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Aly M, Ishihara T, Torii S, Kamijo K. Being underweight, academic performance and cognitive control in undergraduate women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:249-258. [PMID: 38082003 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of underweight among young women is a serious international health issue. However, the evidence on how being underweight negatively affects brain health and cognition is still unclear. This study investigated the association between underweight status, academic performance, and neurocognitive control in young Japanese women using a cross-sectional design. We analyzed the academic performance of female undergraduates, comparing underweight and healthy-weight groups (n = 43; age 18-23 years, M = 21.1, SD = 1.3) based on their grade point average (GPA). We also analyzed their error-related negativity (ERN), an electrophysiological measure that potentially reflects academic performance, during an arrowhead version of the flanker task to assess cognitive control of action monitoring. Participants with a low body mass index were found to have lower GPAs. Furthermore, the underweight students exhibited smaller ERN amplitudes, which indicates decreased cognitive control in action monitoring. These findings suggest that a healthy weight status is essential for effective cognitive functioning and academic success in young adult women, among whom being underweight is a serious health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Aly
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Educational Sciences and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Kuroda Y, Ishihara T, Kamijo K. Balancing academics and athletics: School-level athletes' results are positively associated with their academic performance. Trends Neurosci Educ 2023; 33:100210. [PMID: 38049288 DOI: 10.1016/j.tine.2023.100210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using data from a nationwide high-school sample, the present study aimed to examine whether school-level athletes' sporting results are positively or negatively associated with their academic performance. METHODS Athletic performance was assessed using the results of spring and summer regional qualifying interschool tennis tournaments in Japan among both male and female tournaments across all prefectures in Japan. Academic performance was assessed using the standardized rank scores for academic performance at the school level, with higher scores denoting superior academic levels; this is the most common measure of academic performance in Japanese high schools. Linear mixed models were conducted to compare the academic performance of high schools with winning and losing records, respectively, for all games together and for the spring and summer tournaments separately. The results of a total of 4,870 games were analyzed. RESULTS High schools with winning records showed a significantly higher academic-performance score than those with losing records, and this association was stronger among boys than girls. The observed difference in academic-performance scores between the schools with winning and losing records, respectively, was replicated in both tournament settings (i.e., spring and summer). CONCLUSIONS Athletic results are positively associated with academic performance at the school level. Given the cross-sectional nature of the present study, the present results do not necessarily imply that sports participation can improve academic performance; rather, the present study suggests that balancing academic and athletic commitments is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kuroda
- Department of Sport Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan.
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
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3
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Luo X, Herold F, Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Hillman CH, Alderman BL, Müller NG, Kramer AF, Ishihara T, Song W, Zou L. Association of physical activity and fitness with executive function among preschoolers. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2023; 23:100400. [PMID: 37663042 PMCID: PMC10469079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well-documented in the literature that high levels of regular physical activity (PA), low levels of sedentary behavior (SB), and high levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with superior cognitive functioning, especially with regard to older populations. However, concerning other age groups (e.g., preschoolers) the available evidence documenting such a positive relationship is relatively scarce. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of time spent in different PA intensity zones and CRF with executive functions (EFs) in preschool-age children. To this end, preschoolers (n = 127) aged 3 to 6 years were recruited from 9 kindergarten classes in 2 districts of Shenzhen, China. The amount and the intensity of PA were assessed via accelerometry, and the CRF level was quantified by the 20-meter shuttle run test. EFs including inhibitory control and working memory were assessed using the one-on-one iPad-based Early Year Toolbox. Results suggested that children who had a higher CRF level ("impulse control" scores: β = 0.34, p < .001; "Go" accuracy: β = 0.31, p < .001; "No-Go" accuracy: β =0.28, < .001) and spentmore time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ("impulse control" scores: β = 0.50, p < .001; No-Go" accuracy: β = 0.52, p < .001) had higher scores on inhibitory control tasks, and those who had a higher CRF level had higher scores on a working memory task (β = 0.24, p < .05). The findings are discussed in light of the positive roles of MVPA and CRF for promoting EFs, but also consider the disproportionate association of PA and CRF with working memory relative to inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
| | - Fabian Herold
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Charles H. Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bandon L. Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Notger G. Müller
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign, Champaign 61820, IL, USA
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Wook Song
- Department of Kinesiology, Institute of Sport Science / Institute on Aging, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Liye Zou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, 518060, China
