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Chen J, Zhan J, Wang H, Zhao Y, Zhang D, Chen X, Su N, Cui J. VrMYB90 Functions Synergistically with VrbHLHA and VrMYB3 to Regulate Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Mung Bean. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:221-233. [PMID: 36401878 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mung bean is an important grain-legume crop and its sprout is an economical and nutrient vegetable for the public, but the genetic regulation of anthocyanin production, which is an antioxidant in mung bean, remains elusive. In our study, we characterized a subgroup (SG) 6 R2R3-MYB anthocyanin activator VrMYB90 and a SG 4 R2R3-MYB anthocyanin repressor VrMYB3, which synergistically function in regulating anthocyanin synthesis with VrbHLHA transcription factor. The overexpressed VrMYB90 protein activates the expression of VrMYB3 and VrbHLHA in mung bean hair roots, and also promotes VrDFR and VrANS transcript levels by directly binding to the corresponding promoters at specific motifs (CAACTG and CCGTTG). VrMYB90 interacts with VrbHLHA to enhance its regulatory activities on VrDFR and VrANS. Furthermore, the interaction between VrMYB3 with VrMYB90 and VrbHLHA could result in the restriction of anthocyanin synthesis to prevent excessive anthocyanin accumulation. Our results demonstrate that the VrMYB90 protein, in conjunction with VrMYB3 and VrbHLHA, forms a key regulatory module to fine-tune anthocyanin synthesis in mung bean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Junyi Zhan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Haixia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Yingdi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Derui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, No. 50 Zhongling street, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, China
| | - Nana Su
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
| | - Jin Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210032, China
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Zhang J, Qiu X, Tan Q, Xiao Q, Mei S. A Comparative Metabolomics Study of Flavonoids in Radish with Different Skin and Flesh Colors ( Raphanus sativus L .). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:14463-14470. [PMID: 33216541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Radish (Raphanus sativus) is an important worldwide vegetable with a wide variety of colors that affect its appearance and nutritional quality. However, the large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of flavonoids in multicolor radish have rarely been studied. To uncover the diversity and accession-specific flavonoids in radish, liquid chromatography electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze the metabolic profiles in the skin and flesh of six colored radish accessions: light-red Manshenhong, dark-red Touxinhong (TXH), purple Zijinling (ZJL), Xinlimei with red flesh (XLMF) and green skin, white Shizhuangbai (SZB), and black radish. In total, 133 flavonoids, including 16 dihydroflavones, 44 flavones, 14 flavonoids, 9 anthocyanins, and 28 flavonols, were characterized. The flavonoid metabolic profiles differed among the different colored radishes. Red and purple radishes contained similar anthocyanin compounds responsible for color pigmentation, including red cyanidin, callistephin, and pelargonin. Purple ZJL was most enriched with cyanidin o-syringic acid and cyanin, whereas callistephin and pelargonin were more abundant in dark-red TXH. Additionally, the black and white radishes shared similar anthocyanin and flavonoid profiles, suggesting that the color of black radishes was not caused by anthocyanin but by other metabolites. The metabolites in colored radishes that differed from SZB were mainly involved in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, such as flavonoid, flavone, flavonol, isoflavonoid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. This study provides new insights into the differences in metabolite profiles among radishes with different skin and flesh colors. The results will be useful for aiding the cultivation of valuable new radish varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifang Zhang
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaojun Qiu
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Qunyun Tan
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Qingming Xiao
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Shiyong Mei
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
- Center for Southern Economic Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410205, Hunan, China
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Differential Regulation of Anthocyanins in Cerasus humilis Fruit Color Revealed by Combined Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coloring is an important appearance quality of fruit. In order to evaluate the relationship between metabolites and fruit color, we analyzed the metabolites and transcriptional profiles of two different Cerasus humilis cultivars: “RF” (cv. Zhangwu, red fruit) and “YF” (cv. Nongda No.5, yellow fruit). The results of identification and quantification of metabolites showed that there were significant differences in the contents of 11 metabolites between RF and YF. Transcriptomics was used to analyze the expression patterns of genes related to the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, and subsequently, the regulation network of anthocyanin biosynthesis was established to explore their relationship with color formation. QRT-PCR, performed for 12 key genes, showed that the expression profiles of the differentially expressed genes were consistent with the results of the transcriptome data. A co-expression analysis revealed that the late genes were significantly positively correlated with most of the different metabolites. The results of the study provide a new reference for improving the fruit color of Cerasus humilis in the future.
