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Carius D, Kaminski E, Clauß M, Schewe Y, Ryk L, Ragert P. Quantifying motor adaptation in a sport-specific table tennis setting. Sci Rep 2024; 14:601. [PMID: 38182640 PMCID: PMC10770152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies on motor adaptation aim to better understand the remarkable, largely implicit capacity of humans to adjust to changing environmental conditions. So far, this phenomenon has mainly been investigated in highly controlled laboratory setting, allowing only limited conclusions and consequences for everyday life scenarios. Natural movement tasks performed under externally valid conditions would provide important support on the transferability of recent laboratory findings. Therefore, one major goal of the current study was to create and assess a new table tennis paradigm mapping motor adaptation in a more natural and sport-specific setting. High-speed cinematographic measurements were used to determine target accuracy in a motor adaptation table tennis paradigm in 30 right-handed participants. In addition, we investigated if motor adaptation was affected by temporal order of perturbations (serial vs. random practice). In summary, we were able to confirm and reproduce typical motor adaptation effects in a sport-specific setting. We found, according to previous findings, an increase in target errors with perturbation onset that decreased during motor adaptation. Furthermore, we observed an increase in target errors with perturbation offset (after-effect) that decrease subsequently during washout phase. More importantly, this motor adaptation phenomenon did not differ when comparing serial vs. random perturbation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carius
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martina Clauß
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yannick Schewe
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lenja Ryk
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sport Science, Leipzig University, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Turoń-Skrzypińska A, Rotter I, Przybyciński J, Szylińska A, Mińko A, Ciechanowski K, Dutkiewicz G. Does Exercising with the Use of Virtual Reality during Haemodialysis Have an Impact on Plasma Levels of Interleukin 1β, Interleukin 6, and Interleukin 8? J Clin Med 2023; 12:5358. [PMID: 37629400 PMCID: PMC10456086 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12165358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are a group of fine proteins which play a key role in the regulation of various biological processes, including inflammatory reactions. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8), are produced in response to various stimuli, including infections, tissue damage, and oxidative stress. Virtual reality (VR) use during intradialytic exercises improves physical activity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationship between exercising regularly with the use of virtual reality during haemodialysis and the levels of selected cytokines (Il-1, Il-6, Il-8). The study and the control groups consisted of end-stage renal disease patients who underwent haemodialysis as a renal replacement treatment. The study group comprised patients subject to haemodialysis as a renal replacement therapy who were to work out with the use of a prototype of the NefroVR system for 20 min when undergoing haemodialysis (HD). Statistical analyses utilised Statistica 13. The conducted research demonstrated that regular exercises with the use of virtual reality might be related to a decrease in inflammation in patients included in the chronic haemodialysis programme. It is key to encourage patients with end-stage renal disease treated with haemodialysis to exercise regularly because of the possibility of their proinflammatory parameters becoming reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Turoń-Skrzypińska
- Department and Unit of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Department and Unit of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Jarosław Przybyciński
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (K.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Aleksandra Szylińska
- Department and Unit of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Alicja Mińko
- Department and Unit of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (A.T.-S.); (I.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Kazimierz Ciechanowski
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (K.C.); (G.D.)
| | - Grażyna Dutkiewicz
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.P.); (K.C.); (G.D.)
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Kunugi S, Nakagoshi A, Kawabe K, Watanabe K. Influence of pedal characteristics on pedaling control and neural drive in older adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1701-1707. [PMID: 37004566 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05196-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate whether pedal characteristics and age affect pedal position accuracy, fluctuation, and neural drive variability during a position control task. Twelve older (age: 72.8 ± 3.6 years) and twelve young (age: 23.8 ± 4.4 years) adults performed trapezoidal position control tasks involving holding plantar flexor contraction for 10 s with four pedal conditions (regular and pulley types × standard and low forces). Neural drive of the triceps surae muscle was estimated with high-density surface electromyograms and individual motor unit decomposition methods. The central 5 s of the sustained contraction phase was used for analysis. Variabilities of the angle and neural drive are presented by the coefficient of variation. We observed that the angle fluctuation was greater in older than young adults for four pedal conditions (p < 0.05). Regardless of age, using pulley pedals increased angle fluctuation more than regular pedals (p < 0.05). No significant interaction was found for pedal conditions and age in pedal position accuracy, angle fluctuation, or neural output. Our results suggest that older adults have poor control ability to maintain pedal angles, and pulley pedals make it difficult to adjust the pedal angles regardless of age. However, the neural output estimated by the continuously active motor units failed to explain these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kunugi
- Center for General Education, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota-shi, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0392, Japan.
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota-shi, Nagoya, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan.
