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Ziv I, Avni I, Dinstein I, Meiri G, Bonneh YS. Oculomotor randomness is higher in autistic children and increases with the severity of symptoms. Autism Res 2024; 17:249-265. [PMID: 38189581 DOI: 10.1002/aur.3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
A variety of studies have suggested that at least some children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) view the world differently. Differences in gaze patterns as measured by eye tracking have been demonstrated during visual exploration of images and natural viewing of movies with social content. Here we analyzed the temporal randomness of saccades and blinks during natural viewing of movies, inspired by a recent measure of "randomness" applied to micro-movements of the hand and head in ASD (Torres et al., 2013; Torres & Denisova, 2016). We analyzed a large eye-tracking dataset of 189 ASD and 41 typically developing (TD) children (1-11 years old) who watched three movie clips with social content, each repeated twice. We found that oculomotor measures of randomness, obtained from gamma parameters of inter-saccade intervals (ISI) and blink duration distributions, were significantly higher in the ASD group compared with the TD group and were correlated with the ADOS comparison score, reflecting increased "randomness" in more severe cases. Moreover, these measures of randomness decreased with age, as well as with higher cognitive scores in both groups and were consistent across repeated viewing of each movie clip. Highly "random" eye movements in ASD children could be associated with high "neural variability" or noise, poor sensory-motor control, or weak engagement with the movies. These findings could contribute to the future development of oculomotor biomarkers as part of an integrative diagnostic tool for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Ziv
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Inbar Avni
- Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Azrieli National Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- Cognitive and Brain Sciences Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Azrieli National Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Psychology Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Gal Meiri
- Azrieli National Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopment Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
- Pre-school Psychiatry Unit, Soroka Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yoram S Bonneh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Life Science, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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2
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Conwell E, Horvath G, Kuznia A, Agauas SJ. Developmental consistency in the use of subphonemic information during real-time sentence processing. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 38:860-871. [PMID: 37521203 PMCID: PMC10373946 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2022.2159993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Apparently homophonous sequences contain acoustic information that differentiates their meanings (Gahl, 2008; Quené, 1992). Adults use this information to segment embedded homophones (e.g., ham vs. hamster; Salverda, et al., 2003) in fluent speech. Whether children also do this is unknown, as is whether listeners of any age use such information to disambiguate lexical homophones. In two experiments, 48 English-speaking adults and 48 English-speaking 7- to- 10-year-old children viewed sets of four images and heard sentences containing phonemically identical sequences while their eye movements were continuously tracked. As in previous research, adults showed greater fixation of target meanings when the acoustic properties of an embedded homophone were consistent with the target than when they were consistent with the alternate interpretation. They did not show this difference for lexical homophones. Children's behavior was similar to that of adults, indicating that the use of subphonemic information in homophone processing is consistent over development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Conwell
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
| | | | - Allyson Kuznia
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR
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3
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Coubard OA. Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder disrupts selective mechanisms of action. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 140:145-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Yep R, Smorenburg ML, Riek HC, Calancie OG, Kirkpatrick RH, Perkins JE, Huang J, Coe BC, Brien DC, Munoz DP. Interleaved Pro/Anti-saccade Behavior Across the Lifespan. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:842549. [PMID: 35663573 PMCID: PMC9159803 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.842549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity for inhibitory control is an important cognitive process that undergoes dynamic changes over the course of the lifespan. Robust characterization of this trajectory, considering age continuously and using flexible modeling techniques, is critical to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms that differ in healthy aging and neurological disease. The interleaved pro/anti-saccade task (IPAST), in which pro- and anti-saccade trials are randomly interleaved within a block, provides a simple and sensitive means of assessing the neural circuitry underlying inhibitory control. We utilized IPAST data collected from a large cross-sectional cohort of normative participants (n = 604, 5–93 years of age), standardized pre-processing protocols, generalized additive modeling, and change point analysis to investigate the effect of age on saccade behavior and identify significant periods of change throughout the lifespan. Maturation of IPAST measures occurred throughout adolescence, while subsequent decline began as early as the mid-20s and continued into old age. Considering pro-saccade correct responses and anti-saccade direction errors made at express (short) and regular (long) latencies was crucial in differentiating developmental and aging processes. We additionally characterized the effect of age on voluntary override time, a novel measure describing the time at which voluntary processes begin to overcome automated processes on anti-saccade trials. Drawing on converging animal neurophysiology, human neuroimaging, and computational modeling literature, we propose potential frontal-parietal and frontal-striatal mechanisms that may mediate the behavioral changes revealed in our analysis. We liken the models presented here to “cognitive growth curves” which have important implications for improved detection of neurological disease states that emerge during vulnerable windows of developing and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Rachel Yep,
| | | | - Heidi C. Riek
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Olivia G. Calancie
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan H. Kirkpatrick
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Julia E. Perkins
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Jeff Huang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C. Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C. Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P. Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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5
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Bucci MP, Caldani S, Boutillier B, Frérot A, Farnoux C, Virlouvet A, Rideau‐Batista‐Novais A, Trousson C, Biran V. Immature brain structures were associated with poorer eye movement performance at 8 years of age in preterm born children. Acta Paediatr 2022; 111:559-565. [PMID: 34822196 DOI: 10.1111/apa.16197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Eye movements have rarely been explored in preterm born children. The aim of this study was to compare horizontal eye movements in children born preterm and full term when they reached 8 years of age. METHODS Eye movements were recorded in 24 preterm born children (18 boys) and 26 matched controls (19 boys), recruited by a French hospital, using an eye tracker. This identified different types of visually guided saccades, namely step, gap, overlap and antisaccades and pursuit eye movements. The saccades task measured the latency and the percentage of anticipatory and express saccades and errors. The pursuit task measured the gain and percentage of intrusive saccades. RESULTS This study confirmed that children born at 24-28 weeks of gestation demonstrated a global deficit in inhibitory processes compared to children born full term. The saccades were less precise in the preterm group, anticipatory and express saccades were elevated and there was a high occurrence of intrusive saccades during pursuit movements. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that preterm born children have immature brain structures, particularly the parietal and frontal cortexes that are responsible for both saccade and pursuit performance. These could have been the cause of the abnormal inhibitory control measured in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 7114 MoDyCo CNRSUniversité Paris Nanterre Nanterre France
| | - Simona Caldani
- Centre for the Functional Exploration of Balance in Children (EFEE) Robert Debré Hospital Paris France
| | - Béatrice Boutillier
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Alice Frérot
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Caroline Farnoux
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Anne‐Laure Virlouvet
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Aline Rideau‐Batista‐Novais
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Clémence Trousson
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
| | - Valerie Biran
- Neonatal Intensive Care UnitRobert‐Debré Paediatric HospitalAssistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France
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6
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Eklöf M, Asp F, Berninger E. The Development of Sound Localization Latency in Infants and Young Children with Normal Hearing. Trends Hear 2022; 26:23312165221088398. [PMID: 35505627 PMCID: PMC9073128 DOI: 10.1177/23312165221088398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advances in eye tracking, saccadic reflexes towards auditory stimuli have become an easily accessible behavioral response. The present study investigated the development of horizontal sound localization latency quantified by saccadic reflexes in infants and young children with normal hearing (0.55 to 5.6 years, n = 22). The subject was seated in front of an array of 12 loudspeaker/display-pairs arranged equidistantly in an arc from -55 to + 55° azimuth. An ongoing auditory-visual stimulus was presented at 63 dB SPL and shifted to another randomly selected pair at 24 occasions. At each shift, the visual part of the stimulus was blanked for 1.6 s providing auditory-only localization cues. A sigmoid model was fitted to the gaze samples following the azimuthal sound shifts. The overall sound localization latency (SLL) for a subject was defined as the mean of the latencies for all trials included by objective criteria. The SLL was assessed in 21 of 22 children with a mean of 6.1 valid trials. The SLL ranged 400 to 1400 ms (mean = 860 ms). An inverse model demonstrated a significant relationship between SLL and age (R2 = 0.79, p < 0.001), reflecting a distinct reduction of latency with increasing age. No partial correlation between SLL and sound localization accuracy was found when controlling for age (p = 0.5), suggesting that localization latency may provide diagnostic value beyond accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Eklöf