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Aguilar-Toalá JE, Astiazarán-García H, Estrada-Montoya MC, Garcia HS, Vallejo-Cordoba B, González-Córdova AF, Hernández-Mendoza A. Modulatory Effect of the Intracellular Content of Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 Against the Aflatoxin B 1-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rats. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 11:470-477. [PMID: 29862461 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9433-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been recognized that lactic acid bacteria exhibit antioxidant properties, which have been mainly endorsed to the intact viable bacteria. However, recent studies have shown that intracellular content (IC) may also be good sources of antioxidative metabolites, which may potentially contribute to oxidative homeostasis in vivo. Hence, the modulatory effect of the intracellular content of Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 (IC431) on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced oxidative stress in rats was evaluated on the basis of its influence on hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant status-antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; and on the oxidative stress index (OSi). Results demonstrated that CAT and GPx activities, and TAC, determined in plasma samples, were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in rats treated with AFB1 plus IC431 (3.98 μM/min/mg protein, 1.88 μM/min/mg protein, and 238.7 μM Trolox equivalent, respectively) than AFB1-treated rats (3.47 μM/min/mg protein, 1.46 μM/min/mg protein, and 179.7 μM Trolox equivalent, respectively). Furthermore, plasma and liver tissue samples from rats treated with AFB1 plus IC431 showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower LPO values (52 and 51%, respectively) and OSi (59 and 51%, respectively) than AFB1-treated rats. Hence, our results proved that the intracellular content of Lact. casei CRL 431 contains metabolites that are capable to modulate the antioxidant defense systems in living organism, which may help to ameliorate the damage associated to AFB1-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Aguilar-Toalá
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - H Astiazarán-García
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - M C Estrada-Montoya
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - H S Garcia
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos (UNIDA), Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz M. A. de Quevedo 2279, Col. Formando Hogar Veracruz, 91897, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - B Vallejo-Cordoba
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - A F González-Córdova
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - A Hernández-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Química y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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Singh S, Kalia P, Meena RK, Mangal M, Islam S, Saha S, Tomar BS. Genetics and Expression Analysis of Anthocyanin Accumulation in Curd Portion of Sicilian Purple to Facilitate Biofortification of Indian Cauliflower. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 10:1766. [PMID: 32117339 PMCID: PMC7003135 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to know the genetics of purple color of cauliflower curds using a Sicilian purple 'PC-1' and a white curding mid-late group genotype of Indian cauliflower. For this, a cross was attempted between 'DC-466' (white curd) and 'PC-1' (purple curd) and observed intermediate level of purple pigmentation on curds in F1 plants. Segregation of F2 population (173) revealed that the purple color of the curd was governed by a single gene dominant over white, but the expression of trait was incomplete. It was substantiated by segregation of plants of BC1 and F2:3(intermediate) generations into 1(white):1(intermediate) and 1(white):2(intermediate):1(intense), respectively. The F2, B1, and B2 generations segregated into purple(intermediate to intense): white curding plants in the ratio of 126: 47, 26:24, and 40:0, respectively fitting well with the Mendelian ratio of single gene for purple curds. However, purple pigmentation on curds ranged from very light to intense, which corroborated with the wide range of anthocyanin content in F2 (3.81-48.21 mg/100 g fw). Out of three molecular markers from high resolution map of Pr gene in purple color cauliflower 'Graffiti', only BoMYB3 marker could distinguish purple and white curding parents but did not show co-segregation while investigated in F2 population. Expression of BoMYB1 gene was up regulated in both the purple curd genotypes 'PC-1' and 'Graffiti' in comparison to white curded 'DC-466', while BoMYB2 gene was slightly upregulated in 'PC-1' but down regulated in 'Graffiti'. Occurrence of 'broccoli type' F2 individuals and their genetic stability in F2:3 support the intermediate position of 'Sicilian purple' between broccoli (Calabrese) and cauliflower. There was not any correlation between curd coloration and pigmentation on apical leaf and stem portion, indicating difference of expression in 'PC-1' than 'Graffiti'. The information obtained is useful for breeding anthocyanin rich attractive purple curding 'specialty cauliflower' for better consumer health and growers' earnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrawan Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pritam Kalia
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Meena
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Manisha Mangal
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sabina Islam
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Supradip Saha
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhoopal S. Tomar
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Yan Y, Ren Y, Li X, Zhang X, Guo H, Han Y, Hu J. A polysaccharide from green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) protects human retinal endothelial cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative injury and apoptosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:600-607. [PMID: 29627466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative damage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is involved in the pathogenesis age related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of a purified green tea polysaccharide (GTWP) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells). Human ARPE-19 cells were treated with 1 h of 500 μM H2O2 before incubation with GTWP for 24 h. Pretreatment of GTWP decreased H2O2-induced cell death and cell apoptosis, and efficiently suppressed the intracellular ROS production and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation induced by H2O2 treatment. Moreover, a loss of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH) activities were restored to normal level in H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells upon GTWP (100 μg/ml) exposure. Also, the tendency of increased protein expression of Bax and cleaved-caspsae-3, as well as decrease of Bcl-2 protein in ARPE-19 cells challenged with H2O2 was changed to individual opposite way, thus inhibiting the apoptotic cell death. Our results demonstrated that GTWP protected RPE cells against oxidative injury through activation of anti-apoptotic and endogenous antioxidant enzymes signaling pathway, suggesting GTWP has attractive therapeutic potential to AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China
| | - Yanfan Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China
| | - Xinmin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China
| | - Xinxia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China
| | - Huiqing Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China
| | - Yutong Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453000, China
| | - Junxi Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, China.