| | - Akira Nakagoshi
- Toyota Motor Corporation, 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota-shi, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8571, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Kawabe
- Toyota Motor Corporation, 1 Toyota-cho, Toyota-shi, Toyota, Aichi, 471-8571, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota-shi, Nagoya, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan
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4
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Lakshminarayanan K, Shah R, Daulat SR, Moodley V, Yao Y, Madathil D. The effect of combining action observation in virtual reality with kinesthetic motor imagery on cortical activity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201865. [PMID: 37383098 PMCID: PMC10299830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the past, various techniques have been used to improve motor imagery (MI), such as immersive virtual-reality (VR) and kinesthetic rehearsal. While electroencephalography (EEG) has been used to study the differences in brain activity between VR-based action observation and kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI), there has been no investigation into their combined effect. Prior research has demonstrated that VR-based action observation can enhance MI by providing both visual information and embodiment, which is the perception of oneself as part of the observed entity. Additionally, KMI has been found to produce similar brain activity to physically performing a task. Therefore, we hypothesized that utilizing VR to offer an immersive visual scenario for action observation while participants performed kinesthetic motor imagery would significantly improve cortical activity related to MI. Methods In this study, 15 participants (9 male, 6 female) performed kinesthetic motor imagery of three hand tasks (drinking, wrist flexion-extension, and grabbing) both with and without VR-based action observation. Results Our results indicate that combining VR-based action observation with KMI enhances brain rhythmic patterns and provides better task differentiation compared to KMI without action observation. Discussion These findings suggest that using VR-based action observation alongside kinesthetic motor imagery can improve motor imagery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishor Lakshminarayanan
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Lab, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rakshit Shah
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sohail R. Daulat
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Viashen Moodley
- Arizona Center for Hand to Shoulder Surgery, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Yifei Yao
- Soft Tissue Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deepa Madathil
- Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences, O.P. Jindal Global University, Sonipat, Haryana, India
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Mangalam M, Yarossi M, Furmanek MP, Krakauer JW, Tunik E. Investigating and acquiring motor expertise using virtual reality. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:1482-1491. [PMID: 37194954 PMCID: PMC10281781 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00088.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
After just months of simulated training, on January 19, 2019 a 23-year-old E-sports pro-gamer, Enzo Bonito, took to the racetrack and beat Lucas di Grassi, a Formula E and ex-Formula 1 driver with decades of real-world racing experience. This event raised the possibility that practicing in virtual reality can be surprisingly effective for acquiring motor expertise in real-world tasks. Here, we evaluate the potential of virtual reality to serve as a space for training to expert levels in highly complex real-world tasks in time windows much shorter than those required in the real world and at much lower financial cost without the hazards of the real world. We also discuss how VR can also serve as an experimental platform for exploring the science of expertise more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Mathew Yarossi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mariusz P Furmanek
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Physical Therapy Department, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States
| | - John W Krakauer
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States
| | - Eugene Tunik
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Darekar A. Virtual Reality for Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 65:337-369. [PMID: 37041455 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Virtual Reality (VR) affords clinicians the ability to deliver safe, controlled, task-specific customised interventions that are enjoyable, motivating and engaging. Elements of training in VR comply with principles of learning implicated in new skill acquisition and re-learning skills post-neurological disorders. However, heterogeneity in the description of VR systems and the description and control of 'active' ingredients of interventions (like dosage, type of feedback, task specificity, etc.) have led to inconsistency in the synthesis and interpretation of evidence related to the effectiveness of VR-based interventions, particularly in post-stroke and Parkinson's Disease (PD) rehabilitation. This chapter attempts to describe VR interventions with respect to their compliance with principles of neurorehabilitation, with the goal of optimising interventions for effective training and facilitation of maximum functional recovery. This chapter also advocates using a uniform framework to describe VR systems to promote homogeneity in literature in order to help in the synthesis of evidence. An overview of the evidence revealed that VR systems are effective in mediating deficits in upper extremity, posture and gait function seen in people post-stroke and PD. Generally, interventions were more effective when they were delivered as an adjunct to conventional therapy and were customised for rehabilitation purposes, in addition to complying with principles of learning and neurorehabilitation. Although recent studies imply that their VR intervention is compliant with principles of learning, only a few explicitly describe how these principles are incorporated as 'active ingredients' of the intervention. Finally, VR interventions targeting community ambulation and cognitive rehabilitation are yet limited and therefore warrant attention.
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7
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Tsay JS, Najafi T, Schuck L, Wang T, Ivry RB. Implicit sensorimotor adaptation is preserved in Parkinson's disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac303. [PMID: 36531745 PMCID: PMC9750131 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to enact successful goal-directed actions involves multiple learning processes. Among these processes, implicit motor adaptation ensures that the sensorimotor system remains finely tuned in response to changes in the body and environment. Whether Parkinson's disease impacts implicit motor adaptation remains a contentious area of research: whereas multiple reports show impaired performance in this population, many others show intact performance. While there is a range of methodological differences across studies, one critical issue is that performance in many of the studies may reflect a combination of implicit adaptation and strategic re-aiming. Here, we revisited this controversy using a visuomotor task designed to isolate implicit adaptation. In two experiments, we found that adaptation in response to a wide range of visual perturbations was similar in Parkinson's disease and matched control participants. Moreover, in a meta-analysis of previously published and unpublished work, we found that the mean effect size contrasting Parkinson's disease and controls across 16 experiments involving over 200 participants was not significant. Together, these analyses indicate that implicit adaptation is preserved in Parkinson's disease, offering a fresh perspective on the role of the basal ganglia in sensorimotor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Tsay
- Correspondence to: Jonathan S. Tsay 2121 Berkeley Way West Berkeley, CA 94704, USA E-mail:
| | | | - Lauren Schuck
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Tianhe Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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8
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Mangone M, Agostini F, de Sire A, Cacchio A, Chiaramonte A, Butterini G, Martano A, Paoloni M, Bernetti A, Paolucci T. Effect of virtual reality rehabilitation on functional outcomes for return-to-work patients with Parkinson's disease: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. NeuroRehabilitation 2022; 51:201-211. [PMID: 35599505 DOI: 10.3233/nre-220029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of substantia nigra neurons with deficiency of dopamine. The main symptoms are tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia. Rehabilitation has an important role in the treatment of this condition and virtual reality (VR) is one of the most recent tools. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this umbrella review is to evaluate the effectiveness of VR systems on gait control for return to work in patients with PD. METHODS The electronic search, for reviews and meta-analysis studies that investigated the effectiveness of VR on gait control in PD patients, was performed through December 2021 using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, PEDro, and Google Scholar. Mesh terms used were: Job integration/reintegration OR return-to-work AND Parkinson's disease AND virtual reality OR exergame. No limit on the year of publication of the article was used. CONCLUSIONS A total of 14 articles were included in our analysis. The included evidence shows a stride length improvement in patients treated with VR compared to conventional active treatments. No difference was found in walking speed. Also, the included articles show an improvement on various measures of balance, motor function and severity of PD motor symptoms. In addition, the literature shows an improvement in the quality of life and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients undergoing VR rehabilitation training. RESULTS he results of our study suggest that VR rehabilitation improves gait performance, particularly stride length, thus being able to provide an improvement in the quality of life and a more effective return to work training in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Mangone