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, 27106Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT, Section of Cochlear Implants, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Filip Asp
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, 27106Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of ENT, Section of Cochlear Implants, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Berninger
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, 27106Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Audiology and Neurotology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Amestoy A, Guillaud E, Bucchioni G, Zalla T, Umbricht D, Chatham C, Murtagh L, Houenou J, Delorme R, Moal MLL, Leboyer M, Bouvard M, Cazalets JR. Visual attention and inhibitory control in children, teenagers and adults with autism without intellectual disability: results of oculomotor tasks from a 2-year longitudinal follow-up study (InFoR). Mol Autism 2021; 12:71. [PMID: 34774105 PMCID: PMC8590241 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00474-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibitory control and attention processing atypicalities are implicated in various diseases, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These cognitive functions can be tested by using visually guided saccade-based paradigms in children, adolescents and adults to determine the time course of such disorders. METHODS In this study, using Gap, Step, Overlap and Antisaccade tasks, we analyzed the oculomotor behavior of 82 children, teenagers and adults with high functioning ASD and their peer typically developing (TD) controls in a two-year follow-up study under the auspices of the InFoR-Autism project. Analysis of correlations between oculomotors task measurements and diagnostic assessment of attentional (ADHD-RS and ADHD comorbidity indices) and executive functioning (BRIEF scales) were conducted in order to evaluate their relationship with the oculomotor performance of participants with ASD. RESULTS As indicated by the presence of a Gap and Overlap effects in all age groups, the oculomotor performances of ASD participants showed a preserved capability in overt attention switching. In contrast, the difference in performances of ASD participants in the Antisaccade task, compared to their TD peers, indicated an atypical development of inhibition and executive functions. From correlation analysis between our oculomotor data and ADHD comorbidity index, and scores of attention and executive function difficulties, our findings support the hypothesis that a specific dysfunction of inhibition skills occurs in ASD participants that is independent of the presence of ADHD comorbidity. LIMITATIONS These include the relatively small sample size of the ASD group over the study's two-year period, the absence of an ADHD-only control group and the evaluation of a TD control group solely at the study's inception. CONCLUSIONS Children and teenagers with ASD have greater difficulty in attention switching and inhibiting prepotent stimuli. Adults with ASD can overcome these difficulties, but, similar to teenagers and children with ASD, they make more erroneous and anticipatory saccades and display a greater trial-to-trial variability in all oculomotor tasks compared to their peers. Our results are indicative of a developmental delay in the maturation of executive and attentional functioning in ASD and of a specific impairment in inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouck Amestoy
- CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France. .,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France. .,centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 121, rue de la Béchade, CS 81285, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Etienne Guillaud
- CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Giulia Bucchioni
- CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,iBrain, UMR 1253 Inserm, Université de Tours, 2 Boulevard Tonnellé, 37044, Tours Cedex, France
| | | | - Daniel Umbricht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Chatham
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorraine Murtagh
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,NeuroSpin, UNIACT Lab, Equipe de psychiatrie, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique, Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Mondor University Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Myriam Ly-Le Moal
- Institut Roche, Tour horizons- Bureau 18M3, Roche S.A.S., 30, cours de l'île Seguin, 92650, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Laboratoire de NeuroPsychiatrie translationnelle, INSERM, U955, IMRB, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, Psychiatry and Addictology Department, Mondor University Hospital, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Manuel Bouvard
- CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, Pôle universitaire de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 121, rue de la Béchade, CS 81285, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-René Cazalets
- CNRS, Aquitaine Institute for Cognitive and Integrative Neuroscience, INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
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8
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Theimann A, Kuzmina E, Hansen P. Verb-Mediated Prediction in Bilingual Toddlers. Front Psychol 2021; 12:719447. [PMID: 34858259 PMCID: PMC8631997 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.719447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction is an important mechanism for efficient language processing. It has been shown that as a part of sentence processing, both children and adults predict nouns based on semantically constraining verbs. Language proficiency is said to modulate prediction: the higher proficiency, the better the predictive skill. Children growing up acquiring two languages are often more proficient in one of them, and as such, investigation of the predictive ability in young bilingual children can shed light on the role of language proficiency. Furthermore, according to production-based models, the language production system drives the predictive ability. The present study investigates whether bilingual toddlers predict upcoming nouns based on verb meanings in both their languages, and whether this ability is associated with expressive vocabulary. Seventeen Norwegian-English bilingual toddlers (aged 2;5-3;3), dominant in Norwegian, participated in the study. Verb-mediated predictive ability was measured via a visual world paradigm (VWP) experiment, including sentences with semantically constraining and neutral verbs. Expressive vocabulary was measured by MacArthur-Bates CDI II. The results suggested that the toddler group predicted upcoming noun arguments in both their dominant and non-dominant languages, but were faster in their dominant language. This finding highlights the importance of language dominance for predictive processing. There was no significant relationship between predictive ability and expressive vocabulary in either language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Theimann
- Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ekaterina Kuzmina
- Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pernille Hansen
- Center for Multilingualism in Society Across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Humanities, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Hamar, Norway
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9
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Blakley EC, Gaspelin N, Gerhardstein P. The development of oculomotor suppression of salient distractors in children. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 214:105291. [PMID: 34607075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that adults can prevent attentional capture by physically salient stimuli via proactive inhibition. A key question is whether young children can also inhibit salient stimuli to prevent visual distraction. The current study directly compared attentional capture in children (Mage = 5.5 years) and adults (Mage = 19.3 years) by measuring overt eye movements. Participants searched for a target shape among heterogeneous distractor shapes and attempted to ignore a salient color singleton distractor. The destination of first saccades was used to assess attentional capture by the salient distractor, providing a more direct index of attentional allocation than prior developmental studies. Adults were able to suppress saccades to the singleton distractor, replicating previous studies. Children, however, demonstrated no such oculomotor suppression; first saccades were equally likely to be directed to the singleton distractor and nonsingleton distractors. Subsequent analyses indicated that children were able to suppress the distractor, but this occurred approximately 550 ms after stimulus presentation. The current results suggest that children possess some level of top-down control over visual attention, but this top-down control is delayed compared with adults. Development of this ability may be related to executive functions, which include goal-directed behavior such as organized search and impulse control as well as preparatory and inhibitory cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Blakley
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA.
| | - Nicholas Gaspelin
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Peter Gerhardstein
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
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10
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Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Wu S, Nouredanesh M, Tung J, Christian LW. Development of eye-hand coordination in typically developing children and adolescents assessed using a reach-to-grasp sequencing task. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 80:102868. [PMID: 34509902 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eye-hand coordination is required to accurately perform daily activities that involve reaching, grasping and manipulating objects. Studies using aiming, grasping or sequencing tasks have shown a stereotypical temporal coupling pattern where the eyes are directed to the object in advance of the hand movement, which may facilitate the planning and execution required for reaching. While the temporal coordination between the ocular and manual systems has been extensively investigated in adults, relatively little is known about the typical development of eye-hand coordination. Therefore, the current study addressed an important knowledge gap by characterizing the profile of eye-hand coupling in typically developing school-age children (n = 57) and in a cohort of adults (n = 30). Eye and hand movements were recorded concurrently during the performance of a bead threading task which consists of four distinct movements: reach to bead, grasp, reach to needle, and thread. Results showed a moderate to high correlation between eye and hand latencies in children and adults, supporting that both movements were planned in parallel. Eye and reach latencies, latency differences, and dwell time during grasping and threading, showed significant age-related differences, suggesting eye-hand coupling becomes more efficient in adolescence. Furthermore, visual acuity, stereoacuity and accommodative facility were also found to be associated with the efficiency of eye-hand coordination in children. Results from this study can serve as reference values when examining eye and hand movement during the performance of fine motor skills in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo
- Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Susana Wu
- Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mina Nouredanesh
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - James Tung
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lisa W Christian
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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11
