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Triggiani AI, Kreiman G, Lewis C, Maoz U, Mele A, Mudrik L, Roskies AL, Schurger A, Hallett M. What is the intention to move and when does it occur? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105199. [PMID: 37119992 PMCID: PMC10330627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In 1983 Benjamin Libet and colleagues published a paper apparently challenging the view that the conscious intention to move precedes the brain's preparation for movement. The experiment initiated debates about the nature of intention, the neurophysiology of movement, and philosophical and legal understanding of free will and moral responsibility. Here we review the concept of "conscious intention" and attempts to measure its timing. Scalp electroencephalographic activity prior to movement, the Bereitschaftspotential, clearly begins prior to the reported onset of conscious intent. However, the interpretation of this finding remains controversial. Numerous studies show that the Libet method for determining intent, W time, is not accurate and may be misleading. We conclude that intention has many different aspects, and although we now understand much more about how the brain makes movements, identifying the time of conscious intention is still elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio I Triggiani
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel Kreiman
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, Center for Brains, Minds, and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cara Lewis
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Uri Maoz
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; Anderson School of Management, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Alfred Mele
- Department of Philosophy, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Liad Mudrik
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adina L Roskies
- Department of Philosophy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Aaron Schurger
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; INSERM U992, Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, Neurospin Center, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, NeuroSpin Center, I2BM, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Human brain connectivity: Clinical applications for clinical neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1621-1651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Armstrong S, Sale MV, Cunnington R. Neural Oscillations and the Initiation of Voluntary Movement. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2509. [PMID: 30618939 PMCID: PMC6307533 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain processes involved in the planning and initiation of voluntary action are of great interest for understanding the relationship between conscious awareness of decisions and the neural control of movement. Voluntary motor behavior has generally been considered to occur when conscious decisions trigger movements. However, several studies now provide compelling evidence that brain states indicative of forthcoming movements take place before a person becomes aware of a conscious decision to act. While such studies have created much debate over the nature of ‘free will,’ at the very least they suggest that unconscious brain processes are predictive of forthcoming movements. Recent studies suggest that slow changes in neuroelectric potentials may play a role in the timing of movement onset by pushing brain activity above a threshold to trigger the initiation of action. Indeed, recent studies have shown relationships between the phase of low frequency oscillatory activity of the brain and the onset of voluntary action. Such studies, however, cannot determine whether this underlying neural activity plays a causal role in the initiation of movement or is only associated with the intentional behavior. Non-invasive transcranial alternating current brain stimulation can entrain neural activity at particular frequencies in order to assess whether underlying brain processes are causally related to associated behaviors. In this review, we examine the evidence for neural coding of action as well as the brain states prior to action initiation and discuss whether low frequency alternating current brain stimulation could influence the timing of a persons’ decision to act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Armstrong
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Martin V Sale
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ross Cunnington
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Di Russo F, Berchicci M, Bozzacchi C, Perri R, Pitzalis S, Spinelli D. Beyond the “Bereitschaftspotential”: Action preparation behind cognitive functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 78:57-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Park JE. Apraxia: Review and Update. J Clin Neurol 2017; 13:317-324. [PMID: 29057628 PMCID: PMC5653618 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2017.13.4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Praxis, the ability to perform skilled or learned movements is essential for daily living. Inability to perform such praxis movements is defined as apraxia. Apraxia can be further classified into subtypes such as ideomotor, ideational and limb-kinetic apraxia. Relevant brain regions have been found to include the motor, premotor, temporal and parietal cortices. Apraxia is found in a variety of highly prevalent neurological disorders including dementia, stroke and Parkinsonism. Furthermore, apraxia has been shown to negatively affect quality of life. Therefore, recognition and treatment of this disorder is critical. This article provides an overview of apraxia and highlights studies dealing with the neurophysiology of this disorder, opening up novel perspectives for the use of motor training and noninvasive brain stimulation as treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung E Park
- Department of Neurology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Korea.
