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Hapakova L, Necpal J, Kosutzka Z. The antisaccadic paradigm: A complementary neuropsychological tool in basal ganglia disorders. Cortex 2024; 178:116-140. [PMID: 38991475 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of the antisaccadic task in understanding inhibitory mechanisms in basal ganglia disorders. It conducts a comparative analysis of saccadic profiles in conditions such as Parkinson's disease, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, Huntington's disease, and dystonia, revealing distinct patterns and proposing mechanisms for impaired performance. The primary focus is on two inhibitory mechanisms: global, pre-emptive inhibition responsible for suppressing prepotent responses, and slower, selective response inhibition. The antisaccadic task demonstrates practicality in clinical applications, aiding in differential diagnoses, treatment monitoring and reflecting gait control. To further enhance its differential diagnostic value, future directions should address issues such as the standardization of eye-tracking protocol and the integration of eye-tracking data with other disease indicators in a comprehensive dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Hapakova
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jan Necpal
- Neurology Department, Hospital Zvolen, a. s., Zvolen, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kosutzka
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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2
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Luo J, Li F, Wu Y, Liu X, Zheng Q, Qi Y, Huang H, Xu G, Liu Z, He F, Zheng Y. A mobile device-based game prototype for ADHD: development and preliminary feasibility testing. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:251. [PMID: 38858375 PMCID: PMC11164876 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02964-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to devise and assess a mobile game therapy software for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), as well as evaluating its suitability and effectiveness in improving the cognitive ability of typically developing children. The study encompassed 55 children diagnosed with ADHD and 55 neurotypical children. Initial assessments involved ADHD-related scales, computerized tests for information processing, and physiological-psychological evaluations. After a 4-week home-based game intervention, participants underwent re-evaluation using baseline measures and provided feedback on treatment satisfaction. Considering the small proportion of study participants who dropped out, data was analyzed using both the Intention-to-Treat (ITT) analysis and the Per-protocol (PP) analysis. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06181747). In ITT analysis, post-intervention analysis using linear mixed models indicated that the ADHD group improved significantly more than the neurotypical group particularly in Continuous Performance Test (CPT) accuracy (B = -23.92, p < 0.001) and reaction time (B = 86.08, p < 0.01), along with enhancements in anti-saccade (B = -10.65, p < 0.05) and delayed-saccade tasks (B = 0.34, p < 0.05). A reduction in parent-rated SNAP-IV scores was also observed (B = 0.43, p < 0.01). In PP analysis, paired-sample t-tests suggested that the ADHD group had significant changes pre- and post-intervention, in terms of CPT Accuracy (t = -7.62, p < 0.01), Anti-saccade task Correct Rate (t = -3.90, p < 0.01) and SNAP-IV scores (t = -4,64, p < 0.01). However, no significant changes post-intervention were observed in the neurotypical group. Survey feedback highlighted a strong interest in the games across both groups, though ADHD participants found the game more challenging. Parents of ADHD children reported perceived benefits and a willingness to continue the game therapy, unlike the neurotypical group's parents. The findings advocated for the integration of serious video games as a complementary tool in ADHD treatment strategies, demonstrating the potential to augment attentional abilities and alleviate clinical symptoms. However, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) is needed to further verify its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzhen Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanang Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyi Zheng
- Department of Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
| | - Yanjie Qi
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoyang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- Key Lab of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan He
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Akıncı MA, Bozkurt A, Turan B, Esin İS, Donbaloğlu MA, Bingöl İ, Tümüklü Özyer G, Kılıç U, Dursun OB. Objective Parameters in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Eye and Head Movements. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:982-991. [PMID: 38214185 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231221746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate eye and head movements, which are objective parameters in ADHD. Method: While the children were watching the course video task, which included the relevant (teacher and smart board) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas of interest, their eye movements were evaluated through eye tracking, and video recordings were made simultaneous. Head position estimation was made using through video recordings. The proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) and saccade count, amplitude, velocity for eye movements, number of total head movements and angular change of head movement in x-y-z axes for head movements were compared. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI on the relevant area, and had more saccade and head movements The angular change of head movement in the x-axis was higher in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION In the assessment of ADHD, the eye and head movements may be particulary useful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University Medicine Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | - İsa Bingöl