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Kelly EA, Janky KL, Patterson JN. The Dizzy Child. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2021; 54:973-987. [PMID: 34304898 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dizziness occurs in children with an estimated prevalence of 0.45% to 15.0%. Vestibular disorders in the pediatric population can impact gross motor function development, visual acuity, and contribute to psychological distress. Appropriate case history and focused direct examination can be helpful when determining the etiology of dizziness. Vestibular testing can be completed in children and guide management of suspected vestibular dysfunction. Vestibular dysfunction is commonly seen in patients with sensorineural hearing loss. Migraine disorders are the most common cause of dizziness in childhood. Etiologies of dizziness in children differ from those commonly seen in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Kelly
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
| | - Kristen L Janky
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | - Jessie N Patterson
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, 555 N 30th St., Omaha, NE 68131, USA
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12
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Donald A, Tan CY, Chakrapani A, Hughes DA, Sharma R, Cole D, Bardins S, Gorges M, Jones SA, Schneider E. Eye movement biomarkers allow for the definition of phenotypes in Gaucher Disease. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:349. [PMID: 33334373 PMCID: PMC7745364 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurological forms of Gaucher disease, the inherited disorder of β-Glucosylceramidase caused by bi-allelic variants in GBA1, is a progressive disorder which lacks a disease-modifying therapy. Systemic manifestations of disease are effectively treated with enzyme replacement therapy, however, molecules which cross the blood-brain barrier are still under investigation. Clinical trials of such therapeutics require robust, reproducible clinical endpoints to demonstrate efficacy and clear phenotypic definitions to identify suitable patients for inclusion in trials. The single consistent clinical feature in all patients with neuronopathic disease is the presence of a supranuclear saccadic gaze palsy, in the presence of Gaucher disease this finding serves as diagnostic of 'type 3' Gaucher disease. METHODS We undertook a study to evaluate saccadic eye movements in Gaucher patients and to assess the role of the EyeSeeCam in measuring saccades. The EyeSeeCam is a video-oculography device which was used to run a protocol of saccade measures. We studied 39 patients with non-neurological Gaucher disease (type 1), 21 patients with type 3 (neurological) disease and a series of 35 healthy controls. Mean saccade parameters were compared across disease subgroups. RESULTS We confirmed the saccadic abnormality in patients with type 3 Gaucher disease and identified an unexpected subgroup of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease who demonstrated significant saccade parameter abnormalities. These patients also showed subtle neurological findings and shared a GBA1 variant. CONCLUSIONS This striking novel finding of a potentially attenuated type 3 Gaucher phenotype associated with a specific GBA1 variant and detectable saccadic abnormality prompts review of current disease classification. Further, this finding highlights the broad spectrum of neuronopathic Gaucher phenotypes relevant when designing inclusion criteria for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Donald
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Duncan Cole
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | | | - Martin Gorges
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Simon A Jones
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Erich Schneider
- Institute of Medical Technology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
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13
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Stewart EEM, Hübner C, Schütz AC. Stronger saccadic suppression of displacement and blanking effect in children. J Vis 2020; 20:13. [PMID: 33052408 PMCID: PMC7571331 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.10.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans do not notice small displacements to objects that occur during saccades, termed saccadic suppression of displacement (SSD), and this effect is reduced when a blank is introduced between the pre- and postsaccadic stimulus (Bridgeman, Hendry, & Stark, 1975; Deubel, Schneider, & Bridgeman, 1996). While these effects have been studied extensively in adults, it is unclear how these phenomena are characterized in children. A potentially related mechanism, saccadic suppression of contrast sensitivity-a prerequisite to achieve a stable percept-is stronger for children (Bruno, Brambati, Perani, & Morrone, 2006). However, the evidence for how transsaccadic stimulus displacements may be suppressed or integrated is mixed. While they can integrate basic visual feature information from an early age, they cannot integrate multisensory information (Gori, Viva, Sandini, & Burr, 2008; Nardini, Jones, Bedford, & Braddick, 2008), suggesting a failure in the ability to integrate more complex sensory information. We tested children 7 to 12 years old and adults 19 to 23 years old on their ability to perceive intrasaccadic stimulus displacements, with and without a postsaccadic blank. Results showed that children had stronger SSD than adults and a larger blanking effect. Children also had larger undershoots and more variability in their initial saccade endpoints, indicating greater intrinsic uncertainty, and they were faster in executing corrective saccades to account for these errors. Together, these results suggest that children may have a greater internal expectation or prediction of saccade error than adults; thus, the stronger SSD in children may be due to higher intrinsic uncertainty in target localization or saccade execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E M Stewart
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Hübner
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Schütz
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behaviour, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb04/team-schuetz/team/alexander-schutz
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14
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Can auditory warning signals normalize eye movements in children with ADHD? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 29:1635-1644. [PMID: 32008169 PMCID: PMC7641930 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attenuated baseline arousal has been hypothesized to underlie symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A behavioral signature of reduced baseline arousal is an increased beneficiary effect of warning signals in reaction tasks. This paradoxical effect is believed to be caused by a temporary increase in arousal induced by warning signals. In a preregistered study, we tested the hypothesis that children with high levels of ADHD symptoms would be hyperresponsive to warning signals in a well-established visual attention task (the gap/overlap paradigm). Previous studies using this task have found slower and more variable saccadic reaction times in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children, suggesting that these eye movement metrics are candidate biomarkers. We examined 71 children, of which 1/3 had a diagnosis of ADHD, using both dimensional analyses and group comparisons. Previously reported findings of reduced saccadic latency and increased latency variability were replicated. Importantly, saccadic latency was normalized by auditory warning signals. Analyses of pupil dilation, a physiological index of arousal and locus coeruleus-noradrenergic activity, confirmed that warning signals led to enhanced arousal. Our findings are novel and contribute to our understanding of arousal and attention in ADHD and have implications for treatment and interventions.
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15
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Abstract
Objects: This study aims to investigate the saccade/anti-saccade eye movement in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods: Twelve children (8.8 ± 0.8 years) diagnosed with ADHD (DSM-V) and 12 control (9.1 ± 0.3 years) were invited to participate in the experiment where the iView Hi-SPEED eyetracker, with the sample rate at 500 Hz Binocular, was employed. The visual guided saccade (VGS) task was used to collect saccade latency and accuracy values. The anti-saccade task was used to collect saccade latency and accuracy values as well as the percentage of direction errors (PDE).Results: Children with ADHD showed a significant difference in latency in the 7.5° target and imprecision in both targets (7.5° and 15°) during the VGS task. Moreover, the ADHD group exhibited shorter latency (15° target) and significantly higher numbers in the Percentage of Direction Errors in the anti-saccade tasks than the control group.Conclusions: The results suggest that children with ADHD have the following difficulties: precise oculomotor control, oculomotor response inhibition function and basic visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Shuo Chan
- Department of Special Education, National Taipei University of Education, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Caldani S, Isel F, Septier M, Acquaviva E, Delorme R, Bucci MP. Impairment in Attention Focus During the Posner Cognitive Task in Children With ADHD: An Eye Tracker Study. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:484. [PMID: 32984203 PMCID: PMC7492658 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is a major cognitive function that allows the individuals to focus selectively on a discrete stimulus while ignoring others. Visual information could be driven endogenously, when the goals or desires are voluntary, or exogenously, in response to salient visual events in the environment. Since subjects with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show heightened distractibility during activities that require significant attentional engagement, we hypothesized that they may be more severely impaired in their ability to perform endogenous tasks than controls. To elicit endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention, we thus used a modified version of Posner's cueing task. We compared oculomotor performance measured by an eye tracker in a group of 31 children with ADHD (mean age = 9.1 ± 1.3 years) and age-, sex-, and IQ-matched typically developing children. Endogenous and exogenous conditions were explored in three distinct visual sub-conditions (valid, invalid, and neutral). We found that children with ADHD showed longer latency during endogenous conditions compared to TD children in invalid sub-conditions. They also performed more errors than controls, during the endogenous task in neutral sub-conditions and during exogenous task in neutral and invalid sub-conditions. Our study suggests that children with ADHD may allocate their attention resource toward the detection of exogenous targets with a deficit in their ability to perform endogenous task. We suggest also that they have a difficulty in the engagement of the inhibitory control system particularly during voluntary saccade performance. This could result from impaired interactions between the ventral and dorsal attention networks as well as in the frontal eye field, although neuroimaging studies are necessary to validate this hypothesis in the ADHD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 7114 MoDyCo, CNRS-Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,EFEE-Centre d'exploration fonctionnelle de l'équilibre chez l'enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Isel
- UMR 7114 MoDyCo, CNRS-Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