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Agostini
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro de Sire
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelo Cacchio
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Angelo Chiaramonte
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Butterini
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Martano
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Paoloni
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bernetti
- Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Paolucci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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9
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Cressman EK, Salomonczyk D, Constantin A, Miyasaki J, Moro E, Chen R, Strafella A, Fox S, Lang AE, Poizner H, Henriques DYP. Proprioceptive recalibration following implicit visuomotor adaptation is preserved in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1551-1565. [PMID: 33688984 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy adults demonstrate similar levels of visuomotor adaptation provided that the distortion is small or introduced gradually, and hence, implicit processes are engaged. Recently, implicit processes underlying visuomotor adaptation in healthy individuals have been proposed to include proprioceptive recalibration (i.e., shifts in one's proprioceptive sense of felt hand position to match the visual estimate of their hand experienced during reaches with altered visual feedback of the hand). In the current study, we asked if proprioceptive recalibration is preserved in PD patients. PD patients tested during their "off" and "on" medication states and age-matched healthy controls reached to visual targets, while visual feedback of their unseen hand was gradually rotated 30° clockwise or translated 4 cm rightwards of their actual hand trajectory. As expected, PD patients and controls produced significant reach aftereffects, indicating visuomotor adaptation after reaching with the gradually introduced visuomotor distortions. More importantly, following visuomotor adaptation, both patients and controls showed recalibration in hand position estimates, and the magnitude of this recalibration was comparable between PD patients and controls. No differences for any measures assessed were observed across medication status (i.e., PD off vs PD on). Results reveal that patients are able to adjust their sensorimotor mappings and recalibrate proprioception following adaptation to a gradually introduced visuomotor distortion, and that dopaminergic intervention does not affect this proprioceptive recalibration. These results suggest that proprioceptive recalibration does not involve striatal dopaminergic pathways and may contribute to the preserved visuomotor adaptation that arises implicitly in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin K Cressman
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Danielle Salomonczyk
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Janis Miyasaki
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elena Moro
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert Chen
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antonio Strafella
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Howard Poizner
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Denise Y P Henriques
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Kinesiology, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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10
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Larger, but not better, motor adaptation ability inherent in medicated Parkinson's disease patients revealed by a smart-device-based study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7113. [PMID: 32346067 PMCID: PMC7188883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating appropriate motor commands is an essential brain function. To achieve proper motor control in diverse situations, predicting future states of the environment and body and modifying the prediction are indispensable. The internal model is a promising hypothesis about brain function for generating and modifying the prediction. Although several findings support the involvement of the cerebellum in the internal model, recent results support the influence of other related brain regions on the internal model. A representative example is the motor adaptation ability in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Although this ability provides some hints about how dopamine deficits and other PD symptoms affect the internal model, previous findings are inconsistent; some reported a deficit in the motor adaptation ability in PD patients, but others reported that the motor adaptation ability of PD patients is comparable to that of healthy controls. A possible factor causing this inconsistency is the difference in task settings, resulting in different cognitive strategies in each study. Here, we demonstrate a larger, but not better, motor adaptation ability in PD patients than in healthy controls while reducing the involvement of cognitive strategies and concentrating on implicit motor adaptation abilities. This study utilizes a smart-device-based experiment that enables motor adaptation experiments anytime and anywhere with less cognitive strategy involvement. The PD patients showed a significant response to insensible environmental changes, but the response was not necessarily suitable for adapting to the changes. Our findings support compensatory cerebellar functions in PD patients from the perspective of motor adaptation.
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11
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The role of virtual reality on outcomes in rehabilitation of Parkinson's disease: meta-analysis and systematic review in 1031 participants. Neurol Sci 2019; 41:529-536. [PMID: 31808000 PMCID: PMC7040061 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-019-04144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is managed primarily by dopamine agonists and physiotherapy while virtual reality (VR) has emerged recently as a complementary method. The present study reviewed the effectiveness of VR in rehabilitation of patients with PD. Methods Literature search up to June 2019 identified ten studies (n = 343 participants) suitable for meta-analysis and 27 studies (n = 688 participants) for systematic review. Standard mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Results In meta-analysis, compared with active rehabilitation intervention, VR training led to greater improvement of stride length, SMD = 0.70 (95%CI = 0.32–1.08, p = 0.0003), and was as effective for gait speed, balance and co-ordination, cognitive function and mental health, quality of life and activities of daily living. Compared with passive rehabilitation intervention, VR had greater effects on balance: SMD = 1.02 (95%CI = 0.38–1.65, p = 0.002). Results from single randomised controlled trials showed that VR training was better than passive rehabilitation intervention for improving gait speed SMD = 1.43 (95%CI = 0.51–2.34, p = 0.002), stride length SMD = 1.27 (95%CI = 0.38–2.16, p = 0.005) and activities of daily living SMD = 0.96 (95%CI = 0.02–1.89). Systematic review showed that VR training significantly (p < 0.05) improved motor function, balance and co-ordination, cognitive function and mental health, and quality of life and activities of daily living. Conclusion VR used in rehabilitation for patients with PD improves a number of outcomes and may be considered for routine use in rehabilitation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10072-019-04144-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cikajlo I, Peterlin Potisk K. Advantages of using 3D virtual reality based training in persons with Parkinson's disease: a parallel study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:119. [PMID: 31623622 PMCID: PMC6798369 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disease. There are mixed reports on success of physiotherapy in patients with PD. Our objective was to investigate the functional improvements, motivation aspects and clinical effectiveness when using immersive 3D virtual reality versus non-immersive 2D exergaming. METHODS We designed a randomized parallel study with 97 patients, but only 20 eligible participants were randomized in 2 groups; the one using 3D Oculus Rift CV1 and the other using a laptop. Both groups participated in the 10-session 3 weeks training with a pick and place task in the virtual world requiring precise hand movement to manipulate the virtual cubes. The kinematics of the hand was traced with Leap motion controller, motivation effect was assessed with modified Intrinsic Motivation Inventory and clinical effectiveness was evaluated with Box & Blocks Test (BBT) and shortened Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) before and after the training. Mack-Skilling non-parametrical statistical test was used to identify statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) and Cohen's U3 test to find the effect sizes. RESULTS Participants in the 3D group demonstrated statistically significant and substantially better performance in average time of manipulation (group x time, p = 0.009), number of successfully placed cubes (group x time, p = 0.028), average tremor (group x time, p = 0.002) and UPDRS for upper limb (U3 = 0.35). The LCD and 3D groups substantially improved their BBT score with training (U3 = 0.7, U3 = 0.6, respectively). However, there were no statistically significant differences in clinical tests between the groups (group x time, p = 0.2189, p = 0.2850, respectively). In addition the LCD group significantly decreased the pressure/tension (U3 = 0.3), the 3D did not show changes (U3 = 0.5) and the differences between the groups were statistically different (p = 0.037). The 3D group demonstrated important increase in effort (U3 = 0.75) and perceived competences (U3 = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS The outcomes of the study demonstrated that the immersive 3D technology may bring increased interests/enjoyment score resulting in faster and more efficient functional performance. But the 2D technology demonstrated lower pressure/tension score providing similar clinical progress. A study with much larger sample size may also confirm the clinical effectiveness of the approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION The small scale randomized pilot study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03515746 , 4 May 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Cikajlo