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Zou L, Herold F, Ludyga S, Kamijo K, Müller NG, Pontifex MB, Heath M, Kuwamizu R, Soya H, Hillman CH, Ando S, Alderman BL, Cheval B, Kramer AF. Look into my eyes: What can eye-based measures tell us about the relationship between physical activity and cognitive performance? J Sport Health Sci 2023; 12:568-591. [PMID: 37148971 PMCID: PMC10466196 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing interest to understand the neurobiological mechanisms that drive the positive associations of physical activity and fitness with measures of cognitive performance. To better understand those mechanisms, several studies have employed eye-based measures (e.g., eye movement measures such as saccades, pupillary measures such as pupil dilation, and vascular measures such as retinal vessel diameter) deemed to be proxies for specific neurobiological mechanisms. However, there is currently no systematic review providing a comprehensive overview of these studies in the field of exercise-cognition science. Thus, this review aimed to address that gap in the literature. METHODS To identify eligible studies, we searched 5 electronic databases on October 23, 2022. Two researchers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using a modified version of the Tool for the assEssment of Study qualiTy and reporting in EXercise (TESTEX scale, for interventional studies) and the critical appraisal tool from the Joanna Briggs Institute (for cross-sectional studies). RESULTS Our systematic review (n = 35 studies) offers the following main findings: (a) there is insufficient evidence available to draw solid conclusions concerning gaze-fixation-based measures; (b) the evidence that pupillometric measures, which are a proxy for the noradrenergic system, can explain the positive effect of acute exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on cognitive performance is mixed; (c) physical training- or fitness-related changes of the cerebrovascular system (operationalized via changes in retinal vasculature) are, in general, positively associated with cognitive performance improvements; (d) acute and chronic physical exercises show a positive effect based on an oculomotor-based measure of executive function (operationalized via antisaccade tasks); and (e) the positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance is partly mediated by the dopaminergic system (operationalized via spontaneous eye-blink rate). CONCLUSION This systematic review offers confirmation that eye-based measures can provide valuable insight into the neurobiological mechanisms that may drive positive associations between physical activity and fitness and measures of cognitive performance. However, due to the limited number of studies utilizing specific methods for obtaining eye-based measures (e.g., pupillometry, retinal vessel analysis, spontaneous eye blink rate) or investigating a possible dose-response relationship, further research is necessary before more nuanced conclusions can be drawn. Given that eye-based measures are economical and non-invasive, we hope this review will foster the future application of eye-based measures in the field of exercise-cognition science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany.
| | - Fabian Herold
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, University of Basel, Basel 4052, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya 466-8666, Japan
| | - Notger G Müller
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Matthew B Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London ON, N6A 3K7, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soichi Ando
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Brandon L Alderman
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Boris Cheval
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland; Laboratory for the Study of Emotion Elicitation and Expression (E3Lab), Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1205, Switzerland
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Abdelkarim O, Aly M, ElGyar N, Shalaby AM, Kamijo K, Woll A, Bös K. Association between aerobic fitness and attentional functions in Egyptian preadolescent children. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1172423. [PMID: 37484080 PMCID: PMC10359903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1172423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that culture and education can influence cognitive constructs. Studies targeting Western and Asian populations have shown a positive relationship between aerobic fitness and cognitive control in children; however, this association has yet to be explored in the Arab world. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness and attentional networks in Egyptian preadolescent children. In total, 103 preadolescent children (9.76 ± 0.11) completed an assessment of aerobic fitness using a 6-min running test and a computerized attention network test that allowed for assessing alerting, orienting, and executive networks. The results revealed that higher aerobic fitness was associated with shorter response time and higher response accuracy in a more cognitively demanding task condition (i.e., incongruent trials). Furthermore, higher aerobic fitness was associated with a more efficient executive network. No associations were observed for alerting and orienting networks. These findings corroborate growing evidence indicating the importance of aerobic fitness for cognitive development and extend the literature by suggesting that the positive association between aerobic fitness and cognitive control might be generalized to the Arab population and not significantly change across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Abdelkarim
- Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mohamed Aly
- Faculty of Physical Education, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Noha ElGyar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatri, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Amira M. Shalaby
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatri, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Alexander Woll
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Klaus Bös
- Institute of Sports and Sports Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Abstract
The promotion of autonomic balance and social brain networks may explain the association of endurance exercise and social cognition. Specific nervous system functions and the regulating roles of oxytocin have evolved because of the necessity to negotiate increasingly complex social systems. We hypothesize that acute and long-term physical activity and exercise have the potential to benefit social cognitive abilities, such as emotion recognition and regulation, by operating on these functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Japan
