cannot fully overcome. The current desired breakthrough is to diagnose cancer as early as possible and increase survival rates through treatments tailored to the prognosis and appropriate follow-up. From a perspective that reflects this contemporary paradigm of cancer diagnostics, exosomes are emerging as promising biomarkers. Exosomes, serving as mobile biological information repositories of cancer cells, have been known to create a microtumor environment in surrounding cells, and significant insight into the clinical significance of cancer diagnosis targeting them has been reported. Therefore, there are growing interests in constructing a system that enables continuous screening with a focus on patient-friendly and flexible diagnosis, aiming to improve cancer screening rates through exosome detection. This review focuses on a proposed exosome-embedded biological information-detecting platform employing a field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensor that leverages portability, cost-effectiveness, and rapidity to minimize the stages of sacrifice attributable to cancer. The FET-applied biosensing technique, stemming from variations in an electric field, is considered an early detection system, offering high sensitivity and a prompt response frequency for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biomolecules. Hence, an in-depth discussion was conducted on the understanding of various exosome-based cancer biomarkers and the clinical significance of recent studies on FET-based biosensors applying them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongyun An
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Minyoung Ju
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Woo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoshep Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.
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Choudhary P, Singh VK, Dixit A. 2D-Bio-FETs for sensitive detection of cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:413004. [PMID: 38959912 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad5ee9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
The biosensing industry has seen exponential growth in the past decade. Impact of biosensors in the current scenario cannot be overlooked. Cardiovascular diseases (CvDs) have been recognized as one of the major causes for millions of deaths globally. This mortality can be minimized by early and accurate detection/diagnosis of CvDs with the help of biosensing devices. This also presents a global market opportunity for the development of biosensors for CvDs. A vast variety of biosensing methods and devices have been developed for this problem. Most of commercially available platforms for CvD detection rely on optical (fluorometric and colorimetric analysis) techniques using serum biomarkers since optical testing is the gold standard in medical diagnosis. Field effect transistors-based biosensors, termed as Bio-FETs, are the upcoming devices for blood or serum analyte detection due to excellent sensitivity, low operational voltage, handheld device structure and simple chip-based operation. Further, the discovery of two dimensional (2D) materials and their integration with conventional FETs has improved the overvoltage problem, sensitivity and strict operating conditions as compared to conventional FETs. Graphene-FETs based biosensing devices have been proven as promising candidates due to their attractive properties. Despite the severe threat of CvDs which has further increased in post-covid era, the Bio-FET sensor studies in literature are still rare. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive view of all the multidisciplinary concepts related to 2D-BioFETs for CvDs. A critical review of the different platforms has been covered with detailed discussions of related studies to provide a clear concept and present status of 2D-BioFETs based CvD biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Choudhary
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Vijay K Singh
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
| | - Ambesh Dixit
- Advanced Material and Device (AMAD) Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342030, India
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Geiwitz M, Page OR, Marello T, Nichols ME, Kumar N, Hummel S, Belosevich V, Ma Q, van Opijnen T, Batten B, Meyer MM, Burch KS. Graphene Multiplexed Sensor for Point-of-Need Viral Wastewater-Based Epidemiology. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:4622-4632. [PMID: 38954405 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) can help mitigate the spread of respiratory infections through the early detection of viruses, pathogens, and other biomarkers in human waste. The need for sample collection, shipping, and testing facilities drives up the cost of WBE and hinders its use for rapid detection and isolation in environments with small populations and in low-resource settings. Given the ubiquitousness and regular outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus, SARS-CoV-2, and various influenza strains, there is a rising need for a low-cost and easy-to-use biosensing platform to detect these viruses locally before outbreaks can occur and monitor their progression. To this end, we have developed an easy-to-use, cost-effective, multiplexed platform able to detect viral loads in wastewater with several orders of magnitude lower limit of detection than that of mass spectrometry. This is enabled by wafer-scale production and aptamers preattached with linker molecules, producing 44 chips at once. Each chip can simultaneously detect four target analytes using 20 transistors segregated into four sets of five for each analyte to allow for immediate statistical analysis. We show our platform's ability to rapidly detect three virus proteins (SARS-CoV-2, RSV, and Influenza A) and a population normalization molecule (caffeine) in wastewater. Going forward, turning these devices into hand-held systems would enable wastewater epidemiology in low-resource settings and be instrumental for rapid, local outbreak prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Geiwitz
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Owen Rivers Page
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Tio Marello
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Marina E Nichols
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Narendra Kumar
- GRIP Molecular Technologies, Inc., 1000 Westgate Drive, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114, United States
| | - Stephen Hummel
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York 10996, United States
| | - Vsevolod Belosevich
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Tim van Opijnen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Bruce Batten
- GRIP Molecular Technologies, Inc., 1000 Westgate Drive, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55114, United States
| | - Michelle M Meyer
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Kenneth S Burch
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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4
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Dockx K, Barnes MD, Wehenkel DJ, van Rijn R, van der Zant HSJ, Buscema M. Strong doping reduction on wafer-scale CVD graphene devices via Al 2O 3ALD encapsulation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:395202. [PMID: 38955146 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5dbb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
We present the electrical characterization of wafer-scale graphene devices fabricated with an industrially-relevant, contact-first integration scheme combined with Al2O3encapsulation via atomic layer deposition. All the devices show a statistically significant reduction in the Dirac point position,Vcnp, from around +47 V to between -5 and 5 V (on 285 nm SiO2), while maintaining the mobility values. The data and methods presented are relevant for further integration of graphene devices, specifically sensors, at the back-end-of-line of a standard CMOS flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dockx