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Linhartova 51, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- School of Engineering and Management, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Karmen Peterlin Potisk
- University Rehabilitation Institute, Republic of Slovenia, Linhartova 51, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Lefrançois C, Messier J. Adaptation and spatial generalization to a triaxial visuomotor perturbation in a virtual reality environment. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:793-803. [PMID: 30607472 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-05462-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We explored visuomotor adaptation and spatial generalization of three-dimensional reaching movements performed in a virtual reality environment. We used a multiphase learning paradigm. First, subjects performed reaching movements to six targets without visual feedback (VF) (pre-exposure phase). Next, participants aimed at one target with veridical VF (baseline phase). Immediately after, they were required to adapt their movements to a triaxial visuomotor perturbation (horizontal, vertical, and sagittal translations) between actual hand motion and VF of hand motion in the virtual environment (learning phase). Finally, subjects aimed at the same targets as in the baseline (aftereffect) and pre-exposure phases (generalization) without VF (post-exposure phase). The results revealed spatial axis-dependent visuomotor adaptation capacities. First, subjects showed smaller intertrial variability along the horizontal compared to the sagittal and vertical axes during the baseline and learning phases. Second, although subjects were unaware of the visual distortion, they adapted their movements to each component of the triaxial perturbation. However, they showed reduced learning rate and less persistent adaptation (aftereffect) along the vertical than the horizontal and sagittal axes. Similarly, subjects transferred the newly learned visuomotor association to untrained regions of the workspace, but their average level of generalization was smaller along the vertical than the horizontal and sagittal axes. Collectively, our results suggest that adapting three-dimensional movements to a visual distortion involves distinct processes according to the specific sensorimotor integration demands of moving along each spatial axis. This finding supports the idea that the brain employs a modular decomposition strategy to simplify complex multidimensional visuomotor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Lefrançois
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2100, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, bureau 8225, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julie Messier
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, 2100, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, bureau 8225, Montreal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Madeo G, Giladi N, Petzinger GM, Frazzitta G. Basal ganglia and beyond: The interplay between motor and cognitive aspects in Parkinson's disease rehabilitation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 90:294-308. [PMID: 29733882 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive dysfunctions, affecting the motor behaviour. We summarize evidence that the interplay between motor and cognitive approaches is crucial in PD rehabilitation. Rehabilitation is complementary to pharmacological therapy and effective in reducing the PD disturbances, probably acting by inducing neuroplastic effects. The motor behaviour results from a complex integration between cortical and subcortical areas, underlying the motor, cognitive and motivational aspects of movement. The close interplay amongst these areas makes possible to learn, control and express habitual-automatic actions, which are dysfunctional in PD. The physiopathology of PD could be considered the base for the development of effective rehabilitation treatments. As the volitional action control is spared in early-medium stages of disease, rehabilitative approaches engaging cognition permit to achieve motor benefits and appear to be the most effective for PD. We will point out data supporting the relevance of targeting both motor and cognitive aspects in PD rehabilitation. Finally, we will discuss the role of cognitive engagement in motor rehabilitation for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Ferrazzoli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Paola Ortelli
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Graziella Madeo
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
| | - Nir Giladi
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurological Institute, Tel-Aviv Medical Centre, Sieratzki Chair in Neurology, Sackler School of Medicine, Sagol School for Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States; Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, United States.
| | - Giuseppe Frazzitta
- Department of Parkinson's Disease, Movement Disorders and Brain Injury Rehabilitation, "Moriggia-Pelascini" Hospital, Via Pelascini, 3, Gravedona ed Uniti, 22015, Como, Italy.
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15
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The single intake of levodopa modulates implicit learning in drug naïve, de novo patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:601-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Semrau JA, Perlmutter JS, Thoroughman KA. Visuomotor adaptation in Parkinson's disease: effects of perturbation type and medication state. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2675-87. [PMID: 24694937 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00095.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To perform simple everyday tasks, we use visual feedback from our external environment to generate and guide movements. However, tasks like reaching for a cup may become extremely difficult in movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and it is unknown whether PD patients use visual information to compensate for motor deficiencies. We tested adaptation to changes in visual feedback of the hand in three subject groups, PD patients on daily levodopa (l-dopa) therapy (PD ON), PD patients off l-dopa (PD OFF), and age-matched control subjects, to determine the effects of PD on the visual control of movement. Subjects were tested on two classes of visual perturbations, one that altered visual direction of movement and one that altered visual extent of movement, allowing us to test adaptive sensitivity to changes in both movement direction (visual rotations) and extent (visual gain). The PD OFF group displayed more complete adaptation to visuomotor rotations compared with control subjects but initial, transient difficulty with adaptation to visual gain perturbations. The PD ON group displayed feedback control more sensitive to visual error compared with control subjects but compared with the PD OFF group had mild impairments during adaptation to changes in visual extent. We conclude that PD subjects can adapt to changes in visual information but that l-dopa may impair visual-based motor adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Semrau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and Program in Occupational Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kurt A Thoroughman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and
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17
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Evaluation of a visual biofeedback on the postural control in Parkinson's disease. Neurophysiol Clin 2014; 44:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2013.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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18
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Mirelman A, Maidan I, Deutsch JE. Virtual reality and motor imagery: Promising tools for assessment and therapy in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1597-608. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.25670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Mirelman
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- School of Health Related Professions; Ben Gurion University; Beer Sheba Israel
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology; Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center; Tel Aviv Israel
- RiVERS Lab, Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey USA
| | - Judith E. Deutsch
- RiVERS Lab, Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science; Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences; Newark New Jersey USA
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19
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Snider J, Plank M, Lee D, Poizner H. Simultaneous neural and movement recording in large-scale immersive virtual environments. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2013; 7:713-721. [PMID: 24232632 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2012.2236089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) allows precise control and manipulation of rich, dynamic stimuli that, when coupled with on-line motion capture and neural monitoring, can provide a powerful means both of understanding brain behavioral relations in the high dimensional world and of assessing and treating a variety of neural disorders. Here we present a system that combines state-of-the-art, fully immersive, 3D, multi-modal VR with temporally aligned electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. The VR system is dynamic and interactive across visual, auditory, and haptic interactions, providing sight, sound, touch, and force. Crucially, it does so with simultaneous EEG recordings while subjects actively move about a 20 × 20 ft² space. The overall end-to-end latency between real movement and its simulated movement in the VR is approximately 40 ms. Spatial precision of the various devices is on the order of millimeters. The temporal alignment with the neural recordings is accurate to within approximately 1 ms. This powerful combination of systems opens up a new window into brain-behavioral relations and a new means of assessment and rehabilitation of individuals with motor and other disorders.