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K. Exercise types and working memory components during development. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:191-203. [PMID: 35031211 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is crucial to learning and academic success. Exercise has been found to benefit working memory in late life, but its effects during cognitive development are less clear. Building on findings that working memory is supported by the motor system, we highlight the sensitivity of different working memory components to acute and long-term exercise in children and adolescents. We also consider how the specific skill demands of endurance and coordinative exercise influence this sensitivity. Distinct effects of these exercise types are further linked with neurocognitive and neuroendocrine pathways. Our review suggests long-term rather than acute benefits of exercise for children and adolescents' working memory, which are more pronounced and specific for exercise with high coordinative demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
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Ishihara T, Morita N, Nakajima T, Yamatsu K, Okita K, Sagawa M, Kamijo K. Author Correction: Differential effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on worst- and best- school subjects. NPJ Sci Learn 2021; 6:36. [PMID: 34876585 PMCID: PMC8651645 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noriteru Morita
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Teachers Training, Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Yamatsu
- Faculty of Education, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Department of Sport Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Sagawa
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Nakata H, Takezawa M, Kamijo K, Shibasaki M. Modality differences in ERP components between somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms in prepubescent children. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259653. [PMID: 34748591 PMCID: PMC8575285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated modality differences in the N2 and P3 components of event-related potentials (ERPs) between somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms in eighteen healthy prepubescent children (mean age: 125.9±4.2 months). We also evaluated the relationship between behavioral responses (reaction time, reaction time variability, and omission and commission error rates) and amplitudes and latencies of N2 and P3 during somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms. The peak latency of No-go-N2 was significantly shorter than that of Go-N2 during somatosensory paradigms, but not during auditory paradigms. The peak amplitude of P3 was significantly larger during somatosensory than auditory paradigms, and the peak latency of P3 was significantly shorter during somatosensory than auditory paradigms. Correlations between behavioral responses and the P3 component were not found during somatosensory paradigms. On the other hand, in auditory paradigms, correlations were detected between the reaction time and peak amplitude of No-go-P3, and between the reaction time variability and peak latency of No-go-P3. A correlation was noted between commission error and the peak latency of No-go-N2 during somatosensory paradigms. Compared with previous adult studies using both somatosensory and auditory Go/No-go paradigms, the relationships between behavioral responses and ERP components would be weak in prepubescent children. Our data provide findings to advance understanding of the neural development of motor execution and inhibition processing, that is dependent on or independent of the stimulus modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Miho Takezawa
- The Elementary School Attached to Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manabu Shibasaki
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
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Ishihara T, Drollette ES, Ludyga S, Hillman CH, Kamijo K. The effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:258-269. [PMID: 34147558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies has focused on the after-effects of acute aerobic exercise on executive function. To date, empirical evidence lacks consensus regarding whether acute aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on executive function. To identify possible sources of this discrepancy, the present study focused on executive function demands and pre-test cognitive performance, and performed the first meta-analysis of individual participant data (IPD meta-analysis) in this area of research. Results indicated that the beneficial after-effects of acute aerobic exercise on cognitive performance were greater in participants with lower cognitive performance at pre-test. Acute aerobic exercise offered general benefits to cognitive performance irrespective of executive function demands, when pre-test cognitive performance was appropriately controlled. Thus, the present IPD meta-analysis suggests that pre-test cognitive performance is one possible source of the conflicting findings in acute exercise studies. Future research is encouraged to consider pre-test cognitive performance to avoid underestimating the beneficial after-effects of acute exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Japan
| | - Eric S Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, United States
| | - Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, United States
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Japan.
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Ishihara T, Morita N, Nakajima T, Yamatsu K, Okita K, Sagawa M, Kamijo K. Differential effects of changes in cardiorespiratory fitness on worst- and best- school subjects. NPJ Sci Learn 2021; 6:8. [PMID: 33795680 PMCID: PMC8016962 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows a beneficial association between physical fitness and school children's academic performance. However, several other studies have failed to demonstrate such an association. We reanalyzed data of a two-year longitudinal study of the association between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and academic performance of school children by focusing on intra-individual variability in grade points as a possible source of this discrepancy. We analyzed data from 469 junior high school students to examine if improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness had a differential effect on an individual student's worst and best grade points. Results indicated that improvements in physical fitness were associated with an improvement in the worst grade points. On the contrary, we did not observe a similar longitudinal association with the best grade points. These findings suggest that improving cardiorespiratory fitness improves the worst grade points of an individual, selectively. We suggest that intra-individual variability in grade points might moderate the association between physical fitness and academic performance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Noriteru Morita
