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Liang Y, Wang L. Carthamus tinctorius L.: A natural neuroprotective source for anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115656. [PMID: 36041691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multicausal neurodegenerative disease clinically characterized by generalized dementia. The pathogenic process of AD not only is progressive and complex but also involves multiple factors and mechanisms, including β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. As the first-line treatment for AD, cholinesterase inhibitors can, to a certain extent, relieve AD symptoms and delay AD progression. Nonetheless, the current treatment strategies for AD are far from meeting clinical expectations, and more options for AD treatment should be applied in clinical practice. AIM OF THE REVIEW The aim of this review was to investigate published reports of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHODS Information was retrieved from scientific databases including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Chemical Abstracts Services and books, PubMed, dissertations and technical reports. Keywords used for the search engines were "Honghua" or "Carthamus tinctorius L." or "safflower" in conjunction with "(native weeds OR alien invasive)"AND "Chinese herbal medicine". RESULTS A total of 47 literatures about C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through signaling pathways, immune cells, and disease-related mediators and systematically elucidates potential mechanisms from the point of anti-Aβ aggregation, suppressing tau protein hyperphosphorylation, increasing cholinergic neurotransmitters levels, inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-neuroinflammation, ameliorating synaptic plasticity, and anti-apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is a treasure endowed by nature to mankind. Emerging studies have confirmed that CHM and its active constituents play a positive role in AD treatment. Carthamus tinctorius L., the most commonly used CHM, can be used with medicine and food, with the effect of activating blood circulation and eliminating blood stasis. In the paper, we have concluded that the existing therapeutic mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and summarized the potential mechanisms of C. tinctorius L. and its active constituents in AD treatment through a literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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The mechanism of ferroptosis regulating oxidative stress in ischemic stroke and the regulation mechanism of natural pharmacological active components. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113611. [PMID: 36081288 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke, pose serious medical challenges worldwide due to their high morbidity and mortality and limitations in clinical treatment strategies. Studies have shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammation, excitotoxicity, and programmed cell death of each neurovascular unit during post-stroke hypoxia and reperfusion play an important role in the pathological cascade. Ferroptosis, a programmed cell death characterized by iron-regulated accumulation of lipid peroxidation, is caused by abnormal metabolism of lipids, glutathione (GSH), and iron, and can accelerate acute central nervous system injury. Recent studies have gradually uncovered the pathological process of ferroptosis in the neurovascular unit of acute stroke. Some drugs such as iron chelators, ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) and liproxstatin-1 (Lip-1) can protect nerves after neurovascular unit injury in acute stroke by inhibiting ferroptosis. In addition, combined with our previous studies on ferroptosis mediated by natural compounds in ischemic stroke, this review summarized the progress in the regulation mechanism of natural chemical components and herbal chemical components on ferroptosis in recent years, in order to provide reference information for future research on ferroptosis and lead compounds for the development of ferroptosis inhibitors.
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Albaiz AS. The Use of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in Treating Depression and Anxiety. Cureus 2022; 14:e22278. [PMID: 35198336 PMCID: PMC8853973 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the era of evidence-based medicine, research in the area of herbal psychopharmacology has increased dramatically in recent decades. To date, however, there is no comprehensive review of safflower as an herbal antidepressant and anxiolytic with details on its psychopharmacology and applications in depression and anxiety. Methods This research is a review and qualitative research through an electronic survey among the Saudi population, thus assessing their knowledge about using safflower in treating depression and anxiety. The survey was distributed in Saudi Arabia in December 2021 and the results were finalized in January 2022. Results A total of 1074 Saudi participants were included in the study; 1002 (93.3%) participants reported knowing safflower very well while 72 (6.7%) had never heard of it. Some participants had used safflower infusions to treat anxiety and depression; 446 (44.4%) participants had never used it, but the remaining 558 (55.6%) had used it to varying degrees to treat anxiety and depression. Among the 752 participants who previously tried safflower, 279 (37.1%) reported that safflower was very effective, 389 (51.73%) reported some improvement, and 93 (12.36%) reported no improvement. Conclusion Emerging medical evidence is guiding herbal treatments. This research illustrates that more than 75% of the Saudi population are using Safflower to treat psychological stress. It elaborates that more than half of the population are already using safflower off the label to treat depression and anxiety and that they find it useful. A well-constructed clinical trial is thus critical to prove the evidence-based benefits of safflower in treating depression and anxiety. More studies on possible side effects are required to guarantee its safety. Nature has previously provided remarkable remedies, and more work will illustrate the value of safflower.