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20
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Almeida QJ, Brown MJN. Is DOPA-Responsive Hypokinesia Responsible for Bimanual Coordination Deficits in Parkinson's Disease? Front Neurol 2013; 4:89. [PMID: 23882254 PMCID: PMC3715734 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinesia is a well-documented DOPA-responsive clinical feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD). While amplitude deficits (hypokinesia) are a key component of this slowness, it is important to consider how dopamine influences both the amplitude (hypokinesia) and frequency components of bradykinesia when a bimanually coordinated movement is required. Based on the notion that the basal ganglia are associated with sensory deficits, the influence of dopaminergic replacement on sensory feedback conditions during bimanual coordination was also evaluated. Bimanual movements were examined in PD and healthy comparisons in an unconstrained three-dimensional coordination task. PD were tested “off” (overnight withdrawal of dopaminergic treatment) and “on” (peak dose of dopaminergic treatment), while the healthy group was evaluated for practice effects across two sessions. Required cycle frequency (increased within each trial from 0.75 to 2 Hz), type of visual feedback (no vision, normal vision, and augmented vision), and coordination pattern (symmetrical in-phase and non-symmetrical anti-phase) were all manipulated. Overall, coordination (mean accuracy and standard deviation of relative phase) and amplitude deficits during bimanual coordination were confirmed in PD participants. In addition, significant correlations were identified between severity of motor symptoms as well as bradykinesia to greater coordination deficits (accuracy and stability) in PD “off” group. However, even though amplitude deficits (hypokinesia) improved with dopaminergic replacement, it did not improve bimanual coordination performance (accuracy or stability) in PD patients from “off” to “on.” Interestingly, while coordination performance in both groups suffered in the augmented vision condition, the amplitude of the more affected limb of PD was notably influenced. It can be concluded that DOPA-responsive hypokinesia contributes to, but is not directly responsible for bimanual coordination impairments in PD. It is likely that bimanual coordination deficits in PD are caused by the combination of dopaminergic system dysfunction as well as other neural impairments that may be DOPA-resistant or related to non-dopaminergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy J Almeida
- Sun Life Financial Movement Disorders Research and Rehabilitation Centre (MDRC), Wilfrid Laurier University , Waterloo, ON , Canada
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21
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Torres EB. The rates of change of the stochastic trajectories of acceleration variability are a good predictor of normal aging and of the stage of Parkinson's disease. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:50. [PMID: 23882193 PMCID: PMC3713394 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerometer data from mobile smart phones provide stochastic trajectories that change over time. This rate of change is unique to each person and can be well-characterized by the continuous two-parameter family of Gamma probability distributions. Accordingly, on the Gamma plane each participant can be uniquely localized by the shape and the scale parameters of the Gamma probability distribution. The scatter of such points contains information that can unambiguously separate the normal controls (NC) from those patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) that are at a later stage of the disease. In general normal aging seems conducive of more predictable patterns of variation in the accelerometer data. Yet this trend breaks down in PD where the statistical signatures seem to be a more relevant predictor of the stage of the disease. Those patients at a later stage of the disease have more random and noisier patterns than those in the earlier stages, whose statistics resemble those of the older NC. Overall the peak rates of change of the stochastic trajectories of the accelerometer are a good predictor of the stage of PD and of the age of a "normally" aging individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Torres
- Psychology Department, Computer Science, Cognitive Science, Sensory Motor Integration, Rutgers University Piscataway, NJ, USA
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22
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Mollaei F, Shiller DM, Gracco VL. Sensorimotor adaptation of speech in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28:1668-74. [PMID: 23861349 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are involved in establishing motor plans for a wide range of behaviors. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a manifestation of basal ganglia dysfunction associated with a deficit in sensorimotor integration and difficulty in acquiring new motor sequences, thereby affecting motor learning. Previous studies of sensorimotor integration and sensorimotor adaptation in PD have focused on limb movements using visual and force-field alterations. Here, we report the results from a sensorimotor adaptation experiment investigating the ability of PD patients to make speech motor adjustments to a constant and predictable auditory feedback manipulation. Participants produced speech while their auditory feedback was altered and maintained in a manner consistent with a change in tongue position. The degree of adaptation was associated with the severity of motor symptoms. The patients with PD exhibited adaptation to the induced sensory error; however, the degree of adaptation was reduced compared with healthy, age-matched control participants. The reduced capacity to adapt to a change in auditory feedback is consistent with reduced gain in the sensorimotor system for speech and with previous studies demonstrating limitations in the adaptation of limb movements after changes in visual feedback among patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Mollaei
- Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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King BR, Fogel SM, Albouy G, Doyon J. Neural correlates of the age-related changes in motor sequence learning and motor adaptation in older adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:142. [PMID: 23616757 PMCID: PMC3628357 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world's population ages, a deeper understanding of the relationship between aging and motor learning will become increasingly relevant in basic research and applied settings. In this context, this review aims to address the effects of age on motor sequence learning (MSL) and motor adaptation (MA) with respect to behavioral, neurological, and neuroimaging findings. Previous behavioral research investigating the influence of aging on motor learning has consistently reported the following results. First, the initial acquisition of motor sequences is not altered, except under conditions of increased task complexity. Second, older adults demonstrate deficits in motor sequence memory consolidation. And, third, although older adults demonstrate deficits during the exposure phase of MA paradigms, the aftereffects following removal of the sensorimotor perturbation are similar to young adults, suggesting that the adaptive ability of older adults is relatively intact. This paper will review the potential neural underpinnings of these behavioral results, with a particular emphasis on the influence of age-related dysfunctions in the cortico-striatal system on motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, University of Montreal Montreal, QC, Canada
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24
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Mongeon D, Blanchet P, Messier J. Impact of Parkinson’s disease and dopaminergic medication on adaptation to explicit and implicit visuomotor perturbations. Brain Cogn 2013; 81:271-82. [PMID: 23313834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Déjos M, Sauzéon H, N'kaoua B. [Virtual reality for clinical assessment of elderly people: early screening for dementia]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2011; 168:404-14. [PMID: 22137150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Today, there are 24.3 million people suffering from dementia worldwide, that is a new case every 7 seconds (Ferri et al., 2005) and more than 80 million cases expected in 2040. Aging-related morbidity is a real social problem making screening a major challenge. Currently, screening and diagnostic tools for dementia remain independent from each other, screening tools being non-specific and diagnostic tools non-naturalistic. With the technological possibilities offered by virtual reality, it is becoming easier to investigate cognition and behavior in elderly people. Virtual reality allows a better understanding and assessment, and perhaps could stimulate cognitive functioning of elderly people. Combining measurements of cognitive impairment and disability might help close the gap between structural and naturalistic validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Déjos
- Laboratoire EA4136, université Bordeaux-Saignat, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, Bordeaux, France.