- Bayburt University Distance Education Application and Research Center, Turkey
| | | | - Uğur Kılıç
- Atatürk University Computer Engineering Department, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Turkish Ministry of Health Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Lee TL, Yeung MK, Sze SL, Chan AS. Computerized Eye-Tracking Training Improves the Saccadic Eye Movements of Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E1016. [PMID: 33371236 PMCID: PMC7766133 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10121016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal saccadic eye movements, such as longer anti-saccade latency and lower pro-saccade accuracy, are common in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of computerized eye-tracking training on improving saccadic eye movements in children with ADHD. Eighteen children with ADHD (mean age = 8.8 years, 10 males) were recruited and assigned to either the experimental (n = 9) or control group (n = 9). The experimental group underwent an accumulated 240 min of eye-tracking training within two weeks, whereas the control group engaged in web game playing for the same amount of time. Saccadic performances were assessed using the anti- and pro-saccade tasks before and after training. Compared to the baseline, only the children who underwent the eye-tracking training showed significant improvements in saccade latency and accuracy in the anti- and pro-saccade tasks, respectively. In contrast, the control group exhibited no significant changes. These preliminary findings support the use of eye-tracking training as a safe non-pharmacological intervention for improving the saccadic eye movements of children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Lok Lee
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
| | - Michael K. Yeung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Sophia L. Sze
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Agnes S. Chan
- Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; (T.L.L.); (S.L.S.)
- Research Center for Neuropsychological Well-Being, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Gallagher V, Vesci B, Mjaanes J, Breiter H, Chen Y, Herrold A, Reilly J. Eye movement performance and clinical outcomes among female athletes post-concussion. Brain Inj 2020; 34:1674-1684. [PMID: 33103479 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1830173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most post-concussion eye movement (EM) research involves predominantly male samples. We evaluated pro- (PRO; reflexive shift of visual attention to target) and anti- (ANTI; executive control of visual attention away from target) computer-based saccade task performance among female, collegiate athletes with recent concussion (CON) versus healthy-control athletes (HC). We evaluated the relationship between EM performance and post-concussion outcomes. We hypothesized ANTI performance would differ among CON and HC due to greater executive control demands, and that EM performance (both tasks) would be associated with clinical outcomes in CON. METHODS 16 CON (assessed 4-10 days post-injury [M = 6.87, SD = 2.15 days]) and 16 age-matched HC athletes were recruited. General linear mixed modeling and Pearson's correlations were used. RESULTS On ANTI, CON demonstrated higher error rate [F(1,2863) = 12.650, p<.001] and shorter latency on error trials [F(1,469) = 5.976, p=.015] relative to HC. Multiple EM measures were associated with clinical outcomes: PRO duration predicted days to symptom remission (r=.44, p <.05); ANTI error rate was associated with symptom burden on the day of testing (r=.27, p <.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates promising utility of EM measures to detect cognitive control and sensorimotor effects of concussion among female athletes and their use as a prognostic indicators of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brian Vesci
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey Mjaanes
- Department of Sports Medicine, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Hans Breiter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yufen Chen
- Center for Translational Imaging, Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy Herrold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Research Health Scientist, Edward Hines, Jr. VA Hospital , Hines IL, Oregon, USA
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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The role of cognitive flexibility and inhibition in complex dynamic tasks: the case of sight reading music. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Mack DJ, Heinzel S, Pilotto A, Stetz L, Lachenmaier S, Gugolz L, Srulijes K, Eschweiler GW, Sünkel U, Berg D, Ilg UJ. The effect of age and gender on anti-saccade performance: Results from a large cohort of healthy aging individuals. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4165-4184. [PMID: 32575168 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