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M D Barnes
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D J Wehenkel
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - R van Rijn
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - H S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M Buscema
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
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Zeller G, Díaz Barrero D, Wiesen P, Niemes S, Tuchscherer N, Aker M, Leonhardt AMW, Demand J, Valerius K, Bornschein B, Schlösser M, Telle HH. Demonstration of tritium adsorption on graphene. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2838-2849. [PMID: 38817427 PMCID: PMC11134268 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report on studies of graphene exposed to tritium gas in a controlled environment. The single layer graphene on a SiO2/Si substrate was exposed to 400 mbar of T2, for a total time of ∼55 h. The resistivity of the graphene sample was measured in situ during tritium exposure using the van der Pauw method. We found that the sheet resistance increases by three orders of magnitude during the exposure, suggesting significant chemisorption of tritium. After exposure, the samples were characterised ex situ via spatio-chemical mapping with a confocal Raman microscope, to study the effect of tritium on the graphene structure (tritiation yielding T-graphene), as well as the homogeneity of modifications across the whole area of the graphene film. The Raman spectra after tritium exposure were comparable to previously observed results in hydrogen-loading experiments, carried out by other groups. By thermal annealing we also could demonstrate, using Raman spectral analysis, that the structural changes were largely reversible. Considering all observations, we conclude that the graphene film was at least partially tritiated during the tritium exposure, and that the graphene film by and large withstands the bombardment by electrons from the β-decay of tritium, as well as by energetic primary and secondary ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genrich Zeller
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Desedea Díaz Barrero
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Paul Wiesen
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Simon Niemes
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Nancy Tuchscherer
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Max Aker
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Artus M W Leonhardt
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jannik Demand
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Kathrin Valerius
- Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Beate Bornschein
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Magnus Schlösser
- Tritium Laboratory Karlsruhe (TLK), Institute for Astroparticle Physics (IAP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Helmut H Telle
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid Spain
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Sengupta J, Hussain CM. Graphene transistor-based biosensors for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. Bioelectrochemistry 2024; 156:108623. [PMID: 38070365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors use FETs to detect changes in the amount of electrical charge caused by biomolecules like antigens and antibodies. COVID-19 can be detected by employing these biosensors by immobilising bio-receptor molecules that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the FET channel surface and subsequent monitoring of the changes in the current triggered by the virus. Graphene Field-effect Transistor (GFET)-based biosensors utilise graphene, a two-dimensional material with high electrical conductivity, as the sensing element. These biosensors can rapidly detect several biomolecules including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is responsible for COVID-19. GFETs are ideal for real-time infectious illness diagnosis due to their great sensitivity and specificity. These graphene transistor-based biosensors could revolutionise clinical diagnostics by generating fast, accurate data that could aid pandemic management. GFETs can also be integrated into point-of-care (POC) diagnostic equipment. Recent advances in GFET-type biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection are discussed here, along with their associated challenges and future scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Sengupta
- Department of Electronic Science, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, Kolkata 700033, India.
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, NJ, USA.
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Nudurupati U, Narla T, Punihaole D, Ou Y. A facile approach to create sensitive and selective Cu(ii) sensors on carbon fiber microelectrodes. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33688-33695. [PMID: 38019989 PMCID: PMC10652356 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05119f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A facile platform derived from deposition of ethynyl linkers on carbon fiber microelectrodes has been developed for sensitive and selective sensing of Cu(ii). This study is the first to demonstrate the successful anodic deposition of ethynyl linkers, specifically 1,4-diethynylbenzene, onto carbon fiber microelectrodes. Multi-scan deposition of DEB on these microelectrodes resulted in an increased sensitivity and selectivity towards Cu(ii) that persists amidst other divalent interferents and displays sustained performance over four days while stored at room temperature. This method can be extended to other ethynyl terminal moieties, thereby creating a versatile chemical platform that will enable improved sensitivity and selectivity for a new frontier of biomarker measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terdha Narla
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont USA
| | - David Punihaole
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont USA
- Pipeline Investigator in Vermont Centre for Cardiovascular & Brain Health USA
| | - Yangguang Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont USA
- Pipeline Investigator in Vermont Centre for Cardiovascular & Brain Health USA
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Kaewket K, Ngamchuea K. Electrochemical detection of creatinine: exploiting copper(ii) complexes at Pt microelectrode arrays. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33210-33220. [PMID: 38025874 PMCID: PMC10647978 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work develops a rapid and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for creatinine detection at platinum microelectrode arrays (Pt-MEA). Copper(ii) ions are introduced to form the electroactive creatinine complex, which is then detected at Pt-MEA through a direct reduction reaction. Electrochemical behaviors of the creatinine complex are also explored at Pt macrodisc and microdisc electrodes in comparison with Pt-MEA. At the Pt-MEA, the linear range, sensitivity, and limit of detection of creatinine are determined to be 0.00-5.00 mM, 5401 ± 99 A m-2 M-1, and 0.059 mM (3SB/m), respectively. Notably, the Pt-MEA requires only 10 μL of sample and allows direct measurement of creatinine in synthetic urine with 97.39 ± 4.78% recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerakit Kaewket
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology 111 University Avenue, Suranaree, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand +66 (0) 44 224 637
| | - Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology 111 University Avenue, Suranaree, Muang Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand +66 (0) 44 224 637
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