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Domínguez A, Koch S, Marquez S, de Castro M, Urquiza J, Evandt J, Oftedal B, Aasvang GM, Kampouri M, Vafeiadi M, Mon-Williams M, Lewer D, Lepeule J, Andrusaityte S, Vrijheid M, Guxens M, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Childhood exposure to outdoor air pollution in different microenvironments and cognitive and fine motor function in children from six European cohorts. Environ Res 2024; 247:118174. [PMID: 38244968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution during childhood has been linked with adverse effects on cognitive development and motor function. However, limited research has been done on the associations of air pollution exposure in different microenvironments such as home, school, or while commuting with these outcomes. OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between childhood air pollution exposure in different microenvironments and cognitive and fine motor function from six European birth cohorts. METHODS We included 1301 children from six European birth cohorts aged 6-11 years from the HELIX project. Average outdoor air pollutants concentrations (NO2, PM2.5) were estimated using land use regression models for different microenvironments (home, school, and commute), for 1-year before the outcome assessment. Attentional function, cognitive flexibility, non-verbal intelligence, and fine motor function were assessed using the Attention Network Test, Trail Making Test A and B, Raven Colored Progressive Matrices test, and the Finger Tapping test, respectively. Adjusted linear regressions models were run to determine the association between each air pollutant from each microenvironment on each outcome. RESULTS In pooled analysis we observed high correlation (rs = 0.9) between air pollution exposures levels at home and school. However, the cohort-by-cohort analysis revealed correlations ranging from low to moderate. Air pollution exposure levels while commuting were higher than at home or school. Exposure to air pollution in the different microenvironments was not associated with working memory, attentional function, non-verbal intelligence, and fine motor function. Results remained consistently null in random-effects meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS No association was observed between outdoor air pollution exposure in different microenvironments (home, school, commute) and cognitive and fine motor function in children from six European birth cohorts. Future research should include a more detailed exposure assessment, considering personal measurements and time spent in different microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Domínguez
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Koch
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Marquez
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorun Evandt
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Oftedal
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunn Marit Aasvang
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Department of Air Quality and Noise, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mariza Kampouri
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dan Lewer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Development and Respiratory Health, IAB, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandra Andrusaityte
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Warburton M, Brookes J, Hasan M, Leonetti M, Dogar M, Wang H, Cohn AG, Mushtaq F, Mon-Williams M. Getting stuck in a rut as an emergent feature of a dynamic decision-making system. R Soc Open Sci 2024; 11:231550. [PMID: 38577210 PMCID: PMC10987986 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Human sensorimotor decision making has a tendency to get 'stuck in a rut', being biased towards selecting a previously implemented action structure (hysteresis). Existing explanations propose this is the consequence of an agent efficiently modifying an existing plan, rather than creating a new plan from scratch. Instead, we propose that hysteresis is an emergent property of a system learning from the consequences of its actions. To examine this, 152 participants moved a cursor to a target on a tablet device while avoiding an obstacle. Hysteresis was observed when the obstacle moved sequentially across the screen between trials, whereby the participant continued moving around the same side of the obstacle despite it now requiring a larger movement than the alternative. Two further experiments (n = 20) showed an attenuation when time and resource constraints were eased. We created a simple computational model capturing probabilistic estimate updating that showed the same patterns of results. This provides, to our knowledge, the first computational demonstration of how sensorimotor decision making can get 'stuck in a rut' through the updating of the probability estimates associated with actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Brookes
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Matteo Leonetti
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Department of Informatics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mehmet Dogar
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - He Wang
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg3616, Norway
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3
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Wands ZE, Cave DGW, Cromie K, Hough A, Johnson K, Mon-Williams M, Feltbower RG, Glaser AW. Early educational attainment in children with major congenital anomaly in the UK. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:326-333. [PMID: 38262694 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe early educational attainment and special educational needs (SEN) provision in children with major congenital anomaly (CA) compared with peers. DESIGN Analysis of educational data linked to the ongoing Born in Bradford cohort study. Confounders were identified via causal inference methods and multivariable logistic regression performed. SETTING Children born in Bradford Royal Infirmary (BRI), West Yorkshire. PATIENTS All women planning to give birth at BRI and attending antenatal clinic from March 2007 to December 2010 were eligible. 12 453 women with 13 776 pregnancies (>80% of those attending) were recruited. Records of 555 children with major CA and 11 188 without were linked to primary education records. OUTCOMES Key Stage 1 (KS1) attainment at age 6-7 years in Maths, Reading, Writing and Science. SEN provision from age 4 to 7 years. RESULTS 41% of children with major CA received SEN provision (compared with 14% without), and 48% performed below expected standards in at least one KS1 domain (compared with 29% without). The adjusted odds of children with CA receiving SEN provision and failing to achieve the expected standard at KS1 were, respectively, 4.30 (95% CI 3.49 to 5.31) and 3.06 (95% CI 2.47 to 3.79) times greater than their peers. Those with genetic, heart, neurological, urinary, gastrointestinal and limb anomalies had significantly poorer academic achievement. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that poor educational attainment extends to children with urinary, limb and gastrointestinal CAs. We demonstrate the need for collaboration between health and education services to assess and support children with major CA, so every CA survivor can maximise their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë E Wands