By 2050, the global population of people aged 65 years or older will triple. While this is accompanied with an increasing burden of age-associated diseases, it also emphasizes the need to understand the effects of healthy aging on cognitive processes. One such effect is a general slowing of processing speed, which is well documented in many domains. The execution of anti-saccades depends on a well-established brain-wide network ranging from various cortical areas and basal ganglia through the superior colliculus down to the brainstem saccade generators. To clarify the consequences of healthy aging as well as gender on the execution of reflexive and voluntary saccades, we measured a large sample of healthy, non-demented individuals (n = 731, aged 51-84 years) in the anti-saccade task. Age affected various aspects of saccade performance: The number of valid trials decreased with age. Error rate, saccadic reaction times (SRTs), and variability in saccade accuracy increased with age, whereas anti-saccade costs, accuracy, and peak velocity of anti-saccades and direction errors were not affected by age. Gender affected SRTs independent of age and saccade type with male participants having overall shorter SRTs. Our rigid and solid statistical testing using linear mixed-effect models provide evidence for a uniform slowing of processing speed independent of the actually performed eye movement. Our data do not support the assumption of a specific deterioration of frontal lobe functions with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mack
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heinzel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea Pilotto
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lena Stetz
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Lachenmaier
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonie Gugolz
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karin Srulijes
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Geriatrics and Clinic of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Robert-Bosch-Hospital, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gerhard W Eschweiler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Geriatric Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Sünkel
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Uwe J Ilg
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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8
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Ettenhofer ML, Gimbel SI, Cordero E. Clinical validation of an optimized multimodal neurocognitive assessment of chronic mild TBI. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:507-516. [PMID: 32207241 PMCID: PMC7187705 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous laboratory-based studies have shown that neurocognitive eye-tracking metrics are sensitive to chronic effects of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), even in individuals with normal performance on traditional neuropsychological measures. In this study, we sought to replicate and extend these findings in a military medical environment. We expected that metrics from the multimodal Fusion n-Back test would successfully distinguish chronic mTBI participants from controls, particularly eye movement metrics from the more cognitively challenging "1-Back" subtest. METHODS We compared performance of participants with chronic mTBI (n = 46) and controls (n = 33) on the Fusion n-Back test and a battery of conventional neuropsychological tests. Additionally, we examined test reliability and the impact of potential confounds to neurocognitive assessment. RESULTS Our results supported hypotheses; Fusion 1-Back metrics were successful in multimodal (saccadic and manual) classification of chronic mTBI versus control. In contrast, conventional neuropsychological measures could not distinguish these groups. Additional findings demonstrated the reliability of Fusion n-Back test metrics and provided evidence that saccadic metrics are resistant to confounding influences of age, intelligence, and psychiatric symptoms. INTERPRETATION The Fusion n-Back test could provide advantages in differential diagnosis for complex brain injury populations. Additionally, the rapid administration of this test could be valuable for screening patients in clinical settings where longer test batteries are not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Ettenhofer
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland.,Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center, Silver Spring, Maryland.,Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.,University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Sarah I Gimbel
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.,General Dynamics Information Technology, Falls Church, Virginia
| | - Evelyn Cordero
- Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland
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9
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Ouerfelli-Ethier J, Elsaeid B, Desgroseilliers J, Munoz DP, Blohm G, Khan AZ. Anti-saccades predict cognitive functions in older adults and patients with Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207589. [PMID: 30485332 PMCID: PMC6261587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major component of cognitive control is the ability to act flexibly in the environment by either behaving automatically or inhibiting an automatic behaviour. The interleaved pro/anti-saccade task measures cognitive control because the task relies on one's abilities to switch flexibly between pro and anti-saccades, and inhibit automatic saccades during anti-saccade trials. Decline in cognitive control occurs during aging or neurological illnesses such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and indicates decline in other cognitive abilities, such as memory. However, little is known about the relationship between cognitive control and other cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether anti-saccade performance can predict decision-making, visual memory, and pop-out and serial visual search performance. We tested 34 younger adults, 22 older adults, and 20 PD patients on four tasks: an interleaved pro/anti-saccade, a spatial visual memory, a decision-making and two types of visual search (pop-out and serial) tasks. Anti-saccade performance was a good predictor of decision-making and visual memory abilities for both older adults and PD patients, while it predicted visual search performance to a larger extent in PD patients. Our results thus demonstrate the suitability of the interleaved pro/anti-saccade task as a cognitive marker of cognitive control in aging and PD populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Basma Elsaeid
