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Okuyama S, Kuki T, Mushiake H. Recruitment of the premotor cortex during arithmetic operations by the monkey. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6450. [PMID: 38548764 PMCID: PMC10978941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Arithmetic operations are complex mental processes rooted in the abstract concept of numerosity. Despite the significance, the neural architecture responsible for these operations has remained largely uncharted. In this study, we explored the presence of specific neuronal activity in the dorsal premotor cortex of the monkey dedicated to numerical addition and subtraction. Our findings reveal that many of these neural activities undergo a transformation, shifting their coding from arithmetic to motor representations. These motor representations include information about which hand to use and the number of steps involved in the action. We consistently observed that cells related to the right-hand encoded addition, while those linked to the left-hand encoded subtraction, suggesting that arithmetic operations and motor commands are intertwining with each other. Furthermore, we used a multivariate decoding technique to predict the monkey's behaviour based on the activity of these arithmetic-related cells. The classifier trained to discern arithmetic operations, including addition and subtraction, not only predicted the arithmetic decisions but also the subsequent motor actions of the right and left-hand. These findings imply a cognitive extension of the motor cortex's function, where inherent neural systems are repurposed to facilitate arithmetic operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Okuyama
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Miyagi, 989-2483, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Kuki
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
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3
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Guo X, Wang Y, Kan Y, Wu M, Ball LJ, Duan H. The HPA and SAM axis mediate the impairment of creativity under stress. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14472. [PMID: 37968552 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-changing social environment, individual creativity is facing a severe challenge induced by stress. However, little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms by which acute stress affects creative cognitive processing. The current research explored the impacts of the neuroendocrine response on creativity under stress and its underlying cognitive flexibility mechanisms. The enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay was employed to assess salivary cortisol, which acted as a marker of stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Eye blink rate (EBR) and pupil diameter were measured as respective indicators of dopamine and noradrenaline released by the activation of the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis. The Wisconsin card task (WCST) measured cognitive flexibility, while the alternative uses task (AUT) and the remote association task (RAT) measured separately divergent and convergent thinking in creativity. Results showed higher cortisol increments following acute stress induction in the stress group than control group. Ocular results showed that the stress manipulation significantly increased EBR and pupil diameter compared to controls, reflecting increased SAM activity. Further analysis revealed that stress-released cortisol impaired the originality component of the AUT, reducing cognitive flexibility as measured by perseverative errors on the WCST task. Serial mediation analyses showed that both EBR and pupil diameter were also associated with increased perseverative errors leading to poor originality on the AUT. These findings confirm that physiological arousal under stress can impair divergent thinking through the regulation of different neuroendocrine pathways, in which the deterioration of flexible switching plays an important mediating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuecui Kan
- Department of Medical Psychology, Psychological Science and Health Management Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Meilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Linden J Ball
- School of Psychology & Computer Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Haijun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Bissett PG, Jones HM, Hagen MP, Bui TT, Li JK, Rios JAH, Mumford JA, Shine JM, Poldrack RA. A dual-task approach to inform the taxonomy of inhibition-related processes. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2023; 49:277-289. [PMID: 36548061 PMCID: PMC10257953 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0001073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is key to controlled behavior and is commonly investigated with the stop-signal paradigm. The authors investigated how response inhibition is situated within a taxonomy of control processes by combining multiple forms of control within dual tasks. Response inhibition, as measured by stop-signal reaction time (SSRT), was impaired when combined with shape matching, but not the flanker task, and when combined with cued task switching, but not predictable task switching, suggesting that response inhibition may be weakly or variably impaired when combined with selective attention and set shifting demands, respectively. Response inhibition was also consistently impaired when combined with the N-back or directed forgetting tasks, putative measures of working memory. Impairments of response inhibition by other control demands appeared to be primarily driven by task context, as SSRT slowing was similar for trials where control demands were either high (e.g., task switch) or low (e.g., task stay). These results demonstrate that response inhibition processes are often impaired in the context of other control demands, even on trials where direct engagement of those other control processes is not required. This suggests a taxonomy of control in which response inhibition overlaps with related control processes, especially working memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tung T. Bui
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
| | - Jamie K. Li
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University
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Abstract
Following the popularity of dual process models in social and cognitive psychology, there is major interest in the possibility that autism is associated with impaired "fast" intuitive thinking but enhanced "slow" or "rational" deliberative thinking. If correct, this has great potential to help understand various strengths and difficulties characteristic of autism. Previous empirical investigations of this phenomenon, however, are marred by concerns about the measurement of intuitive and deliberative processing, as well as broader problems in clinical psychological science (e.g., small underpowered studies, lack of replication). Making a step change, we conducted four large-scale studies to examine dual processing in autism, including a preregistered comparison of 200 autistic and nonautistic adults. Participants completed contemporary cognitive and self-report measures of intuitive and deliberative processing, as well as a psychometrically robust measure of general cognitive ability. Except for lower self-reported intuitive thinking, we found no unique contributions of autism to intuitive or deliberative thinking across all four studies, as evidenced by frequentist and Bayesian analyses. Overall, these studies indicate that intuitive and deliberative thinking is neither enhanced nor particularly impaired in relation to autism. We deliberate on the implications of these findings for theories of autism and future investigation of strengths and difficulties in autistic people. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Tixier M, Rousset S, Barraud PA, Cian C. Postural responses to specific types of long-term memory during visually induced roll self-motion. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261266. [PMID: 34919588 PMCID: PMC8682872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has shown that visually induced self-motion (vection) and cognitive processing may interfere with each other. The aim of this study was to assess the interactive effects of a visual motion inducing vection (uniform motion in roll) versus a visual motion without vection (non-uniform motion) and long-term memory processing using the characteristics of standing posture (quiet stance). As the level of interference may be related to the nature of the cognitive tasks used, we examined the effect of visual motion on a memory task which requires a spatial process (episodic recollection) versus a memory task which does not require this process (semantic comparisons). Results confirm data of the literature showing that compensatory postural response in the same direction as background motion. Repeatedly watching visual uniform motion or increasing the cognitive load with a memory task did not decrease postural deviations. Finally, participants were differentially controlling their balance according to the memory task but this difference was significant only in the vection condition and in the plane of background motion. Increased sway regularity (decreased entropy) combined with decreased postural stability (increase variance) during vection for the episodic task would indicate an ineffective postural control. The different interference of episodic and semantic memory on posture during visual motion is consistent with the involvement of spatial processes during episodic memory recollection. It can be suggested that spatial disorientation due to visual roll motion preferentially interferes with spatial cognitive tasks, as spatial tasks can draw on resources expended to control posture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëlle Tixier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Rousset
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Pierre-Alain Barraud
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | - Corinne Cian
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS LPNC UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny sur Orge, France
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Ganesan S, Lv J, Zalesky A. Multi-timepoint pattern analysis: Influence of personality and behavior on decoding context-dependent brain connectivity dynamics. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 43:1403-1418. [PMID: 34859934 PMCID: PMC8837593 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral traits are rarely considered in task‐evoked functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies, yet these traits can affect how an individual engages with the task, and thus lead to heterogeneity in task‐evoked brain responses. We aimed to investigate whether interindividual variation in behavior associates with the accuracy of predicting task‐evoked changes in the dynamics of functional brain connectivity measured with functional MRI. We developed a novel method called multi‐timepoint pattern analysis (MTPA), in which binary logistic regression classifiers were trained to distinguish rest from each of 7 tasks (i.e., social cognition, working memory, language, relational, motor, gambling, emotion) based on functional connectivity dynamics measured in 1,000 healthy adults. We found that connectivity dynamics for multiple pairs of large‐scale networks enabled individual classification between task and rest with accuracies exceeding 70%, with the most discriminatory connections relatively unique to each task. Crucially, interindividual variation in classification accuracy significantly associated with several behavioral, cognition and task performance measures. Classification between task and rest was generally more accurate for individuals with higher intelligence and task performance. Additionally, for some of the tasks, classification accuracy improved with lower perceived stress, lower aggression, higher alertness, and greater endurance. We conclude that heterogeneous dynamic adaptations of functional brain networks to changing cognitive demands can be reliably captured as linearly separable patterns by MTPA. Future studies should account for interindividual variation in behavior when investigating context‐dependent dynamic functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saampras Ganesan