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Adelusi TI, Akinbolaji GR, Yin X, Ayinde KS, Olaoba OT. Neurotrophic, anti-neuroinflammatory, and redox balance mechanisms of chalcones. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 891:173695. [PMID: 33121951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The passage of time that evoke aging; the tilted redox balance that contribute oxidative entropy; the polarization of microglia cells that produce inflammatory phenotype; all represent the intricacies of CNS-dependent disease progression. Neurological diseases that result from CNS injury raise social concerns and the available therapeutic strategies are frustrated by low efficacy, high toxicity, and multiple side effects. However, emergent studies have shown the neuroprotective role of natural compounds - including chalcones - with high efficacy in the protection of CNS structures. These compounds reportedly demonstrate neurotrophic mechanism through the upregulation of neurotrophic factors, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, and downregulation of Bax protein; anti-neuroinflammatory mechanism via the inhibition of neuroinflammatory pathways, attenuated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, prevention of blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and protection against nerve senescence; antioxidant mechanism through the upregulation of Nrf2 activities, inhibition of Keap1, synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and maintenance of high antioxidant/oxidant ratio. All these mechanisms represent chalcones' neuroprotective mechanisms. In this review, we highlight different pathways involved in CNS-related diseases and elucidate various mechanisms by which chalcones can perturb these shunts as a potential therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Gbemisola Rebecca Akinbolaji
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | | | - Olamide Tosin Olaoba
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biochemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Safflor Yellow B Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury via Downregulation of Long Noncoding AK046177 and Inhibition of MicroRNA-134 Expression in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4586839. [PMID: 32566081 PMCID: PMC7292966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4586839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stroke breaks the oxidative balance in the body and causes extra reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, leading to oxidative stress damage. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs play pivotal roles in oxidative stress-mediated brain injury. Safflor yellow B (SYB) was able to effectively reduce ischemia-mediated brain damage by increasing antioxidant capacity and inhibiting cell apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the putative involvement of lncRNA AK046177 and microRNA-134 (miR-134) regulation in SYB against ischemia/reperfusion- (I/R-) induced neuronal injury. I/R and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were established in vivo and in vitro. Cerebral infarct volume, neuronal apoptosis, and protein expression were detected. The effects of SYB on cell activity, cell respiration, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), antioxidant enzymes, and ROS were evaluated. I/R or OGD/R upregulated the expression of AK046177 and miR-134 and subsequently inhibited the activation and expression of CREB, which caused ROS generation and brain/cell injury. SYB attenuated the effects of AK046177, inhibited miR-134 expression, and promoted CREB activation, which in turn promoted Nrf2 expression, and then increased antioxidant capacities, improved cell respiration, and reduced apoptosis. We suggested that the antioxidant effects of SYB were driven by an AK046177/miR-134/CREB-dependent mechanism that inhibited this pathway, and that SYB has potential use in reducing or possibly preventing I/R-induced neuronal injury.
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Bukiya AN. Fetal Cerebral Artery Mitochondrion as Target of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16091586. [PMID: 31067632 PMCID: PMC6539770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure results in an array of developmental abnormalities known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Despite the high prevalence of FASDs, therapeutic interventions against accidental or intended exposure of developing fetuses to alcohol are limited. This review outlines current knowledge about mitochondria in cerebral blood vessels as a potential target for anti-FASDs intervention. First, it describes the multifaceted role of mitochondria in maintaining the cerebral artery diameter as shown in adult tissue. Second, current literature on alcohol-driven damage of mitochondrial morphology and function in several fetal tissues, including liver, heart, and brain is summarized. The functional consequences of alcohol exposure in these organs include morphological enlargement of mitochondria, increased oxidative stress, and alteration of cellular respiration. These studies point to a tissue-specific effect of alcohol on mitochondrial function and a particular vulnerability of fetal mitochondria to alcohol exposure when compared to adult counterparts. Third, recent work from our group describing persistent changes in fetal baboon cerebral artery proteome following three episodes of prenatal alcohol exposure is reviewed. In conclusion, the consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure on cerebral artery mitochondria constitute an open field of investigation and, eventually, a point of therapeutic intervention against FASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna N Bukiya
- Department Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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Safflower Yellow B Protects Brain against Cerebral Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through AMPK/NF-kB Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7219740. [PMID: 30854014 PMCID: PMC6378026 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7219740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation had showed its important role in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and secondary damage. Safflower yellow B (SYB) had neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-induced brain injuries, but the mechanisms were still largely unknown to us. In this study, we tried to investigate the anti-inflammation effects of SYB and the possible roles of AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway on these protective effects. In vivo, brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h and reperfusion for 20 h. Neurofunctional evaluation, infarction area, and brain water contents were measured. Brain injury markers and inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by ELISA kits. In vitro, cell viability, apoptosis, and LDH leakage were measured after I/R in PC12 cells. The expression and phosphorylation levels of AMPK, NF-κB p65, and P-IκB-α in cytoplasm and nuclear were measured by Western blotting. SiRNA experiment was performed to certify the role of AMPK. The results showed SYB reduced infarct size, improved neurological outcomes, and inhibited brain injury after I/R. In vitro test, SYB treatment alleviated PC12 cells injury and apoptosis and inhibited the inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2) in a dose-dependent manner. SYB treatment induced AMPK phosphorylation and inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation both in brain and in PC12 cells. Further studies also showed that the inhibition of NF-κB activity of SYB was through AMPK. In conclusion, SYB protected brain I/R injury through reducing expression of inflammatory cytokines and this effect might be partly due to the inhibition of NF-κB mediated by AMPK.