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julie Desgroseilliers
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gunnar Blohm
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Ettenhofer ML, Hershaw JN, Engle JR, Hungerford LD. Saccadic impairment in chronic traumatic brain injury: examining the influence of cognitive load and injury severity. Brain Inj 2018; 32:1740-1748. [PMID: 30183381 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1511067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that saccadic eye movements can be uniquely sensitive to impairment in chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was conducted to examine saccadic eye movements across varying levels of cognitive load and TBI history/severity. We hypothesized that saccadic impairment in chronic mild and moderate-severe TBI would be most pronounced under conditions of high cognitive load. METHODS In total, 61 participants (including n = 20 with chronic mild TBI, n = 15 with chronic moderate-severe TBI, and 26 uninjured controls) completed a battery of conventional neuropsychological tests and the Fusion n-Back Test, which measures manual and saccadic response time (RT) across varying cognitive load and cueing conditions. RESULTS Consistent with our hypotheses, chronic mild and moderate-severe TBI were associated with substantial saccadic impairment under conditions of high cognitive load. Participants with moderate-severe TBI also demonstrated saccadic impairment at low levels of cognitive load. TBI groups and uninjured controls did not differ significantly on manual metrics or conventional neuropsychological measures. CONCLUSIONS This study provides additional support for the value of eye tracking for enhanced assessment of TBI. Additionally, findings suggest that TBI is associated with greatest susceptibility to oculomotor interference under high levels of cognitive load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Ettenhofer
- a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,d Department of Psychiatry , University of California, San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Jamie N Hershaw
- c Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA.,e Henry M. Jackson Foundation , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | | | - Lars D Hungerford
- a Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center , Silver Spring , MD , USA.,b Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , Naval Medical Center San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA
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11
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Aponte EA, Tschan DG, Stephan KE, Heinzle J. Inhibition failures and late errors in the antisaccade task: influence of cue delay. J Neurophysiol 2018; 120:3001-3016. [PMID: 30110237 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00240.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antisaccade task participants are required to saccade in the opposite direction of a peripheral visual cue (PVC). This paradigm is often used to investigate inhibition of reflexive responses as well as voluntary response generation. However, it is not clear to what extent different versions of this task probe the same underlying processes. Here, we explored with the Stochastic Early Reaction, Inhibition, and late Action (SERIA) model how the delay between task cue and PVC affects reaction time (RT) and error rate (ER) when pro- and antisaccade trials are randomly interleaved. Specifically, we contrasted a condition in which the task cue was presented before the PVC with a condition in which the PVC served also as task cue. Summary statistics indicate that ERs and RTs are reduced and contextual effects largely removed when the task is signaled before the PVC appears. The SERIA model accounts for RT and ER in both conditions and better so than other candidate models. Modeling demonstrates that voluntary pro- and antisaccades are frequent in both conditions. Moreover, early task cue presentation results in better control of reflexive saccades, leading to fewer fast antisaccade errors and more rapid correct prosaccades. Finally, high-latency errors are shown to be prevalent in both conditions. In summary, SERIA provides an explanation for the differences in the delayed and nondelayed antisaccade task. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this article, we use a computational model to study the mixed antisaccade task. We contrast two conditions in which the task cue is presented either before or concurrently with the saccadic target. Modeling provides a highly accurate account of participants' behavior and demonstrates that a significant number of prosaccades are voluntary actions. Moreover, we provide a detailed quantitative analysis of the types of error that occur in pro- and antisaccade trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo A Aponte
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dominic G Tschan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Klaas E Stephan
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London . London , United Kingdom.,Max Planck Institute for Metabolism Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jakob Heinzle
- Translational Neuromodeling Unit, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich . Zurich , Switzerland
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12