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Teachers Training, Hokkaido University of Education, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Yamatsu
- Faculty of Education, Saga University, Saga, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Okita
- Department of Sport Education, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Sagawa
- Department of Sports Cultural Studies, Hokkaido University of Education, Iwamizawa, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kao SC, Wang CH, Kamijo K, Khan N, Hillman C. Acute effects of highly intense interval and moderate continuous exercise on the modulation of neural oscillation during working memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2021; 160:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kamijo K, Ishihara T, Drollette ES, Ludyga S, Hillman CH. Baseline Cognitive Performance Moderates The Benefits Of Regular Exercise On Cognition In Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000680904.79646.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the aftereffects of cognitively demanding acute aerobic exercise on working memory in middle-age individuals. METHODS In a within-participants design, middle-age males (n = 28) performed a two-back task to assess working memory before, immediately after, and 30 min after the following three interventions: 1) a rest-cognition intervention, in which they performed a cognitive task on a cycle ergometer without exercising; 2) an exercise-cognition intervention, in which they simultaneously exercised on a cycle ergometer and performed a cognitive task; and 3) an exercise-only intervention, in which they only exercised on a cycle ergometer. RESULTS The exercise-only intervention resulted in increased hit rate and decreased reaction times and intraindividual variability on correct rejection trials, suggesting that simple aerobic exercise had a beneficial impact on working memory. By contrast, the exercise-cognition intervention resulted in increased intraindividual variability on correct rejection trials, which is suggestive of cognitive fatigue resulting from the additional cognitive demands. Such a decline was not observed even in the rest-cognition condition. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive fatigue caused by additional cognitive demands during aerobic exercise may cancel beneficial postexercise effects on working memory. Cognitively demanding acute aerobic exercise appears to be less effective than simple aerobic exercise in improving executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, JAPAN
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Ludyga S, Mücke M, Kamijo K, Andrä C, Pühse U, Gerber M, Herrmann C. The Role of Motor Competences in Predicting Working Memory Maintenance and Preparatory Processing. Child Dev 2019; 91:799-813. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Ludyga S, Gerber M, Kamijo K, Brand S, Pühse U. The effects of a school-based exercise program on neurophysiological indices of working memory operations in adolescents. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 21:833-838. [PMID: 29358034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Gerber
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Switzerland
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Japan
| | - Serge Brand
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Switzerland; University of Basel, Psychiatric Clinics, Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders, Psychiatric Clinics of the University of Basel, Switzerland; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center and Sleep Disorders Research Center, Iran
| | - Uwe Pühse
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Switzerland
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Drollette ES, Pontifex MB, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Moore RD, Kao SC, Westfall DR, Wu CT, Kamijo K, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Kramer AF, Hillman CH. Effects of the FITKids physical activity randomized controlled trial on conflict monitoring in youth. Psychophysiology 2018; 55:10.1111/psyp.13017. [PMID: 28976540 PMCID: PMC5754928 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of a 9-month physical activity (PA) intervention on children's cardiorespiratory fitness levels and neuroelectric indices of conflict monitoring (i.e., error-related negativity, ERN). Four hundred twenty-eight preadolescent children (8-9 years old) were randomized into a PA intervention or wait-list control group, and completed a fitness and cognitive control assessment (i.e., modified flanker task) at pre- and posttest. Following exclusion criterion, 308 children were included in the analyses (PA intervention: n = 139; wait-list control: n = 169). Children in the intervention displayed greater improvements in fitness and response accuracy, which were accompanied by stability of ERN amplitude from pre- to posttest. In contrast, the control group revealed increased ERN amplitude at posttest compared to pretest, despite no change in fitness or task performance. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of daily PA for promoting children's fitness and underlying neural processes associated with effective conflict monitoring. Such findings have significant implications for promoting organized PA programs intended to foster overall physical and brain health in school age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Matthew B. Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Daniel R. Westfall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Exercise and Sport Science, University of South Carolina Upstate, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Abstract
We investigated how aerobic exercise during encoding affects hippocampus-dependent memory through a source memory task that assessed hippocampus-independent familiarity and hippocampus-dependent recollection processes. Using a within-participants design, young adult participants performed a memory-encoding task while performing a cycling exercise or being seated. The subsequent retrieval phase was conducted while sitting on a chair. We assessed behavioral and event-related brain potential measures of familiarity and recollection processes during the retrieval phase. Results indicated that source accuracy was lower for encoding with exercise than for encoding in the resting condition. Event-related brain potential measures indicated that the parietal old/new effect, which has been linked to recollection processing, was observed in the exercise condition, whereas it was absent in the rest condition, which is indicative of exercise-induced hippocampal activation. These findings suggest that aerobic exercise during encoding impairs hippocampus-dependent memory, which may be attributed to inefficient source encoding during aerobic exercise.