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Rehman MU, Wali AF, Ahmad A, Shakeel S, Rasool S, Ali R, Rashid SM, Madkhali H, Ganaie MA, Khan R. Neuroprotective Strategies for Neurological Disorders by Natural Products: An update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:247-267. [PMID: 30207234 PMCID: PMC6425075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180911124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has bestowed mankind with surplus resources (natural products) on land and water. Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. These natural products have been experimentally documented to possess various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In vitro and in vivo studies have further established the usefulness of natural products in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products include phytoconstituents, like polyphenolic antioxidants, found in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables and also in marine and freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents may potentially suppress neurodegeneration and improve memory as well as cognitive functions of the brain. Also, they are known to play a pivotal role in the prevention and cure of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other neuronal disorders. The large-scale neuro-pharmacological activities of natural products have been documented due to the result of either the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell survival proteins or a combination of both. Due to the scarcity of human studies on neuroprotective effects of natural products, this review focuses on the various established activities of natural products in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications using the available knowledge in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rehan Khan
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase X, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India; E-mail:
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Wang C, Yang Y, Li M, Liu X, Wang Q, Xin W, Sun H, Zheng Q. Safflor yellow B reduces hypoxia-mediated vasoconstriction by regulating endothelial micro ribonucleic acid/nitric oxide synthase signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:93551-93566. [PMID: 29212172 PMCID: PMC5706818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced generation of vasoconstrictors reduces cerebral blood flow (CBF) while nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) and microRNAs (miRNA) in endothelial cells (ECs) suppress vasoconstriction. Safflor yellow B (SYB), a natural plant compound, previously attenuated angiotensin II-mediated injury of ECs and maintained endothelial function. This study investigated the putative involvement of NOS and miRNAs in SYB-mediated resistance to hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction. In vivo, chronic hypoxia was induced in rats, and SYB was administered intravenously. In vitro, rat primary aortic ECs were cultured under oxygen and glucose deprivation. After treatment with anti-microR-199a, as well as the NOS inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, SYB, or both, cell viability, NO and peroxynitrite (ONOO-) levels, NOS expression, and miRNA levels were evaluated. SYB significantly alleviated hypoxia-mediated vasoconstriction and increased CBF endothelium-dependently. SYB upregulated miR-199a, increased EC viability, decreased endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, inhibited protein kinase C (PKC) activity, and suppressed hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression. Furthermore, the SYB-mediated reduction of inducible NOS reduced ONOO- levels. In addition, SYB downregulated miR-138 and, thereby, enhanced S100A1 and endothelial NOS activity. Hypoxia-mediated regulation of miR-138 and miR-199a inhibited endothelial NOS expression and activation, which triggered ET-1 release and vasoconstriction. Therefore, SYB treatment reduced hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction through miR-199a/endothelial NOS signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyun Wang
- School of Enology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoyun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Wenyu Xin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Hongliu Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, P.R. China
| | - Qingyin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Zhang Z, Liu R, Pu X, Sun Y, Zhao X. Evaluation of the sub-chronic toxicity of a standardized flavonoid extract of safflower in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:98-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yue SJ, Xin LT, Fan YC, Li SJ, Tang YP, Duan JA, Guan HS, Wang CY. Herb pair Danggui-Honghua: mechanisms underlying blood stasis syndrome by system pharmacology approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40318. [PMID: 28074863 PMCID: PMC5225497 DOI: 10.1038/srep40318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herb pair Danggui-Honghua has been frequently used for treatment of blood stasis syndrome (BSS) in China, one of the most common clinical pathological syndromes in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, its therapeutic mechanism has not been clearly elucidated. In the present study, a feasible system pharmacology model based on chemical, pharmacokinetic and pharmacological data was developed via network construction approach to clarify the mechanisms of this herb pair. Thirty-one active ingredients of Danggui-Honghua possessing favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and biological activities were selected, interacting with 42 BSS-related targets to provide potential synergistic therapeutic actions. Systematic analysis of the constructed networks revealed that these targets such as HMOX1, NOS2, NOS3, HIF1A and PTGS2 were mainly involved in TNF signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway and neurotrophin signaling pathway. The contribution index of every active ingredient also indicated six compounds, including hydroxysafflor yellow A, safflor yellow A, safflor yellow B, Z-ligustilide, ferulic acid, and Z-butylidenephthalide, as the principal components of this herb pair. These results successfully explained the polypharmcological mechanisms underlying the efficiency of Danggui-Honghua for BSS treatment, and also probed into the potential novel therapeutic strategies for BSS in TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jun Yue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Lan-Ting Xin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Chu Fan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Hua-Shi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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Costa LR, Macêdo PC, de Melo JSV, Freitas CM, Alves AS, Barbosa HDM, Lira E, Fernandes MP, Batista-de-Oliveira-Hornsby M, Lagranha C. Safflower (Catharmus tinctorius L.) oil supplementation in overnourished rats during early neonatal development: effects on heart and liver function in the adult. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1271-1277. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L. (common name: safflower) is an herb whose extracted oil (safflower oil) has been employed in both alternative and conventional medicine in the treatment of disease. Overnutrition during early postnatal life can increase the lifetime risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Here we investigate the effect of safflower oil supplementation given during a critical early developmental stage on the eventual occurrence of metabolic disease in overnourished rats. Groups of overnourished or adequately nourished rats were randomly assigned into 2 additional groups for supplementation with either safflower oil (SF) or vehicle for 7 to 30 days. Murinometric data and weights were examined. Serum was collected for measurement of glucose, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Heart and liver oxidative status were also measured. Overnutrition for 7–30 days induced a significant increase in body weight and in values for abdominal circumference, thoracic circumference, body length, and body mass index. SF supplementation did not attenuate the effect of overnutrition on any of these parameters. In addition, overnutrition increased levels of glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipid compared with normal controls, but SF supplementation had no effect on these parameters. Measures of oxidative status in heart or liver were not influenced by overnutrition. However, oxidative measures were altered by SF supplementation in both of these organs. The present study reveals that nutritional manipulation during early development induces detrimental effects on metabolism in the adult that are not ameliorated by supplemental SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laís Ribeiro Costa
- Department of Nutrition/Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS). Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Recife, Recife, PE 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Cavalcanti Macêdo
- Department of Nutrition/Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS). Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Recife, Recife, PE 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Janatar Stella Vasconcelos de Melo
