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Zhao X, Zhang Q, Tang X, Xu Y, Du Y, Zhao B, Fan X, Zhang X, Zhang W, Wu W, Zhao K. Multiplex detection of transgenic maize by microdroplet PCR combined with capillary gel electrophoresis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:535-538. [PMID: 30811521 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueming Tang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Du
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Binan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaori Fan
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanjing Zhang
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Wei S, Wang C, Zhu P, Zhou G, Fu W, Wu X. A high-throughput multiplex tandem PCR assay for the screening of genetically modified maize. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Salisu IB, Shahid AA, Yaqoob A, Ali Q, Bajwa KS, Rao AQ, Husnain T. Molecular Approaches for High Throughput Detection and Quantification of Genetically Modified Crops: A Review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1670. [PMID: 29085378 PMCID: PMC5650622 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As long as the genetically modified crops are gaining attention globally, their proper approval and commercialization need accurate and reliable diagnostic methods for the transgenic content. These diagnostic techniques are mainly divided into two major groups, i.e., identification of transgenic (1) DNA and (2) proteins from GMOs and their products. Conventional methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were routinely employed for DNA and protein based quantification respectively. Although, these Techniques (PCR and ELISA) are considered as significantly convenient and productive, but there is need for more advance technologies that allow for high throughput detection and the quantification of GM event as the production of more complex GMO is increasing day by day. Therefore, recent approaches like microarray, capillary gel electrophoresis, digital PCR and next generation sequencing are more promising due to their accuracy and precise detection of transgenic contents. The present article is a brief comparative study of all such detection techniques on the basis of their advent, feasibility, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. However, these emerging technologies have a lot to do with detection of a specific event, contamination of different events and determination of fusion as well as stacked gene protein are the critical issues to be addressed in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim B. Salisu
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa, Nigeria
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad A. Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amina Yaqoob
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kamran S. Bajwa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Q. Rao
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Köppel R, Ganeshan A, van Velsen F, Bucher T. Five pentaplex real-time PCR systems for the efficient determination of 20 genetically modified maize traits in food. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kim JH, Park SB, Roh HJ, Shin MK, Moon GI, Hong JH, Kim HY. Event-specific qualitative and quantitative detection of five genetically modified rice events using a single standard reference molecule. Food Chem 2017; 226:187-192. [PMID: 28254011 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One novel standard reference plasmid, namely pUC-RICE5, was constructed as a positive control and calibrator for event-specific qualitative and quantitative detection of genetically modified (GM) rice (Bt63, Kemingdao1, Kefeng6, Kefeng8, and LLRice62). pUC-RICE5 contained fragments of a rice-specific endogenous reference gene (sucrose phosphate synthase) as well as the five GM rice events. An existing qualitative PCR assay approach was modified using pUC-RICE5 to create a quantitative method with limits of detection correlating to approximately 1-10 copies of rice haploid genomes. In this quantitative PCR assay, the square regression coefficients ranged from 0.993 to 1.000. The standard deviation and relative standard deviation values for repeatability ranged from 0.02 to 0.22 and 0.10% to 0.67%, respectively. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (Korea) validated the method and the results suggest it could be used routinely to identify five GM rice events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Saet-Byul Park
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Roh
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ki Shin
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui-Im Moon
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hwan Hong
- Food Safety Risk Assessment Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Yeong Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Jang H, Kwak CH, Kim G, Kim SM, Huh YS, Jeon TJ. Identification of genetically modified DNA found in Roundup Ready soybean using gold nanoparticles. Mikrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Establishment of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection method for genetically modified maize MON88017. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2678-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Arulandhu AJ, van Dijk JP, Dobnik D, Holst-Jensen A, Shi J, Zel J, Kok EJ. DNA enrichment approaches to identify unauthorized genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4575-93. [PMID: 27086015 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred J Arulandhu
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Dobnik
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Arne Holst-Jensen
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Center for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Life Sciences Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jana Zel
- National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Baktavachalam GB, Delaney B, Fisher TL, Ladics GS, Layton RJ, Locke ME, Schmidt J, Anderson JA, Weber NN, Herman RA, Evans SL. Transgenic maize event TC1507: Global status of food, feed, and environmental safety. GM CROPS & FOOD 2016; 6:80-102. [PMID: 26018138 PMCID: PMC5033190 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1054093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a widely cultivated cereal that has been safely consumed by humans and animals for centuries. Transgenic or genetically engineered insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize, are commercially grown on a broad scale. Event TC1507 (OECD unique identifier: DAS-Ø15Ø7–1) or the Herculex®# I trait, an insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize expressing Cry1F and PAT proteins, has been registered for commercial cultivation in the US since 2001. A science-based safety assessment was conducted on TC1507 prior to commercialization. The safety assessment addressed allergenicity; acute oral toxicity; subchronic toxicity; substantial equivalence with conventional comparators, as well as environmental impact. Results from biochemical, physicochemical, and in silico investigations supported the conclusion that Cry1F and PAT proteins are unlikely to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. Also, findings from toxicological and animal feeding studies supported that maize with TC1507 is as safe and nutritious as conventional maize. Maize with TC1507 is not expected to behave differently than conventional maize in terms of its potential for invasiveness, gene flow to wild and weedy relatives, or impact on non-target organisms. These safety conclusions regarding TC1507 were acknowledged by over 20 regulatory agencies including United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) before authorizing cultivation and/or food and feed uses. A comprehensive review of the safety studies on TC1507, as well as some benefits, are presented here to serve as a reference for regulatory agencies and decision makers in other countries where authorization of TC1507 is or will be pursued.