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel G W Cave
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Kirsten Cromie
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amy Hough
- Born in Bradford, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service, London, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Born in Bradford, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Adam W Glaser
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Eddy LH, Preston N, Boom S, Davison J, Brooks R, Bingham DD, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. The validity and reliability of school-based fundamental movement skills screening to identify children with motor difficulties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297412. [PMID: 38359032 PMCID: PMC10868745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Assess whether school-based teacher-led screening is effective at identifying children with motor difficulties. METHODS Teachers tested 217 children aged between 5 and 11 years old, after a one hour training session, using a freely available tool (FUNMOVES). Four classes (n = 91) were scored by both researchers and teachers to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Researchers assessed 22 children using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2; considered to be the 'gold standard' in Europe for use as part of the diagnostic process for Developmental Coordination Disorder) to assess concurrent and predictive validity. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability for all individual activities within FUNMOVES ranged from 0.85-0.97 (unweighted Kappa; with 95%CI ranging from 0.77-1). For total score this was lower (κ = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.68-0.84), however when incorporating linear weighting, this improved (κ = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89-0.99). When evaluating FUNMOVES total score against the MABC-2 total score, the specificity (1, 95%CI = 0.63-1) and positive predictive value (1; 95%CI = 0.68-1) of FUNMOVES were high, whereas sensitivity (0.57, 95%CI = 0.29-0.82) and negative predictive values (0.57, 95%CI = 0.42-0.71) were moderate. Evaluating only MABC-2 subscales which are directly related to fundamental movement skills (Aiming & Catching, and Balance) improved these values to 0.89 (95%CI = 0.52-1) and 0.93 (95%CI = 0.67-0.99) respectively. INTERPRETATION Teacher-led screening of fundamental movement skills (via FUNMOVES) is an effective method of identifying children with motor difficulties. Such universal screening in schools has the potential to identify movement difficulties and enable earlier intervention than the current norm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Preston
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shania Boom
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Davison
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Brooks
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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McEachan RRC, Santorelli G, Watmuff A, Mason D, Barber SE, Bingham DD, Bird PK, Lennon L, Lewer D, Mon-Williams M, Shire KA, Waiblinger D, West J, Yang TC, Lawlor DA, Pickett KE, Wright J. Cohort Profile Update: Born in Bradford. Int J Epidemiol 2024; 53:dyae037. [PMID: 38552669 PMCID: PMC11065350 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyae037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Aidan Watmuff
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sally E Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Daniel D Bingham
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Philippa K Bird
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Dan Lewer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Tiffany C Yang
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Clifton, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
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Wood ML, Gunning L, Relins S, Sohal K, Wright J, Mon-Williams M, Atkinson AL. Potential for England's statutory school entry assessment to identify special educational needs and reveal structural inequalities: a population-based study. Arch Dis Child 2023; 109:52-57. [PMID: 37827813 PMCID: PMC10804042 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate at a population level whether England's universal assessment of 'school readiness' is associated with later identification of special educational needs (SEN). Also, whether ethnic differences exist in SEN identification (white British versus ethnic minority) and whether this varies as a function of school readiness. METHOD Analysis included 53 229 individuals aged 5-12 years from the Connected Bradford Database (2012/2013-2019/2020). Logistic regression analyses examined: (1) whether reaching a 'good level of development' on England's 'school readiness' assessment was associated with later SEN identification; and (2) whether interactions exist between school readiness and ethnicity. RESULTS 32 515 of 53 229 children reached a good level of development, of which 3036 (9.3%) were identified as having SEN. In contrast, 10 171 of 20 714 (49.1%) of children who did not reach a good level of development were later identified as having SEN. Children not reaching a good level of development had increased odds of being later identified as having SEN after controlling for covariates (OR: 8.50, 95% CI: 8.10 to 8.91). In children who did not reach a good level of development, white British children had higher odds of being identified as having SEN compared with ethnic minority peers (OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.34). No ethnic differences of having SEN were observed in children reaching a good level of development (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93 to 1.16). CONCLUSIONS School readiness assessments are associated with later SEN identification. Structural inequalities may exist in SEN identification in children not entering formal education 'school ready'. Such assessments could facilitate earlier identification of SEN and reduce structural inequalities in its identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Lydia Gunning