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Ettenhofer ML, Hershaw JN, Barry DM. Multimodal assessment of visual attention using the Bethesda Eye & Attention Measure (BEAM). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:96-110. [PMID: 26595351 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1089978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Computerized cognitive tests measuring manual response time (RT) and errors are often used in the assessment of visual attention. Evidence suggests that saccadic RT and errors may also provide valuable information about attention. This study was conducted to examine a novel approach to multimodal assessment of visual attention incorporating concurrent measurements of saccadic eye movements and manual responses. METHOD A computerized cognitive task, the Bethesda Eye & Attention Measure (BEAM) v.34, was designed to evaluate key attention networks through concurrent measurement of saccadic and manual RT and inhibition errors. Results from a community sample of n = 54 adults were analyzed to examine effects of BEAM attention cues on manual and saccadic RT and inhibition errors, internal reliability of BEAM metrics, relationships between parallel saccadic and manual metrics, and relationships of BEAM metrics to demographic characteristics. RESULTS Effects of BEAM attention cues (alerting, orienting, interference, gap, and no-go signals) were consistent with previous literature examining key attention processes. However, corresponding saccadic and manual measurements were weakly related to each other, and only manual measurements were related to estimated verbal intelligence or years of education. CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary support for the feasibility of multimodal assessment of visual attention using the BEAM. Results suggest that BEAM saccadic and manual metrics provide divergent measurements. Additional research will be needed to obtain comprehensive normative data, to cross-validate BEAM measurements with other indicators of neural and cognitive function, and to evaluate the utility of these metrics within clinical populations of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Ettenhofer
- a Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jamie N Hershaw
- a Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - David M Barry
- a Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences , Bethesda , MD , USA
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13
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Nemanich ST, Earhart GM. Freezing of gait is associated with increased saccade latency and variability in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2394-401. [PMID: 27178858 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Freezing of gait (FOG) is a locomotor disturbance in Parkinson disease (PD) related to impaired motor automaticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of freezing on automaticity in the oculomotor system using an anti-saccade paradigm. METHODS Subjects with PD with (PD-FOG, n=13) and without (PD-NON, n=13) FOG, and healthy age-matched controls (CTRL, n=12) completed automatic pro-saccades and non-automatic anti-saccades. Primary outcomes were saccade latency, velocity, and gain. RESULTS PD-FOG (pro-saccade latency=271ms, anti-saccade latency=412ms) were slower to execute both types of saccades compared to PD-NON (253ms, 330ms) and CTRL (246ms, 327ms). Saccade velocity and gain variability was also increased in PD-FOG. CONCLUSIONS Saccade performance was affected in PD-FOG for both types of saccades, indicating differences in automaticity and control in the oculomotor system related to freezing. SIGNIFICANCE These results and others show that FOG impacts non-gait motor functions, suggesting global motor impairment in PD-FOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Nemanich
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Gammon M Earhart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Vanlessen N, De Raedt R, Mueller SC, Rossi V, Pourtois G. Happy and less inhibited? Effects of positive mood on inhibitory control during an antisaccade task revealed using topographic evoked potential mapping. Biol Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Drollette ES, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Davis Moore R, Pontifex MB, Erickson KI, Hillman CH. The sexual dimorphic association of cardiorespiratory fitness to working memory in children. Dev Sci 2015; 19:90-108. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; USA
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; USA
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; USA
| | - R. Davis Moore
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; USA
| | | | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology; University of Pittsburgh; USA
- The Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition; University of Pittsburgh; USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; USA
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16