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Key Words
- Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis
- CFIA, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- CTNBio, Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança
- Cry, crystalline
- Cry1F
- DA-BPI, Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Plant Industry
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERA, environmental risk assessment
- EU, European Union
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FFP, food, feed, and processing
- FSANZ, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- GAIN, Global Agricultural Information Network
- GE maize
- GE, genetically engineered
- HGT, horizontal gene transfer
- ISAAA, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
- LD50, median lethal dose
- NCGA, National Corn Growers Association
- NTOs, non-target organisms
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PAT, phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SE, Substantial Equivalence
- SGF, simulated gastric fluid
- TC1507
- US EPA, United States Environment Protection Agency
- USDA APHIS, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- WHO, World Health Organization
- aa, amino acid
- environmental safety
- food and feed safety
- global authorizations
- nptII, neomycin phosphotransferase II
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Fraiture MA, Herman P, Taverniers I, De Loose M, Deforce D, Roosens NH. Current and new approaches in GMO detection: challenges and solutions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:392872. [PMID: 26550567 PMCID: PMC4624882 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In many countries, genetically modified organisms (GMO) legislations have been established in order to guarantee the traceability of food/feed products on the market and to protect the consumer freedom of choice. Therefore, several GMO detection strategies, mainly based on DNA, have been developed to implement these legislations. Due to its numerous advantages, the quantitative PCR (qPCR) is the method of choice for the enforcement laboratories in GMO routine analysis. However, given the increasing number and diversity of GMO developed and put on the market around the world, some technical hurdles could be encountered with the qPCR technology, mainly owing to its inherent properties. To address these challenges, alternative GMO detection methods have been developed, allowing faster detections of single GM target (e.g., loop-mediated isothermal amplification), simultaneous detections of multiple GM targets (e.g., PCR capillary gel electrophoresis, microarray, and Luminex), more accurate quantification of GM targets (e.g., digital PCR), or characterization of partially known (e.g., DNA walking and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) or unknown (e.g., NGS) GMO. The benefits and drawbacks of these methods are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Alice Fraiture
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabel Taverniers
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc De Loose
- Technology and Food Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115, Bus 1, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nancy H. Roosens
- Platform of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology (PBB) and Biosafety and Biotechnology Unit (SBB), Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), J. Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Datukishvili N, Kutateladze T, Gabriadze I, Bitskinashvili K, Vishnepolsky B. New multiplex PCR methods for rapid screening of genetically modified organisms in foods. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:757. [PMID: 26257724 PMCID: PMC4513241 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present novel multiplex PCR methods for rapid and reliable screening of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). New designed PCR primers targeting four frequently used GMO specific sequences permitted identification of new DNA markers, in particular 141 bp fragment of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, 224 bp fragment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator, 256 bp fragment of 5-enolppyruvylshikimate-phosphate synthase (epsps) gene and 258 bp fragment of Cry1Ab delta-endotoxin (cry1Ab) gene for GMO screening. The certified reference materials containing Roundup Ready soybean (RRS) and maize MON 810 were applied for the development and optimization of uniplex and multiplex PCR systems. Evaluation of amplification products by agarose gel electrophoresis using negative and positive controls confirmed high specificity and sensitivity at 0.1% GMO for both RRS and MON 810. The fourplex PCR was developed and optimized that allows simultaneous detection of three common transgenic elements, such as: CaMV 35S promoter, NOS terminator, epsps gene together with soybean-specific lectin gene. The triplex PCR developed enables simultaneous identification of transgenic elements, such as: 35S promoter and cry1Ab gene together with maize zein gene. The analysis of different processed foods demonstrated that multiplex PCR methods developed in this study are useful for accurate and fast screening of GM food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Datukishvili
- Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi, Georgia ; Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Inga Gabriadze
- Ivane Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Kakha Bitskinashvili
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Ilia State University Tbilisi, Georgia