| | - Mathilde Septier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris University, Paris, France.,Human and Genetic Functions, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 7114 MoDyCo, CNRS-Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,EFEE-Centre d'exploration fonctionnelle de l'équilibre chez l'enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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17
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Caldani S, Steg S, Lefebvre A, Atzori P, Peyre H, Delorme R, Bucci MP. Oculomotor behavior in children with autism spectrum disorders. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:670-679. [PMID: 31680545 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319882861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
To identify quantitative indicators of social communication dysfunctions, we explored the oculomotor performances in subjects with autism spectrum disorders. Discordant findings in the literature have been reported for oculomotor behavior in subjects with autism spectrum disorders. This study aimed to explore reflexive and voluntary saccadic performance in a group of 32 children with autism spectrum disorders (mean age: 12.1 ± 0.5 years) compared to 32 age-, sex-, and IQ-matched typically developing children (control group). We used different types of reflexive and voluntary saccades: gap, step, overlap, and anti-saccades. Eye movements were recorded using an eye tracker (Mobile EBT®) and we measured latency, percentage of anticipatory and express saccades, errors of anti-saccades and gain. Children with autism spectrum disorders reported similar latency values with respect to typically developing children for reflexive and voluntary saccades; in contrast, they made more express and anticipatory saccades overall, as shown in paradigm testing (gap, step, overlap, and anti-saccades). Our findings support previous evidence of the atypicality of the cortical network, which is involved in saccade triggering and attentional processes in children with autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France
| | - Sarah Steg
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France
| | - Aline Lefebvre
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France
| | - Paola Atzori
- Robert Debré Hospital, France.,FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France.,FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France.,FondaMental Foundation, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- Paris Diderot University, France.,Robert Debré Hospital, France
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18
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Perdziak M, Gryncewicz W, Witkowska D, Sawosz P, Ober J. Gap effect and express saccades generation in amblyopia. J Vis 2019; 19:17. [PMID: 30977772 DOI: 10.1167/19.4.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental vision disorder that is associated with abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood. Although our knowledge regarding spatial vision deficits in amblyopic subjects is well established, the neural control of eye movements in amblyopia is yet to be explored. In the present study we have evaluated the gap effect, and for the first time (to our best knowledge), express saccades generation in amblyopic (strabismic as well as anisometropic) and age-matched control subjects. We have compared the saccadic latency under different gap conditions ("no gap," 50 ms gap, and 200 ms gap), between the amblyopic and control groups. Our results have shown that saccadic latency was reduced during the gap paradigms both for amblyopic and control groups for all viewing conditions. Furthermore, the size of the gap effect was comparable for all groups and viewing conditions (both for short and long gap durations). In addition, consistent with previous results, the amblyopic eye has manifested an increased saccadic latency as compared to the nondominant eye in the control group. Regarding the occurrence of express saccades, the 200 ms gap condition was associated with an increased number of express saccades as compared to 50 ms gap and "no gap" conditions, both for amblyopic and control subjects. We did not observe any significant difference in terms of express saccades production between the control and amblyopic subjects. Our findings may suggest that amblyopia does not alter physiological mechanisms related to the efficiency of visual attention/fixation disengagement as supported by the observation that the gap effect and express saccades production was comparable between the normal and amblyopic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Perdziak
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wojciech Gryncewicz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Witkowska
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Sawosz
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Ober
- Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Return-sweep saccades during reading in adults and children. Vision Res 2019; 155:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Caldani S, Razuk M, Septier M, Barela JA, Delorme R, Acquaviva E, Bucci MP. The Effect of Dual Task on Attentional Performance in Children With ADHD. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 30705623 PMCID: PMC6344422 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder without validated objective markers. Oculomotor behavior and executive motor control could potentially be used to investigate attention disorders. The aim of this study was to explore an oculomotor and postural dual task in children with ADHD. Forty-two children were included in the study, gathering children with ADHD (n = 21) (mean 8.15 age ± years 0.36) and sex-, age-, and IQ-matched typically developing children (TD). Children performed two distinct fixation tasks in three different postural conditions. Eye movements and postural body sway were recorded simultaneously, using an eye tracker and a force platform. Results showed that children with ADHD had poor fixation capability and poor postural stability when compared to TD children. Both groups showed less postural control on the unstable platform and displayed more saccades during the fixation task. Surprisingly, in the dual unstable platform/fixation with distractor task, the instability of children with ADHD was similar to that observed in TD children. “Top-down” dys-regulation mediated by frontal-striatal dysfunction could be at the origin of both poor inhibitory oculomotor deficits and impaired body stability reported in children with ADHD. Finally, we could assume that the fact both groups of children focused their attention on a secondary task led to poor postural control. In the future it could be interesting to explore further this issue by developing new dual tasks in a more ecological situation in order to gain more insight on attentional processes in children with ADHD. HIGHLIGHTS – Children with ADHD showed poor fixation capability when compared to TD children. – “Top-down” dys-regulation mediated by frontal-striatal dysfunction could be at the origin of both poor inhibitory oculomotor deficits and impaired body stability reported in children with ADHD. – Both groups of children focused their attention on the visual fixation task leading to poor postural control. – In the future it could be interesting to develop new dual tasks in an ecological situation in order to gain more insight on attentional processes in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,EFEE-Centre d'Exploration Fonctionnelle de l'Équilibre chez l'Enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Milena Razuk
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathilde Septier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - José Angelo Barela
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,EFEE-Centre d'Exploration Fonctionnelle de l'Équilibre chez l'Enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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21
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Wojtczak-Kwaśniewska M, Przekoracka-Krawczyk A, Van der Lubbe RHJ. The engagement of cortical areas preceding exogenous vergence eye movements. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198405. [PMID: 29883483 PMCID: PMC5993318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Source analyses on event related potentials (ERPs) derived from the electroencephalogram (EEG) were performed to examine the respective roles of cortical areas preceding exogenously triggered saccades, combined convergences, and combined divergences. All eye movements were triggered by the offset of a central fixation light emitting diode (LED) and the onset of a lateral LED at various depths in an otherwise fully darkened room. Our analyses revealed that three source pairs, two located in the frontal lobe–the frontal eye fields (FEF) and an anterior frontal area–, and one located within the occipital cortex, can account for 99.2% of the observed ERPs. Overall, the comparison between source activities revealed the largest activity in the occipital cortex, while no difference in activity between FEF and the anterior frontal area was obtained. For all sources, increased activity was observed for combined vergences, especially combined convergences, relative to saccades. Behavioral results revealed that onset latencies were longest for combined convergences, intermediate for combined divergences, and the shortest for saccades. Together, these findings fit within a perspective in which both occipital and frontal areas play an important role in retinal disparity detection. In the case of saccades and combined divergences stimulus-locked activity was larger than response-locked activity, while no difference between stimulus- and response-locked activity was observed for combined convergences. These findings seem to imply that the electrophysiological activity preceding exogenous eye movements consists of a sensory-related part that is under cortical control, while subcortical structures may be held responsible for final execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Wojtczak-Kwaśniewska
- Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Vision and Neuroscience Laboratory, NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Przekoracka-Krawczyk
- Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Vision and Neuroscience Laboratory, NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rob H J Van der Lubbe
- Laboratory of Vision Science and Optometry, Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.,Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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22
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Lukasova K, Nucci MP, Neto RMDA, Vieira G, Sato JR, Amaro E. Predictive saccades in children and adults: A combined fMRI and eye tracking study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196000. [PMID: 29718927 PMCID: PMC5931500 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccades were assessed in 21 adults (age 24 years, SD = 4) and 15 children (age 11 years, SD = 1), using combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and eye-tracking. Subjects visually tracked a point on a horizontal line in four conditions: time and position predictable task (PRED), position predictable (pPRED), time predictable (tPRED) and visually guided saccades (SAC). Both groups in the PRED but not in pPRED, tPRED and SAC produced predictive saccades with latency below 80 ms. In task versus group comparisons, children's showed less efficient learning compared to adults for predictive saccades (adults = 48%, children = 34%, p = 0.05). In adults brain activation was found in the frontal and occipital regions in the PRED, in the intraparietal sulcus in pPRED and in the frontal eye field, posterior intraparietal sulcus and medial regions in the tPRED task. Group-task interaction was found in the supplementary eye field and visual cortex in the PRED task, and the frontal cortex including the right frontal eye field and left frontal pole, in the pPRED condition. These results indicate that, the basic visuomotor circuitry is present in both adults and children, but fine-tuning of the activation according to the task temporal and spatial demand mature late in child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Lukasova