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Koester D, Schack T, Westerholz J. Neurophysiology of Grasping Actions: Evidence from ERPs. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1996. [PMID: 28066310 PMCID: PMC5177652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We use our hands very frequently to interact with our environment. Neuropsychology together with lesion models and intracranial recordings and imaging work yielded important insights into the functional neuroanatomical correlates of grasping, one important function of our hands, pointing toward a functional parietofrontal brain network. Event-related potentials (ERPs) register directly electrical brain activity and are endowed with high temporal resolution but have long been assumed to be susceptible to movement artifacts. Recent work has shown that reliable ERPs can be obtained during movement execution. Here, we review the available ERP work on (uni) manual grasping actions. We discuss various ERP components and how they may be related to functional components of grasping according to traditional distinctions of manual actions such as planning and control phases. The ERP results are largely in line with the assumption of a parietofrontal network. But other questions remain, in particular regarding the temporal succession of frontal and parietal ERP effects. With the low number of ERP studies on grasping, not all ERP effects appear to be coherent with one another. Understanding the control of our hands may help to develop further neurocognitive theories of grasping and to make progress in prosthetics, rehabilitation or development of technical systems for support of human actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Koester
- Center of Excellence - Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC)Bielefeld, Germany; Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Schack
- Center of Excellence - Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC)Bielefeld, Germany; Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany; Research Institute for Cognition and Robotics (CoR-Lab)Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan Westerholz
- Center of Excellence - Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC)Bielefeld, Germany; Neurocognition and Action - Biomechanics Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sport Science, Bielefeld UniversityBielefeld, Germany
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Williams L, Pirouz N, Mizelle JC, Cusack W, Kistenberg R, Wheaton LA. Remodeling of cortical activity for motor control following upper limb loss. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:3128-3134. [PMID: 27472549 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Upper extremity loss presents immediate and lasting challenges for motor control. While sensory and motor representations of the amputated limb undergo plasticity to adjacent areas of the sensorimotor homunculus, it remains unclear whether laterality of motor-related activity is affected by neural reorganization following amputation. METHODS Using electroencephalography, we evaluated neural activation patterns of formerly right hand dominant persons with upper limb loss (amputees) performing a motor task with their residual right limb, then their sound left limb. We compared activation patterns with left- and right-handed persons performing the same task. RESULTS Amputees have involvement of contralateral motor areas when using their sound limb and atypically increased activation of posterior parietal regions when using the affected limb. When using the non-amputated left arm, patterns of activation remains similar to right handed persons using their left arm. CONCLUSIONS A remodeling of activations from traditional contralateral motor areas into posterior parietal areas occurs for motor planning and execution when using the amputated limb. This may reflect an amputation-specific adaptation of heightened visuospatial feedback for motor control involving the amputated limb. SIGNIFICANCE These results identify a neuroplastic mechanism for motor control in amputees, which may have great relevance to development of motor rehabilitation paradigms and prosthesis adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J C Mizelle
- School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Tech, USA; Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, USA
| | - William Cusack
- School of Applied Physiology, Georgia Tech, USA; St. Jude Medical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA
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Baber C, Parekh M, Cengiz TG. Tool use as distributed cognition: how tools help, hinder and define manual skill. Front Psychol 2014; 5:116. [PMID: 24605103 PMCID: PMC3932548 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our thesis in this paper is that, in order to appreciate the interplay between cognitive (goal-directed) and physical performance in tool use, it is necessary to determine the role that representations play in the use of tools. We argue that rather being solely a matter of internal (mental) representation, tool use makes use of the external representations that define the human–environment–tool–object system. This requires the notion of Distributed Cognition to encompass not simply the manner in which artifacts represent concepts but also how they represent praxis. Our argument is that this can be extended to include how artifacts-in-context afford use and how this response to affordances constitutes a particular form of skilled performance. By artifacts-in-context, we do not mean solely the affordances offered by the physical dimensions of a tool but also the interaction between the tool and the object that it is being used on. From this, “affordance” does not simply relate to the physical appearance of the tool but anticipates subsequent actions by the user directed towards the goal of changing the state of the object and this is best understood in terms of the “complimentarity” in the system. This assertion raises two challenges which are explored in this paper. The first is to distinguish “affordance” from the adaptation that one might expect to see in descriptions of motor control; when we speak of “affordance” as a form of anticipation, don’t we just mean the ability to adjust movements in response to physical demands? The second is to distinguish “affordance” from a schema of the tool; when we talk about anticipation, don’t we just mean the ability to call on a schema representing a “recipe” for using that tool for that task? This question of representation, specifically what knowledge needs to be represented in tool use, is central to this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Baber