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y, Takai Y, Haramura M. The relationship between childhood aerobic fitness and brain functional connectivity. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:119-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kamijo K, Masaki H. Fitness and ERP Indices of Cognitive Control Mode during Task Preparation in Preadolescent Children. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:441. [PMID: 27625604 PMCID: PMC5003924 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies conducted over the past decade have demonstrated that greater aerobic fitness is associated with superior cognitive control in preadolescent children. Several studies have suggested that the relationship between fitness and cognitive control may be attributed to differential reliance on proactive vs. reactive cognitive control modes. However, this contention has remained speculative, and further studies are needed to better elucidate this relationship. We designed the present study to test the hypothesis that use of cognitive control modes would differ as a function of childhood fitness. We compared performance of lower-fit and higher-fit children on a modified AX-continuous performance task, commonly used to examine shifts in the use of proactive and reactive control, along with cue-P3 and contingent negative variation (CNV) of event-related brain potentials (ERPs). Results indicated that higher-fit children exhibited greater response accuracy for BX (non-target cue – target probe) relative to AY (target cue – non-target probe) trials, whereas lower-fit children had comparable response accuracies for AY and BX trials. Because enhanced BX performance and impaired AY performance may be attributed to the proactive use of context information, these results suggest that greater childhood fitness is associated with more effective utilization of proactive control. Higher-fit children also exhibited larger cue-P3 amplitude and smaller CNV amplitude for BX relative to AY trials, with no such effect of trial type in lower-fit children. These ERP results suggest that greater fitness is associated with more effective utilization of cue information and response preparation more appropriate to trial type, supporting the behavioral findings. The present study provides novel insights into the relationship between fitness and cognition from the perspective of cognitive control mode during task preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University Tokorozawa, Japan
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y, Takai Y, Haramura M. The Association between Childhood Aerobic Fitness and Source Memory Function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000488152.04619.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Several studies have claimed that the positive association between childhood fitness and cognitive control is attributable to differences in the child’s cognitive control strategy, which can involve either proactive or reactive control. The present study tested this hypothesis by manipulating the probability of trial types during a modified flanker task. Preadolescent children performed mostly congruent and mostly incongruent conditions of the flanker task, with post-error task performance and error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) being assessed. Results indicated that greater aerobic fitness was related to greater post-error accuracy and larger Ne/ERN amplitudes in the mostly congruent condition. These findings suggest that higher-fit children might be able to transiently upregulate cognitive control by recruiting reactive control in the mostly congruent condition. Further, greater fitness was related to greater modulation of Ne/ERN amplitude between conditions, suggesting that higher-fit children engaged in more proactive control in the mostly incongruent condition. This study supports the hypothesis that greater childhood fitness is associated with a more flexible shift between reactive and proactive modes of cognitive control to adapt to varying task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Seongryu Bae
- Department of Functioning Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Masaki
- Department of Functioning Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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Soga K, Kamijo K, Masaki H. Effects of acute exercise on executive function in children with and without neurodevelopmental disorders. JPFSM 2016. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.5.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Soga
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y, Takai Y, Haramura M. Greater aerobic fitness is associated with more efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information in preadolescent children. Biol Psychol 2015. [PMID: 26213125 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of neuroelectric studies using event-related brain potentials have demonstrated that greater aerobic fitness is associated with superior cognitive functioning across the lifespan. However, empirical data regarding the association between fitness and attentional orienting is scarce, with no evidence in children, and the findings are inconclusive. We designed the present study to examine the relationship between aerobic fitness and involuntary attentional orientation to task-irrelevant information in preadolescent children. Lower-fit and higher-fit children performed a visual oddball task in which irregular (i.e., rule-violating) stimuli appeared as a task-irrelevant dimension, while measures of task performance and the P3a component elicited by the irregular stimuli were assessed. Analyses revealed that higher-fit children exhibited lower miss rates and smaller P3a amplitude relative to lower-fit children. These findings suggest that greater childhood fitness is associated with more efficient inhibition of task-irrelevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, 2-579-15, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuji Takeda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan
| | - Yohei Takai
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-2311, Japan
| | - Miki Haramura
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, 1 Shiromizu, Kanoya, Kagoshima 893-2311, Japan
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Pontifex MB, Kamijo K, Scudder MR, Raine LB, Khan NA, Hemrick B, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Frank KA, Hillman CH. V. The differential association of adiposity and fitness with cognitive control in preadolescent children. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 2015; 79:72-92. [PMID: 25387416 DOI: 10.1111/mono.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of sedentary behaviors during childhood, a greater understanding of the extent to which excess adiposity and aerobic fitness relate to cognitive health is of increasing importance. To date, however, the vast majority of research in this area has focused on adiposity or fitness, rather than the possible inter-relationship, as it relates to cognition. Accordingly, this study examined the differential associations between body composition, aerobic fitness, and cognitive control in a sample of 204 (96 female) preadolescent children. Participants completed a modified flanker task (i.e., inhibition) and a switch task (i.e., cognitive flexibility) to assess two aspects of cognitive control. Findings from this study indicate that fitness and adiposity appear to be separable factors as they relate to cognitive control, given that the interaction of fitness and adiposity was observed to be nonsignificant for both the flanker and switch tasks. Fitness exhibited an independent association with both inhibition and cognitive flexibility whereas adiposity exhibited an independent association only with cognitive flexibility. These results suggest that while childhood obesity and fitness appear to both be related to cognitive control, they may be differentially associated with its component processes.