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gilson Vieira
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Inter-institutional Grad Program on Bioinformatics, IME-USP, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João R. Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edson Amaro
- LIM-44, NIF - Neuroimagem Funcional, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Goulème N, Lions C, Gérard CL, Peyre H, Thai-Van H, Bucci MP. Vertical disconjugacy during reading in dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. Neurosci Lett 2018; 671:82-87. [PMID: 29444444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to explore vertical binocular coordination in dyslexic and non-dyslexic children during saccades and post-saccadic fixation period while reading a text. METHODS Binocular eye movements were recorded by an infrared system (Mobile T2®, SuriCog) in thirty-six dyslexic children from 7.3 to 13.6 years of age (mean age: 10.4 ± 0.3 years) who were asked to silently read a four-line text during binocular viewing. Data were compared to those of thirty-six age-matched non-dyslexic children. RESULTS Vertical disconjugacy during post-saccadic fixation was higher in dyslexic children with respect to non-dyslexic children group. Vertical disconjugacy was not age-dependent either for dyslexic children or for non-dyslexic children. CONCLUSIONS The poor binocular vertical coordination observed in dyslexic children while reading could suggest a deficiency in the cerebellum and/or extra-ocular muscles involved in vertical eye alignment. Moreover, the fact that this vertical binocular coordination was not age-dependent could be due to an abnormal eye position and/or to a dysfunction of midbrain structures involved in vertical vergences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Goulème
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center. INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France; UMR 1141 INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Civil Hospitals of Lyon, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Cynthia Lions
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center. INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France; UMR 1141 INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Civil Hospitals of Lyon, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe-Loïc Gérard
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, 48 boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Hung Thai-Van
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center. INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, France; Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Civil Hospitals of Lyon, 5 place d'Arsonval, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France; Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ORL Dept., Robert Debré Hospital, 48 Bd Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
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Caldani S, Amado I, Bendjemaa N, Vialatte F, Mam-Lam-Fook C, Gaillard R, Krebs MO, Pia Bucci M. Oculomotricity and Neurological Soft Signs: Can we refine the endophenotype? A study in subjects belonging to the spectrum of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2017; 256:490-497. [PMID: 28759882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in eye tracking and motor impairments as well as Neurological Soft Signs (NSS) are frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia as well as in their relatives, and are proposed as endophenotype of the disease. This study investigated smooth pursuit eye movement and fixation task with distractors with a gap condition, two markers of inhibitory control mechanism, in 49 patients with schizophrenia, 24 ultra-high risk subjects, 41 full biological clinical siblings of patients and 48 controls. NSS were assessed as a marker of abnormal neurodevelopment. The results revealed more intrusive saccades respectively in smooth pursuit eye movement and in fixation task with distractors with a gap condition in patients, respect to controls and full siblings. Ultra high-risk participants with high NSS committed intrusive saccades compared to controls. Patients with schizophrenia with high NSS also displayed more of these abnormalities, compared to patients with schizophrenia with low NSS and controls. These findings highlight a global inhibitory control defect, and suggested that ultra-high risk subjects and patients with schizophrenia could share oculomotor abnormalities, especially when they express a high neurodevelopmental deviance. These oculomotor alterations might suggest that cerebral structures such as prefrontal and cerebellum could be involved in the expression of this vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; UMR 1141 Inserm - Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Amado
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France
| | - François Vialatte
- UMR 8249 CNRS Laboratoire Plasticité du Cerveau, Paris 75005, France
| | - Célia Mam-Lam-Fook
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR S 894, Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, CNRS, GDR3557-Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France.
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm - Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
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Bucci MP, Stordeur C, Septier M, Acquaviva E, Peyre H, Delorme R. Oculomotor Abnormalities in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Are Improved by Methylphenidate. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:274-280. [PMID: 27976935 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are relatively few studies of saccadic eye movements in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to examine inhibitory abilities of eye movements in children with ADHD and to explore the effect of methylphenidate (MPH) on eye movement performance. METHODS Thirty-one children with ADHD (mean age 9.9 ± 0.4 years) and 31 sex-, age-, and IQ-matched children with normal development were examined. Saccades elicited not only by the gap, step, overlap, and antisaccade paradigms but also a simple fixation paradigm have been recorded using an eye tracker. The latency of each type of saccade, the error rate of antisaccades, and the number of saccades made during fixation have been measured. RESULTS Children with ADHD and naive to treatment with respect to controls showed significantly shorter mean latency of voluntary saccades (overlap paradigm), more frequent errors during the antisaccade paradigm, and higher number of saccades made during fixation. After 1 month of MPH treatment, all these parameters changed significantly and reached control values. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that oculomotor abilities are poor in children with ADHD, which may correlate with deficits in inhibitory mechanisms. Treatment with MPH improves oculomotor performances through adaptive strategies, which may involve brain structures related to cognitive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- 1 UMR 1141 Inserm-Université Paris Diderot, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France
| | - Coline Stordeur
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Septier
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France .,3 Université Paris Diderot , Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France
| | - Hugo Peyre
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- 2 Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital , Paris, France .,3 Université Paris Diderot , Paris, France
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Caldani S, Bucci MP, Lamy JC, Seassau M, Bendjemaa N, Gadel R, Gaillard R, Krebs MO, Amado I. Saccadic eye movements as markers of schizophrenia spectrum: Exploration in at-risk mental states. Schizophr Res 2017; 181:30-37. [PMID: 27639418 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disease with cognitive and motor impairments. Motor dysfunctions, such as eye movements or Neurological Soft Signs (NSS), are proposed as endophenotypic markers. Antisaccade (AS) and memory-guided saccades (MGS), two markers of inhibitory control mechanism, are altered in both patients with schizophrenia and their relatives, although these tools may have different sensitivities. Recently, emphasis has been put on identifying markers predictive of psychosis transition in subjects with ultra-high-risk psychosis in order to develop targeted prevention. This study investigates AS and MGS in 46 patients with schizophrenia, 23 ultra-high-risk subjects, and 39 full siblings compared to 47 healthy volunteers. NSS were assessed as a marker of abnormal neurodevelopment. The results revealed more errors in MGS in patients, ultra-high-risk subjects and siblings, than in controls, and more specifically ultra-high-risk subjects with high NSS scores. By contrast, the error rate in AS was significantly higher only in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. These findings suggest that MGS could be more accurate to detect deficient inhibitory processes as a marker of vulnerability before the onset of schizophrenia. The use of the different paradigms (AS, MGS) revealed distinct profiles depending on the stage of the disease, indicating that some alterations could be pure endophenotypic markers of vulnerability for schizophrenia, while others could be markers of the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 Inserm-Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France; INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm-Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Narjes Bendjemaa
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Gadel
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Amado
- INSERM U894, Laboratory of Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Diseases, Center of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institut de Psychiatrie, GDR3557, France; University Paris Descartes, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
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Knox PC, MacCormick IJC, Mbale E, Malewa M, Czanner G, Harding SP. Longitudinal Visuomotor Development in a Malaria Endemic Area: Cerebral Malaria and Beyond. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164885. [PMID: 27764173 PMCID: PMC5072745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Paediatric cerebral malaria is the most serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. While the majority recover, long-term cognitive impairment has been highlighted as a significant and neglected problem. Persistent or serious deficits in processes such as attention or behavioural inhibition should be manifest in changes to performance on oculomotor tasks. Therefore we investigated the impact of cerebral malaria on the development of reflexive pro-saccades and antisaccades. In a longitudinal study, 47 children previously admitted with retinopathy-confirmed cerebral malaria (mean age at admission 54 months), were compared with 37 local healthy controls (mean ages at first study visit 117 and 110 months respectively). In each of three or four test sessions, over a period of up to 32 months, participants completed 100 prosaccade tasks and 100 antisaccade tasks. Eye movements were recorded using infrared reflectance oculography; prosaccade, correct antisaccade and error prosaccade latency, and antisaccade directional error rate were calculated. Hierarchical linear modelling was used to investigate the effect of age and the influence of cerebral malaria on these parameters. Data were also collected from an independent, older group (mean age 183 months) of 37 local healthy participants in a separate cross-sectional study. Longitudinal data exhibited the expected decrease in latency with age for all saccade types, and a decrease in the antisaccade directional error rate. Hierarchical linear modelling confirmed that age had a statistically significant effect on all parameters (p< = 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the cerebral malaria and control groups. Combining groups, comparison with the literature demonstrated that antisaccade directional error rate for the Malawi sample was significantly higher than expected, while latencies for all saccade types were indistinguishable from published. The high directional error rate was also confirmed in the older, healthy Malawian participants from the cross sectional study. Our observation of similar oculomotor performance in cerebral malaria and control groups at long follow-up periods suggests that cerebral malaria survivors are not at a generally increased risk of persistent cognitive deficits. Our data raise questions about the prevailing hypothesis that cerebral malaria has gross impacts on the development of processes such as attention and behavioural inhibition. More importantly, our novel finding of a clear difference in antisaccade performance between all of the Malawi participants and published data suggests that the Malawian paediatric population as a whole faces serious challenges to cognitive development beyond cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C. Knox