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Manish Parekh
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Birmingham Birmingham, UK
| | - Tulin G Cengiz
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Uludag University Bursa, Turkey
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Houdayer E, Walthall J, Belluscio BA, Vorbach S, Singer HS, Hallett M. Absent movement-related cortical potentials in children with primary motor stereotypies. Mov Disord 2013; 29:1134-40. [PMID: 24259275 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The underlying pathophysiologic mechanism for complex motor stereotypies in children is unknown, with hypotheses ranging from an arousal to a motor control disorder. Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs), representing the activation of cerebral areas involved in the generation of movements, precede and accompany self-initiated voluntary movements. The goal of this study was to compare cerebral activity associated with stereotypies to that seen with voluntary movements in children with primary complex motor stereotypies. Electroencephalographic (EEG) activity synchronized with video recording was recorded in 10 children diagnosed with primary motor stereotypies and 7 controls. EEG activity related to stereotypies and self-paced arm movements were analyzed for presence or absence of early or late MRCP, a steep negativity beginning about 1 second before the onset of a voluntary movement. Early MRCPs preceded self-paced arm movements in 8 of 10 children with motor stereotypies and in 6 of 7 controls. Observed MRCPs did not differ between groups. No MRCP was identified before the appearance of a complex motor stereotypy. Unlike voluntary movements, stereotypies are not preceded by MRCPs. This indicates that premotor areas are likely not involved in the preparation of these complex movements and suggests that stereotypies are initiated by mechanisms different from voluntary movements. Further studies are required to determine the site of the motor control abnormality within cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical pathways and to identify whether similar findings would be found in children with secondary stereotypies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Houdayer
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Experimental Neurophysiology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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Mizelle J, Kelly RL, Wheaton LA. Ventral encoding of functional affordances: A neural pathway for identifying errors in action. Brain Cogn 2013; 82:274-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Inouchi M, Matsumoto R, Taki J, Kikuchi T, Mitsueda-Ono T, Mikuni N, Wheaton L, Hallett M, Fukuyama H, Shibasaki H, Takahashi R, Ikeda A. Role of posterior parietal cortex in reaching movements in humans: clinical implication for 'optic ataxia'. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:2230-41. [PMID: 23831168 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the spatio-temporal profile of cortical activity related to reaching movement in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in humans. METHODS Four patients with intractable partial epilepsy who underwent subdural electrode implantation were studied as a part of pre-surgical evaluation. We investigated the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) associated with reaching and correlated the findings with the effect of electrical stimulation of the same cortical area. RESULTS BPs specific for reaching, as compared with BPs for simple movements by the hand or arm contralateral to the implanted hemisphere, were recognized in all patients, mainly around the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the superior parietal lobule (SPL) and the precuneus. BPs near the IPS had the earlier onset than BPs in the SPL. Electrical stimulation of a part of the PPC, where the reach-specific BPs were recorded, selectively impaired reaching. CONCLUSIONS Intracranial BP recording and cortical electrical stimulation delineated human reach-related areas in the PPC. SIGNIFICANCE The present study for the first time by direct cortical recording in humans demonstrates that parts of the cortices around the IPS and SPL play a crucial role in visually-guided reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morito Inouchi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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De Sanctis T, Tarantino V, Straulino E, Begliomini C, Castiello U. Co-registering kinematics and evoked related potentials during visually guided reach-to-grasp movements. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65508. [PMID: 23755241 PMCID: PMC3670879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In non-human primates grasp-related sensorimotor transformations are accomplished in a circuit involving the anterior intraparietal sulcus (area AIP) and both the ventral and the dorsal sectors of the premotor cortex (vPMC and dPMC, respectively). Although a human homologue of such a circuit has been identified, the time course of activation of these cortical areas and how such activity relates to specific kinematic events has yet to be investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings We combined kinematic and event-related potential techniques to explicitly test how activity within human grasping-related brain areas is modulated in time. Subjects were requested to reach towards and grasp either a small stimulus using a precision grip (i.e., the opposition of index finger and thumb) or a large stimulus using a whole hand grasp (i.e., the flexion of all digits around the stimulus). Results revealed a time course of activation starting at the level of parietal regions and continuing at the level of premotor regions. More specifically, we show that activity within these regions was tuned for specific grasps well before movement onset and this early tuning was carried over - as evidenced by kinematic analysis - during the preshaping period of the task. Conclusions/Significance Data are discussed in terms of recent findings showing a marked differentiation across different grasps during premovement phases which was carried over into subsequent movement phases. These findings offer a substantial contribution to the current debate about the nature of the sensorimotor transformations underlying grasping. And provide new insights into the detailed movement information contained in the human preparatory activity for specific hand movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elisa Straulino
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Castiello
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Manuel AL, Radman N, Mesot D, Chouiter L, Clarke S, Annoni JM, Spierer L. Inter- and Intrahemispheric Dissociations in Ideomotor Apraxia: A Large-Scale Lesion–Symptom Mapping Study in Subacute Brain-Damaged Patients. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:2781-9. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Karabanov A, Jin SH, Joutsen A, Poston B, Aizen J, Ellenstein A, Hallett M. Timing-dependent modulation of the posterior parietal cortex-primary motor cortex pathway by sensorimotor training. J Neurophysiol 2012; 107:3190-9. [PMID: 22442568 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01049.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interplay between posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) is crucial during execution of movements. The purpose of the study was to determine whether functional PPC-M1 connectivity in humans can be modulated by sensorimotor training. Seventeen participants performed a sensorimotor training task that involved tapping the index finger in synchrony to a rhythmic sequence. To explore differences in training modality, one group (n = 8) learned by visual and the other (n = 9) by auditory stimuli. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to assess PPC-M1 connectivity before and after training, whereas electroencephalography (EEG) was used to assess PPC-M1 connectivity during training. Facilitation from PPC to M1 was quantified using paired-pulse TMS at conditioning-test intervals of 2, 4, 6, and 8 ms by measuring motor-evoked potentials (MEPs). TMS was applied at baseline and at four time points (0, 30, 60, and 180 min) after training. For EEG, task-related power and coherence were calculated for early and late training phases. The conditioned MEP was facilitated at a 2-ms conditioning-test interval before training. However, facilitation was abolished immediately following training, but returned to baseline at subsequent time points. Regional EEG activity and interregional connectivity between PPC and M1 showed an initial increase during early training followed by a significant decrease in the late phases. The findings indicate that parietal-motor interactions are activated during early sensorimotor training when sensory information has to be integrated into a coherent movement plan. Once the sequence is encoded and movements become automatized, PPC-M1 connectivity returns to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Karabanov
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Bozzacchi C, Giusti MA, Pitzalis S, Spinelli D, Di Russo F. Awareness affects motor planning for goal-oriented actions. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:503-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Mizelle JC, Tang T, Pirouz N, Wheaton LA. Forming Tool Use Representations: A Neurophysiological Investigation into Tool Exposure. J Cogn Neurosci 2011; 23:2920-34. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prior work has identified a common left parietofrontal network for storage of tool-related information for various tasks. How these representations become established within this network on the basis of different modes of exposure is unclear. Here, healthy subjects engaged in physical practice (direct exposure) with familiar and unfamiliar tools. A separate group of subjects engaged in video-based observation (indirect exposure) of the same tools to understand how these learning strategies create representations. To assess neural mechanisms engaged for pantomime after different modes of exposure, a pantomime task was performed for both tools while recording neural activation with high-density EEG. Motor planning–related neural activation was evaluated using beta band (13–22 Hz) event-related desynchronization. Hemispheric dominance was assessed, and activation maps were generated to understand topography of activations. Comparison of conditions (effects of tool familiarity and tool exposure) was performed with standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Novel tool pantomime following direct exposure resulted in greater activations of bilateral parietofrontal regions. Activations following indirect training varied by tool familiarity; pantomime of the familiar tool showed greater activations in left parietofrontal areas, whereas the novel tool showed greater activations at right temporoparieto-occipital areas. These findings have relevance to the mechanisms for understanding motor-related behaviors involved in new tools that we have little or no experience with and can extend into advancing theories of tool use motor learning.