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Kinemuchi H, Sunami Y, Yoshino M, Watanabe K, Sudo M, Kamijo K. Effect of lipid depletion and solubilization on inhibitor sensitivity of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 19:105-17. [PMID: 6408402 DOI: 10.1159/000407507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Pontifex MB, Parks AC, Henning DA, Kamijo K. Single bouts of exercise selectively sustain attentional processes. Psychophysiology 2014; 52:618-25. [PMID: 25523887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how single bouts of exercise may differentially modulate neuroelectric correlates of attentional orienting and processing. Using a within-participants design, ERPs and task performance were assessed in response to a perceptually challenging three-stimulus oddball task prior to and following a bout of exercise or seated rest during two separate, counterbalanced sessions. Findings revealed that, following a single bout of exercise, attentional processing was sustained relative to pretest whereas prolonged sitting resulted in attentional decrements. Focal attention resulting from attentional orienting, in contrast, does not appear to be sensitive to the influences of single bouts of physical activity. These findings suggest that acute exercise-induced changes in cognition do not originate from an overall modulation of attention but instead are specific to aspects of attentional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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28
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Kamijo K, Hillman CH. The association between childhood obesity and neuroelectric measures of cognitive control. Int J Psychophysiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.08.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hillman CH, Pontifex MB, Castelli DM, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Moore RD, Wu CT, Kamijo K. Effects of the FITKids randomized controlled trial on executive control and brain function. Pediatrics 2014; 134:e1063-71. [PMID: 25266425 PMCID: PMC4179093 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a physical activity (PA) intervention on brain and behavioral indices of executive control in preadolescent children. METHODS Two hundred twenty-one children (7-9 years) were randomly assigned to a 9-month afterschool PA program or a wait-list control. In addition to changes in fitness (maximal oxygen consumption), electrical activity in the brain (P3-ERP) and behavioral measures (accuracy, reaction time) of executive control were collected by using tasks that modulated attentional inhibition and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS Fitness improved more among intervention participants from pretest to posttest compared with the wait-list control (1.3 mL/kg per minute, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.3 to 2.4; d = 0.34 for group difference in pre-to-post change score). Intervention participants exhibited greater improvements from pretest to posttest in inhibition (3.2%, 95% CI: 0.0 to 6.5; d = 0.27) and cognitive flexibility (4.8%, 95% CI: 1.1 to 8.4; d = 0.35 for group difference in pre-to-post change score) compared with control. Only the intervention group increased attentional resources from pretest to posttest during tasks requiring increased inhibition (1.4 µV, 95% CI: 0.3 to 2.6; d = 0.34) and cognitive flexibility (1.5 µV, 95% CI: 0.6 to 2.5; d = 0.43). Finally, improvements in brain function on the inhibition task (r = 0.22) and performance on the flexibility task correlated with intervention attendance (r = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS The intervention enhanced cognitive performance and brain function during tasks requiring greater executive control. These findings demonstrate a causal effect of a PA program on executive control, and provide support for PA for improving childhood cognition and brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Matthew B. Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Robert D. Moore
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois
| | - Chien-Ting Wu
- Department of Exercise Science, Schreiner College, Kerrville, Texas; and
| | - Keita Kamijo
- School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Kamijo K, Kurata N, Sarai A, Kubota N, Takei Y, Nanto H. CsBr:Eu Phosphor Ceramics as a New Photostimulable Phosphor Material for Two Dimensional X-ray Imaging Sensor. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2004.10875722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Henning DA, Parks AC, Kamijo K, Pontifex MB. The Effect of Acute Physical Activity on Attentional Processes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000495513.47254.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y. Regular Physical Activity is Associated with Occipito-Temporal Processing during Face Recognition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000493829.08723.cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The negative association of childhood obesity to cognitive control of action monitoring. Cereb Cortex 2014; 24:654-62. [PMID: 23146965 PMCID: PMC3920765 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global epidemic of childhood obesity has become a major public health concern. Yet, evidence regarding the association between childhood obesity and cognitive health has remained scarce. This study examined the relationship between obesity and cognitive control using neuroelectric and behavioral measures of action monitoring in preadolescent children. Healthy weight and obese children performed compatible and incompatible stimulus-response conditions of a modified flanker task, while task performance and the error-related negativity (ERN) were assessed. Analyses revealed that obese children exhibited a longer reaction time (RT) relative to healthy weight children for the incompatible condition, whereas no such difference was observed for the compatible condition. Further, obese children had smaller ERN amplitude relative to healthy weight children with lower post-error response accuracy. In addition, healthy weight children maintained post-error response accuracy between the compatible and incompatible conditions with decreased ERN amplitude in the incompatible condition, whereas obese children exhibited lower post-error response accuracy for the incompatible relative to the compatible condition with no change in ERN amplitude between the compatibility conditions. These results suggest that childhood obesity is associated with a decreased ability to modulate the cognitive control network, involving the prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, which supports action monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, Japan
| | - Matthew B. Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ellen M. Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA and
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Abstract