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Milavec M, Dobnik D, Yang L, Zhang D, Gruden K, Zel J. GMO quantification: valuable experience and insights for the future. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6485-97. [PMID: 25182968 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8077-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cultivation and marketing of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been unevenly adopted worldwide. To facilitate international trade and to provide information to consumers, labelling requirements have been set up in many countries. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is currently the method of choice for detection, identification and quantification of GMOs. This has been critically assessed and the requirements for the method performance have been set. Nevertheless, there are challenges that should still be highlighted, such as measuring the quantity and quality of DNA, and determining the qPCR efficiency, possible sequence mismatches, characteristics of taxon-specific genes and appropriate units of measurement, as these remain potential sources of measurement uncertainty. To overcome these problems and to cope with the continuous increase in the number and variety of GMOs, new approaches are needed. Statistical strategies of quantification have already been proposed and expanded with the development of digital PCR. The first attempts have been made to use new generation sequencing also for quantitative purposes, although accurate quantification of the contents of GMOs using this technology is still a challenge for the future, and especially for mixed samples. New approaches are needed also for the quantification of stacks, and for potential quantification of organisms produced by new plant breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojca Milavec
- Department of Biotechnology and Systems Biology, National Institute of Biology (NIB), Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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Kim JH, Zhang D, Kim HY. Detection of sixteen genetically modified maize events in processed foods using four event-specific pentaplex PCR systems. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Molecular Identification of Four Genetically Modified Maize (Bt11, Bt176, Mon810 and T25) by Duplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9667-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Ujhelyi G, Dijk JPV, Prins TW, Voorhuijzen MM, Hoef AMAV, Beenen HG, Morisset D, Gruden K, Kok EJ. Comparison and transfer testing of multiplex ligation detection methods for GM plants. BMC Biotechnol 2012; 12:4. [PMID: 22257760 PMCID: PMC3271032 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the increasing number of GMOs on the global market the maintenance of European GMO regulations is becoming more complex. For the analysis of a single food or feed sample it is necessary to assess the sample for the presence of many GMO-targets simultaneously at a sensitive level. Several methods have been published regarding DNA-based multidetection. Multiplex ligation detection methods have been described that use the same basic approach: i) hybridisation and ligation of specific probes, ii) amplification of the ligated probes and iii) detection and identification of the amplified products. Despite they all have this same basis, the published ligation methods differ radically. The present study investigated with real-time PCR whether these different ligation methods have any influence on the performance of the probes. Sensitivity and the specificity of the padlock probes (PLPs) with the ligation protocol with the best performance were also tested and the selected method was initially validated in a laboratory exchange study. Results Of the ligation protocols tested in this study, the best results were obtained with the PPLMD I and PPLMD II protocols and no consistent differences between these two protocols were observed. Both protocols are based on padlock probe ligation combined with microarray detection. Twenty PLPs were tested for specificity and the best probes were subjected to further evaluation. Up to 13 targets were detected specifically and simultaneously. During the interlaboratory exchange study similar results were achieved by the two participating institutes (NIB, Slovenia, and RIKILT, the Netherlands). Conclusions From the comparison of ligation protocols it can be concluded that two protocols perform equally well on the basis of the selected set of PLPs. Using the most ideal parameters the multiplicity of one of the methods was tested and 13 targets were successfully and specifically detected. In the interlaboratory exchange study it was shown that the selected method meets the 0.1% sensitivity criterion. The present study thus shows that specific and sensitive multidetection of GMO targets is now feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Ujhelyi
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Holck AL, Pedersen BO. Simple, sensitive, accurate multiplex quantitative competitive PCR with capillary electrophoresis detection for the determination of genetically modified maize. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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García-Cañas V, Mondello M, Cifuentes A. Simultaneous detection of genetically modified organisms by multiplex ligation-dependent genome amplification and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2249-59. [PMID: 20593401 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative method useful to simultaneously analyze multiple genetically modified organisms is described. The developed method consists in the combination of multiplex ligation-dependent genome dependent amplification (MLGA) with CGE and LIF detection using bare-fused silica capillaries. The MLGA process is based on oligonucleotide constructs, formed by a universal sequence (vector) and long specific oligonucleotides (selectors) that facilitate the circularization of specific DNA target regions. Subsequently, the circularized target sequences are simultaneously amplified with the same couple of primers and analyzed by CGE-LIF using a bare-fused silica capillary and a run electrolyte containing 2-hydroxyethyl cellulose acting as both sieving matrix and dynamic capillary coating. CGE-LIF is shown to be very useful and informative for optimizing MLGA parameters such as annealing temperature, number of ligation cycles, and selector probes concentration. We demonstrate the specificity of the method in detecting the presence of transgenic DNA in certified reference and raw commercial samples. The method developed is sensitive and allows the simultaneous detection in a single run of percentages of transgenic maize as low as 1% of GA21, 1% of MON863, and 1% of MON810 in maize samples with signal-to-noise ratios for the corresponding DNA peaks of 15, 12, and 26, respectively. These results demonstrate, to our knowledge for the first time, the great possibilities of MLGA techniques for genetically modified organisms analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia García-Cañas