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jinglei Lv
- School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
- Brain and Mind CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Onnis L, Huettig F. Can prediction and retrodiction explain whether frequent multi-word phrases are accessed 'precompiled' from memory or compositionally constructed on the fly? Brain Res 2021; 1772:147674. [PMID: 34606750 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An important debate on the architecture of the language faculty has been the extent to which it relies on a compositional system that constructs larger units from morphemes to words to phrases to utterances on the fly and in real time using grammatical rules; or a system that chunks large preassembled, stored units of language from memory; or some combination of both approaches. Good empirical evidence exists for both 'computed' and 'large stored' forms in language, but little is known about what shapes multi-word storage/ access or compositional processing. Here we explored whether predictive and retrodictive processes are a likely determinant of multi-word storage/ processing. Our results suggest that forward and backward predictability are independently informative in determining the lexical cohesiveness of multi-word phrases. In addition, our results call for a reevaluation of the role of retrodiction in contemporary language processing accounts (cf. Ferreira and Chantavarin, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Onnis
- School of Social Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Falk Huettig
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Gao S, Mishne G, Scheinost D. Nonlinear manifold learning in functional magnetic resonance imaging uncovers a low-dimensional space of brain dynamics. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4510-4524. [PMID: 34184812 PMCID: PMC8410525 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale brain dynamics are believed to lie in a latent, low-dimensional space. Typically, the embeddings of brain scans are derived independently from different cognitive tasks or resting-state data, ignoring a potentially large-and shared-portion of this space. Here, we establish that a shared, robust, and interpretable low-dimensional space of brain dynamics can be recovered from a rich repertoire of task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. This occurs when relying on nonlinear approaches as opposed to traditional linear methods. The embedding maintains proper temporal progression of the tasks, revealing brain states and the dynamics of network integration. We demonstrate that resting-state data embeds fully onto the same task embedding, indicating similar brain states are present in both task and resting-state data. Our findings suggest analysis of fMRI data from multiple cognitive tasks in a low-dimensional space is possible and desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Gal Mishne
- Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Department of Statistics and Data ScienceYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticutUSA
- Child Study Center, Yale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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Abstract
Few questions in science are as controversial as human nature. At stake is whether our basic concepts and emotions are all learned from experience, or whether some are innate. Here, I demonstrate that reasoning about innateness is biased by the basic workings of the human mind. Psychological science suggests that newborns possess core concepts of "object" and "number." Laypeople, however, believe that newborns are devoid of such notions but that they can recognize emotions. Moreover, people presume that concepts are learned, whereas emotions (along with sensations and actions) are innate. I trace these beliefs to two tacit psychological principles: intuitive dualism and essentialism. Essentialism guides tacit reasoning about biological inheritance and suggests that innate traits reside in the body; per intuitive dualism, however, the mind seems ethereal, distinct from the body. It thus follows that, in our intuitive psychology, concepts (which people falsely consider as disembodied) must be learned, whereas emotions, sensations, and emotions (which are considered embodied) are likely innate; these predictions are in line with the experimental results. These conclusions do not speak to the question of whether concepts and emotions are innate, but they suggest caution in its scientific evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berent
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115
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11
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Abstract
One important feature of episodic memory is that it contains fine-grained and vividly recollected details. How to improve and maintain detailed information over time has been one of the central issues in memory research. Previous studies have inconsistent findings on whether detailed memory is forgotten more rapidly than gist memory. In this study, we investigated to what extent different encoding tasks modulated forgetting of gist and detailed information. In three experiments, participants were presented pictures of common objects and were asked to name them (Experiment 1), describe the details about them (Experiment 2) or imagine scenes associated with them (Experiment 3). After intervals of 10 minutes, one day, one week and one month, gist and detailed memories of the pictures were tested and assessed using a remember/know/guess judgement. The results showed that after the naming task, gist and detailed memories were forgotten at a similar rate, but after the description and the imagination tasks, detailed memory was forgotten at a slower rate than gist memory. The forgetting rate of gist memory was the slowest after the naming task, while that of detailed memory was the slowest after the description task. In addition, when three experiments were compared, the naming task enhanced the contributions of recollection and familiarity for gist memory, while the description task enhanced the contribution of familiarity for detailed memory. These results reveal the importance of the encoding task in the forgetting of gist and detailed information, and suggest a possible way to maintain perceptual details of objects at longer intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Hu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiongjiong Yang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Emotion dynamics is a framework for measuring how an individual's emotions change over time. It is a powerful tool for understanding how we behave and interact with the world. In this paper, we introduce a framework to track emotion dynamics through one's utterances. Specifically we introduce a number of utterance emotion dynamics (UED) metrics inspired by work in Psychology. We use this approach to trace emotional arcs of movie characters. We analyze thousands of such character arcs to test hypotheses that inform our broader understanding of stories. Notably, we show that there is a tendency for characters to use increasingly more negative words and become increasingly emotionally discordant with each other until about 90% of the narrative length. UED also has applications in behavior studies, social sciences, and public health.
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Yamada M, Raisbeck LD, Porter JM. The Effects of Using Imagery to Elicit an External Focus of Attention. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:559-565. [PMID: 32142388 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1733455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: An external focus of attention has been shown to be superior to adopting an internal focus of attention in a variety of motor skills. Purpose: To examine the efficacy of directing attention externally toward an imagined object when performing the standing long jump. This form of practice was compared to a group of participants that practiced the same motor skill while directing their attention toward an object that was physically present in the practice environment. Method: All participants performed a series of standing long-jumps on a rubber mat. Participants were randomly assigned to either an external focus condition where they were instructed to jump as close as possible to a cone that was directly in front of them. Or they were assigned to an imagery condition in which they were instructed to jump toward an imagined cone. Following acquisition trials, a 24-hr retention and transfer test was completed by all participants. Results: Significant improvement was demonstrated by both groups during acquisition, retention and transfer phases compared to the baseline measure. However, no significant differences were observed between the two experimental conditions. Conclusion: The findings of this experiment demonstrate that attention directed externally toward a physical object and an imagined object has a similar effect.
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Russ BE, Petkov CI, Kwok SC, Zhu Q, Belin P, Vanduffel W, Hamed SB. Common functional localizers to enhance NHP & cross-species neuroscience imaging research. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118203. [PMID: 34048898 PMCID: PMC8529529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional localizers are invaluable as they can help define regions of interest, provide cross-study comparisons, and most importantly, allow for the aggregation and meta-analyses of data across studies and laboratories. To achieve these goals within the non-human primate (NHP) imaging community, there is a pressing need for the use of standardized and validated localizers that can be readily implemented across different groups. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the value of localizer protocols to imaging research and we describe a number of commonly used or novel localizers within NHPs, and keys to implement them across studies. As has been shown with the aggregation of resting-state imaging data in the original PRIME-DE submissions, we believe that the field is ready to apply the same initiative for task-based functional localizers in NHP imaging. By coming together to collect large datasets across research group, implementing the same functional localizers, and sharing the localizers and data via PRIME-DE, it is now possible to fully test their robustness, selectivity and specificity. To do this, we reviewed a number of common localizers and we created a repository of well-established localizer that are easily accessible and implemented through the PRIME-RE platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Russ
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, New York University at Langone, New York City, NY, United States.
| | - Christopher I Petkov
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu, China; NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, INSERM, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France; Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Pascal Belin
- Institut de Neurosciences de La Timone, Aix-Marseille Université et CNRS, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory for Neuro-and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States; Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144, United States.
| | - Suliann Ben Hamed
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, UMR 5229, Université de Lyon - CNRS, France.