The relationship of physical activity to trial-by-trial adjustments of response conflict was assessed using behavioral task performance, the N2 event-related brain potential component, and phase-locking values (PLVs) in a lower gamma band during a perceptual conflict task. Nineteen physically active and 19 inactive young adults (mean age = 21.3 years) performed a Navon task, using a global letter made up of local letters of either the same kind (congruent trials) or a different kind (incongruent trials). Findings revealed that active individuals exhibited smaller N2 amplitudes and greater PLVs on incongruent trials that were preceded by incongruent trials compared with those preceded by congruent trials. Such phenomena were not observed for inactive individuals. These results suggest that greater physical activity is associated with larger trial-by-trial adjustments of response conflict, which we attribute to upregulation of top-down cognitive control and reductions in response conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Kamijo K, Khan NA, Pontifex MB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Raine LB, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The relation of adiposity to cognitive control and scholastic achievement in preadolescent children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2012; 20:2406-11. [PMID: 22546743 PMCID: PMC3414677 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2012.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adiposity may be negatively associated with cognitive function in children. However, the findings remain controversial, in part due to the multifaceted nature of cognition and perhaps the lack of accurate assessment of adiposity. The aim of this study was to clarify the relation of weight status to cognition in preadolescent children using a comprehensive assessment of cognitive control, academic achievement, and measures of adiposity. Preadolescent children between 7 and 9 years (n = 126) completed Go and NoGo tasks, as well as the Wide Range Achievement Test 3rd edition (WRAT3), which measures achievement in reading, spelling, and arithmetic. In addition to BMI, fat mass was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Data were analyzed with multiple regression analysis, controlling for confounding variables. Analyses revealed that BMI and fat mass measured via DXA were negatively associated with cognitive control, as children with higher BMI and fat mass exhibited poorer performance on the NoGo task requiring extensive amounts of inhibitory control. By contrast, no relation of weight status to performance was observed for the Go task requiring smaller amounts of cognitive control. Higher BMI and fat mass were also associated with lower academic achievement scores assessed on the WRAT3. These data suggest that adiposity is negatively and selectively associated with cognitive control in preadolescent children. Given that cognitive control has been implicated in academic achievement, the present study provides an empirical basis for the negative relationship between adiposity and scholastic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Matthew B. Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Ellen M. Evans
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia at Austin
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, Khan NA, Raine LB, Scudder MR, Drollette ES, Evans EM, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The association of childhood obesity to neuroelectric indices of inhibition. Psychophysiology 2012; 49:1361-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
| | - Matthew B. Pontifex
- Department of Kinesiology; Michigan State University; East Lansing; Michigan; USA
| | - Naiman A. Khan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
| | - Lauren B. Raine
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
| | - Mark R. Scudder
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
| | - Eric S. Drollette
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
| | - Ellen M. Evans
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Georgia; Athens; Georgia; USA
| | - Darla M. Castelli
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas at Austin; Austin; Texas; USA
| | - Charles H. Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana; Illinois; USA
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. The effects of an afterschool physical activity program on working memory in preadolescent children. Dev Sci 2011; 14:1046-58. [PMID: 21884320 PMCID: PMC3177170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects of a 9-month randomized control physical activity intervention aimed at improving cardiorespiratory fitness on changes in working memory performance in preadolescent children relative to a waitlist control group. Participants performed a modified Sternberg task, which manipulated working memory demands based on encoding set sizes, while task performance and the contingent negative variation (CNV) event-related brain potential were measured. Analyses revealed that the physical activity intervention led to increases in cardiorespiratory fitness and improved Sternberg task performance. Further, the beneficial effects of the physical activity intervention were greater for a task condition requiring greater working memory demands. In addition, the intervention group exhibited larger initial CNV at the frontal electrode site, relative to the waitlist group at post-test; an effect not observed during the pre-test. These results indicate that increases in cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with improvements in the cognitive control of working memory in preadolescent children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Hillman CH, Kamijo K, Scudder M. A review of chronic and acute physical activity participation on neuroelectric measures of brain health and cognition during childhood. Prev Med 2011; 52 Suppl 1:S21-8. [PMID: 21281669 PMCID: PMC3094734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research has detailed the beneficial relation of chronic participation in--and acute responses to--physical activity on aspects of cognition that underlie scholastic achievement. Here, we review the relevant neuroelectric findings on this beneficial relation in children, providing support for the influence of physical activity on specific cognitive processes that comprise academic performance. METHOD A review of studies examining physical activity and neuroelectric concomitants of cognition during childhood is described. When applicable, research involving adult populations is also described to better inform on this relationship in children. RESULTS Collectively, the data support a beneficial relation of chronic and acute participation in physical activity to brain health and cognition. The results suggest more effective allocation of cognitive processes involved in stimulus engagement and action monitoring during tasks requiring variable amounts of cognitive control in children. CONCLUSION Physical activity may influence brain health and cognition in children, leading to enhanced scholastic performance and greater overall effective functioning across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Hillman