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Holck A, Pedersen BO, Heir E. Detection of five novel GMO maize events by qualitative, multiplex PCR and fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Herrero M, García-Cañas V, Simo C, Cifuentes A. Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:205-28. [PMID: 19967713 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The use of capillary electromigration methods to analyze foods and food components is reviewed in this work. Papers that were published during the period April 2007 to March 2009 are included following the previous review by García-Cañas and Cifuentes (Electrophoresis, 2008, 29, 294-309). These works include the analysis of amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions and other compounds found in foods and beverages, as well as those applications of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips, CE-MS, chiral-CE as well as other foreseen trends in food analysis are also discussed including their possibilities in the very new field of Foodomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Herrero
- Departamento de Caracterización de Alimentos, Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales, Madrid 28006, Spain
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Bahrdt C, Krech AB, Wurz A, Wulff D. Validation of a newly developed hexaplex real-time PCR assay for screening for presence of GMOs in food, feed and seed. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2103-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3380-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Design of multiplex calibrant plasmids, their use in GMO detection and the limit of their applicability for quantitative purposes owing to competition effects. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2151-64. [PMID: 20099062 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3396-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Five double-target multiplex plasmids to be used as calibrants for GMO quantification were constructed. They were composed of two modified targets associated in tandem in the same plasmid: (1) a part of the soybean lectin gene and (2) a part of the transgenic construction of the GTS40-3-2 event. Modifications were performed in such a way that each target could be amplified with the same primers as those for the original target from which they were derived but such that each was specifically detected with an appropriate probe. Sequence modifications were done to keep the parameters of the new target as similar as possible to those of its original sequence. The plasmids were designed to be used either in separate reactions or in multiplex reactions. Evidence is given that with each of the five different plasmids used in separate wells as a calibrant for a different copy number, a calibration curve can be built. When the targets were amplified together (in multiplex) and at different concentrations inside the same well, the calibration curves showed that there was a competition effect between the targets and this limits the range of copy numbers for calibration over a maximum of 2 orders of magnitude. Another possible application of multiplex plasmids is discussed.
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Holck AL, Drømtorp SM, Heir E. Quantitative, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for the determination of eight genetically modified maize events. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Ricroch A, Bergé JB, Messéan A. Revue bibliographique sur la dispersion des transgènes à partir du maïs génétiquement modifié. C R Biol 2009; 332:861-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Holst-Jensen A. Testing for genetically modified organisms (GMOs): Past, present and future perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:1071-1082. [PMID: 19477261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of GMO testing methodologies and how these have evolved and may evolve in the next decade. Challenges and limitations for the application of the test methods as well as to the interpretation of results produced with the methods are highlighted and discussed, bearing in mind the various interests and competences of the involved stakeholders. To better understand the suitability and limitations of detection methodologies the evolution of transformation processes for creation of GMOs is briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Holst-Jensen
- Department of Feed and Food Safety, National Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Development of a quadruplex-real-time-PCR for screening food for genetically modified organisms. Eur Food Res Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-009-1045-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xu W, Yuan Y, Luo Y, Bai W, Zhang C, Huang K. Event-specific detection of stacked genetically modified maize Bt11 x GA21 by UP-M-PCR and real-time PCR. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:395-402. [PMID: 19105640 DOI: 10.1021/jf802323m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