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Beltrán-Barrientos LM, Hernández-Mendoza A, González-Córdova AF, Astiazarán-García H, Esparza-Romero J, Vallejo-Córdoba B. Mechanistic Pathways Underlying the Antihypertensive Effect of Fermented Milk with Lactococcus lactis NRRL B-50571 in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030262. [PMID: 29495359 PMCID: PMC5872680 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that fermented milk (FM) with Lactococcus lactis NRRL B-50571 had an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and prehypertensive subjects. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the possible mechanisms involved (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (ACEI), enhancement of nitric oxide production, antioxidant activity and opioid effect), in the antihypertensive effect of FM with SHR. First, twenty one SHR were randomized into three groups to either receive in a single-oral dose of purified water (negative control), FM, or naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist) + FM. In a parallel study, twenty seven SHR were randomized into three groups to either receive ad libitum purified water (negative control), Captopril or FM. After six weeks of treatment ACEI activity, enhancement of nitric oxide production, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in plasma. Results indicated that opioid receptors were not involved in the hypotensive effect of FM. However, ACEI activity (94 U/L), the oxidative stress index (malondialdehyde/catalase + glutathione peroxidase) 0.9, and nitric oxide in plasma (4.4 ± 1.3 U/L), were significantly different from the negative control, and not significantly different from the Captopril group. Thus, these results suggested that these mechanisms are involved in the hypotensive effect of FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia M Beltrán-Barrientos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Adrián Hernández-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Aarón F González-Córdova
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Humberto Astiazarán-García
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Julián Esparza-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
| | - Belinda Vallejo-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera a La Victoria Km. 0.6, Apartado 1735, Hermosillo, Sonora 83304, Mexico.
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Yesil-Celiktas O, Pala C, Cetin-Uyanikgil EO, Sevimli-Gur C. Synthesis of silica-PAMAM dendrimer nanoparticles as promising carriers in Neuro blastoma cells. Anal Biochem 2017; 519:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Chen S, Ren H, Mei Z, Zhuo H, Yang H, Ge Z. Exploring the Biocompatibility of Zwitterionic Copolymers for Controlling Macrophage Phagocytosis of Bacteria. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1714-1722. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Chen
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Huanhuan Ren
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Zhankui Mei
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Haitao Zhuo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Haipeng Yang
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
| | - Zaochuan Ge
- Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology; Nanshan District Key Lab for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation; College of Materials Science and Engineering; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen 518060 China
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Park CH, Baskar TB, Park SY, Kim SJ, Valan Arasu M, Al-Dhabi NA, Kim JK, Park SU. Metabolic Profiling and Antioxidant Assay of Metabolites from Three Radish Cultivars (Raphanus sativus). Molecules 2016; 21:157. [PMID: 26828471 PMCID: PMC6273575 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 13 anthocyanins and 33 metabolites; including organic acids, phenolic acids, amino acids, organic compounds, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, and sugars, were profiled in three radish cultivars by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS)-based metabolite profiling. Total phenolics and flavonoids and their in vitro antioxidant activities were assessed. Pelargonidins were found to be the major anthocyanin in the cultivars studied. The cultivar Man Tang Hong showed the highest level of anthocyanins (1.89 ± 0.07 mg/g), phenolics (0.0664 ± 0.0033 mg/g) and flavonoids (0.0096 ± 0.0004 mg/g). Here; the variation of secondary metabolites in the radishes is described, as well as their association with primary metabolites. The low-molecular-weight hydrophilic metabolite profiles were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), Pearson’s correlation analysis. PCA fully distinguished the three radish cultivars tested. The polar metabolites were strongly correlated between metabolites that participate in the TCA cycle. The chemometrics results revealed that TCA cycle intermediates and free phenolic acids as well as anthocyanins were higher in the cultivar Man Tang Hong than in the others. Furthermore; superoxide radical scavenging activities and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were investigated to elucidate the antioxidant activity of secondary metabolites in the cultivars. Man Tang Hong showed the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity (68.87%) at 1000 μg/mL, and DPPH activity (20.78%), followed by Seo Ho and then Hong Feng No. 1. The results demonstrate that GC-TOFMS-based metabolite profiling, integrated with chemometrics, is an applicable method for distinguishing phenotypic variation and determining biochemical reactions connecting primary and secondary metabolism. Therefore; this study might provide information on the relationship between primary and secondary metabolites and a synergistic antioxidant ability derived from the secondary metabolites in the radish cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ha Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Thanislas Bastin Baskar
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Soo-Yun Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 565-851, Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Bio-Resource and Environmental Center, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, Korea.
| | - Sang Un Park
- Department of Crop Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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