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Kwak S, Kim H, Kim H, Youm Y, Chey J. Distributed functional connectivity predicts neuropsychological test performance among older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:3305-3325. [PMID: 33960591 PMCID: PMC8193511 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychological test is an essential tool in assessing cognitive and functional changes associated with late-life neurocognitive disorders. Despite the utility of the neuropsychological test, the brain-wide neural basis of the test performance remains unclear. Using the predictive modeling approach, we aimed to identify the optimal combination of functional connectivities that predicts neuropsychological test scores of novel individuals. Resting-state functional connectivity and neuropsychological tests included in the OASIS-3 dataset (n = 428) were used to train the predictive models, and the identified models were iteratively applied to the holdout internal test set (n = 216) and external test set (KSHAP, n = 151). We found that the connectivity-based predicted score tracked the actual behavioral test scores (r = 0.08-0.44). The predictive models utilizing most of the connectivity features showed better accuracy than those composed of focal connectivity features, suggesting that its neural basis is largely distributed across multiple brain systems. The discriminant and clinical validity of the predictive models were further assessed. Our results suggest that late-life neuropsychological test performance can be formally characterized with distributed connectome-based predictive models, and further translational evidence is needed when developing theoretically valid and clinically incremental predictive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyul Kwak
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hairin Kim
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hoyoung Kim
- Department of PsychologyChonbuk National UniversityJeonjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of SociologyYonsei UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jeanyung Chey
- Department of PsychologySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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16
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Chu STW, Fung HH, Chu L. Is Positive Affect Related to Meaning in Life Differently in Younger and Older Adults? A Time Sampling Study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:2086-2094. [PMID: 31251360 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have found that as people age, they value low-arousal positive affect (LAP) to a greater extent and high-arousal positive affect (HAP) to a lower extent. We aimed to investigate whether actually achieving those ideal affects was related to better well-being outcomes, measured in terms of meaning in life. METHODS Using a time sampling design across 14 days (N = 162), we investigated whether the experience of LAP and HAP was related to the experience of meaning in life and how these associations differed across younger and older adults in Hong Kong. RESULTS Both LAP and HAP contributed to the experience of meaning in life for both younger and older adults. The global effect of LAP on meaning in life was stronger for older than younger adults, whereas the momentary effect of HAP on meaning in life was stronger for younger adults than older adults. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that achieving ideal affect is related to better eudaimonic well-being outcomes. People of different age groups know how they want to feel. Actually achieving the feelings endorsed by one's age group is associated with higher meaningfulness of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helene H Fung
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Chu
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Falzarano F, Siedlecki KL. Differences in cognitive performance between informal caregivers and non-caregivers. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2021; 28:284-307. [PMID: 32270735 PMCID: PMC7544647 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2020.1749228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive literature exists documenting the relationship between stress and cognition. Caregiving for an individual with Alzheimer's disease can be aunique and chronic stress experience due to the increasing dependency of the care-recipient as the disease progresses. The current study examines the relationship between stress and cognitive performance in 47 dementia caregivers compared to 47 noncaregiver control participants matched on age, gender, and education. Participants completed measures assessing stress (measured via the Perceived Stress Scale) and seven domains of cognition including episodic memory, working memory, executive functioning, attention, visuospatial processing, processing speed, and implicit memory. Results showed that caregivers had poorer performance than non-caregivers on certain measures of episodic memory, working memory, and executive functioning; while no significant differences were observed on measures of attention, visuospatial processing, processing speed, or implicit memory. In addition, when controlling for general stress, caregiver performance on measures of processing speed and visuospatial processing was also poorer than non-caregivers. By controlling for levels of general stress that may not be related to caregiving, these results show that differences in cognitive performance are unlikely to be explained by general stress alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen L Siedlecki
- Department of Psychology, Fordham University , Bronx, NY, United States
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18
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van den Brink RL, Murphy PR, Desender K, de Ru N, Nieuwenhuis S. Temporal Expectation Hastens Decision Onset But Does Not Affect Evidence Quality. J Neurosci 2021; 41:130-143. [PMID: 33172980 PMCID: PMC7786203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1103-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict the timing of forthcoming events, known as temporal expectation, has a strong impact on human information processing. Although there is growing consensus that temporal expectations enhance the speed and accuracy of perceptual decisions, it remains unclear whether they affect the decision process itself, or non-decisional (sensory/motor) processes. Here, healthy human participants (N = 21; 18 female) used predictive auditory cues to anticipate the timing of low-contrast visual stimuli they were required to detect. Modeling of the behavioral data using a prominent sequential sampling model indicated that temporal expectations speeded up non-decisional processes but had no effect on decision formation. Electrophysiological recordings confirmed and extended this result: temporal expectations hastened the onset of a neural signature of decision formation but had no effect on its build-up rate. Anticipatory α band power was modulated by temporal expectation and co-varied with intrinsic trial-by-trial variability in behavioral and neural signatures of the onset latency of the decision process. These findings highlight how temporal predictions optimize our interaction with unfolding sensory events.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Temporal expectation enhances performance, but the locus of this effect remains debated. Here, we contrasted the two dominant accounts: enhancement through (1) expedited decision onset, or (2) an increase in the quality of sensory evidence. We manipulated expectations about the onset of a dim visual target using a temporal cueing paradigm, and probed the locus of the expectation effect with two complementary approaches: drift diffusion modeling (DDM) of behavior, and estimation of the onset and progression of the decision process from a supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal in simultaneously measured EEG signals. Behavioral modeling and neural data provided strong, converging evidence for an account in which temporal expectations enhance perception by speeding up decision onset, without affecting evidence quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud L van den Brink
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251 Germany
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Peter R Murphy
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251 Germany
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Kobe Desender
- Section Computational Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20251 Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Brain and Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Nicole de Ru
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Department of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
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19
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Felt JM, Depaoli S, Tiemensma J. Stress and information processing: acute psychosocial stress affects levels of mental abstraction. Anxiety Stress Coping 2021; 34:83-95. [PMID: 33124472 PMCID: PMC7770099 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1839646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism by which acute psychosocial stress effects health-related cognitions and behaviors is through changes in the level of mental abstraction when processing information. However, it is unclear whether levels of mental abstraction would be higher or lower after an acute psychosocial stressor. OBJECTIVES This research examined acute psychosocial stress's impact on levels of mental abstraction. DESIGN Randomized between-subjects experimental design. METHODS A diverse sample of 164 undergraduate students aged 18-24 years old were randomly assigned to an acute psychosocial stressor or non-stressful control condition. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and negative affect were monitored throughout the study and mental abstraction was measured at the end of each condition. RESULTS Mental abstraction was statistically significantly higher (i.e., more abstract) after the stress condition than after the control condition (p = 0.005, d = 0.44). This association was partially explained by negative affect (p = 0.017), but not BP or HR (ps > 0.60). CONCLUSIONS Acute psychosocial stress is associated with higher levels of mental abstraction after the stressor. These findings may have implications for stress-relevant interventions as accounting for the level of mental abstraction may enhance the efficacy of the intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Felt
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
| | - Sarah Depaoli
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced
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20
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Callahan BL, McLaren-Gradinaru M, Burles F, Iaria G. How Does Dementia Begin to Manifest in Bipolar Disorder? A Description of Prodromal Clinical and Cognitive Changes. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:737-748. [PMID: 34092630 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have increased dementia risk, but signs of dementia are difficult to detect in the context of pre-existing deficits inherent to BD. OBJECTIVE To identify the emergence of indicators of early dementia in BD. METHODS One hundred and fifty-nine non-demented adults with BD from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center (NACC) data repository underwent annual neuropsychological assessment up to 14 years (54.0 months average follow-up). Cognitive performance was examined longitudinally with linear mixed-effects models, and yearly differences between incident dementia cases and controls were examined in the six years prior to diagnosis. RESULTS Forty participants (25.2%) developed dementia over the follow-up period ('incident dementia cases'). Alzheimer's disease was the most common presumed etiology, though this was likely a result of sampling biases within NACC. Incident dementia cases showed declining trajectories in memory, language, and speeded attention two years prior to dementia onset. CONCLUSION In a sample of BD patients enriched for Alzheimer's type dementia, prodromal dementia in BD can be detected up to two years before onset using the same cognitive tests used in psychiatrically-healthy older adults (i.e., measures of verbal recall and fluency). Cognition in the natural course of BD is generally stable, and impairment or marked decline on measures of verbal episodic memory or semantic retrieval may indicate an early neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandy L Callahan
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michael McLaren-Gradinaru
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ford Burles
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Iaria
- University of Calgary, Department of Psychology, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada
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21