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Sam Relins
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Kuldeep Sohal
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Amy L Atkinson
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Cave DGW, Wands ZE, Cromie K, Hough A, Johnson K, Mon-Williams M, Bentham JR, Feltbower RG, Glaser AW. Educational attainment of children with congenital Heart disease in the United Kingdom. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes 2023:qcad068. [PMID: 37985703 DOI: 10.1093/ehjqcco/qcad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Educational attainment in children with congenital heart disease (CHD) within the UK has not been reported, despite the possibility of school absences and disease-specific factors creating educational barriers. METHODS Children were prospectively recruited to the Born in Bradford birth cohort between March 2007 and December 2010. Diagnoses of CHD were identified through linkage to the congenital anomaly register and independently verified by clinicians. Multivariable regression accounted for relevant confounders. Our primary outcome was the odds of 'below expected' attainment in Maths, Reading and Writing at ages 4-11 years. RESULTS Educational records of 139 children with non-genetic CHD were compared to 11 188 age-matched children with no major congenital anomaly. Children with CHD had significantly higher odds of 'below expected' attainment in Maths at age 4-5 years (Odds Ratio 1.64, 95% CI 1.07-2.52), age 6-7 (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.32-3.12), and age 10-11 (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.01-5.14). Odds worsened with age, with similar results for Reading and Writing. The odds of receiving special educational needs support reduced with age for children with CHD relative to controls (age 4-5: OR 4.84 (2.06-11.40); age 6-7: OR 3.65 (2.41-5.53); age 10-11: OR 2.73 (1.84-4.06)). Attainment was similar for children with and without exposure to cardio-pulmonary bypass. Lower attainment was strongly associated with the number of pre-school hospital admissions. CONCLUSIONS Children with CHD have lower educational attainment compared to their peers. Deficits are evident from school entry and increase throughout primary school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G W Cave
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Zoë E Wands
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kirsten Cromie
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Amy Hough
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service (NCARDRS), NHS England, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - James R Bentham
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Richard G Feltbower
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Adam W Glaser
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
- Leeds Children's Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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Tsocheva I, Scales J, Dove R, Chavda J, Kalsi H, Wood HE, Colligan G, Cross L, Newby C, Hall A, Keating M, Sartori L, Moon J, Thomson A, Tomini F, Murray A, Hamad W, Tijm S, Hirst A, Vincent BP, Kotala P, Balkwill F, Mihaylova B, Grigg J, Quint JK, Fletcher M, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, van Sluijs E, Beevers S, Randhawa G, Eldridge S, Sheikh A, Gauderman W, Kelly F, Mudway IS, Griffiths CJ. Investigating the impact of London's ultra low emission zone on children's health: children's health in London and Luton (CHILL) protocol for a prospective parallel cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:556. [PMID: 37925402 PMCID: PMC10625305 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution harms health across the life course. Children are at particular risk of adverse effects during development, which may impact on health in later life. Interventions that improve air quality are urgently needed both to improve public health now, and prevent longer-term increased vulnerability to chronic disease. Low Emission Zones are a public health policy intervention aimed at reducing traffic-derived contributions to urban air pollution, but evidence that they deliver health benefits is lacking. We describe a natural experiment study (CHILL: Children's Health in London and Luton) to evaluate the impacts of the introduction of London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) on children's health. METHODS CHILL is a prospective two-arm parallel longitudinal cohort study recruiting children at age 6-9 years from primary schools in Central London (the focus of the first phase of the ULEZ) and Luton (a comparator site), with the primary outcome being the impact of changes in annual air pollutant exposures (nitrogen oxides [NOx], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5micrograms [PM2.5], and less than 10 micrograms [PM10]) across the two sites on lung function growth, measured as post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) over five years. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, cognitive development, mental health, quality of life, health inequalities, and a range of respiratory and health economic data. DISCUSSION CHILL's prospective parallel cohort design will enable robust conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of the ULEZ at improving air quality and delivering improvements in children's respiratory health. With increasing proportions of the world's population now living in large urban areas exceeding World Health Organisation air pollution limit guidelines, our study findings will have important implications for the design and implementation of Low Emission and Clean Air Zones in the UK, and worldwide. CLINICALTRIALS GOV: NCT04695093 (05/01/2021).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Tsocheva
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK.