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Louvel J, Turak B, Buser P. Comparing ERP concomitant with stimulus-induced and self-paced movements: Intracerebral recordings at various cortical sites. Neurophysiol Clin 2009; 39:149-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2009.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Left parietal activation related to planning, executing and suppressing praxis hand movements. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:980-6. [PMID: 19345141 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the activity of bilateral parietal and premotor areas during a Go/No Go paradigm involving praxis movements of the dominant hand. METHODS A sentence was presented which instructed subjects on what movement to make (S1; for example, "Show me how to use a hammer."). After an 8-s delay, "Go" or "No Go" (S2) was presented. If Go, they were instructed to make the movement described in the S1 instruction sentence as quickly as possible, and continuously until the "Rest" cue was presented 3 s later. If No Go, subjects were to simply relax until the next instruction sentence. Event-related potentials (ERP) and event-related desynchronization (ERD) in the beta band (18-22 Hz) were evaluated for three time bins: after S1, after S2, and from -2.5 to -1.5 s before the S2 period. RESULTS Bilateral premotor ERP was greater than bilateral parietal ERP after the S2 Go compared with the No Go. Additionally, left premotor ERP was greater than that from the right premotor area. There was predominant left parietal ERD immediately after S1 for both Go and No Go, which was sustained for the duration of the interval between S1 and S2. For both S2 stimuli, predominant left parietal ERD was again seen when compared to that from the left premotor or right parietal area. However, the left parietal ERD was greater for Go than No Go. CONCLUSION The results suggest a dominant role in the left parietal cortex for planning, executing, and suppressing praxis movements. The ERP and ERD show different patterns of activation and may reflect distinct neural movement-related activities. SIGNIFICANCE The data can guide further studies to determine the neurophysiological changes occurring in apraxia patients and help explain the unique error profiles seen in patients with left parietal damage.
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Bohlhalter S, Hattori N, Wheaton L, Fridman E, Shamim EA, Garraux G, Hallett M. Gesture subtype-dependent left lateralization of praxis planning: an event-related fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:1256-62. [PMID: 18796430 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ideomotor apraxia is a disorder mainly of praxis planning, and the deficit is typically more evident in pantomiming transitive (tool related) than intransitive (communicative) gestures. The goal of the present study was to assess differential hemispheric lateralization of praxis production using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based analysis demonstrated significant activations in posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and premotor cortex (PMC) association areas, which were predominantly left hemispheric, regardless of whether planning occurred for right or left hand transitive or intransitive pantomimes. Furthermore, region of interest-based calculation of mean laterality index (LI) revealed a significantly stronger left lateralization in PPC/PMC clusters for planning intransitive (LI = -0.49 + 0.10, mean + standard deviation [SD]) than transitive gestures (-0.37 + 0.08, P = 0.02, paired t-tests) irrespective of the hand involved. This differential left lateralization for planning remained significant in PMC (LI = -0.47 + 0.14 and -0.36 + 0.13, mean + SD, P = 0.04), but not in PPC (-0.56 + 0.11 and -0.45 + 0.12, P = 0.11), when both regions were analyzed separately. In conclusion, the findings point to a left-hemispheric specialization for praxis planning, being more pronounced for intransitive gestures in PMC, possibly due to their communicative nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bohlhalter
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA
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Abstract