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Sun X, Dong C, Levin BE, Caunca M, Hazzouri AZA, DeRosa JT, Stern Y, Cheung YK, Elkind MS, Rundek T, Wright CB, Sacco RL. Systolic Blood Pressure and Cognition in the Elderly: The Northern Manhattan Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 82:689-699. [PMID: 34057088 PMCID: PMC8568019 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that hypertension is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia. The relationship between blood pressure and cognition in a racially and ethnically diverse population remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To study association of blood pressure with cognition cross-sectionally and longitudinally in the elderly. METHODS Participants are stroke-free individuals from the racially and ethnically diverse Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS) (n = 1215). General linear models are constructed to examine blood pressure in relation to cognition cross-sectionally and longitudinally at a five-year follow-up. RESULTS We found a cross-sectional association of systolic blood pressure (SBP) with word fluency/semantic memory, executive function, and processing speed/visual motor integration (VMI) function. This association was independent of demographics, vascular risk factors, white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The cross-sectional association of SBP with processing speed/VMI and executive function was attenuated after adjusting anti-hypertension medications in the models. Baseline SBP was associated with the change of processing speed/VMI function after adjusting vascular risk factors, WMHV, and cIMT at a 5-year follow-up. This longitudinal association was not found after adjusting anti-hypertension medications in the models. Further analyses revealed that individuals with category SBP from < 120 mmHg to≥140 mmHg had a linear decline in processing speed/VMI function at a 5-year follow-up. CONCLUSION We show that SBP is negatively associated with cognition cross-sectionally and longitudinally in the elderly. Anti-hypertension treatment eliminates the negative association of SBP with processing speed/VMI function longitudinally. Our findings support the treatment of stage 1 systolic hypertension in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Levin
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Caunca
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public
Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janet T. DeRosa
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying Kuen Cheung
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public
Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S.V. Elkind
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public
Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Clinton B. Wright
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke,
Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ralph L. Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine,
University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Miller School of
Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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22
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Fabius JH, Fracasso A, Acunzo DJ, Van der Stigchel S, Melcher D. Low-Level Visual Information Is Maintained across Saccades, Allowing for a Postsaccadic Handoff between Visual Areas. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9476-9486. [PMID: 33115930 PMCID: PMC7724139 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1169-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Experience seems continuous and detailed despite saccadic eye movements changing retinal input several times per second. There is debate whether neural signals related to updating across saccades contain information about stimulus features, or only location pointers without visual details. We investigated the time course of low-level visual information processing across saccades by decoding the spatial frequency of a stationary stimulus that changed from one visual hemifield to the other because of a horizontal saccadic eye movement. We recorded magnetoencephalography while human subjects (both sexes) monitored the orientation of a grating stimulus, making spatial frequency task irrelevant. Separate trials, in which subjects maintained fixation, were used to train a classifier, whose performance was then tested on saccade trials. Decoding performance showed that spatial frequency information of the presaccadic stimulus remained present for ∼200 ms after the saccade, transcending retinotopic specificity. Postsaccadic information ramped up rapidly after saccade offset. There was an overlap of over 100 ms during which decoding was significant from both presaccadic and postsaccadic processing areas. This suggests that the apparent richness of perception across saccades may be supported by the continuous availability of low-level information with a "soft handoff" of information during the initial processing sweep of the new fixation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Saccades create frequent discontinuities in visual input, yet perception appears stable and continuous. How is this discontinuous input processed resulting in visual stability? Previous studies have focused on presaccadic remapping. Here we examined the time course of processing of low-level visual information (spatial frequency) across saccades with magnetoencephalography. The results suggest that spatial frequency information is not predictively remapped but also is not discarded. Instead, they suggest a soft handoff over time between different visual areas, making this information continuously available across the saccade. Information about the presaccadic stimulus remains available, while the information about the postsaccadic stimulus has also become available. The simultaneous availability of both the presaccadic and postsaccadic information could enable rich and continuous perception across saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper H Fabius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Fracasso
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Acunzo
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, I-38122 Trento, Italy
| | - Stefan Van der Stigchel
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - David Melcher
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences and Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Trento, I-38122 Trento, Italy
- Psychology Program, Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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23
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Maxfield ND. Inhibitory Control of Lexical Selection in Adults who Stutter. J Fluency Disord 2020; 66:105780. [PMID: 32950028 PMCID: PMC7704578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on previous evidence that lexical selection may operate differently in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically-fluent adults (TFA), and that atypical attentional processing may be a contributing factor, the purpose of this study was to investigate inhibitory control of lexical selection in AWS. METHOD 12 AWS and 12 TFA completed two tasks. One was a picture naming task featuring High and Low Agreement object naming. Naming accuracy and reaction times (RT), and event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to picture onset, were recorded. Second was a flanker task featuring Congruent and Incongruent arrow arrays. Push-button accuracy and RTs, and ERPs time-locked to arrow array onset, were recorded. RESULTS Low Agreement pictures were named less accurately and slower than High Agreement pictures in both Groups. The magnitude of the Agreement effect on naming RTs was larger in AWS versus TFA. Delta-plot analysis revealed that the Agreement effect was positively correlated with individual differences in inhibition in TFA but not in AWS. Moreover, Low Agreement pictures elicited negative-going ERP activity relative to High Agreement pictures in both Groups. However, the scalp topography of this effect was markedly reduced in AWS versus TFA. For the Flanker task, Congruency affected push-button accuracy and RTs, and N2 amplitudes, similarly between groups. CONCLUSIONS Results point to a selective deficit in inhibitory control of lexical selection in AWS. Potential pathways between diminished inhibitory control of lexical selection, speech motor control and stuttering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan D Maxfield
- University of South Florida, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, 4202 East Fowler Avenue, PCD1017, Tampa, FL, 33620, United States.
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24
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Jung M, Zou L, Yu JJ, Ryu S, Kong Z, Yang L, Kang M, Lin J, Li H, Smith L, Loprinzi PD. Does exercise have a protective effect on cognitive function under hypoxia? A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci 2020; 9:562-577. [PMID: 32325144 PMCID: PMC7749263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine (1) the independent effects of hypoxia on cognitive function and (2) the effects of exercise on cognition while under hypoxia. METHODS Design: Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PsychInfo, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies: randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized controlled studies that investigated the effects of chronic or acute exercise on cognition under hypoxia were considered (Aim 2), as were studies investigating the effects of hypoxia on cognition (Aim 1). RESULTS In total, 18 studies met our inclusionary criteria for the systematic review, and 12 studies were meta-analyzed. Exposure to hypoxia impaired attentional ability (standardized mean difference (SMD) = -0.4), executive function (SMD = -0.18), and memory function (SMD = -0.26), but not information processing (SMD = 0.27). Aggregated results indicated that performing exercise under a hypoxia setting had a significant effect on cognitive improvement (SMD = 0.3, 95% confidence interval: 0.14 - 0.45, I2 = 54%, p < 0.001). Various characteristics (e.g., age, cognitive task type, exercise type, exercise intensity, training type, and hypoxia level) moderated the effects of hypoxia and exercise on cognitive function. CONCLUSION Exercise during exposure to hypoxia improves cognitive function. This association appears to be moderated by individual and exercise/hypoxia-related characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungjin Jung
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jane Jie Yu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Seungho Ryu
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zhaowei Kong
- Faculty of Education, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB T2S 3C3, Canada; Departments of Oncology and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Health and Sport Analytics Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, University Park, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hong Li
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Lee Smith
- The Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Exercise and Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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25
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Armougum A, Gaston-Bellegarde A, Joie-La Marle C, Piolino P. Physiological investigation of cognitive load in real-life train travelers during information processing. Appl Ergon 2020; 89:103180. [PMID: 32763451 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Management of travelers' cognitive load is crucial for efficient information processing for optimal railway operations. We investigated variations in travelers' cognitive load with different expertise levels, in a field study. We aimed to assess the use of three eye metrics: pupil diameter, saccade amplitude and gaze of fixation duration for cognitive load analysis between expert and novice travelers in a Mass Transit train station: Saint-Michel Notre Dame. Physiological measures of emotional activity through skin conductance responses were also investigated, together with subjective measures of mental load using NASA-Task Load Index. Our results followed our expectations, where novice travelers expressed higher cognitive load than expert travelers, characterized by wider pupil diameter, larger amplitude of saccade and longer gaze duration, as well as higher electrodermal activity and NASA-TLX. Additional observations showed that experts used hierarchical and symmetrical scan paths, with more intense exposure on relevant information, characterized by brighter heat maps. This difference in behavior showed a clear difference in strategies for information retrieval at different expertise levels. Metrics of eye tracking device, together with electrodermal activity, proved to be potent in cognitive load analysis of train travelers, and helped to provide insights for real-life information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armougum
- Université de Paris, MC(2)Lab, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; SNCF Mobility, Transilien, SID, Lab Mass Transit, Paris, France.
| | | | - C Joie-La Marle
- SNCF Mobility, Transilien, SID, Lab Mass Transit, Paris, France
| | - P Piolino
- Université de Paris, MC(2)Lab, F-92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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26
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Dijkstra N, Ambrogioni L, Vidaurre D, van Gerven M. Neural dynamics of perceptual inference and its reversal during imagery. eLife 2020; 9:e53588. [PMID: 32686645 PMCID: PMC7371419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
After the presentation of a visual stimulus, neural processing cascades from low-level sensory areas to increasingly abstract representations in higher-level areas. It is often hypothesised that a reversal in neural processing underlies the generation of mental images as abstract representations are used to construct sensory representations in the absence of sensory input. According to predictive processing theories, such reversed processing also plays a central role in later stages of perception. Direct experimental evidence of reversals in neural information flow has been missing. Here, we used a combination of machine learning and magnetoencephalography to characterise neural dynamics in humans. We provide direct evidence for a reversal of the perceptual feed-forward cascade during imagery and show that, during perception, such reversals alternate with feed-forward processing in an 11 Hz oscillatory pattern. Together, these results show how common feedback processes support both veridical perception and mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Dijkstra
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenNetherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Luca Ambrogioni