- Department of Nutrition/Centro de Ciencias da Saude (CCS). Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Recife, Recife, PE 55608-680, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moura Freitas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | - Aiany Simoes Alves
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | - Humberto de Moura Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology/Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Recife, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology/Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Recife, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mariana Pinheiro Fernandes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Lagranha
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Exercise Biochemistry, Federal University of Pernambuco, Campus of Vitoria de Santo Antao, Vitoria de Santo Antao, PE, Brazil
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Vaghef L, Bafandeh Gharamaleki H. Effects of Physical Activity and Ginkgo Biloba on Cognitive Function and Oxidative Stress Modulation in Ischemic Rats. Int J Angiol 2016; 26:158-164. [PMID: 28804233 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1588024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Either exercise or Ginkgo biloba is reported to improve cognitive functioning. The aim of this study is to compare the protective effects of forced exercise and Ginkgo biloba on oxidative stress as well as memory impairments induced by transient cerebral ischemia. Adult male Wistar rats were treated with treadmill running or Ginkgo biloba extract for 2 weeks before cerebral ischemia. Memory was assessed using a Morris water maze (MWM) task. At the end of the behavioral testing, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated in the hippocampus tissue. As expected, the cerebral ischemia induced memory impairment in the MWM task, and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. These effects were significantly prevented by treadmill running. Indeed, it ameliorated oxidative stress and memory deficits induced by ischemia. In contrast, Ginkgo biloba was not as effective as exercise in preventing ischemia-induced memory impairments. The results confirmed the neuroprotective effects of treadmill running on hippocampus-dependent memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladan Vaghef
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Bafandeh Gharamaleki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education & Psychology, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
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Wang YS, Li YX, Zhao P, Wang HB, Zhou R, Hao YJ, Wang J, Wang SJ, Du J, Ma L, Sun T, Yu JQ. Anti-inflammation Effects of Oxysophoridine on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice. Inflammation 2016; 38:2259-68. [PMID: 26178478 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oxysophoridine (OSR) is a bioactive alkaloid extracted from the Sophora alopecuroides Linn. Our aim is to explore the potential anti-inflammation mechanism of OSR in cerebral ischemic injury. Mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with OSR (62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg) or nimodipine (Nim) (6 mg/kg) for 7 days followed by cerebral ischemia. The inflammatory-related cytokines in cerebral ischemic hemisphere tissue were determined by immunohistochemistry staining, Western blot and enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA). OSR-treated groups observably suppressed the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). OSR-treated group (250 mg/kg) markedly reduced the inflammatory-related protein prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Meanwhile, it dramatically increased the interleukin-10 (IL-10). Our study revealed that OSR protected neurons from ischemia-induced injury in mice by downregulating the proinflammatory cytokines and blocking the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Hong-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yin-Ju Hao
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Medical Sci-Tech Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Shu-Jing Wang
- Medical Sci-Tech Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Lab of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Lab of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Ningxia Hui Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center, Yinchuan, 750004, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University and Ningxia Hui Medicines Collaborative Innovation Center, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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MA ZHONGYING, LI CAIXIA, QIAO YI, LU CHENGTAO, LI JIANKANG, SONG WEI, SUN JIN, ZHAI XIAOHU, NIU JING, REN QIAN, WEN AIDONG. Safflower yellow B suppresses HepG2 cell injury induced by oxidative stress through the AKT/Nrf2 pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:603-12. [PMID: 26821334 PMCID: PMC4771122 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Safflower yellow B (SYB) has been reported to protect the brain against damage induced by oxidative stress; however, whether SYB can also protect hepatocytes from oxidative stress remains unknown. In the present study, to determine whether pre-treatment with SYB reduces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells, we investigated H2O2-induced oxidative damage to HepG2 cells treated with or without SYB. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay and cytotoxicity was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined using respective kits. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in the HepG2 cells was monitored using the fluorescent marker, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA). Cell apoptosis was evaluated by determining the activity of caspase-3 and by Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Protein expression levels were measured by western blot analysis, and the levels of related cellular kinases were also determined. H2O2 induced pronounced injury to the HepG2 cells, as evidenced by increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS, the decreased activity of SOD and GSH-Px, the increased activitation of caspase-3 and cell apoptosis, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. SYB significantly inhibited the damaging effects of H2O2, indicating that it protected the cells against H2O2-induced oxidative damage. Moreover, pre-treatment with SYB increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1) which are peroxiredoxins. SYB also significantly increased the phosphorylation of AKT. However, this inductive effect was blunted in the presence of the AKT inhibitor, LY294002. The findings of our study suggest that the activation of the AKT/Nrf2 pathway is involved in the cytoprotective effects of SYB against oxidative stress. Our findings provide new insight into the cytoprotective effects of SYB and the possible mechanisms underlying these effects. Thus, SYB may prove to be of therapeutic value for the treatment of various liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - CHENGTAO LU
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - JIANKANG LI
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - WEI SONG
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - JIN SUN
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - XIAOHU ZHAI
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - JING NIU
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - QIAN REN
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - AIDONG WEN
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Hormesis: Decoding Two Sides of the Same Coin. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:865-83. [PMID: 26694419 PMCID: PMC4695814 DOI: 10.3390/ph8040865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the paradigm of drug administration, determining the correct dosage of a therapeutic is often a challenge. Several drugs have been noted to demonstrate contradictory effects per se at high and low doses. This duality in function of a drug at different concentrations is known as hormesis. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study these biphasic functions in order to understand the mechanistic basis of their effects. In this article, we focus on different molecules and pathways associated with diseases that possess a duality in their function and thus prove to be the seat of hormesis. In particular, we have highlighted the pathways and factors involved in the progression of cancer and how the biphasic behavior of the molecules involved can alter the manifestations of cancer. Because of the pragmatic role that it exhibits, the imminent need is to draw attention to the concept of hormesis. Herein, we also discuss different stressors that trigger hormesis and how stress-mediated responses increase the overall adaptive response of an individual to stress stimulus. We talk about common pathways through which cancer progresses (such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2-Keap1), sirtuin-forkhead box O (SIRT-FOXO) and others), analyzing how diverse molecules associated with these pathways conform to hormesis.