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Ian J. C. MacCormick
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, PO Box 30096, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Emme Mbale
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, College of Medicine, P/Bag 360 Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Macpherson Malewa
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, College of Medicine, P/Bag 360 Chichiri, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Waterhouse Building, Liverpool, L69 3GL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P. Harding
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, William Duncan Building, Liverpool, L7 ATX, United Kingdom
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Lions C, Bucci MP, Bonnet C. Postural Control Can Be Well Maintained by Healthy, Young Adults in Difficult Visual Task, Even in Sway-Referenced Dynamic Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164400. [PMID: 27736934 PMCID: PMC5063355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To challenge the validity of existing cognitive models of postural control, we recorded eye movements and postural sway during two visual tasks (a control free-viewing task and a difficult searching task), and two postural tasks (one static task in which the platform was maintained stable and a dynamic task in which the platform moved in a sway-referenced manner.) We expected these models to be insufficient to predict the results in postural control both in static–as already shown in the literature reports–and in dynamic platform conditions. Methods Twelve healthy, young adults (17.3 to 34.1 years old) participated in this study. Postural performances were evaluated using the Multitest platform (Framiral®) and ocular recording was performed with Mobile T2 (e(ye)BRAIN®). In the free-viewing task, the participants had to look at an image, without any specific instruction. In the searching task, the participants had to look at an image and also to locate the position of an object in the scene. Results Postural sway was only significantly higher in the dynamic free-viewing condition than in the three other conditions with no significant difference between these three other conditions. Visual task performance was slightly higher in dynamic than in static conditions. Discussion As expected, our results did not confirm the main assumption of the current cognitive models of postural control–i.e. that the limited attentional resources of the brain should explain changes in postural control in our conditions. Indeed, 1) the participants did not sway significantly more in the sway-referenced dynamic searching condition than in any other condition; 2) the participants swayed significantly less in both static and dynamic searching conditions than in the dynamic free-viewing condition. We suggest that a new cognitive model illustrating the adaptive, functional role of the brain to control upright stance is necessary for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lions
- UMR 1141, INSERM—Université Paris 7, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ENT Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
- Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141, INSERM—Université Paris 7, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ENT Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cédrick Bonnet
- SCALab, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Lunn J, Donovan T, Litchfield D, Lewis C, Davies R, Crawford T. Saccadic Eye Movement Abnormalities in Children with Epilepsy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160508. [PMID: 27483011 PMCID: PMC4970731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood onset epilepsy is associated with disrupted developmental integration of sensorimotor and cognitive functions that contribute to persistent neurobehavioural comorbidities. The role of epilepsy and its treatment on the development of functional integration of motor and cognitive domains is unclear. Oculomotor tasks can probe neurophysiological and neurocognitive mechanisms vulnerable to developmental disruptions by epilepsy-related factors. The study involved 26 patients and 48 typically developing children aged 8–18 years old who performed a prosaccade and an antisaccade task. Analyses compared medicated chronic epilepsy patients and unmedicated controlled epilepsy patients to healthy control children on saccade latency, accuracy and dynamics, errors and correction rate, and express saccades. Patients with medicated chronic epilepsy had impaired and more variable processing speed, reduced accuracy, increased peak velocity and a greater number of inhibitory errors, younger unmedicated patients also showed deficits in error monitoring. Deficits were related to reported behavioural problems in patients. Epilepsy factors were significant predictors of oculomotor functions. An earlier age at onset predicted reduced latency of prosaccades and increased express saccades, and the typical relationship between express saccades and inhibitory errors was absent in chronic patients, indicating a persistent reduction in tonic cortical inhibition and aberrant cortical connectivity. In contrast, onset in later childhood predicted altered antisaccade dynamics indicating disrupted neurotransmission in frontoparietal and oculomotor networks with greater demand on inhibitory control. The observed saccadic abnormalities are consistent with a dysmaturation of subcortical-cortical functional connectivity and aberrant neurotransmission. Eye movements could be used to monitor the impact of epilepsy on neurocognitive development and help assess the risk for poor neurobehavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lunn
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Tim Donovan
- Centre for Medical Imaging, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Damien Litchfield
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Lewis
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Davies
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor Crawford
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Tiadi A, Seassau M, Gerard CL, Bucci MP. Differences between Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Children in the Performance of Phonological Visual-Auditory Recognition Tasks: An Eye-Tracking Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159190. [PMID: 27438352 PMCID: PMC4954654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The object of this study was to explore further phonological visual-auditory recognition tasks in a group of fifty-six healthy children (mean age: 9.9 ± 0.3) and to compare these data to those recorded in twenty-six age-matched dyslexic children (mean age: 9.8 ± 0.2). Eye movements from both eyes were recorded using an infrared video-oculography system (MobileEBT® e(y)e BRAIN). The recognition task was performed under four conditions in which the target object was displayed either with phonologically unrelated objects (baseline condition), or with cohort or rhyme objects (cohort and rhyme conditions, respectively), or both together (rhyme + cohort condition). The percentage of the total time spent on the targets and the latency of the first saccade on the target were measured. Results in healthy children showed that the percentage of the total time spent in the baseline condition was significantly longer than in the other conditions, and that the latency of the first saccade in the cohort condition was significantly longer than in the other conditions; interestingly, the latency decreased significantly with the increasing age of the children. The developmental trend of phonological awareness was also observed in healthy children only. In contrast, we observed that for dyslexic children the total time spent on the target was similar in all four conditions tested, and also that they had similar latency values in both cohort and rhyme conditions. These findings suggest a different sensitivity to the phonological competitors between dyslexic and non-dyslexic children. Also, the eye-tracking technique provides online information about phonological awareness capabilities in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimé Tiadi
- UMR 1141 Institut National de la Santé Et de Recherche Médicale- Paris Diderot, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Institut National de la Santé Et de Recherche Médicale- Paris Diderot, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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Gregory NJ, Hermens F, Facey R, Hodgson TL. The developmental trajectory of attentional orienting to socio-biological cues. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1351-62. [PMID: 27060906 PMCID: PMC4851695 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the orienting of attention in the same direction as another’s point of gaze relies on innate brain mechanisms which are present from birth, but direct evidence relating to the influence of eye gaze cues on attentional orienting in young children is limited. In two experiments, 137 children aged 3–10 years old performed an adapted pro-saccade task with centrally presented uninformative eye gaze, finger pointing and arrow pre-cues which were either congruent or incongruent with the direction of target presentations. When the central cue overlapped with presentation of the peripheral target (Experiment 1), children up to 5 years old had difficulty disengaging fixation from central fixation in order to saccade to the target. This effect was found to be particularly marked for eye gaze cues. When central cues were extinguished simultaneously with peripheral target onset (Experiment 2), this effect was greatly reduced. In both experiments finger pointing cues (image of pointing index finger presented at fixation) exerted a strong influence on saccade reaction time to the peripheral stimulus for the youngest group of children (<5 years). Overall the results suggest that although young children are strongly engaged by centrally presented eye gaze cues, the directional influence of such cues on overt attentional orienting is only present in older children, meaning that the effect is unlikely to be dependent upon an innate brain module. Instead, the results are consistent with the existence of stimulus–response associations which develop with age and environmental experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Jean Gregory
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Frouke Hermens
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK
| | - Rebecca Facey
- School of Psychology, College of Life and Environmental Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Timothy L Hodgson
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK.