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Diego Vidaurre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Oxford UniversityOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Health, Aarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | - Marcel van Gerven
- Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourNijmegenNetherlands
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27
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Abstract
Exhibiting behavioral plasticity in order to mount appropriate responses to dynamic and novel social environments is crucial to the survival of all animals. Thus, how animals regulate flexibility in the timing, duration, and intensity of specific behaviors is of great interest to biologists. In this review, we discuss how animals rapidly respond to social challenges, with a particular focus on aggression. We utilize a conceptual framework to understand the neural mechanisms of aggression that is grounded in Wingfield and colleagues' Challenge Hypothesis, which has profoundly influenced how scientists think about aggression and the mechanisms that allow animals to exhibit flexible responses to social instability. Because aggressive behavior is rooted in social interactions, we propose that mechanisms modulating prosocial behavior may be intricately tied to mechanisms of aggression. Therefore, in order to better understand how aggressive behavior is mediated, we draw on perspectives from social neuroscience and discuss how social context, species-typical behavioral phenotype, and neural systems commonly studied in relation to prosocial behavior (i.e., neuropeptides) contribute to organizing rapid responses to social challenges. Because complex behaviors are not the result of one mechanism or a single neural system, we consider how multiple neural systems important for prosocial and aggressive behavior (i.e., neuropeptides and neurosteroids) interact in the brain to produce behavior in a rapid, context-appropriate manner. Applying a systems neuroscience perspective and seeking to understand how multiple systems functionally integrate to rapidly modulate behavior holds great promise for expanding our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying social behavioral plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubrey M Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Leah C Wilson
- Department of Biology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME 04011, USA
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28
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Ebaid D, Crewther SG. The Contribution of Oculomotor Functions to Rates of Visual Information Processing in Younger and Older Adults. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10129. [PMID: 32576849 PMCID: PMC7311387 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor functions are established surrogate measures of visual attention shifting and rate of information processing, however, the temporal characteristics of saccades and fixations have seldom been compared in healthy educated samples of younger and older adults. Thus, the current study aimed to compare duration of eye movement components in younger (18-25 years) and older (50-81 years) adults during text reading and during object/alphanumeric Rapid Automatic Naming (RAN) tasks. The current study also aimed to examine the contribution of oculomotor functions to threshold time needed for accurate performance on visually-driven cognitive tasks (Inspection Time [IT] and Change Detection [CD]). Results showed that younger adults fixated on individual stimuli for significantly longer than the older participants, while older adults demonstrated significantly longer saccade durations than the younger group. Results also demonstrated that older adults required longer threshold durations (i.e., performed slower) on the visually-driven cognitive tasks, however, the age-group time difference on the CD task was eradicated when the effects of saccade duration were covaried. Thus, these results suggest that age-related cognitive decline is also related to increased duration of saccades and hence, highlights the need to dissociate the age-related motor constraints on the temporal aspects of oculomotor function from visuo-cognitive speed of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deena Ebaid
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sheila G Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, School of Psychology and Public Health, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Betzel RF, Byrge L, Esfahlani FZ, Kennedy DP. Temporal fluctuations in the brain's modular architecture during movie-watching. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116687. [PMID: 32126299 PMCID: PMC7165071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain networks are flexible and reconfigure over time to support ongoing cognitive processes. However, tracking statistically meaningful reconfigurations across time has proven difficult. This has to do largely with issues related to sampling variability, making instantaneous estimation of network organization difficult, along with increased reliance on task-free (cognitively unconstrained) experimental paradigms, limiting the ability to interpret the origin of changes in network structure over time. Here, we address these challenges using time-varying network analysis in conjunction with a naturalistic viewing paradigm. Specifically, we developed a measure of inter-subject network similarity and used this measure as a coincidence filter to identify synchronous fluctuations in network organization across individuals. Applied to movie-watching data, we found that periods of high inter-subject similarity coincided with reductions in network modularity and increased connectivity between cognitive systems. In contrast, low inter-subject similarity was associated with increased system segregation and more rest-like architectures. We then used a data-driven approach to uncover clusters of functional connections that follow similar trajectories over time and are more strongly correlated during movie-watching than at rest. Finally, we show that synchronous fluctuations in network architecture over time can be linked to a subset of features in the movie. Our findings link dynamic fluctuations in network integration and segregation to patterns of inter-subject similarity, and suggest that moment-to-moment fluctuations in functional connectivity reflect shared cognitive processing across individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA; Cognitive Science Program, USA; Program in Neuroscience, USA; Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Lisa Byrge
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA
| | | | - Daniel P Kennedy
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, USA; Cognitive Science Program, USA; Program in Neuroscience, USA
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30
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Hill MD. Adaptive Information Processing Theory: Origins, Principles, Applications, and Evidence. J Evid Based Soc Work (2019) 2020; 17:317-331. [PMID: 32420834 DOI: 10.1080/26408066.2020.1748155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the origins, principles, applications, and evidence related to Adaptive Information Processing (AIP) theory. AIP theory provides the theoretical underpinning of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy. AIP theory was developed to explain the observed results of EMDR therapy delivered to individuals experiencing trauma and PTSD. The AIP model hypothesizes that maladaptively stored memories of trauma create obstacles to rational processing of information, which occurs in the prefrontal cortex area of the brain. Bilateral stimulation, through eye movements or other mechanisms, is hypothesized to remove the obstacles and permit complete processing of the memory, leading to a reduction in trauma symptoms. EMDR therapy, with the AIP model as rationale, has been effectively used in the treatment of PTSD. Evidence in support of AIP theory is emerging as some promising results have been shown in studies that rely on measuring various types of physiological changes that occur during EMDR therapy.
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31
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Webster PJ, Frum C, Kurowski-Burt A, Bauer CE, Wen S, Ramadan JH, Baker KA, Lewis JW. Processing of Real-World, Dynamic Natural Stimuli in Autism is Linked to Corticobasal Function. Autism Res 2020; 13:539-549. [PMID: 31944557 PMCID: PMC7418054 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been shown to perceive everyday sensory information differently compared to peers without autism. Research examining these sensory differences has primarily utilized nonnatural stimuli or natural stimuli using static photos with few having utilized dynamic, real-world nonverbal stimuli. Therefore, in this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to characterize brain activation of individuals with high-functioning autism when viewing and listening to a video of a real-world scene (a person bouncing a ball) and anticipating the bounce. We investigated both multisensory and unisensory processing and hypothesized that individuals with ASD would show differential activation in (a) primary auditory and visual sensory cortical and association areas, and in (b) cortical and subcortical regions where auditory and visual information is integrated (e.g. temporal-parietal junction, pulvinar, superior colliculus). Contrary to our hypotheses, the whole-brain analysis revealed similar activation between the groups in these brain regions. However, compared to controls the ASD group showed significant hypoactivation in the left intraparietal sulcus and left putamen/globus pallidus. We theorize that this hypoactivation reflected underconnectivity for mediating spatiotemporal processing of the visual biological motion stimuli with the task demands of anticipating the timing of the bounce event. The paradigm thus may have tapped into a specific left-lateralized aberrant corticobasal circuit or loop involved in initiating or inhibiting motor responses. This was consistent with a dual "when versus where" psychophysical model of corticobasal function, which may reflect core differences in sensory processing of real-world, nonverbal natural stimuli in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 539-549. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: To understand how individuals with autism perceive the real-world, using magnetic resonance imaging we examined brain activation in individuals with autism while watching a video of someone bouncing a basketball. Those with autism had similar activation to controls in auditory and visual sensory brain regions, but less activation in an area that processes information about body movements and in a region involved in modulating movements. These areas are important for understanding the actions of others and developing social skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Webster
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Chris Frum
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amy Kurowski-Burt
- Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Human Performance, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Christopher E Bauer
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sijin Wen
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jad H Ramadan
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kathryn A Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - James W Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Pais-Roldán P, Takahashi K, Sobczak F, Chen Y, Zhao X, Zeng H, Jiang Y, Yu X. Indexing brain state-dependent pupil dynamics with simultaneous fMRI and optical fiber calcium recording. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6875-6882. [PMID: 32139609 PMCID: PMC7104268 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1909937117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pupillometry, a noninvasive measure of arousal, complements human functional MRI (fMRI) to detect periods of variable cognitive processing and identify networks that relate to particular attentional states. Even under anesthesia, pupil dynamics correlate with brain-state fluctuations, and extended dilations mark the transition to more arousable states. However, cross-scale neuronal activation patterns are seldom linked to brain state-dependent pupil dynamics. Here, we complemented resting-state fMRI in rats with cortical calcium recording (GCaMP-mediated) and pupillometry to tackle the linkage between brain-state changes and neural dynamics across different scales. This multimodal platform allowed us to identify a global brain network that covaried with pupil size, which served to generate an index indicative of the brain-state fluctuation during anesthesia. Besides, a specific correlation pattern was detected in the brainstem, at a location consistent with noradrenergic cell group 5 (A5), which appeared to be dependent on the coupling between different frequencies of cortical activity, possibly further indicating particular brain-state dynamics. The multimodal fMRI combining concurrent calcium recordings and pupillometry enables tracking brain state-dependent pupil dynamics and identifying unique cross-scale neuronal dynamic patterns under anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pais-Roldán
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
- Medical Imaging Physics, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Kengo Takahashi
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Filip Sobczak
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yi Chen
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hang Zeng
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
| | - Xin Yu
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129
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33