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Beeler JA. Preservation of function in Parkinson's disease: what's learning got to do with it? Brain Res 2011; 1423:96-113. [PMID: 22000081 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine denervation gives rise to abnormal corticostriatal plasticity; however, its role in the symptoms and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been articulated or incorporated into current clinical models. The 'integrative selective gain' framework proposed here integrates dopaminergic mechanisms known to modulate basal ganglia throughput into a single conceptual framework: (1) synaptic weights, the neural instantiation of accumulated experience and skill modulated by dopamine-dependent plasticity and (2) system gain, the operating parameters of the basal ganglia, modulated by dopamine's on-line effects on cell excitability, glutamatergic transmission and the balance between facilitatory and inhibitory pathways. Within this framework and based on recent work, a hypothesis is presented that prior synaptic weights and established skills can facilitate motor performance and preserve function despite diminished dopamine; however, dopamine denervation induces aberrant corticostriatal plasticity that degrades established synaptic weights and replaces them with inappropriate, inhibitory learning that inverts the function of the basal ganglia resulting in 'anti-optimization' of motor performance. Consequently, mitigating aberrant corticostriatal plasticity represents an important therapeutic objective, as reflected in the long-duration response to levodopa, reinterpreted here as the correction of aberrant learning. It is proposed that viewing aberrant corticostriatal plasticity and learning as a provisional endophenotype of PD would facilitate investigation of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff A Beeler
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Ma HI, Hwang WJ, Fang JJ, Kuo JK, Wang CY, Leong IF, Wang TY. Effects of virtual reality training on functional reaching movements in people with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil 2011; 25:892-902. [DOI: 10.1177/0269215511406757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether practising reaching for virtual moving targets would improve motor performance in people with Parkinson’s disease. Design: Randomized pretest–posttest control group design. Setting: A virtual reality laboratory in a university setting. Participants: Thirty-three adults with Parkinson’s disease. Interventions: The virtual reality training required 60 trials of reaching for fast-moving virtual balls with the dominant hand. The control group had 60 practice trials turning pegs with their non-dominant hand. Main outcome measures: Pretest and posttest required reaching with the dominant hand to grasp real stationary balls and balls moving at different speeds down a ramp. Success rates and kinematic data (movement time, peak velocity and percentage of movement time for acceleration phase) from pretest and posttest were recorded to determine the immediate transfer effects. Results: Compared with the control group, the virtual reality training group became faster ( F = 9.08, P = 0.005) and more forceful ( F = 9.36, P = 0.005) when reaching for real stationary balls. However, there was no significant difference in success rate or movement kinematics between the two groups when reaching for real moving balls. Conclusion: A short virtual reality training programme improved the movement speed of discrete aiming tasks when participants reached for real stationary objects. However, the transfer effect was minimal when reaching for real moving objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ing Ma
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Juh Hwang
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jing Fang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Kun Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Iat-Fai Leong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsui-Ying Wang
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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28
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Visuo-motor gain adaptation and generalization following left hemisphere stroke. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:222-6. [PMID: 21605626 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During gain adaptation, participants must learn to adapt to novel visuo-motor mappings in which the movement amplitudes they produce do not match the visual feedback they receive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the neural substrates of gain adaptation by examining its possible disruption following left hemisphere stroke. Thirteen chronic left hemisphere stroke patients and five healthy right-handed control subjects completed three experimental phases involving reaching with the left hand, which was the less-affected hand in patients. First, participants reached without visual feedback to six different target locations (baseline phase). Next, in the adaptation phase, participants executed movements to one target under conditions in which the perceived movement distance was 70% of the produced movement distance. Last, in order to test the generalization of this new visuomotor mapping, participants made movements without visual feedback to untrained target locations (generalization phase). Significant between-patient differences were observed during adaptation. Lesion analyses indicated that these between-patient differences were predicted by the amount of damage to the supramarginal gyrus (Brodmann area 40). In addition, patients performed more poorly than controls in the generalization phase, suggesting that different processes are involved in adaptation and generalization periods.
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Bédard P, Sanes JN. Basal ganglia-dependent processes in recalling learned visual-motor adaptations. Exp Brain Res 2011; 209:385-93. [PMID: 21311878 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2561-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Humans learn and remember motor skills to permit adaptation to a changing environment. During adaptation, the brain develops new sensory-motor relationships that become stored in an internal model (IM) that may be retained for extended periods. How the brain learns new IMs and transforms them into long-term memory remains incompletely understood since prior work has mostly focused on the learning process. A current model suggests that basal ganglia, cerebellum, and their neocortical targets actively participate in forming new IMs but that a cerebellar cortical network would mediate automatization. However, a recent study (Marinelli et al. 2009) reported that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), who have basal ganglia dysfunction, had similar adaptation rates as controls but demonstrated no savings at recall tests (24 and 48 h). Here, we assessed whether a longer training session, a feature known to increase long-term retention of IM in healthy individuals, could allow PD patients to demonstrate savings. We recruited PD patients and age-matched healthy adults and used a visual-motor adaptation paradigm similar to the study by Marinelli et al. (2009), doubling the number of training trials and assessed recall after a short and a 24-h delay. We hypothesized that a longer training session would allow PD patients to develop an enhanced representation of the IM as demonstrated by savings at the recall tests. Our results showed that PD patients had similar adaptation rates as controls but did not demonstrate savings at both recall tests. We interpret these results as evidence that fronto-striatal networks have involvement in the early to late phase of motor memory formation, but not during initial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bédard
- Department of Neuroscience, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 185 Meeting Street, Box GL-N, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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30
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Cherniack EP. Not just fun and games: applications of virtual reality in the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol 2010; 6:283-9. [PMID: 21158520 DOI: 10.3109/17483107.2010.542570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To outline the evidence in the published medical literature suggesting the potential applications of virtual reality (VR) for the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly. METHOD Non-systematic literature review. RESULTS VR, despite its more common usage by younger persons, is a potentially promising source of techniques useful in the identification and rehabilitation of cognitive disorders of the elderly. Systems employing VR can include desktop and head-mounted visual displays among other devices. Thus far, published studies have described VR-based applications in the identification and treatment of deficits in navigational skills in ambulation and driving. In addition, VR has been utilised to enhance the ability to perform activities of daily living in patients with dementia, stroke, and Parkinson's Disease. Such investigations have thus far been small, and unblinded. CONCLUSIONS VR-based applications can potentially offer more versatile, comprehensive, and safer assessments of function. However, they also might be more expensive, complex and more difficult to use by elderly patients. Side effects of head-mounted visual displays include nausea and disorientation, but, have not been reported specifically in older subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paul Cherniack
- Geriatrics Institute, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL 33125, USA.