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Yang XW, Li YH, Zhang H, Zhao YF, Ding ZB, Yu JZ, Liu CY, Liu JC, Jiang WJ, Feng QJ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Safflower Yellow regulates microglial polarization and inhibits inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated Bv2 cells. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 29:54-64. [PMID: 26634402 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015617065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated microglia, especially polarized M1 cells, produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals, thereby contributing directly to neuroinflammation and various brain disorders. Given that excessive or chronic neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS) exacerbates neuronal damage, molecules that modulate neuroinflammation are candidates as neuroprotective agents. In this study, we provide evidence that Safflor yellow (SY), the main active component in the traditional Chinese medicine safflower, modulates inflammatory responses by acting directly on BV2 microglia. LPS stimulated BV2 cells to upregulate expression of TLR4-Myd88 and MAPK-NF-κB signaling pathways and to release IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2. However, SY treatment inhibited expression of TLR4-Myd88 and p-38/p-JNK-NF-κB, downregulated expression of iNOS, CD16/32, and IL-12, and upregulated CD206 and IL-10. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that SY exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on BV2 microglia, possibly through TLR-4/p-38/p-JNK/NF-κB signaling pathways and the conversion of microglia from inflammatory M1 to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Wang Yang
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, PR China Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China
| | - Yan-Hua Li
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China Department of Neurology, the First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Yong-Fei Zhao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China Department of Neurology, the First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China
| | - Chun-Yun Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China
| | - Jian-Chun Liu
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Wei-Jia Jiang
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Qian-Jin Feng
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- "2011" Collaborative Innovation Center/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, PR China Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, PR China Department of Neurology, the First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
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18
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Wang H, Li Y, Jiang N, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Wang T, Hao Y, Ma L, Zhao C, Wang Y, Sun T, Yu J. Protective effect of oxysophoridine on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1349-59. [PMID: 25206429 PMCID: PMC4107767 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.15.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysophoridine, a new alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L., has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemic brain damage. In this study, a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Both 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine, via intraperitoneal injection, and 6 mg/kg nimodipine, via intragastric administration, were administered daily for 7 days before modeling. After 24 hours of reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological deficit, cerebral infarct size was assessed and brain tissue was collected. Results showed that oxysophoridine at 125, 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine could reduce neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and brain water content in mice. These results provided evidence that oxysophoridine plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, oxysophoridine at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine increased adenosine-triphosphate content, and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content. These compounds enhanced the activities of glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Protein and mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 were markedly inhibited in the presence of 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine and 6 mg/kg nimodipine. Our experimental findings indicated that oxysophoridine has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, and that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China ; Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Kuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yinju Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chengjun Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for Medicines, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Kim J, Woo J, Lyu JH, Song HH, Jeong HS, Ha KT, Choi JY, Han CW, Ahn KS, Oh SR, Sadikot RT, Kim KH, Joo M. Carthami Flos suppresses neutrophilic lung inflammation in mice, for which nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-1 is required. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:470-478. [PMID: 24252335 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Carthami Flos (CF) is used in traditional Asian medicine to treat blood stagnation and its associated diseases in patients. While the underlying mechanism for this effect remains unknown, CF has been reported to activate Nrf2, a transcription factor that is critical in protecting from various inflammatory lung diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we examined whether CF has a therapeutic effect on lung inflammation and assessed the impact of Nrf2 on the effect of CF using an ALI mouse model. Treatment of bone marrow derived macrophages with standardized aqueous extract of CF (AECF) activated Nrf2, resulting in the expression of Nrf2 dependent genes including GCLC, NQO-1 and HO-1. While intranasal LPS treatment of wild type mice resulted in neutrophilic infiltration and a concomitant expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes in the lung, the hallmarks of ALI, an intratracheal spraying of AECF to the lung 2h after LPS treatment suppressed the inflammatory response. By contrast, similar treatment in nrf2(-/-) mice with AECF failed to attenuate the inflammatory response. Thus, our results show that AECF attenuated neutrophilic lung inflammation in mice, which required Nrf2. Since AECF administration abrogates lung inflammation after LPS treatment, we propose CF as a potential therapeutics in the management of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyoun Woo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyo Lyu
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chung-buk 33-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sol Jeong
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Yong Choi
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Hospital, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Han
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Korean Medicine Hospital, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Seop Ahn
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chung-buk 33-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Chung-buk 33-883, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruxana T Sadikot
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, United States; Malcom Randall VAMC, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Kyun Ha Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea; Institute of Korean Medical Sciences, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myungsoo Joo
- School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
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Safflower yellow for acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med 2014; 22:354-61. [PMID: 24731908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stroke is one of the most common causes of mortality worldwide. Safflower yellow is widely used for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China. Several trials comparing safflower yellow and placebo or no intervention were unavailable for prior meta-analysis. Here, we present an updated and expanded systematic review, including four new trials, to evaluate the efficacy and safety of safflower yellow for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase, the Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Biological Medicine Database (CBM), CQVIP Information and Wanfang Database until January 2013. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety of safflower yellow for acute ischemic stroke were included. Two researchers (Fan, S.Y. and Lin, N.) independently extracted data, assessed the study quality, and selected trials for inclusion. RESULTS 7 RCTs with 762 participants were included. None of the included studies were of high methodological quality. The meta-analysis showed that safflower yellow was more effective assessed by neurological improvement rate [odds ratio (OR), 3.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.06-4.68, P<0.05] compared with control group. No death was reported in any of the included studies during the follow up period. Only four trials reported adverse events, and skin rash was observed in the treatment group of one trial. CONCLUSIONS Safflower yellow seems to be effective and safe in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. However, RCTs of high methodological quality are warranted before drawing any conclusion on the efficacy or safety of safflower yellow for acute ischemic stroke.