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Kamijo K, Pontifex MB, O'Leary KC, Scudder MR, Wu CT, Castelli DM, Hillman CH. An Afterschool Physical Activity Program Improves Working Memory in Preadolescent Children. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000400705.83752.a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y, Hillman CH. The relation of physical activity to functional connectivity between brain regions. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:81-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tanaka K, Motoi M, Sasaguri Y, Yamazaki T, Takayanagi H, Yamanoi T, Kamijo K. P10-10 A new single-trial-EEG-based BCI — Validation of quantification method of type II modeling. Clin Neurophysiol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1388-2457(10)60663-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y. Physical Activity Effects On Executive Function During Task Switching In Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000384958.42883.2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, O'Leary KC, Pontifex MB, Themanson JR, Hillman CH. The relation of aerobic fitness to neuroelectric indices of cognitive and motor task preparation. Psychophysiology 2010; 47:814-21. [PMID: 20345598 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation of aerobic fitness to task preparation was examined in a sample of young adults separated into higher- and lower-fit groups according to their maximal oxygen consumption. Participants performed a modified Sternberg working memory task under speed and accuracy instructions while measures of task performance and contingent negative variation (CNV) were collected. Analyses revealed no significant fitness differences between groups on task performance measures. However, frontal CNV amplitude was significantly larger for lower-fit participants compared to higher-fit participants during the speed instructions, an effect not found for the accuracy instructions. These results suggest that lower-fit individuals may rely to a greater extent on cognitive control processes to respond under speeded conditions, whereas higher-fit individuals may maintain a more constant level of control irrespective of the task instructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y. General Physical Activity Levels Influence Positive And Negative Priming Effects In Young Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000353489.38825.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K. Acute Aerobic Exercise Effects on Cognitive Function Across the Adult Lifespan. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000353151.23466.8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, Hayashi Y, Sakai T, Yahiro T, Tanaka K, Nishihira Y. Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Cognitive Function in Older Adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009; 64:356-63. [DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbp030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Kamijo K, Takeda Y. General physical activity levels influence positive and negative priming effects in young adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:511-9. [PMID: 19136295 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2008] [Revised: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between general physical activity level and the cognitive functions of executive control in young adults using behavioral measures and event-related brain potentials. METHODS Forty young adults (mean age=21.1 yrs; 19 females) were differentiated on the basis of their regular physical activity level into two groups: active and sedentary. They performed a spatial priming task consisting of three conditions: control, positive, and negative priming. Spatial priming effects, which are related to executive control and occur automatically, were assessed as indicators of cognitive functioning. RESULTS Negative priming effects on reaction time and P3 latency in the active group were larger than in the sedentary group. By contrast, positive priming effects were only observed in the sedentary group. CONCLUSIONS The cognitive effects of regular physical activity could be observed using a relatively simple paradigm. The results indicate that regular physical activity has a beneficial effect on the cognitive processes on executive control in young adults. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides additional evidence of the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cognitive functioning in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan.
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Kamijo K, Hayashi Y, Sakai T, Yahiro T, Tanaka K, Nishihira Y. Acute Aerobic Exercise Effects on Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2008. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000323458.90735.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Higashiura T, Kuroiwa K. The interactive effect of exercise intensity and task difficulty on human cognitive processing. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 65:114-21. [PMID: 17482699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interactive effect of exercise intensity and task difficulty on human cognitive processing was investigated using the P3 component of an event-related brain potential (ERP). Exercise intensity was established using Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, and task difficulty was manipulated using a modified flanker task comprised of incongruent and neutral trials. Twelve participants (22 to 30 y) performed the flanker task during a baseline session, and again after light (RPE: 11), moderate (RPE: 13), and hard (RPE: 15) cycling exercise. Results indicated that the P3 amplitude increases across task conditions following light and moderate cycling, but not during hard cycling, relative to baseline, suggesting that P3 amplitude may change in an inverted U fashion by as a result of acute exercise intensity. Additionally, the expected delay in P3 latency for incongruent relative to neutral trials was observed during the baseline condition. However, following acute exercise these task condition differences diminished across exercise intensities. Moreover, reaction times following all exercise conditions were shorter when compared to the baseline condition. These findings suggest that P3 latency is more sensitive to task difficulty manipulated by a flanker task than behavioral measures, and P3 latency during trials requiring greater executive control processes might be more sensitive to the effects of acute exercise than tasks requiring minimal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kamijo
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
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Kamijo K, Nishihira Y, Sakai T, Kim SR. Effects Of An Aerobic Exercise Program On Cognitive Processing In Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000273599.85804.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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