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Pispas K, Manthos G, Sventzouri E, Geroulia M, Mastropetros SG, Ali SS, Kornaros M. Optimizing Phycocyanin Extraction from Cyanobacterial Biomass: A Comparative Study of Freeze-Thaw Cycling with Various Solvents. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:246. [PMID: 38921557 PMCID: PMC11204620 DOI: 10.3390/md22060246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial phycocyanin pigment is widely utilized for its properties in various industries, including food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Despite its potential, challenges exist, such as extraction methods impacting yield, stability, and purity. This study investigates the impact of the number of freeze-thaw (FT) cycles on the extraction of phycocyanin from the wet biomass of four cyanobacteria species (Arthrospira platensis, Chlorogloeopsis fritschii, Phormidium sp., and Synechocystis sp.), along with the impact of five extraction solutions (Tris-HCl buffer, phosphate buffer, CaCl2, deionized water, and tap water) at various pH values. Synechocystis sp. exhibited the highest phycocyanin content among the studied species. For A. platensis, Tris-HCl buffer yielded maximum phycocyanin concentration from the first FT cycle, while phosphate buffer provided satisfactory results from the second cycle. Similarly, Tris-HCl buffer showed promising results for C. fritschii (68.5% of the maximum from the first cycle), with the highest concentration (~12% w/w) achieved during the seventh cycle, using phosphate buffer. Phormidium sp. yielded the maximum pigment concentration from the first cycle using tap water. Among species-specific optimal extraction solutions, Tris-HCl buffer demonstrated sufficient extraction efficacy for all species, from the first cycle. This study represents an initial step toward establishing a universal extraction method for phycocyanin from diverse cyanobacteria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Pispas
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Georgios Manthos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Eirini Sventzouri
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Maria Geroulia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Savvas Giannis Mastropetros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Sameh Samir Ali
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Michael Kornaros
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (K.P.); (G.M.); (E.S.); (M.G.); (S.G.M.)
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Duman Y, Tufan G. Chromatographic purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis: assessing antioxidant activity and stability. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 38656654 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficient separation and purification of proteins like C-phycocyanin (C-PC) from Spirulina platensis are essential for their commercialization, yet they remain challenging. This study investigated three chromatographic methods for C-PC purification: weak anion exchange chromatography (DEAE), strong anion exchange chromatography (Q Sepharose), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). RESULTS Weak anion exchange chromatography achieved a recovery of 36.80 mg unit (57.08%) with a purity of 3.23, outperforming Q Sepharose (yield: 23.21 mg unit means that 46.33%, purity: 2.76) and HIC (yield: 22.95 mg unit means that 17.57%, purity: 3.02). The purified C-PC consisted of α and β subunits with molecular masses of 16 kDa and 17 kDa, respectively. Further assessment revealed its antioxidant capacity through a 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The stability of C-phycocyanin was tested at different pH levels and temperatures. Maximum stability was observed at pH 7, and pH 4 showed the lowest stability. Glutaraldehyde-treated C-PC (GC-PC) demonstrated gradual degradation up to 50 °C, retaining 73.25% after 30 min. Notably, GC-PC exhibited stability even at higher temperatures, with degradation rates of 57.32% at 70 °C and 50.96% at 80 °C. CONCLUSION Weak anion exchange chromatography proved superior for C-PC purification, offering higher yields and purity than Q Sepharose and HIC. The purified C-PC showed promising antioxidant capacity and stability, particularly GC-PC, which exhibited resistance to degradation, even at elevated temperatures. These findings underscore the potential of C-PC as a valuable compound for various applications, with DEAE chromatography being an efficient method for its production and commercialization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonca Duman
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, İzmit, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tufan
- Section of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, İzmit, Turkey
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Shi K, Wang W, Sun J, Jiang C, Hao J. A rapid one-step affinity purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1720:464801. [PMID: 38479154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The high-purity phycocyanin has a high commercial value. Most current purification methods of C-phycocyanin involve multiple steps, which are complicated and time-consuming. To solve the problem, this research was studied, and an efficient affinity chromatography purification for C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis was developed. Through molecular docking simulation, virtual screening of ligands was performed, and ursolic acid was identified as the specific affinity ligand, which coupled to Affi-Gel 102 gel via 1-ethyl (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-carbodiimide, hydrochloride as coupling agent. With this customized and synthesized resin, a high-efficiency one-step purification procedure for C-phycocyanin was developed and optimized, the purity was determined to be 4.53, and the yield was 69 %. This one-step purification protocol provides a new approach for purifying other phycobilin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengcheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhua Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Byproducts, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resource, Lianyungang 222005, China.