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31
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Tremblay PL, Bedard MA, Langlois D, Blanchet PJ, Lemay M, Parent M. Movement chunking during sequence learning is a dopamine-dependant process: a study conducted in Parkinson's disease. Exp Brain Res 2010; 205:375-85. [PMID: 20680249 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chunking of single movements into integrated sequences has been described during motor learning, and we have recently demonstrated that this process involves a dopamine-dependant mechanism in animal (Levesque et al. in Exp Brain Res 182:499-508, 2007; Tremblay et al. in Behav Brain Res 198:231-239, 2009). However, there is no such evidence in human. The aim of the present study was to assess this question in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurological condition known for its dopamine depletion in the striatum. Eleven PD patients were tested under their usual levodopa medication (ON state), and following a 12-h levodopa withdrawal (OFF state). Patients were compared with 12 healthy participants on a motor learning sequencing task, requiring pressing fourteen buttons in the correct order, which was determined by visual stimuli presented on a computer screen. Learning was assessed from three blocks of 20 trials administered successively. Chunks of movements were intrinsically created by each participant during this learning period. Then, the sequence was shuffled according to the participant's own chunks, generating two new sequences, with either preserved or broken chunks. Those new motor sequences had to be performed separately in a fourth and fifth blocks of 20 trials. Results showed that execution time improved in every group during the learning period (from blocks 1 to 3). However, while motor chunking occurred in healthy controls and ON-PD patients, it did not in OFF-PD patients. In the shuffling conditions, a significant difference was seen between the preserved and the broken chunks conditions for both healthy participants and ON-PD patients, but not for OFF-PD patients. These results suggest that movement chunking during motor sequence learning is a dopamine-dependent process in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Luc Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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Barnett-Cowan M, Dyde RT, Fox SH, Moro E, Hutchison WD, Harris LR. Multisensory determinants of orientation perception in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1138-50. [PMID: 20206672 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Perception of the relative orientation of the self and objects in the environment requires integration of visual and vestibular sensory information, and an internal representation of the body's orientation. Parkinson's disease (PD) patients are more visually dependent than controls, implicating the basal ganglia in using visual orientation cues. We examined the relative roles of visual and non-visual cues to orientation in PD using two different measures: the subjective visual vertical (SVV) and the perceptual upright (PU). We tested twelve PD patients (nine both on- and off-medication), and thirteen age-matched controls. Visual, vestibular and body cues were manipulated using a polarized visual room presented in various orientations while observers were upright or lying right-side-down. Relative to age-matched controls, patients with PD showed more influence of visual cues for the SVV but were more influenced by the direction of gravity for the PU. Increased SVV visual dependence corresponded with equal decreases of the contributions of body sense and gravity. Increased PU gravitational dependence corresponded mainly with a decreased contribution of body sense. Curiously however, both of these effects were significant only when patients were medicated. Increased SVV visual dependence was highest for PD patients with left-side initial motor symptoms. PD patients when on and off medication were more variable than controls when making judgments. Our results suggest that (i) PD patients are not more visually dependent in general, rather increased visual dependence is task specific and varies with initial onset side, (ii) PD patients may rely more on vestibular information for some perceptual tasks which is reflected in relying less on the internal representation of the body, and (iii) these effects are only present when PD patients are taking dopaminergic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barnett-Cowan
- Multisensory Integration Laboratory, Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M3J 1P3.
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Peterson DA, Sejnowski TJ, Poizner H. Convergent evidence for abnormal striatal synaptic plasticity in dystonia. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:558-73. [PMID: 20005952 PMCID: PMC2846420 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a functionally disabling movement disorder characterized by abnormal movements and postures. Although substantial recent progress has been made in identifying genetic factors, the pathophysiology of the disease remains a mystery. A provocative suggestion gaining broader acceptance is that some aspect of neural plasticity may be abnormal. There is also evidence that, at least in some forms of dystonia, sensorimotor "use" may be a contributing factor. Most empirical evidence of abnormal plasticity in dystonia comes from measures of sensorimotor cortical organization and physiology. However, the basal ganglia also play a critical role in sensorimotor function. Furthermore, the basal ganglia are prominently implicated in traditional models of dystonia, are the primary targets of stereotactic neurosurgical interventions, and provide a neural substrate for sensorimotor learning influenced by neuromodulators. Our working hypothesis is that abnormal plasticity in the basal ganglia is a critical link between the etiology and pathophysiology of dystonia. In this review we set up the background for this hypothesis by integrating a large body of disparate indirect evidence that dystonia may involve abnormalities in synaptic plasticity in the striatum. After reviewing evidence implicating the striatum in dystonia, we focus on the influence of two neuromodulatory systems: dopamine and acetylcholine. For both of these neuromodulators, we first describe the evidence for abnormalities in dystonia and then the means by which it may influence striatal synaptic plasticity. Collectively, the evidence suggests that many different forms of dystonia may involve abnormal plasticity in the striatum. An improved understanding of these altered plastic processes would help inform our understanding of the pathophysiology of dystonia, and, given the role of the striatum in sensorimotor learning, provide a principled basis for designing therapies aimed at the dynamic processes linking etiology to pathophysiology of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California at San Diego, San Diego Supercomputer Center-Annex, 0523, Level B-1, South Wing, B108E, La Jolla, CA 92093-0523, USA.