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Bowling AC, Lindsay P, Smith BG, Storok K. Saccadic eye movements as indicators of cognitive function in older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2014; 22:201-19. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2014.901290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Schaeffer DJ, Amlung MT, Li Q, Krafft CE, Austin BP, Dyckman KA, McDowell JE. Neural correlates of behavioral variation in healthy adults' antisaccade performance. Psychophysiology 2013; 50:325-33. [PMID: 23418930 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive control is required for correct antisaccade performance. High antisaccade error rates characterize certain psychiatric disorders, but can be highly variable, even among healthy groups. Antisaccade data were acquired from a large sample of healthy undergraduates, and error rate was quantified. Participants who reliably made few errors (good, n = 13) or many errors (poor, n = 13) were recruited back to perform antisaccades during fMRI acquisition. A data-derived model was used to compare signal between good and poor performers during blocks of antisaccade trials. Behaviorally derived regressors were used to compare signal between good and poor performers during correct and error trials. Results show differential activation in middle frontal gyrus and inferior parietal lobule between good and poor performers, suggesting that failure to recruit these top-down control regions corresponds to poor antisaccade performance in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schaeffer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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18
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Kattoulas E, Smyrnis N, Stefanis NC, Avramopoulos D, Stefanis CN, Evdokimidis I. Predictive smooth eye pursuit in a population of young men: I. Effects of age, IQ, oculomotor and cognitive tasks. Exp Brain Res 2011; 215:207-18. [PMID: 21986670 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Smooth eye pursuit is believed to involve the integration of an extraretinal signal formed by an internal representation of the moving target and a retinal signal using the visual feedback to evaluate performance. A variation of the smooth eye pursuit paradigm (in which the moving target is occluded for a short period of time and subjects are asked to continue tracking) designed to isolate the predictive processes that drive the extraretinal signal was performed by 1,187 young men. The latency to the onset of change in pursuit speed, the time of decelerating eye-movement speed and the steady state residual gain were measured for each subject and correlated with measures of other oculomotor (closed-loop smooth eye pursuit, saccade, antisaccade, active fixation) and cognitive tasks (measuring sustained attention and working memory). Deceleration time increased with increasing age, while education, general IQ and cognitive variables had no effect on predictive pursuit performance. Predictive pursuit indices were correlated to those of closed-loop pursuit and antisaccade performance, but these correlations were very weak except for a positive correlation of residual gain to saccade frequency in the fixation task with distracters. This correlation suggested that the maintenance of active fixation is negatively correlated with the ability to maintain predictive pursuit speed. In conclusion, this study presents predictive pursuit performance in a large sample of apparently healthy individuals. Surprisingly, predictive pursuit was weakly if at all related to closed-loop pursuit or other oculomotor and cognitive tasks, supporting the usefulness of this phenotype in the study of frontal lobe integrity in normal and patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Kattoulas
- Cognition and Action Group, Neurology Department, Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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19
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci 2011; 14:1046-58. [PMID: 21884320 PMCID: PMC3177170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of a 9-month randomized control physical activity intervention aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness on changes in working memory performance in preadolescent children relative to a waitlist control group. Participants performed a modified Sternberg task, which manipulated working memory demands based on encoding set sizes, while task performance and the contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related brain potential were measured. Analyses revealed that the physical activity intervention led to increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and improved Sternberg task performance. Further, the beneficial effects of the physical activity intervention were greater for a task condition requiring greater working memory demands. In addition, the intervention group exhibited larger initial CNV at the frontal electrode site, relative to the waitlist group at post-test; an effect not observed during the pre-test. These results indicate that increases in cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improvements in the cognitive control of working memory in preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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20
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Error awareness and antisaccade performance. Exp Brain Res 2011; 213:27-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Patterns of change in ocular motor development. Exp Brain Res 2011; 210:33-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2601-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Van der Stigchel S, Imants P, Ridderinkhof KR. Positive affect increases cognitive control in the antisaccade task. Brain Cogn 2010; 75:177-81. [PMID: 21134709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To delineate the modulatory effects of induced positive affect on cognitive control, the current study investigated whether positive affect increases the ability to suppress a reflexive saccade in the antisaccade task. Results of the antisaccade task showed that participants made fewer erroneous prosaccades in the condition in which a positive mood was induced compared to the neutral condition (i.e. in which no emotional mood was induced). This improvement of oculomotor inhibition was restricted to saccades with an express latency. These results are in line with the idea that enhanced performance in the positive affect condition could be caused by increased dopaminergic neurotransmission the brain.
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