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK.
| | - James Scales
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosamund Dove
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jasmine Chavda
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Harpal Kalsi
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen E Wood
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Grainne Colligan
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise Cross
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chris Newby
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amy Hall
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mia Keating
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luke Sartori
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Moon
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Centre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ann Thomson
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Florian Tomini
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aisling Murray
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Wasim Hamad
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Tijm
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alice Hirst
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Britzer Paul Vincent
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Pavani Kotala
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | | | - Borislava Mihaylova
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Monica Fletcher
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Sean Beevers
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Sandra Eldridge
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC - Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - William Gauderman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Frank Kelly
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Griffiths
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- MRC - Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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Warburton M, Mon-Williams M, Mushtaq F, Morehead JR. Measuring motion-to-photon latency for sensorimotor experiments with virtual reality systems. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:3658-3678. [PMID: 36217006 PMCID: PMC10616216 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-022-01983-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Consumer virtual reality (VR) systems are increasingly being deployed in research to study sensorimotor behaviors, but properties of such systems require verification before being used as scientific tools. The 'motion-to-photon' latency (the lag between a user making a movement and the movement being displayed within the display) is a particularly important metric as temporal delays can degrade sensorimotor performance. Extant approaches to quantifying this measure have involved the use of bespoke software and hardware and produce a single measure of latency and ignore the effect of the motion prediction algorithms used in modern VR systems. This reduces confidence in the generalizability of the results. We developed a novel, system-independent, high-speed camera-based latency measurement technique to co-register real and virtual controller movements, allowing assessment of how latencies change through a movement. We applied this technique to measure the motion-to-photon latency of controller movements in the HTC Vive, Oculus Rift, Oculus Rift S, and Valve Index, using the Unity game engine and SteamVR. For the start of a sudden movement, all measured headsets had mean latencies between 21 and 42 ms. Once motion prediction could account for the inherent delays, the latency was functionally reduced to 2-13 ms, and our technique revealed that this reduction occurs within ~25-58 ms of movement onset. Our findings indicate that sudden accelerations (e.g., movement onset, impacts, and direction changes) will increase latencies and lower spatial accuracy. Our technique allows researchers to measure these factors and determine the impact on their experimental design before collecting sensorimotor data from VR systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Hasbergs vei 36, 3616, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J Ryan Morehead
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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10
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Warburton M, Campagnoli C, Mon-Williams M, Mushtaq F, Morehead JR. Kinematic markers of skill in first-person shooter video games. PNAS Nexus 2023; 2:pgad249. [PMID: 37564360 PMCID: PMC10411933 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Video games present a unique opportunity to study motor skill. First-person shooter (FPS) games have particular utility because they require visually guided hand movements that are similar to widely studied planar reaching tasks. However, there is a need to ensure the tasks are equivalent if FPS games are to yield their potential as a powerful scientific tool for investigating sensorimotor control. Specifically, research is needed to ensure that differences in visual feedback of a movement do not affect motor learning between the two contexts. In traditional tasks, a movement will translate a cursor across a static background, whereas FPS games use movements to pan and tilt the view of the environment. To this end, we designed an online experiment where participants used their mouse or trackpad to shoot targets in both visual contexts. Kinematic analysis showed player movements were nearly identical between contexts, with highly correlated spatial and temporal metrics. This similarity suggests a shared internal model based on comparing predicted and observed displacement vectors rather than primary sensory feedback. A second experiment, modeled on FPS-style aim-trainer games, found movements exhibited classic invariant features described within the sensorimotor literature. We found the spatial metrics tested were significant predictors of overall task performance. More broadly, these results show that FPS games offer a novel, engaging, and compelling environment to study sensorimotor skill, providing the same precise kinematic metrics as traditional planar reaching tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Warburton