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Rahnev D, Desender K, Lee ALF, Adler WT, Aguilar-Lleyda D, Akdoğan B, Arbuzova P, Atlas LY, Balcı F, Bang JW, Bègue I, Birney DP, Brady TF, Calder-Travis J, Chetverikov A, Clark TK, Davranche K, Denison RN, Dildine TC, Double KS, Duyan YA, Faivre N, Fallow K, Filevich E, Gajdos T, Gallagher RM, de Gardelle V, Gherman S, Haddara N, Hainguerlot M, Hsu TY, Hu X, Iturrate I, Jaquiery M, Kantner J, Koculak M, Konishi M, Koß C, Kvam PD, Kwok SC, Lebreton M, Lempert KM, Ming Lo C, Luo L, Maniscalco B, Martin A, Massoni S, Matthews J, Mazancieux A, Merfeld DM, O'Hora D, Palser ER, Paulewicz B, Pereira M, Peters C, Philiastides MG, Pfuhl G, Prieto F, Rausch M, Recht S, Reyes G, Rouault M, Sackur J, Sadeghi S, Samaha J, Seow TXF, Shekhar M, Sherman MT, Siedlecka M, Skóra Z, Song C, Soto D, Sun S, van Boxtel JJA, Wang S, Weidemann CT, Weindel G, Wierzchoń M, Xu X, Ye Q, Yeon J, Zou F, Zylberberg A. The Confidence Database. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:317-325. [PMID: 32015487 PMCID: PMC7565481 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how people rate their confidence is critical for the characterization of a wide range of perceptual, memory, motor and cognitive processes. To enable the continued exploration of these processes, we created a large database of confidence studies spanning a broad set of paradigms, participant populations and fields of study. The data from each study are structured in a common, easy-to-use format that can be easily imported and analysed using multiple software packages. Each dataset is accompanied by an explanation regarding the nature of the collected data. At the time of publication, the Confidence Database (which is available at https://osf.io/s46pr/) contained 145 datasets with data from more than 8,700 participants and almost 4 million trials. The database will remain open for new submissions indefinitely and is expected to continue to grow. Here we show the usefulness of this large collection of datasets in four different analyses that provide precise estimations of several foundational confidence-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dobromir Rahnev
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kobe Desender
- Department of Neurophysiology and Pathophysiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alan L F Lee
- Department of Applied Psychology and Wofoo Joseph Lee Consulting and Counselling Psychology Research Centre, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
| | - William T Adler
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Aguilar-Lleyda
- Centre d'Économie de la Sorbonne, CNRS & Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France
| | - Başak Akdoğan
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Polina Arbuzova
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lauren Y Atlas
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuat Balcı
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ji Won Bang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University (NYU) School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Indrit Bègue
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Damian P Birney
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy F Brady
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrey Chetverikov
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Torin K Clark
- Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Rachel N Denison
- Department of Psychology and Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Troy C Dildine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Kit S Double
- Department of Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yalçın A Duyan
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nathan Faivre
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Kaitlyn Fallow
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisa Filevich
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Regan M Gallagher
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Experimental & Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sabina Gherman
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Nadia Haddara
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marine Hainguerlot
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tzu-Yu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiao Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Iñaki Iturrate
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matt Jaquiery
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Justin Kantner
- Department of Psycholgoy, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Marcin Koculak
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mahiko Konishi
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Psycholinguistique, Department d'Etudes Cognitives, ENS, PSL University, EHESS, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Christina Koß
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter D Kvam
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sze Chai Kwok
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Maël Lebreton
- Swiss Center for Affective Science and LaBNIC, Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karolina M Lempert
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chien Ming Lo
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain and Consciousness Research Centre, TMU Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Liang Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Brian Maniscalco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Martin
- Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain, and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sébastien Massoni
- Université de Lorraine, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, BETA, Nancy, France
| | - Julian Matthews
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Philosophy Department, Monash University, Monash, Victoria, Australia
| | - Audrey Mazancieux
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel M Merfeld
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Denis O'Hora
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Eleanor R Palser
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Psychology and Language Sciences, University College Londo, London, UK
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Borysław Paulewicz
- SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice Faculty of Psychology, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michael Pereira
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Peters
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromso, Norway
| | - Fernanda Prieto
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Rausch
- Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany
| | - Samuel Recht
- Laboratoire des Systèmes Perceptifs, Département d'Études Cognitives, École normale supérieure-PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Gabriel Reyes
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marion Rouault
- Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure-PSL University, CNRS, EHESS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Sackur
- Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure-PSL University, CNRS, EHESS, INSERM, Paris, France
- École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Saeedeh Sadeghi
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jason Samaha
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Tricia X F Seow
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Medha Shekhar
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maxine T Sherman
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, Brighton, UK
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Marta Siedlecka
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Skóra
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chen Song
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Soto
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sai Sun
- Divisions of Biology and Biological Engineering and Computation and Neural Systems, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jeroen J A van Boxtel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering and Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | | | - Michał Wierzchoń
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Xinming Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiwon Yeon
- School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Futing Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics Ministry of Education, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ariel Zylberberg
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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De Letter M, Bruggeman A, De Keyser K, Van Mierlo P, Buysse H, Van Roost D, Santens P. Subthalamic nucleus activity in the processing of body and mental action verbs in people with Parkinson's disease. Brain Lang 2020; 202:104738. [PMID: 31981951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2019.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Local field potentials evoked by body action and mental action verbs were recorded in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) of 18 patients with Parkinson's disease through the electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation. Compared with the medication on-condition, the medication off-condition showed a difference in activity in the early time segments, mainly in the right STN, with larger amplitudes for body action verbs. In the on-condition a similar pattern was detected in the left STN. These patterns of early differences in activity evoked by different types of verbs might indicate the potential of the STN to rapidly detect relevant behavioural clues in verbal content and to integrate these in subsequent cortico-subcortical interactions. In addition, these lateralizations allow speculations about shifts in processing activity correlating with dopaminergic denervation. Whether this detection relies on phonological, semantic or grammatical clues remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- M De Letter
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Bruggeman
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - K De Keyser
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Van Mierlo
- Medical Image and Signal Processing Group, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - H Buysse
- Department of Medical Informatics & Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - D Van Roost
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - P Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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35
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Lusnig L, Radach R, Mueller CJ, Hofmann MJ. Zen meditation neutralizes emotional evaluation, but not implicit affective processing of words. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229310. [PMID: 32074130 PMCID: PMC7029852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is ample evidence that meditation can regulate emotions. It is questionable, however, whether meditation can down-regulate sensitivity to emotional experience in high-level cognitive representations such as words. The present study shows that adept Zen meditators rated the emotional valence of (low-arousal) positive and (high- and low-arousal) negative nouns significantly more neutral after a meditation session, while there was no change of valence ratings after a comparison intervention in the comparison group. Because the Zen group provided greater "openness to experience" and lower "need for achievement and performance" in the "Big Five" personality assessment, we used these scores as covariates for all analyses. We found no differential emotion effects of Zen meditation during lexical decision, but we replicated the slow-down of low-arousal negative words during lexical decision in both groups. Interestingly, Zen meditation elicited a global facilitation of all response times, which we discuss in terms of increased attentional resources after meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Lusnig
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ralph Radach
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christina J. Mueller
- Methods and Evaluation, International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus J. Hofmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
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Scotney VS, Schwartz J, Carbert N, Saab A, Gabora L. The form of a 'half-baked' creative idea: Empirical explorations into the structure of ill-defined mental representations. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 203:102981. [PMID: 31918155 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Creative thought is conventionally believed to involve searching memory and generating multiple independent candidate ideas followed by selection and refinement of the most promising. Honing theory, which grew out of the quantum approach to describing how concepts interact, posits that what appears to be discrete, separate ideas are actually different projections of the same underlying mental representation, which can be described as a superposition state, and which may take different outward forms when reflected upon from different perspectives. As creative thought proceeds, this representation loses potentiality to be viewed from different perspectives and manifest as different outcomes. Honing theory yields different predictions from conventional theories about the mental representation of an idea midway through the creative process. These predictions were pitted against one another in two studies: one closed-ended and one open-ended. In the first study, participants were interrupted midway through solving an analogy problem and wrote down what they were thinking in terms of a solution. In the second, participants were instructed to create a painting that expressed their true essence and describe how they conceived of the painting. For both studies, naïve judges categorized these responses as supportive of either the conventional view or the honing theory view. The results of both studies were significantly more consistent with the predictions of honing theory. Some implications for creative cognition, and cognition in general, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Scotney