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Nowak DA, Ameli M, Kemper F, Sarfeld AS, Bensmail D, Konczak J, Fink GR. Arbitrary visuomotor mapping during object manipulation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2009; 24:1925-33. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.22543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Peterson DA, Elliott C, Song DD, Makeig S, Sejnowski TJ, Poizner H. Probabilistic reversal learning is impaired in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2009; 163:1092-101. [PMID: 19628022 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In many everyday settings, the relationship between our choices and their potentially rewarding outcomes is probabilistic and dynamic. In addition, the difficulty of the choices can vary widely. Although a large body of theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that dopamine mediates rewarded learning, the influence of dopamine in probabilistic and dynamic rewarded learning remains unclear. We adapted a probabilistic rewarded learning task originally used to study firing rates of dopamine cells in primate substantia nigra pars compacta [Morris G, Nevet A, Arkadir D, Vaadia E, Bergman H (2006) Midbrain dopamine neurons encode decisions for future action. Nat Neurosci 9:1057-1063] for use as a reversal learning task with humans. We sought to investigate how the dopamine depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD) affects probabilistic reward learning and adaptation to a reversal in reward contingencies. Over the course of 256 trials subjects learned to choose the more favorable from among pairs of images with small or large differences in reward probabilities. During a subsequent otherwise identical reversal phase, the reward probability contingencies for the stimuli were reversed. Seventeen PD patients of mild to moderate severity were studied off of their dopaminergic medications and compared to 15 age-matched controls. Compared to controls, PD patients had distinct pre- and post-reversal deficiencies depending upon the difficulty of the choices they had to learn. The patients also exhibited compromised adaptability to the reversal. A computational model of the subjects' trial-by-trial choices demonstrated that the adaptability was sensitive to the gain with which patients weighted pre-reversal feedback. Collectively, the results implicate the nigral dopaminergic system in learning to make choices in environments with probabilistic and dynamic reward contingencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Peterson
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California-San Diego, CA, USA
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Chan J, Leung H, Poizner H. Correlation among joint motions allows classification of Parkinsonian versus normal 3-D reaching. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2009; 18:142-9. [PMID: 19497826 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2009.2023296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, an objective assessment for determining whether a person has Parkinson disease is proposed. This is achieved by analyzing the correlation between joint movements, since Parkinsonian patients often have trouble coordinating different joints in a movement. Thus, the auto-correlation coefficient of single joint movements and the cross-correlation between movements in a pair of joints (hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder) were studied. These features were used to train and provide classification of subjects as having or not having Parkinson's disease using the least square support vector machine (LS-SVM). Experimental results showed that using either auto-correlation or cross-correlation features for classification provided over 91% correct classification. Using both features together provided better performance (96.0%) than using either feature alone. In addition, the performance of LS-SVM is better than that of self-organizing map (SOM) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Chan
- City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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37
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Mongeon D, Blanchet P, Messier J. Impact of Parkinson's disease and dopaminergic medication on proprioceptive processing. Neuroscience 2009; 158:426-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Paquet F, Bedard MA, Levesque M, Tremblay PL, Lemay M, Blanchet PJ, Scherzer P, Chouinard S, Filion J. Sensorimotor adaptation in Parkinson's disease: evidence for a dopamine dependent remapping disturbance. Exp Brain Res 2007; 185:227-36. [PMID: 17957363 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-007-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation is thought to involve a remapping of the kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with movements performed within a changing environment. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are known to be affected on this type of learning process, although the specific role of dopamine depletion in these deficits has not yet been elucidated. The present study was an attempt to clarify whether dopamine depletion in PD may directly affect the capacity to internally reorganize the visuomotor remapping of a distorted environment. Fourteen PD patients were tested twice, while they were treated and while they were withdrawn from their regular levodopa treatment. Fourteen control subjects were also enrolled and tested twice. Two parallel forms of the Computed Mirror Pointing Task (CMPT), requiring making a reaching movement in a visually transformed environment (mirror inversion), were administered to each participant. Each of them had to perform 40 trials at each of the 2 testing sessions. At each trial, sensorimotor adaptation was evaluated by the initial direction angle (IDA), which reflects the direction of movement before any visually guided readjustment. Results revealed no IDA difference at baseline, between control subject and PD patients, whether they were treated or not. In all group, IDA values at that time were large, reflecting a tendency to make movements according to the real life visuomotor mapping (based on the natural direct vision). However, striking differences appeared during sensorimotor learning, in that IDA reduction along trials was poorer in patient not treated with levodopa than both control subjects and the same PD patient treated with levodopa. No difference was observed between the treated PD patients and control subjects. Given that IDA is thought to reflect the internal representation of the visuomotor mapping, it is concluded that dopamine depletion in PD would affects sensorimotor adaptation, in that it facilitates old and poorly adapted movements (real life mapping), instead of new and more adapted ones (mirror transformed mapping).
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Affiliation(s)
- F Paquet
- Department of Psychology, Neuropsychology Division, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Station Downtown, PO Box 8888, Montreal, QC, Canada
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39
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Marathe AR, Carey HL, Taylor DM. Virtual reality hardware and graphic display options for brain-machine interfaces. J Neurosci Methods 2007; 167:2-14. [PMID: 18006069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Virtual reality hardware and graphic displays are reviewed here as a development environment for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Two desktop stereoscopic monitors and one 2D monitor were compared in a visual depth discrimination task and in a 3D target-matching task where able-bodied individuals used actual hand movements to match a virtual hand to different target hands. Three graphic representations of the hand were compared: a plain sphere, a sphere attached to the fingertip of a realistic hand and arm, and a stylized pacman-like hand. Several subjects had great difficulty using either stereo monitor for depth perception when perspective size cues were removed. A mismatch in stereo and size cues generated inappropriate depth illusions. This phenomenon has implications for choosing target and virtual hand sizes in BMI experiments. Target-matching accuracy was about as good with the 2D monitor as with either 3D monitor. However, users achieved this accuracy by exploring the boundaries of the hand in the target with carefully controlled movements. This method of determining relative depth may not be possible in BMI experiments if movement control is more limited. Intuitive depth cues, such as including a virtual arm, can significantly improve depth perception accuracy with or without stereo viewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar R Marathe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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40
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Seidler RD. Older adults can learn to learn new motor skills. Behav Brain Res 2007; 183:118-22. [PMID: 17602760 PMCID: PMC1995805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that aging is associated with declines in skill acquisition. In the current study, we tested whether older adults could acquire general, transferable knowledge about skill learning processes. Older adult participants learned five different motor tasks. Two older adult control groups performed the same number of trials, but learned only one task. The experimental group exhibited faster learning than that seen in the control groups. These data demonstrate that older adults can learn to learn new motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2214, United States.
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