More and more stacked GMOs have been developed for more improved functional properties and/or a stronger intended characteristic, such as antipest, improved product efficiency etc. Bt11 x GA21 is a new kind of stacked GM maize developed by Monsanto Company. Since there are no unique flanking sequences in stacked GMOs, up to now, no appropriate method has been reported to accurately detect them. In this passage, a novel universal primer multiplex PCR (UP-M-PCR) was developed and applied as a rapid screening method for the simultaneous detection of five target sequences (NOS, 35S, Bt11 event, GA21 event, and IVR) in maize Bt11 x GA21. This method overcame the disadvantages rooted deeply in conventional multiplex PCR such as complex manipulation, lower sensitivity, self-inhibition and amplification disparity resulting from different primers. What's more, it got a high specificity and had a detection limit of 0.1% (approximates to 38 haploid genome copies). Furthermore, real-time PCR combined with multivariate statistical analysis was used for accurate quantification of stacked GM maize Bt11 x GA21 in 100% GM maize mixture (Bt11 x GA21, Bt11 and GA21). Detection results showed that this method could accurately validate the content of Bt11, GA21 and Bt11 x GA21 in 100% GM mixture with a detection limit of 0.5% (approximates to 200 haploid genome copies) and a low relative standard deviation <5%. All the data proved that this method may be widely applied in event-specific detection of other stacked GMOs in GM-mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Xu
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Molecular Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing
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28
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Prins TW, van Dijk JP, Beenen HG, Van Hoef AMA, Voorhuijzen MM, Schoen CD, Aarts HJM, Kok EJ. Optimised padlock probe ligation and microarray detection of multiple (non-authorised) GMOs in a single reaction. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:584. [PMID: 19055784 PMCID: PMC2631584 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To maintain EU GMO regulations, producers of new GM crop varieties need to supply an event-specific method for the new variety. As a result methods are nowadays available for EU-authorised genetically modified organisms (GMOs), but only to a limited extent for EU-non-authorised GMOs (NAGs). In the last decade the diversity of genetically modified (GM) ingredients in food and feed has increased significantly. As a result of this increase GMO laboratories currently need to apply many different methods to establish to potential presence of NAGs in raw materials and complex derived products. RESULTS In this paper we present an innovative method for detecting (approved) GMOs as well as the potential presence of NAGs in complex DNA samples containing different crop species. An optimised protocol has been developed for padlock probe ligation in combination with microarray detection (PPLMD) that can easily be scaled up. Linear padlock probes targeted against GMO-events, -elements and -species have been developed that can hybridise to their genomic target DNA and are visualised using microarray hybridisation.In a tenplex PPLMD experiment, different genomic targets in Roundup-Ready soya, MON1445 cotton and Bt176 maize were detected down to at least 1%. In single experiments, the targets were detected down to 0.1%, i.e. comparable to standard qPCR. CONCLUSION Compared to currently available methods this is a significant step forward towards multiplex detection in complex raw materials and derived products. It is shown that the PPLMD approach is suitable for large-scale detection of GMOs in real-life samples and provides the possibility to detect and/or identify NAGs that would otherwise remain undetected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo W Prins
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen P van Dijk
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henriek G Beenen
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - AM Angeline Van Hoef
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen M Voorhuijzen
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cor D Schoen
- Plant Research International BV (WUR), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk JM Aarts
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Esther J Kok
- RIKILT – Institute of Food Safety (WUR), Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, the Netherlands
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29
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Current awareness in phytochemical analysis. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2008; 19:568-575. [PMID: 18988322 DOI: 10.1002/pca.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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García-Cañas V, Cifuentes A. Simultaneous confirmatory analysis of different transgenic maize (zea mays) lines using multiplex polymerase chain reaction-restriction analysis and capillary gel electrophoresis with laser induced fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8280-8286. [PMID: 18710253 DOI: 10.1021/jf801102s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A novel analytical procedure based on the combination of multiplex PCR, restriction analysis, and CGE-LIF to unambiguosly and simultaneously confirm the presence of multiple lines of genetically modified corn is proposed. This methodology is based on the amplification of event-specific DNA regions by multiplex PCR using 6-FAM-labeled primers. Subsequently, PCR products are digested by a mixture containing specific restriction endonucleases. Thus, restriction endonucleases selectively recognize DNA target sequences contained in the PCR products and cleave the double-stranded DNA at a given cleavage site. Next, the restriction digest is analyzed by CGE-LIF corroborating the length of the expected restriction fragments, confirming (or not) the existence of GMOs. For accurate size determination of the DNA fragments by CGE-LIF a special standard DNA mixture was produced in this laboratory for calibration. The suitability of this mixture for size determination of labeled DNA fragments is also demonstrated. The usefulness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through the simultaneous detection and confirmatory analysis of samples containing 0.5% of GA21 and MON863 maize plus an endogenous gene of maize as control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia García-Cañas
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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