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Jasmine Schwartz
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Nicole Carbert
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Adam Saab
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Liane Gabora
- University of British Columbia, Department of Psychology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Fipke Centre for Innovative Research, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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Abstract
Imagine you were asked to investigate the workings of an engine, but to do so without ever opening the hood. Now imagine the engine fueled the human mind. This is the challenge faced by cognitive neuroscientists worldwide aiming to understand the neural bases of our psychological functions. Luckily, human ingenuity comes to the rescue. Around the same time as the Society for Neuroscience was being established in the 1960s, the first tools for measuring the human brain at work were becoming available. Noninvasive human brain imaging and neurophysiology have continued developing at a relentless pace ever since. In this 50 year anniversary, we reflect on how these methods have been changing our understanding of how brain supports mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Christina Nobre
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom, and
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Freek van Ede
- Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom, and
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Lu Z, Li Q, Gao N, Yang J, Bai O. Happy emotion cognition of bimodal audiovisual stimuli optimizes the performance of the P300 speller. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01479. [PMID: 31729840 PMCID: PMC6908870 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prior studies of emotional cognition have found that emotion-based bimodal face and voice stimuli can elicit larger event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes and enhance neural responses compared with visual-only emotional face stimuli. Recent studies on brain-computer interface have shown that emotional face stimuli have significantly improved the performance of the traditional P300 speller system, but its performance needs to be further improved for practical applications. Therefore, we herein propose a novel audiovisual P300 speller based on bimodal emotional cognition to further improve the performance of the P300 system. METHODS The audiovisual P300 speller we proposed is based on happy emotions, with visual and auditory stimuli that consist of several pairs of smiling faces and audible chuckles (E-AV spelling paradigm) of different ages and sexes. The control paradigm was the visual-only emotional face P300 speller (E-V spelling paradigm). RESULTS We compared the ERP amplitudes, accuracy, and raw bit rate between the E-AV and E-V spelling paradigms. The target stimuli elicited significantly increased P300 amplitudes (p < .05) and P600 amplitudes (p < .05) in the E-AV spelling paradigm compared with those in the E-V paradigm. The E-AV spelling paradigm also significantly improved the spelling accuracy and the raw bit rate compared with those in the E-V paradigm at one superposition (p < .05) and at two superpositions (p < .05). SIGNIFICANCE The proposed emotion-based audiovisual spelling paradigm not only significantly improves the performance of the P300 speller, but also provides a basis for the development of various bimodal P300 speller systems, which is a step forward in the clinical application of brain-computer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Lu
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Qi Li
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Ning Gao
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Jingjing Yang
- School of Computer Science and TechnologyChangchun University of Science and TechnologyChangchunChina
| | - Ou Bai
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringFlorida International UniversityMiamiFLUSA
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Li M, Han Y, Aburn MJ, Breakspear M, Poldrack RA, Shine JM, Lizier JT. Transitions in information processing dynamics at the whole-brain network level are driven by alterations in neural gain. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006957. [PMID: 31613882 PMCID: PMC6793849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A key component of the flexibility and complexity of the brain is its ability to dynamically adapt its functional network structure between integrated and segregated brain states depending on the demands of different cognitive tasks. Integrated states are prevalent when performing tasks of high complexity, such as maintaining items in working memory, consistent with models of a global workspace architecture. Recent work has suggested that the balance between integration and segregation is under the control of ascending neuromodulatory systems, such as the noradrenergic system, via changes in neural gain (in terms of the amplification and non-linearity in stimulus-response transfer function of brain regions). In a previous large-scale nonlinear oscillator model of neuronal network dynamics, we showed that manipulating neural gain parameters led to a 'critical' transition in phase synchrony that was associated with a shift from segregated to integrated topology, thus confirming our original prediction. In this study, we advance these results by demonstrating that the gain-mediated phase transition is characterized by a shift in the underlying dynamics of neural information processing. Specifically, the dynamics of the subcritical (segregated) regime are dominated by information storage, whereas the supercritical (integrated) regime is associated with increased information transfer (measured via transfer entropy). Operating near to the critical regime with respect to modulating neural gain parameters would thus appear to provide computational advantages, offering flexibility in the information processing that can be performed with only subtle changes in gain control. Our results thus link studies of whole-brain network topology and the ascending arousal system with information processing dynamics, and suggest that the constraints imposed by the ascending arousal system constrain low-dimensional modes of information processing within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Li
- Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Complex Systems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yinuo Han
- Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Aburn
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Russell A. Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - James M. Shine
- Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joseph T. Lizier
- Centre for Complex Systems, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Complex Systems Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Abstract
Similarity between percepts and concepts is used to accomplish many everyday tasks, e.g., object identification; so this similarity is widely used to construct geometrical spaces that represent stimulus qualities, but the intrinsic validity of the geometry, i.e., whether similarity operations support a particular geometry, is almost never tested critically. We introduce an experimental approach for equating relative similarities by setting perceived midpoints between pairs of stimuli. Midpoint settings are used with Varignon's Theorem to test the intrinsic geometry of a representation space, and its mapping to a physical space of stimuli. For perceptual color space, we demonstrate that geometrical structure depends on the mental representation used in judging similarity: An affine geometry was valid when observers used an opponent-color mental representation. Similarities based on a conceptual space of complementary colors thus power a geometric coordinate system. An affine geometry implies that similarity can be judged within straight lines and across parallel lines, and its neural coding could involve ratios of responses. We show that this perceptual space is invariant to changes in illumination color, providing a formal justification to generalize color constancy results measured for color categories, to all of color space. The midpoint measurements deviate significantly from midpoints in the extensively used "uniform" color spaces CIELAB and CIELUV, showing that these spaces do not provide adequate metric representation of perceived colors. Our paradigm can thus test for intrinsic geometrical assumptions underlying the representation space for many perceptual modalities, and for the extrinsic perceptual geometry of the space of physical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Ennis
- Justus-Liebig Universität, Allgemeine Psychologie Abteilung, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - Qasim Zaidi
- State University of New York, Graduate Center for Vision Research, New York, NY, USA
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Ohmer M, Durning SJ, Kucera W, Nealeigh M, Ordway S, Mellor T, Mikita J, Howle A, Krajnik S, Konopasky A, Ramani D, Battista A. Clinical Reasoning in the Ward Setting: A Rapid Response Scenario for Residents and Attendings. MedEdPORTAL 2019; 15:10834. [PMID: 31773062 PMCID: PMC6869982 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a need for educational resources supporting the practice and assessment of the complex processes of clinical reasoning in the inpatient setting along a continuum of physician experience levels. METHODS Using participatory design, we created a scenario-based simulation integrating diagnostic ambiguity, contextual factors, and rising patient acuity to increase complexity. Resources include an open-ended written exercise and think-aloud reflection protocol to elicit diagnostic and management reasoning and reflection on that reasoning. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the initial implementation evaluation results. RESULTS Twenty physicians from multiple training stages and specialties (interns, residents, attendings, family physicians, internists, surgeons) underwent the simulated scenario. Participants engaged in clinical reasoning processes consistent with the design, considering a total of 19 differential diagnoses. Ten participants provided the correct leading diagnosis, tension pneumothorax, with an additional eight providing pneumothorax and all participants offering relevant supporting evidence. There was also good evidence of management reasoning, with all participants either performing an intervention or calling for assistance and reflecting on management plans in the think-aloud. The scenario was a reasonable approximation of clinical practice, with a mean authenticity rating of 4.15 out of 5. Finally, the scenario presented adequate challenge, with interns and residents rating it as only slightly more challenging (means of 7.83 and 7.17, respectively) than attendings (mean of 6.63 out of 10). DISCUSSION Despite the challenges of scenario complexity, evaluation results indicate that this resource supports the observation and analysis of diagnostic and management reasoning of diverse specialties from interns through attendings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ohmer
- Research Assistant, Department of Medicine, Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Steven J. Durning
- Professor, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
- Director, Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Walter Kucera
- Resident, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
| | - Matthew Nealeigh
- Resident, Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
| | - Sarah Ordway
- Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
| | - Thomas Mellor
- Fellow, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Naval Medical Center San Diego
| | - Jeffery Mikita
- Chief, Department of Simulation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
- Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
- Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Anna Howle
- Simulation Educator, Department of Simulation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
| | - Sarah Krajnik
- Simulation Educator, Department of Simulation, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center
| | - Abigail Konopasky
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Divya Ramani
- Research Assistant, Department of Medicine, Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Alexis Battista
- Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Graduate Programs in Health Professions Education, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
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Fernández-González L, Calvete E, Orue I. The Role of Acceptance of Violence Beliefs and Social Information Processing on Dating Violence Perpetration. J Res Adolesc 2019; 29:763-776. [PMID: 29900616 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study's main objective was to explore whether beliefs legitimizing dating violence predict dysfunctional social information processing (SIP) when adolescents deal with ambiguous dating situations, and whether this more proximal cognitive processing acts as a mediator between acceptance of violence beliefs and dating violence perpetration. Participants were 855 high school students who completed self-report measures at three time points, with a 1-year interval between them. SIP did not act as a mediator, but the emergence of anger emotions in dating conflict situations, along with aggression-justifying beliefs, were revealed as essential in explaining dating violence. Previous aggression also explained a subsequent higher anticipation of positive consequences for aggressive acts. We discuss the implications for prevention and treatment strategies with adolescents.