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Chemical and biological properties of quinochalcone C-glycosides from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Molecules 2013; 18:15220-54. [PMID: 24335575 PMCID: PMC6270621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181215220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinochalcone C-glycosides are regarded as characteristic components that have only been isolated from the florets of Carthamus tinctorius. Recently, quinochalcone C-glycosides were found to have multiple pharmacological activities, which has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore these compounds. This review aims to summarize quinochalcone C-glycosides’ physicochemical properties, chromatographic behavior, spectroscopic characteristics, as well as their biological activities, which will be helpful for further study and development of quinochalcone C-glycosides.
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22
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Wang C, He Y, Yang M, Sun H, Zhang S, Wang C. Safflor yellow B suppresses angiotensin II-mediated human umbilical vein cell injury via regulation of Bcl-2/p22phox expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Han B, Hu J, Shen J, Gao Y, Lu Y, Wang T. Neuroprotective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson's disease in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 714:83-8. [PMID: 23791614 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting predominantly the dopaminergic mesotelencephalic system. Enormous progress has been made in the treatment of PD. Our previous study has shown that hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) could attenuate the neurotoxicity induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. In the present work, we examined whether HSYA had the neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in a rat model of PD. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally injected with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle. The PD rats were treated with HSYA (2 or 8 mg/kg) via caudal vein injection daily for 4 weeks. Rotational tests showed that HSYA significantly attenuated apomorphine-induced turns in 6-OHDA-induced PD rats. HSYA treatment resulted in a significant protection against the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells. Our data showed that HSYA also increased the levels of dopamine and its metabolites, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in striatum of PD rats. In conclusion, these results supported a role for HSYA in preserving dopamine neuron integrity and motor function in a rodent model of PD, and implied a potential neuroprotective role for HSYA in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- School of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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24
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Park HS, Park KI, Nagappan A, Lee DH, Kang SR, Kim JA, Kim EH, Han DY, Kim GS. Proteomic Analysis of Effects on Natural Herb Additive Containing Immunoglobulin Yolksac (IgY) in Pigs. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 39:477-88. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x1100897x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thirty male pigs were infected orally with E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium, and divided into a control group and two additive groups to determine the effect of an additive mixture on the changes in protein expression. The pigs were given a food supplemented with a natural herbal additive containing immunoglobulin yolksac (IgY) at concentrations of 0.5% or 1%. On the 1st day and after eight weeks of feeding, the body weight gain, food intake and serum GOT/GPT levels were examined. The GOT/GPT levels on the 1st day were similar in the three groups. However, after eight weeks of feeding, the GOT level was significantly lower in the additive treatment groups (0.5% and 1.0%). In addition, the changes in the spleen proteome as a response to the herbal additive were examined using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A total of 31 differentially expressed protein spots were identified by comparing the protein profiles of the control and additive treated porcine spleens. Finally, 19 proteins were detected by MALDI-TOF/MS. Overall, the proteins detected are involved in a range of biological process, such as metabolic processes, biological processes, transport, carbohydrate metabolic processes, generation of precursors and energy. In conclusion, these results support of the hypothesis that a natural herbal additive containing IgY can affect the immune regulation system and reduce the stress of microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Soo Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Il Park
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Arulkumar Nagappan
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hoon Lee
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Rim Kang
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Kim
- Korea National Animal Research Resource Center, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Kim
- Department of Nursing Science, International University of Korea, Gazwa, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Yong Han
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Gon-Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea
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Wan LH, Chen J, Li L, Xiong WB, Zhou LM. Protective effects of Carthamus tinctorius injection on isoprenaline-induced myocardial injury in rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:1204-1209. [PMID: 22014268 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.576348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Carthamus tinctorius injection (CTI) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) specifically used for the treatment of cerebral ischemia and myocardial ischemia. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the protective effects of CTI on isoprenaline-induced acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) in rats and explored the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS (i) Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: control, myocardial ischemia model, and high-, low-dose of CTI groups (2.5 and 0.625 g/kg, respectively, i.p. for 5 days), and Xiang-Dan (20 g/kg) group (n = 10 in each group). AMI was induced by isoproterenol (5 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Assessment of electrocardiograms (ECG) was carried out. (ii) Another 40 rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum were measured by radioimmunological assay; Bcl-2 and Bax protein expression were measured by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CTI (2.5 and 0.625 g/kg) significantly inhibited the typical ECG S-T segment elevation, reduced concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, suppressed overexpression of Bax protein and also inhibited the reduction of Bcl-2 expression and markedly depressed the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that CTI is cardioprotective against AMI in rats and is likely to related to decrease inflammatory response mediated by TNF-α and IL-6, down-regulate protein level of Bax and up-regulate that of Bcl-2 in the heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Wan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Liu B, Luo C, Ouyang L, Mu S, Zhu Y, Li K, Zhan M, Liu Z, Jia Y, Lei W. An Experimental Study on the Effect of Safflower Yellow on Tendon Injury-Repair in Chickens. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mandade R, Sreenivas S, Choudhury A. Radical Scavenging and Antioxidant Activity of Carthamus tinctorius Extracts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5530/ax.2011.3.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wang CC, Choy CS, Liu YH, Cheah KP, Li JS, Wang JTJ, Yu WY, Lin CW, Cheng HW, Hu CM. Protective effect of dried safflower petal aqueous extract and its main constituent, carthamus yellow, against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:218-225. [PMID: 20848677 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safflower, whose botanic name is Carthamus tinctorius L., is a member of the family Compositae or Asteraceae. Carthamus yellow (CY) is the main constituent of safflower and is composed of safflomin A and safflomin B. Dried safflower petals are used in folk medicine and have been shown to invigorate blood circulation, break up blood stasis, and promote menstruation. In addition, dried safflower petals contain yellow dyes that are used to color food and cosmetics. In this study, we investigated the effects of dried safflower petals aqueous extracts (SFA) and CY on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation using RAW264.7 macrophages. RESULTS Our data showed that treatment with SFA (1-1000 microg mL(-1)) and CY (1-2000 microg mL(-1)) does not cause cytotoxicity in cells. SFA and CY inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) release, through attenuation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression. Further, SFA and CY suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB, which was associated with the inhibition of IκB-α degradation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that SFA and CY provide an anti-inflammatory response through inhibiting the production of NO and PGE(2) by the downregulation of iNOS and COX-2 gene expression. Thus safflower petals have the potential to provide a therapeutic approach to inflammation-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chiung Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
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Loh KP, Qi J, Tan BKH, Liu XH, Wei BG, Zhu YZ. Leonurine protects middle cerebral artery occluded rats through antioxidant effect and regulation of mitochondrial function. Stroke 2010; 41:2661-8. [PMID: 20947850 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.589895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Oxidative stress is known to be involved in ischemic stroke. Intense interest is drawn to the therapeutic potential of Chinese herbs on ischemic stroke because many of them contain antioxidant properties. Leonurine, 1 of the active compounds from purified Herba Leonuri, was studied to evaluate its possible therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke. Method-Middle cerebral artery occlusion was selected as our model of study. The animals were pretreated with Leonurine orally for 7 days and the surgery was done. One day after surgery, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and neurological deficit score were carried out to evaluate the functional outcome of animals, whereas levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde were analyzed for oxidative stress analysis. For mitochondrial studies, 3 hours after surgery, mitochondria were isolated for analysis of reactive oxygen species production, adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis, oxygen consumption, and respiratory control ratio value. Result-In in vivo experiments, Leonurine pretreatment reduced infarct volume, improved neurological deficit in stroke groups, increased activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, and decreased levels from the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde. In terms of mitochondrial modulation, Leonurine inhibited mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis. Animal studies also demonstrated that the mitochondrial function and redox state were restored by Leonurine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Leonurine has neuroprotective effects and carries a therapeutic potential of stroke prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Poh Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Sun X, Wei X, Qu S, Zhao Y, Zhang X. Hydroxysafflor Yellow A suppresses thrombin generation and inflammatory responses following focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4120-4. [PMID: 20542424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 05/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysafflor Yellow A has been demonstrated to attenuate pressure overloaded hypertrophy in rats and inhibit platelet aggregation. Herein we found that Hydroxysafflor Yellow A prevented cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibition of thrombin generation. In addition, treatment with Hydroxysafflor Yellow A significantly inhibited NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translation and p65 binding activity, both mRNA and protein levels of ICAM-1 and the infiltration of neutrophils. Mean while, Hydroxysafflor Yellow A had the capacity to improve neurological deficit scores, increase the number of the surviving hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and decrease the plasma angiotensin II level. These results illustrated that anti-cerebral ischemic mechanism of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A may be due to its suppression of thrombin generation and inhibition of thrombin-induced inflammatory responses by reducing angiotensin II content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, 44#, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, PR China
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Yang Q, Yang ZF, Liu SB, Zhang XN, Hou Y, Li XQ, Wu YM, Wen AD, Zhao MG. Neuroprotective Effects of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Against Excitotoxic Neuronal Death Partially Through Down-Regulation of NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1353-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Han SY, Li HX, Ma X, Zhang K, Ma ZZ, Tu PF. Protective effects of purified safflower extract on myocardial ischemia in vivo and in vitro. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:694-702. [PMID: 19394208 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carthamus tinctorius L. (safflower) is one of the most commonly used Chinese herbal medicines to prevent and treat cardiac disease in clinical practice. However, the mechanisms responsible for such protective effects remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the anti-myocardial ischemia effects of a purified extract of C. tinctorius (ECT) both in vivo and in vitro. An animal model of myocardial ischemia injury was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion in adult rats. Pretreatment with ECT (100, 200, 400, 600 mg/kg body wt.) could protect the heart from ischemia injury by limiting infarct size and improving cardiac function. In the in vitro experiment, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were incubated to test the direct cytoprotective effect of ECT against H(2)O(2) exposure. Pretreatment with 100-400 microg/ml ECT prior to H(2)O(2) exposure significantly increased cell viability as revealed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. ECT also markedly attenuated H(2)O(2)-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, as detected by Annexin V and PI double labeling with flow cytometry. The intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was shown by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA), and ECT pretreatment significantly inhibited H(2)O(2)-induced ROS increase. We made a preliminary examination of the signaling cascade involved in ECT mediated anti-apoptotic effects. Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) blocked the cytoprotective effect conferred by ECT. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence that the cardioprotective effects of ECT in myocardial ischemia operate partially through reducing oxidative stress induced damage and apoptosis. The protection is achieved by scavenging of ROS and mediating the PI3K signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, PR China