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Najar-Almanzor CE, Velasco-Iglesias KD, Nunez-Ramos R, Uribe-Velázquez T, Solis-Bañuelos M, Fuentes-Carrasco OJ, Chairez I, García-Cayuela T, Carrillo-Nieves D. Microalgae-assisted green bioremediation of food-processing wastewater: A sustainable approach toward a circular economy concept. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118774. [PMID: 37619389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater disposal is a major environmental issue that pollutes water, causing eutrophication, habitat destruction, and economic impact. In Mexico, food-processing effluents pose a huge environmental threat due to their excessive nutrient content and their large volume discharged every year. Some of the most harmful residues are tequila vinasses, nejayote, and cheese whey. Each liter of tequila generates 13-15 L of vinasses, each kilogram of cheese produces approximately 9 kg of cheese whey, and each kilogram of nixtamalized maize results in the production of 2.5-3.3 L of nejayote. A promising strategy to reduce the contamination derived from wastewater is through microalgae-based wastewater treatment. Microalgae have a high adaptability to hostile environments and they can feed on the nutrients in the effluents to grow. Moreover, to increase the viability, profitability, and value of wastewater treatments, a microalgae biorefinery could be proposed. This review will focus on the circular bioeconomy scheme focused on the simultaneous food-processing wastewater treatment and its use to grow microalgae biomass to produce added-value compounds. This strategy allows for the revalorization of wastewater, decreases contamination of water sources, and produces valuable compounds that promote human health such as phycobiliproteins, carotenoids, omega-3 fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, mycosporine-like amino acids, and as a source of clean energy: biodiesel, biogas, and bioethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar E Najar-Almanzor
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Karla D Velasco-Iglesias
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Regina Nunez-Ramos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Tlalli Uribe-Velázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Minerva Solis-Bañuelos
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Oscar J Fuentes-Carrasco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Isaac Chairez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico; Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for the Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Tomás García-Cayuela
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico
| | - Danay Carrillo-Nieves
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Av. General Ramón Corona No. 2514, 45201, Zapopan, Jal., Mexico.
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Chini Zittelli G, Lauceri R, Faraloni C, Silva Benavides AM, Torzillo G. Valuable pigments from microalgae: phycobiliproteins, primary carotenoids, and fucoxanthin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1733-1789. [PMID: 37036620 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Phycobiliproteins, carotenoids and fucoxanthin are photosynthetic pigments extracted from microalgae and cyanobacteria with great potential biotechnological applications, as healthy food colorants and cosmetics. Phycocyanin possesses a brilliant blue color, with fluorescent properties making it useful as a reagent for immunological essays. The most important source of phycocyanin is the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis, however, recently, the Rhodophyta Galdieria sulphuraria has also been identified as such. The main obstacle to the commercialization of phycocyanin is represented by its chemical instability, strongly reducing its shelf-life. Moreover, the high level of purity needed for pharmaceutical applications requires several steps which increase both the production time and cost. Microalgae (Chlorella, Dunaliella, Nannochloropsis, Scenedesmus) produce several light harvesting carotenoids, and are able to manage with oxidative stress, due to their free radical scavenging properties, which makes them suitable for use as source of natural antioxidants. Many studies focused on the selection of the most promising strains producing valuable carotenoids and on their extraction and purification. Among carotenoids produced by marine microalgae, fucoxanthin is the most abundant, representing more than 10% of total carotenoids. Despite the abundance and diversity of fucoxanthin producing microalgae only a few species have been studied for commercial production, the most relevant being Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Due to its antioxidant activity, fucoxanthin can bring various potential benefits to the prevention and treatment of lifestyle-related diseases. In this review, we update the main results achieved in the production, extraction, purification, and commercialization of these important pigments, motivating the cultivation of microalgae as a source of natural pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Chini Zittelli
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosaria Lauceri
- Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, CNR, Sede Di Verbania, Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania, Italy
| | - Cecilia Faraloni
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ana Margarita Silva Benavides
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
- Escuela de Biologia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Giuseppe Torzillo
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologίa, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
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A review of recent strategies to improve the physical stability of phycocyanin. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2329-2337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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A Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analysis of Phycobiliprotein Fluorescence Decay under Exposure to Excitation Light. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthetic phycobiliprotein complexes from Spirulina maxima were purified and fractioned by gel chromatography. A mathematical model was developed for the fractionated phycobiliprotein complexes to successfully represent the fluorescence decay rate under exposure to excitation light. Each fractionated complex had a different ratio of phycobiliproteins, such as allophycocyanin, phycocyanin, or phycoerythrin, but their fluorescence decay trends were determined to statistically have a high similarity. The mathematical model was derived based on mass balance in the sense that the fluorescence of phycobiliprotein complex was linearly dependent on its mass. The model considered both exponentially decreasing (early light-exposure period) and linearly decreasing (later period), and successfully fit the whole period of fluorescence decay trend.
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Improving the Thermal and Oxidative Stability of Food-Grade Phycocyanin from Arthrospira platensis by Addition of Saccharides and Sugar Alcohols. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121752. [PMID: 35741948 PMCID: PMC9222680 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The water-soluble pigment protein phycocyanin (C-PC) from cyanobacteria Arthrospira sp. is an excellent natural food colorant and nutritional supplement with a brilliant blue color. However, C-PC is highly unstable, especially at high temperatures and when exposed to oxidative stress. The lack of simple and economical methods for improving the stability of C-PC greatly limits the application of this functional protein in the food industry. This study investigated the effect of adding saccharides (glucose, mannose, galactose, and maltose) and sugar alcohols (mannitol and maltitol) on the stability of food-grade C-PC extracted from Arthrospira platensis; the relevant reaction kinetics were also analyzed. The results revealed that glucose, mannose, mannitol, galactose, and maltose could effectively improve the thermal stability of C-PC. This improvement was positively correlated with the concentration of the additives and decreased sharply when the temperature exceeded 60 °C. Furthermore, the results also revealed the instability of C-PC when subjected to oxidative stress and the effectiveness of glucose, mannose, mannitol, and maltose in preventing the oxidative degradation of C-PC. In general, this study demonstrates that glucose, mannose, mannitol, and maltose are promising compounds for promoting the thermal and oxidative stability of C-PC, providing an economical and effective method for C-PC preservation.
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