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Abstract
The causal role of speed of processing (SOP) in developmental language disorder (DLD) is unclear given that SOP has been implicated in other neurodevelopmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This study investigated associations between SOP, language, and inattention/hyperactivity in a U.K. epidemiological cohort (N = 528). Monolingual children from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds were assessed longitudinally; at ages 5-6 (2012/2013) and 7-8 years (2014/2015). Persistent weaknesses in SOP characterized children with DLD but did not predict language longitudinally. Ratings of inattention/hyperactivity moderated the association between SOP and language, indicating that SOP deficits are particularly detrimental for language when coupled with poor attention/hyperactivity. SOP may be a shared risk factor for DLD and inattention/hyperactivity or a general marker of neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Gooch
- University of Surrey
- University College London
- Royal HollowayUniversity of London
| | - Claire Sears
- University College London
- Royal HollowayUniversity of London
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Rashid AA, Shariff Ghazali S, Mohamad I, Mawardi M, Roslan D, Musa H. Quasi-experimental study on the effectiveness of a house officer preparatory course for medical graduates on self-perceived confidence and readiness: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024488. [PMID: 31401588 PMCID: PMC6701651 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Being a house officer (HO) is said to be associated with high levels of stress, leading to mental health problems and sometimes to quitting the medical profession altogether. In Malaysia, the number of HOs completing training on time is slowly declining, with increasing annual dropout rates. Feeling incompetent is one of the contributors towards this growing problem. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 3-day pre-HO intervention module in addressing participants' confidence, readiness and psychological well-being in preparation for their HO training. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The pre-HO intervention is the 'Medicorp' module that includes clerkship, experience sharing, hands-on skills training, common clinical cases and introduction of the local healthcare system. This is a pre-post quasi-experimental study lasting 1 year, with three assessment time points-at pretraining, immediately after training and 1 month into the participants' HO-ship. The study is currently ongoing and involves 208 participants who attended the course in Malaysia. Participants with known psychiatric illness, working HOs and medical students are excluded. A pretested, self-administered questionnaire that includes baseline sociodemography, adaptation of the International Medical University (IMU) Student Competency Survey and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale has been adopted, and 1 month follow-up will be conducted by telephone. Data will be analysed using SPSS V.24. The primary outcome is change in confidence level, while the secondary outcomes are changes in the readiness and psychological well-being of the participants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study protocol has received ethics approval from Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects Universiti Putra Malaysia and the National Medical Research Registry Malaysia. Written informed consent has been obtained from each participant. Results will be disseminated through journals and conferences, especially those involved in medical education specifically looking into the training of medical doctors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03510195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa Abdul Rashid
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Sazlina Shariff Ghazali
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | | | - Maliza Mawardi
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Dalila Roslan
- Centre for Disease Control Department, Kuala Pilah District Health Office, Kuala Pilah, Malaysia
| | - Husna Musa
- Department of Pedeatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Pregowska A, Casti A, Kaplan E, Wajnryb E, Szczepanski J. Information processing in the LGN: a comparison of neural codes and cell types. Biol Cybern 2019; 113:453-464. [PMID: 31243531 PMCID: PMC6658673 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-019-00801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand how anatomy and physiology allow an organism to perform its function, it is important to know how information that is transmitted by spikes in the brain is received and encoded. A natural question is whether the spike rate alone encodes the information about a stimulus (rate code), or additional information is contained in the temporal pattern of the spikes (temporal code). Here we address this question using data from the cat Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN), which is the visual portion of the thalamus, through which visual information from the retina is communicated to the visual cortex. We analyzed the responses of LGN neurons to spatially homogeneous spots of various sizes with temporally random luminance modulation. We compared the Firing Rate with the Shannon Information Transmission Rate , which quantifies the information contained in the temporal relationships between spikes. We found that the behavior of these two rates can differ quantitatively. This suggests that the energy used for spiking does not translate directly into the information to be transmitted. We also compared Firing Rates with Information Rates for X-ON and X-OFF cells. We found that, for X-ON cells the Firing Rate and Information Rate often behave in a completely different way, while for X-OFF cells these rates are much more highly correlated. Our results suggest that for X-ON cells a more efficient "temporal code" is employed, while for X-OFF cells a straightforward "rate code" is used, which is more reliable and is correlated with energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Pregowska
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alex Casti
- Department of Mathematics, Gildart-Haase School of Computer Sciences and Engineering, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NY 07666 USA
| | - Ehud Kaplan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
- National Institute of Mental Health (NUDZ), Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Philosophy of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eligiusz Wajnryb
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz Szczepanski
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B, 02–106 Warsaw, Poland
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Gabay Y, Najjar IJ, Reinisch E. Another Temporal Processing Deficit in Individuals With Developmental Dyslexia: The Case of Normalization for Speaking Rate. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2019; 62:2171-2184. [PMID: 31200610 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Developmental dyslexia (DD) has mostly been attributed to arise from phonological impairments; however, several theories indicate a temporal processing deficit as the underlying cause of DD. So far, research examined the influence of temporal cues on concurrent speech sound categorization in DD, but effects of temporal information from a context (e.g., speaking rate) on the perception of subsequent sounds (i.e., "rate normalization") have not been considered. This study examined whether individuals with DD are capable of implicitly extracting temporal information embedded in context and use it for phoneme categorization to the same extent as healthy readers. Method Fifteen individuals diagnosed with DD and 16 healthy readers, all native speakers of Hebrew, listened to context sentences followed by target words. They had to indicate whether the target word sounded more like taam ("taste"; a long-vowel response) or tam ("naïve"; a short-vowel response). Temporal information of the context was manipulated (slow vs. fast speaking rate sentences) as well as the vowel duration of the target in a 5-step continuum. Results Listeners with DD did use the rate context to inform their decisions but to a significantly lesser extent than healthy listeners. In addition, their categorization of the vowel duration continuum was somewhat less distinct than that of the control group. Conclusions Individuals with DD are impaired not only in tasks involving direct temporal processing, as shown in previous studies but also in the use of temporal information of a context that impacts the perception of subsequent target words. This inability to fully utilize rate normalization processes may influence the formation of abstract phonological representations in individuals with DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafit Gabay
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Inaas-Jana Najjar
- Department of Special Education, University of Haifa, Israel
- Edmond J. Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eva Reinisch
- Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
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Arazi H, Aliakbari H, Asadi A, Suzuki K. Acute Effects of Mental Activity on Response of Serum BDNF and IGF-1 Levels in Elite and Novice Chess Players. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55050189. [PMID: 31121929 PMCID: PMC6572672 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Although the effects of physical exercise on brain functions are well studied, the influence of mental activity is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of a session of mental activity on brain neurobiological factors in chess players. Materials and Methods: Ten elite and novice chess players were recruited to participate in this study as volunteers. The subjects performed a session of standard chess matches as a mental activity. Before and after each chess match, blood samples were drawn to analyze changes in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Results: After each chess match, both the elite and novice groups showed significant increases in serum BDNF and IGF-1 concentrations. The elite group also showed significantly greater changes in BDNF and IGF-1 levels (p ≤ 0.05) than the novice group. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a session of standard chess matches as a mental activity is effective for elevating BDNF and IGF-1 levels, and that their elevation in elite players seems to be more pronounced than those in novice players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Arazi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht 1438, Iran.
| | - Hanieh Aliakbari
- Bandar-e-Anzali Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Anzali 43111, Iran.
| | - Abbas Asadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran.
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan.
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Bera BK, Rakshit S, Ghosh D, Kurths J. Spike chimera states and firing regularities in neuronal hypernetworks. Chaos 2019; 29:053115. [PMID: 31154769 DOI: 10.1063/1.5088833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A complex spatiotemporal pattern with coexisting coherent and incoherent domains in a network of identically coupled oscillators is known as a chimera state. Here, we report the emergence and existence of a novel type of nonstationary chimera pattern in a network of identically coupled Hindmarsh-Rose neuronal oscillators in the presence of synaptic couplings. The development of brain function is mainly dependent on the interneuronal communications via bidirectional electrical gap junctions and unidirectional chemical synapses. In our study, we first consider a network of nonlocally coupled neurons where the interactions occur through chemical synapses. We uncover a new type of spatiotemporal pattern, which we call "spike chimera" induced by the desynchronized spikes of the coupled neurons with the coherent quiescent state. Thereafter, imperfect traveling chimera states emerge in a neuronal hypernetwork (which is characterized by the simultaneous presence of electrical and chemical synapses). Using suitable characterizations, such as local order parameter, strength of incoherence, and velocity profile, the existence of several dynamical states together with chimera states is identified in a wide range of parameter space. We also investigate the robustness of these nonstationary chimera states together with incoherent, coherent, and resting states with respect to initial conditions by using the basin stability measurement. Finally, we extend our study for the effect of firing regularity in the observed states. Interestingly, we find that the coherent motion of the neuronal network promotes the entire system to regular firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidesh K Bera
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India
| | - Sarbendu Rakshit
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Dibakar Ghosh
- Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 B.T. Road, Kolkata 700108, India
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam 14473, Germany
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Zhang P, Wang X, Chen J, You W, Zhang W. Spectral and Temporal Feature Learning With Two-Stream Neural Networks for Mental Workload Assessment. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2019; 27:1149-1159. [PMID: 31034417 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2019.2913400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
People's mental workload profoundly affects their work efficiency and health. Mental workload assessment can be used to effectively avoid serious accidents caused by excessive mental workload. Both electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral features and its temporal features have proven to be useful in addressing this problem. The fusion of the two types of features can provide rich distinguishing information for improving mental workload assessment. Benefiting from the progress of deep learning, this study proposes the two-stream neural networks (TSNN) for fusing the two types of EEG features. Compared with hand-crafted features, the TSNN can learn and fuse EEG features from the spectral and temporal dimensions automatically without prior knowledge. The TSNN includes a spectral stream and a temporal stream. Each stream consists of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a temporal convolutional network (TCN) to learn spectral or temporal features from EEG topographic maps. To fuse the learned spectral and temporal information, we concatenate the output of the two streams prior to the fully connected layer. EEG data were collected from 17 subjects who performed n-back tasks with easy, medium, and hard difficulty levels, leading to a three-class mental workload classification. The results show that the TSNN achieves an average accuracy of 91.9%, which is a significant improvement over baseline classifiers based on hand-crafted features. The TSNN also outperforms state-of-the-art deep learning methods developed for EEG classification. The results indicate that the proposed structure is promising for fusing spectral and temporal features for mental workload assessment. In addition, it provides a high-precision approach for potential applications during cognitive activities.
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van der Schaaf M, Bakker A, Ten Cate O. When I say … embodied cognition. Med Educ 2019; 53:219-220. [PMID: 30259543 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marieke van der Schaaf
- Centre for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur Bakker
- Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Olle Ten Cate
- Centre for Research and Development of Education, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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