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Zhao G, Zheng XW, Gai Y, Chu WJ, Qin GW, Guo LH. Safflower extracts functionally regulate monoamine transporters. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:116-124. [PMID: 19527825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Safflower (HH), the dry flower of Carthamus tinctorius L., has long been used to empirically treat neuropsychological disorders such as stroke and major depression in traditional Chinese medicine, and recently been proven effective for regulating levels of dopamine and serotonin in new-born rat brain. The present study assessed whether HH would be bioactive for functionally regulating monoamine transporters using in vitro drug-screening cell lines. Our current results showed that all solvent-extracted HH fractions, in different degrees, markedly increased both dopamine uptake by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing dopamine transporter (DAT) and norepinephrine uptake by CHO cells expressing norepinephrine transporter (NET), and also showed that chloroform (HC), ethyl acetate (HE), and n-butyl alcohol extract strikingly depressed serotonin uptake by CHO cells expressing serotonin transporter (SERT); wherein, the potencies of ethanol extract, HC, HE, and aqueous extract to up-regulate dopamine/norepinephrine uptake and potency of HE to inhibit serotonin uptake were relatively stronger. Further investigation revealed that the enhancement of dopamine/norepinephrine uptake by HC and HE was dependent of DAT/NET activity, and the HE-induced inhibition of serotonin uptake was typical of competition. Thus, HH extracts are novel monoamine transporter modulators functioning as DAT/NET activators and/or SERT inhibitors, and would likely improve neuropsychological disorders through regulating monoamine-transporter activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Cell Star Bio-Technologies Co., Limited, Building 6, Lane 898, Halei Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Safflor yellow B suppresses pheochromocytoma cell (PC12) injury induced by oxidative stress via antioxidant systemand Bcl-2 /Bax pathway. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:135-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Methylene Blue Provides Behavioral and Metabolic Neuroprotection Against Optic Neuropathy. Neurotox Res 2009; 15:260-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Qu W, Fan L, Kim YC, Ishikawa S, Iguchi-Ariga SM, Pu XP, Ariga H. Kaempferol Derivatives Prevent Oxidative Stress–Induced Cell Death in a DJ-1–Dependent Manner. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:191-200. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09045fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Wen A, Yang J, Jia Y, Yang Z, Tian Y, Wu Y, Wang Z, He Z. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for the determination of hydroxysafflor yellow A in human plasma: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 876:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Son TG, Camandola S, Mattson MP. Hormetic dietary phytochemicals. Neuromolecular Med 2008; 10:236-46. [PMID: 18543123 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-008-8037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence from epidemiological studies suggests beneficial roles of dietary phytochemicals in protecting against chronic disorders such as cancer, and inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging findings suggest that several dietary phytochemicals also benefit the nervous system and, when consumed regularly, may reduce the risk of disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The evidence supporting health benefits of vegetables and fruits provide a rationale for identification of the specific phytochemicals responsible, and for investigation of their molecular and cellular mechanisms of action. One general mechanism of action of phytochemicals that is emerging from recent studies is that they activate adaptive cellular stress response pathways. From an evolutionary perspective, the noxious properties of such phytochemicals play an important role in dissuading insects and other pests from eating the plants. However at the subtoxic doses ingested by humans that consume the plants, the phytochemicals induce mild cellular stress responses. This phenomenon has been widely observed in biology and medicine, and has been described as 'preconditioning' or 'hormesis.' Hormetic pathways activated by phytochemicals may involve kinases and transcription factors that induce the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, protein chaperones, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and other cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FOXO pathway, the NF-kappaB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. In this article, we describe the hormesis hypothesis of phytochemical actions with a focus on the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway as a prototypical example of a neuroprotective mechanism of action of specific dietary phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Gen Son
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Yousuf S, Atif F, Ahmad M, Hoda MN, Khan MB, Ishrat T, Islam F. Selenium plays a modulatory role against cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2007; 1147:218-25. [PMID: 17376411 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During cerebral ischemic cascade, a unifying factor which leads to mitochondrial dysfunctions is lack of oxygen followed by decrease in ATP production. The present study demonstrates the effect of selenium pretreatment (0.1 mg/kg as sodium selenite, i.p, 7 days) on cerebral ischemia-induced altered levels of mitochondrial ATP content, intracellular calcium (Ca(i)(2+)) in synaptosomes, expression of heat stress protein (Hsp70) and caspase-3 activity in hippocampus followed by neurobehavioral deficits and histopathological changes in Wistar rats. Cerebral ischemia was induced for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 22 h. It was observed that levels of (Ca(i)(2+)), Hsp70 and caspase-3 activity were significantly (p<0.01-0.001) higher with a marked decrease in ATP level in hippocampus of ischemic group as compared to sham values. Subsequently, a marked change was observed in neurobehavioral activities in ischemic animals as compared to control one. As a result of selenium pretreatment, a significant (p<0.05-0.001) trend of restoration was observed in the level of ATP, (Ca(i)(2+)), Hsp70, caspase-3 and behavioral outputs as compared to ischemic group. Histopathological analysis confirmed the protective effect of selenium against cerebral ischemia induced histological alterations as evidenced by lesser edema formation and separation of cells with minimal microglial cell infiltration in selenium pretreated group as compared to ischemic animals. The present study suggests that selenium may be able to salvage the ischemic penumbral zone neurons, thereby limiting ischemic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Yousuf
- Neurotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Medical Elementology & Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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