Ideomotor apraxia (IMA) is a disorder traditionally characterized by deficits in properly performing tool-use pantomimes (e.g., pretending to use a hammer) and communicative gestures (e.g., waving goodbye). These deficits are typically identified with movements made to verbal command or imitation. Questions about this disorder relate to its diagnosis, anatomical correlates, physiological mechanisms involved, and the patients in whom IMA is best characterized. In this review, utilizing information presented at an international workshop, we summarize the present state of knowledge about IMA. We include insights on how to distinguish IMA from the other motor apraxias and confounding disorders. We discuss testing for IMA and the need for more rigorous tests that examine more elements, such as imitation, actual use, task selection, and recognizing proper use. From neurophysiological insights, we propose hypotheses of the necessity of networks in praxis performance. We also point out that more neurophysiological knowledge in humans might lead to a better understanding of how different brain structures may aid in the rehabilitation of praxis. While little is known about exactly how rehabilitation may be pursued, biological evidence warrants the further exploration of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Wheaton
- Human Motor Control Section, Medical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, United States
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Boyd LA, Vidoni ED, Daly JJ. Answering the call: the influence of neuroimaging and electrophysiological evidence on rehabilitation. Phys Ther 2007; 87:684-703. [PMID: 17429001 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20060164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Functional recovery after brain damage or disease is dependent on the neuroplastic capability of the cortex and the nonaffected brain. Following cortical injury in the motor and sensory regions, the adjacent spared neural tissues and related areas undergo modifications that are required in order to drive more normal motor control. Current rehabilitation models seek to stimulate functional recovery by capitalizing on the inherent potential of the brain for positive reorganization after neurological injury or disease. This article discusses how neuroimaging and electrophysiological data can inform clinical practice; representative data from the modalities of functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, and positron emission tomography are cited. Data from a variety of central nervous system disease and damage models are presented to illustrate how rehabilitation practices are beginning to be shaped and informed by neuroimaging and electrophysiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara A Boyd
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 2B5.
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Wheaton LA, Mizelle JC, Forrester LW, Bai O, Shibasaki H, Macko RF. How does the brain respond to unimodal and bimodal sensory demand in movement of the lower extremity? Exp Brain Res 2007; 180:345-54. [PMID: 17256159 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-0858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous electroencephalography (EEG) studies have shown that neurophysiological signals change in response to visual and sensory adaptations in upper extremity tasks. However, this has not been clearly studied in the lower extremity. In this study, we evaluated how sensory loading affects brain activations related to knee movement. Thirty-two channel EEG was recorded while ten subjects performed knee extension in four different conditions: no weight and no visual target (NWNT), weight affixed to the ankle and no visual target (WNT), no weight and a visual target (NWT), and both weight and target (WT). Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis muscles to determine onset of the movement. EEG was epoched from -4.5 s before to 1 s after EMG onset. Epochs were averaged to acquire movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) of each task condition. MRCP amplitude during the pre-movement period from -2 s to EMG onset was evaluated at electrodes over motor, sensory, frontal, and parietal areas. The amplitude of the pre-movement potentials for the conditions was different across areas of interest. Over the motor area, NWNT had lower amplitude than any other condition and WT had higher amplitude than any other condition. There was no difference between unimodal NWT and WNT conditions. Mesial frontal and parietal areas showed larger MRCP to the bimodal condition than either unimodal or NWNT conditions. The parietal cortex was the only region that showed a difference between unimodal conditions with greater amplitude for NWT condition. Information concerning added sensory demand is processed by the motor cortex in a way that may be indifferent to the type of modality, but is influenced by the quantity of modalities at the level of the knee. Other brain structures such as parietal and premotor cortices respond based on the modality type to help plan appropriate strategies for motor control in response to sensory manipulations. This suggests that additional task demands in motor training may create a rich sensory environment that may be beneficial in promoting optimal neuromotor recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis A Wheaton
- Department of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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