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Interference between oculomotor and postural tasks in 7–8-year-old children and adults. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1667-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alramis F, Roy E, Christian L, Niechwiej-Szwedo E. Contribution of binocular vision to the performance of complex manipulation tasks in 5-13years old visually-normal children. Hum Mov Sci 2015; 46:52-62. [PMID: 26722986 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual studies have shown that visuomotor coordination and aspects of binocular vision, such as stereoacuity and dynamic vergence control, continue to improve in normally developing children between birth and early teenage years. However, no study has systematically addressed the relationship between the development of binocular vision and fine manipulation skills. Thus, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterize performance of complex manipulation tasks during binocular and monocular viewing. Fifty-two children, between 5 and 13years old, performed 2 manipulation tasks: peg-board and bead-threading under randomized viewing conditions. Results showed that binocular viewing was associated with a significantly greater improvement in performance on the bead-threading task in comparison to the peg-board task and the youngest children showed the greatest decrement in task performance under the monocular viewing condition when performing the bead-threading task. Thus, the role of binocular vision in performance of fine manipulation skills is both task- and age-dependent. These findings have implications for assessment of visuomotor skills in children with abnormal binocular vision, which occurs in 2-3% of otherwise typically developing children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatimah Alramis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Eric Roy
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lisa Christian
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
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Galetta KM, Liu M, Leong DF, Ventura RE, Galetta SL, Balcer LJ. The King-Devick test of rapid number naming for concussion detection: meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Concussion 2015; 1:CNC8. [PMID: 30202552 PMCID: PMC6114024 DOI: 10.2217/cnc.15.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vision encompasses a large component of the brain's pathways, yet is not represented in current sideline testing. Objectives: We performed a meta-analysis of published data for a vision-based test of rapid number naming (King-Devick [K-D] test). Studies & methods: Pooled and meta-analysis of 15 studies estimated preseason baseline K-D scores and sensitivity/specificity for identifying concussed versus nonconcussed control athletes. Result: Baseline K-D (n = 1419) showed a weighted estimate of 43.8 s (95% CI: 40.2, 47.5; I2 = 0.0%; p=0.85 – indicating very little heterogeneity). Sensitivity was 86% (96/112 concussed athletes had K-D worsening; 95% CI: 78%, 92%); specificity was 90% (181/202 controls had no worsening; 95% CI: 85%, 93%). Conclusion: Rapid number naming adds to sideline assessment and contributes a critical dimension of vision to sports-related concussion testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Galetta
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Population Health, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Danielle F Leong
- Illinois College of Optometry, 3241 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60616, USA.,Illinois College of Optometry, 3241 S Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
| | - Rachel E Ventura
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Steven L Galetta
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laura J Balcer
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, 240 East 38th Street, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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35
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Goulème N, Gérard CL, Bucci MP. The Effect of Training on Postural Control in Dyslexic Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130196. [PMID: 26162071 PMCID: PMC4498656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether a short postural training period could affect postural stability in dyslexic children. Postural performances were evaluated using Multitest Equilibre from Framiral. Posture was recorded in three different viewing conditions (eyes open fixating a target, eyes closed and eyes open with perturbed vision) and in two different postural conditions (on stable and unstable support). Two groups of dyslexic children participated in the study, i.e. G1: 16 dyslexic participants (mean age 9.9 ± 0.3 years) who performed short postural training and G2: 16 dyslexic participants of similar ages (mean age 9.1 ± 0.3 years) who did not perform any short postural training. Findings showed that short postural training improved postural stability on unstable support surfaces with perturbed vision: indeed the surface, the mean velocity of CoP and the spectral power indices in both directions decreased significantly, and the cancelling time in the antero-posterior direction improved significantly. Such improvement could be due to brain plasticity, which allows better performance in sensory process and cerebellar integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Goulème
- UMR 1141 Inserm—Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 Inserm—Paris Diderot University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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36
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Gouleme N, Gerard CL, Bui-Quoc E, Bucci MP. Spatial and temporal analysis of postural control in dyslexic children. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1370-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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37
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Bucci MP, Ajrezo L, Wiener‐Vacher S. Oculomotor tasks affect differently postural control in healthy children. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation UnitENT DepartmentRobert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard Sérurier75019ParisFrance
- UMR 1141, INSERM – Université Paris 7Robert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard SérurierParisFrance
| | - Layla Ajrezo
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation UnitENT DepartmentRobert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard Sérurier75019ParisFrance
- UMR 1141, INSERM – Université Paris 7Robert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard SérurierParisFrance
| | - Sylvette Wiener‐Vacher
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation UnitENT DepartmentRobert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard Sérurier75019ParisFrance
- UMR 1141, INSERM – Université Paris 7Robert Debré University Hospital48 Boulevard SérurierParisFrance
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38
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Matsuo Y, Watanabe M, Taniike M, Mohri I, Kobashi S, Tachibana M, Kobayashi Y, Kitamura Y. Gap Effect Abnormalities during a Visually Guided Pro-Saccade Task in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125573. [PMID: 26018057 PMCID: PMC4446099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that starts in early childhood and has a comprehensive impact on psychosocial activity and education as well as general health across the lifespan. Despite its prevalence, the current diagnostic criteria for ADHD are debated. Saccadic eye movements are easy to quantify and may be a quantitative biomarker for a wide variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including ADHD. The goal of this study was to examine whether children with ADHD exhibit abnormalities during a visually guided pro-saccadic eye-movement and to clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms associated with their behavioral impairments. Thirty-seven children with ADHD (aged 5–11 years) and 88 typically developing (TD) children (aged 5–11 years) were asked to perform a simple saccadic eye-movement task in which step and gap conditions were randomly interleaved. We evaluated the gap effect, which is the difference in the reaction time between the two conditions. Children with ADHD had a significantly longer reaction time than TD children (p < 0.01) and the gap effect was markedly attenuated (p < 0.01). These results suggest that the measurement of saccadic eye movements may provide a novel method for evaluating the behavioral symptoms and clinical features of ADHD, and that the gap effect is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of ADHD in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsuo
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Masako Taniike
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syoji Kobashi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tachibana
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Kobayashi
- Visual Neuroscience Laboratory, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology and Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitamura
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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39
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Gonzalez CC, Mon-Williams M, Burke MR. Children and older adults exhibit distinct sub-optimal cost-benefit functions when preparing to move their eyes and hands. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117783. [PMID: 25659134 PMCID: PMC4320084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous activities require an individual to respond quickly to the correct stimulus. The provision of advance information allows response priming but heightened responses can cause errors (responding too early or reacting to the wrong stimulus). Thus, a balance is required between the online cognitive mechanisms (inhibitory and anticipatory) used to prepare and execute a motor response at the appropriate time. We investigated the use of advance information in 71 participants across four different age groups: (i) children, (ii) young adults, (iii) middle-aged adults, and (iv) older adults. We implemented ‘cued’ and ‘non-cued’ conditions to assess age-related changes in saccadic and touch responses to targets in three movement conditions: (a) Eyes only; (b) Hands only; (c) Eyes and Hand. Children made less saccade errors compared to young adults, but they also exhibited longer response times in cued versus non-cued conditions. In contrast, older adults showed faster responses in cued conditions but exhibited more errors. The results indicate that young adults (18–25 years) achieve an optimal balance between anticipation and execution. In contrast, children show benefits (few errors) and costs (slow responses) of good inhibition when preparing a motor response based on advance information; whilst older adults show the benefits and costs associated with a prospective response strategy (i.e., good anticipation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Gonzalez
- Sports, Health and Exercise Sciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie R. Burke
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Bucci MP, Mélithe D, Ajrezo L, Bui-Quoc E, Gérard CL. The influence of oculomotor tasks on postural control in dyslexic children. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:981. [PMID: 25538603 PMCID: PMC4260515 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual task is known to affect postural stability in children. We explored the effect of visual tasks on postural control in thirty dyslexic children. A selected group of thirty chronological age-matched non-dyslexic children (mean age: 9.92 ± 0.35 years) and a group of thirty reading age-matched non-dyslexic children (mean reading age: 7.90 ± 0.25 years) were chosen for comparison. All children underwent ophthalmologic and optometric evaluation. Eye movements were recorded by a video-oculography system (EyeBrain® T2) and postural sway was recorded simultaneously by a force platform (TechnoConept®). All children performed fixations, pursuits, pro- and anti-saccades tasks. Dyslexic children showed significantly poor near fusional vergence ranges (convergence and divergence) with respect to the non-dyslexic children groups. During the postural task, quality of fixation and anti-saccade performance in dyslexic children were significantly worse compared to the two non-dyslexic children groups. In contrast, the number of catch-up saccades during pursuits and the latency of pro- and anti-saccades were similar in the three groups of children examined. Concerning postural quality, dyslexic children were more unstable than chronological age-matched non-dyslexic children group. For all three groups of children tested we also observed that executing saccades (pro- and anti-saccades) reduced postural values significantly in comparison with fixation and pursuit tasks. The impairment in convergence and divergence fusional capabilities could be due to an immaturity in cortical structures controlling the vergence system. The poor oculomotor performance reported in dyslexic children suggested a deficit in allocating visual attention and their postural instability observed is in line with the cerebellar impairment previously reported in dyslexic children. Finally, pro- or anti-saccades reduce postural values compared to fixation and pursuit tasks in all groups of children tested, suggesting a different influence of visual tasks on postural control according to their attentional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Damien Mélithe
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Layla Ajrezo
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bui-Quoc
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Christophe-Loic Gérard
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré Paris, France
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41
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Bui Quoc E, Milleret C. Origins of strabismus and loss of binocular vision. Front Integr Neurosci 2014; 8:71. [PMID: 25309358 PMCID: PMC4174748 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2014.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Strabismus is a frequent ocular disorder that develops early in life in humans. As a general rule, it is characterized by a misalignment of the visual axes which most often appears during the critical period of visual development. However other characteristics of strabismus may vary greatly among subjects, for example, being convergent or divergent, horizontal or vertical, with variable angles of deviation. Binocular vision may also vary greatly. Our main goal here is to develop the idea that such “polymorphy” reflects a wide variety in the possible origins of strabismus. We propose that strabismus must be considered as possibly resulting from abnormal genetic and/or acquired factors, anatomical and/or functional abnormalities, in the sensory and/or the motor systems, both peripherally and/or in the brain itself. We shall particularly develop the possible “central” origins of strabismus. Indeed, we are convinced that it is time now to open this “black box” in order to move forward. All of this will be developed on the basis of both presently available data in literature (including most recent data) and our own experience. Both data in biology and medicine will be referred to. Our conclusions will hopefully help ophthalmologists to better understand strabismus and to develop new therapeutic strategies in the future. Presently, physicians eliminate or limit the negative effects of such pathology both on the development of the visual system and visual perception through the use of optical correction and, in some cases, extraocular muscle surgery. To better circumscribe the problem of the origins of strabismus, including at a cerebral level, may improve its management, in particular with respect to binocular vision, through innovating tools by treating the pathology at the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bui Quoc
- Ophthalmology Department, Hopital Robert Debre/Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris Paris, France
| | - Chantal Milleret
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Spatial Navigation and Memory Team Paris, France
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42
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Keitel A, Prinz W, Daum MM. Perception of individual and joint action in infants and adults. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107450. [PMID: 25202914 PMCID: PMC4174902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants and adults frequently observe actions performed jointly by more than one person. Research in action perception, however, has focused largely on actions performed by an individual person. Here, we explore how 9- and 12-month-old infants and adults perceive a block-stacking action performed by either one agent (individual condition) or two agents (joint condition). We used eye tracking to measure the latency of participants' gaze shifts towards action goals. Adults anticipated goals in both conditions significantly faster than infants, and their gaze latencies did not differ between conditions. By contrast, infants showed faster anticipation of goals in the individual condition than in the joint condition. This difference was more pronounced in 9-month-olds. Further analyses of fixations examined the role of visual attention in action perception. These findings are cautiously interpreted in terms of low-level processing in infants and higher-level processing in adults. More precisely, our results suggest that adults are able to infer the overarching joint goal of two agents, whereas infants are not yet able to do so and might rely primarily on visual cues to infer the respective sub-goals. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the perception of joint action in infants develops differentially from that of individual action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Keitel
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Research Group ‘Infant Cognition and Action’, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Prinz
- Department of Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz M. Daum
- Research Group ‘Infant Cognition and Action’, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bucci MP, Seassau M, Larger S, Bui-Quoc E, Gerard CL. Effect of visual attention on postural control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1292-1300. [PMID: 24691355 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effect of oculomotor tasks on postural sway in two groups of ADHD children with and without methylphenidate (MPH) treatment against a group of control age-matched children. Fourteen MPH-untreated ADHD children, fourteen MPH-treated ADHD children and a group of control children participated to the study. Eye movements were recorded using a video-oculography system and postural sway measured with a force platform simultaneously. Children performed fixation, pursuits, pro- and anti-saccades. We analyzed the number of saccades during fixation, the number of catch-up saccades during pursuits, the latency of pro- and anti-saccades; the occurrence of errors in the anti-saccade task and the surface and mean velocity of the center of pressure (CoP). During the postural task, the quality of fixation was significantly worse in both groups of ADHD children with respect to control children; in contrast, the number of catch-up saccades during pursuits, the latency of pro-/anti-saccades and the rate of errors in the anti-saccade task did not differ in the three groups of children. The surface of the CoP in MPH-treated children was similar to that of control children, while MPH-untreated children showed larger postural sway. When performing any saccades, the surface of the CoP improved with respect to fixation or pursuits tasks. This study provides evidence of poor postural control in ADHD children, probably due to cerebellar deficiencies. Our study is also the first to show an improvement on postural sway in ADHD children performing saccadic eye movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR1141, INSERM - Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France.
| | - Magali Seassau
- e(ye)BRAIN, 1 bis rue Jean le Galleu, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France(1)
| | - Sandrine Larger
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier 75019 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bui-Quoc
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Christophe-Loic Gerard
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Boulevard Sérurier 75019 Paris, France
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44
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Bucci MP, Seassau M. Vertical saccades in children: a developmental study. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:927-34. [PMID: 24352609 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are no studies exploring the development of vertical saccades in large populations of children. In this study, we examined the development of vertical saccades in sixty-nine children. Binocular eye movements were recorded using an infrared video oculography system [Mobile EBT(®), e(ye)BRAIN], and movements from both eyes had been analyzed. The gain and the peak velocity of vertical saccades show an up-down asymmetry. Latency value decreases with the age of children, and it does not depend on the direction of the saccades; in contrast, the gain and the peak velocity values of vertical saccades are stable during childhood. We suggest that the up-down asymmetry is developed early, or is innate, in humans. Latencies of vertical saccades develop with the age of children, in relationship with the development of the cortical network responsible for the saccade preparation. In contrast, the precision and the peak velocity are not age-dependent as they are controlled by the cerebellum and brainstem structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 676 Inserm, Université Paris Diderot Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, 48 Bl Sérurier, 75019, Paris, France,
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45
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Ajrezo L, Wiener-Vacher S, Bucci MP. Saccades improve postural control: a developmental study in normal children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81066. [PMID: 24278379 PMCID: PMC3836891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual-task performance is known to affect postural stability in children. This study focused on the effect of oculomotor tasks like saccadic eye movements on postural stability, studied in a large population of children by recording simultaneously their eye movements and posture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five healthy children from 5.8 to 17.6 years old were examined. All children were free of any vestibular, neurological, ophtalmologic and orthoptic abnormalities. Postural control was measured with a force platform TechnoConcept®, and eye movements with video oculography (MobilEBT®). Children performed two oculomotor tasks: fixation of a stable central target and horizontal saccades. We measured the saccade latency and the number of saccades during fixation as well as the surface, length and mean velocity of the center of pressure. RESULTS During postural measurement, we observed a correlation between the age on the one hand and a decrease in saccade latency as well as an improvement in the quality of fixation on the other. Postural sway decreases with age and is reduced in the dual task (saccades) in comparison with a simple task of fixation. DISCUSSION - CONCLUSION These results suggest a maturation of neural circuits controlling posture and eye movements during childhood. This study also shows the presence of an interaction between the oculomotor system and the postural system. Engaging in oculomotor tasks results in a reduction of postural sway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Ajrezo
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ORL Dept., 75019 Robert Debré Paediatric Hospital, Paris, France
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Sylvette Wiener-Vacher
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ORL Dept., 75019 Robert Debré Paediatric Hospital, Paris, France
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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46
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Gaertner C, Bucci MP, Ajrezo L, Wiener-Vacher S. Binocular coordination of saccades during reading in children with clinically assessed poor vergence capabilities. Vision Res 2013; 87:22-9. [PMID: 23694682 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have pointed toward a link between the saccadic and vergence systems, coordinating binocular saccadic movements. Recent studies have shown that vergence deficits in children induce poor binocular coordination during saccades, but none of them have studied ocular motility in children during a daily task such as reading. The present study tests whether vergence deficits in children perturb binocular coordination of saccades and fixation during reading. Our second objective was to explore whether vergence training could improve the quality of binocular coordination. Twelve patients (from 7.3 to 13.4 years old) complaining from vertigo but without vestibular and neurological pathology underwent orthoptic tests and were selected for our study when they presented vergence deficits. Eye movements were recorded during a reading task with a Mobile EyeBrain® Tracker video-oculography system. Data were compared to twelve age-matched controls with normal orthoptic values. While there was no statistically significant difference in saccade amplitudes between the two groups (p=0.29), patients showed higher disconjugacy during and after the saccades compared to controls (p<0.001). After orthoptic training, six patients out of the first 12 examined came back for a second oculomotor test. All showed a significant improvement of their binocular saccade coordination. We suggest that the larger disconjugacy during reading observed in patients before training could be due to poor vergence as initially assessed by orthoptic examination. Such findings support the hypothesis of a tight relationship between the saccadic and vergence systems for controlling the binocular coordination of saccades. The improvement reported after orthoptic training is in line with the hypothesis of an adaptative interaction on a premotor level between the saccadic and vergence system.
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