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carlo Campagnoli
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg 3616, Viken, Norway
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J Ryan Morehead
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
- Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, LS2 9JT, UK
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11
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Sohal K, Mason D, Birkinshaw J, West J, McEachan RR, Elshehaly M, Cooper D, Shore R, McCooe M, Lawton T, Mon-Williams M, Sheldon T, Bates C, Wood M, Wright J. Connected Bradford: a Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:26. [PMID: 36466951 PMCID: PMC9682213 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17526.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The richness of linked population data provides exciting opportunities to understand local health needs, identify and predict those in most need of support and evaluate health interventions. There has been extensive investment to unlock the potential of clinical data for health research in the UK. However, most of the determinants of our health are social, economic, education, environmental, housing, food systems and are influenced by local authorities. The Connected Bradford Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator was set up to link health, education, social care, environmental and other local government data to drive learning health systems, prevention and population health management. Data spanning a period of over forty years has been linked for 800,000 individuals using the pseudonymised NHS number and other data variables. This prospective data collection captures near real time activity. This paper describes the dataset and our Connected Bradford Whole System Data Accelerator Framework that covers public engagement; practitioner and policy integration; legal and ethical approvals; information governance; technicalities of data linkage; data curation and guardianship; data validity and visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sohal
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Birkinshaw
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rosemary R.C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Mai Elshehaly
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Duncan Cooper
- Public Health, Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Rob Shore
- Public Health, Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Michael McCooe
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Tom Lawton
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Trevor Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Chris Bates
- The Phoenix Partnership, Leeds, LS18 5PX, UK
| | - Megan Wood
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
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12
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Fernandes L, Coats R, Mon-Williams M, Ford H. 119 A novel kinematic tool to assess upper limb dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Psychiatry 2022. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-abn2.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionWe assessed upper limb function in people with progressive MS (pwPMS) using a novel kinematic 3D motion capture methodology.Methods42 pwPMS and 15 healthy controls reached-and-grasped different objects while movement trajectories were captured with a kinematic assessment system. Clinical measures included the nine hole peg test (9HPT), Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and patient reported outcomes at baseline and six months.ResultsPwPMS had longer reaction and reach times, took longer to pick-up objects and move them between pre-defined positions, and spent more time placing objects, compared to controls. PwPMS had lower peak wrist velocities when reaching for and moving objects. Kinematic assessment demonstrated consistent differences between the mild and severe patients, driven by object grasp dimensions, which weren’t captured by 9HPT. There was no correlation between upper limb performance and EDSS, with wide variation in performance across a narrow EDSS range. There was moderate correlation between kinematic assessment and 9HPT. There was no significant change in most of the kinematic or clinical parameters at six months compared to baseline.ConclusionsOur study has created and tested a novel upper limb function assessment tool with better sensitivity and behaviour capture than the EDSS and 9HPT. For the first time, we have captured the spa- tiotemporal patterns of hand function impairment in pwPMS.
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13
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Pickett KE, Ajebon M, Hou B, Kelly B, Bird PK, Dickerson J, Shire K, McIvor C, Mon-Williams M, Small N, McEachan R, Wright J, Lawlor D. Vulnerabilities in child well-being among primary school children: a cross-sectional study in Bradford, UK. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e049416. [PMID: 35772827 PMCID: PMC9247690 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of factors related to well-being among primary school children in a deprived multiethnic community in the UK. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Cross-sectional survey of 15 641 children aged 7-10 years in Born in Bradford's Primary School Years study: whole-classroom samples in 89 Bradford primary schools between 2016 and 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence estimates by ethnicity (%, 95% CI) of single and multiple vulnerabilities in child well-being within and across four domains (Home, Family, Relationships; Material Resources; Friends and School; Subjective Well-being). RESULTS Only 10% of children had no vulnerabilities in any domain of well-being; 10% had one or more vulnerabilities in all four domains. The highest prevalence estimates were for being bullied some or all of the time (52.7%, 95% CI: 51.9% to 53.4%), keeping worries to oneself (31.2%, 95% CI: 30.5% to 31.9%), having no park near home (30.8%, 95% CI: 30.1% to 31.5%) and worrying all the time about how much money their family has (26.3%, 95% CI: 25.6% to 27%). Boys were consistently significantly more likely than girls to report all of the vulnerabilities in the Home, Family and Family Relationships domain, and the majority of indicators in the other domains, and in all domains except Friends and School, boys were significantly more likely to have at least one vulnerability. Girls were significantly more likely to report not having many friends (16.7%, 95% CI: 15.9% to 17.6% vs 12.5%, 95% CI: 11.8% to 13.2%), being bullied some or all of the time (55.8%, 95% CI: 54.7% to 56.9% vs 49.7%, 95% CI: 48.6% to 50.8%) and feeling left out all the time (12.1%, 95% CI: 11.4% to 12.8%) versus (10.3%, 95% CI: 9.7% to 11.0%). Variations in vulnerabilities by ethnicity were complex, with children in black, Asian and minority ethnic groups sometimes reporting more vulnerabilities and sometimes fewer than white British children. For example, compared with children of Pakistani heritage, white British children were more likely to say that their family never gets along well (6.3%, 95% CI: 5.6% to 7.1% vs 4.1%, 95% CI: 3.6% to 4.6%) and to have no access to the internet at home (22.3%, 95% CI: 21% to 23.6% vs 18%, 95% CI: 17% to 18.9%). Children with Pakistani heritage were more likely than white British children to say they had no park near their home where they can play with friends (32.7%, 95% CI: 31.6% to 33.9% vs 29.9%, 95% CI: 28.6% to 31.3%), to report not having three meals a day (17.9%, 95% CI: 16.9% to 18.8% vs 11.9%, 95% CI: 10.9% to 12.9%) and to worry all the time about how much money their families have (29.3%, 95% CI: 28.2% to 30.3%) vs (21.6%, 95% CI: 20.4% to 22.9%). Gypsy/Irish Traveller children were less likely than white British children to say they were bullied some or all of the time (42.2%, 95% CI: 35.4% to 49.4% vs 53.8%, 95% CI: 52.3% to 55.3%), but more likely to say they were mean to others all the time (9.9%, 95% CI: 6.3% to 15.2% vs 4%, 95% CI: 3.5% to 4.7%) and can never work out what to do when things are hard (15.2%, 95% CI: 10.6% to 21.2% vs 9%, 95% CI: 8.2% to 9.9%). We considered six vulnerabilities to be of particular concern during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated national and local lockdowns: family never gets along well together; no garden where child can play; no nearby park where they can play; not having three meals a day; no internet at home; worried about money all the time. Pre-pandemic, 37.4% (95% CI: 36.6% to 38.3%) of Bradford children had one of these vulnerabilities and a further 29.6% (95% CI: 28.9% to 30.4%) had more than one. CONCLUSIONS Although most primary school children aged 7-10 in our study had good levels of well-being on most indicators across multiple domains, fewer than 10% had no vulnerabilities at all, a worrying 10% had at least one vulnerability in all the four domains we studied and two-thirds had vulnerabilities of particular concern during the COVID-19 lockdowns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bo Hou
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | | | - Katy Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Claire McIvor
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Neil Small
- Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Deborah Lawlor
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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14
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West J, Wright J, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Ciesla K, Pickett KE, Shore R, Witcherley P, Flinders M, McEachan RR, Mon-Williams M, Bird P, Lennon L, Cooper D, Muckle S, England K, Sheldon T. Developing a model for health determinants research within local government: lessons from a large, urban local authority. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:276. [PMID: 35903783 PMCID: PMC9277198 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17195.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions strongly affect health across the life course. Local government plays a key role in influencing these wider determinants of health and levels of inequality within their communities. However, they lack the research infrastructure and culture that would enable them to develop an evidence-based approach to tackling the complex drivers of those conditions. Methods: We undertook a scoping project using some research methods and some descriptive summaries to explore the potential for, and what would be needed to develop a local authority research system for the City of Bradford, UK. This included identifying the current research landscape and any barriers and enablers to research activity within the local authority using qualitative individual and focus group interviews, a rapid review of existing local research system models, scoping and description of the use of evidence in decision making and training opportunities and existing support for local government research. Results: We identified four key themes important to developing and sustaining a research system: leadership, resource and capacity, culture, partnerships. Some use of research in decision making was evident but research training opportunities within the local authority were limited. Health research funders are slowly adapting to the local government environment, but this remains limited and more work is needed to shift the centre of gravity towards public health, local government and the community more generally. Conclusions: We propose a model for a local authority research system that can guide the development of an exemplar whole system research framework that includes research infrastructure, data sharing, research training and skills, and co-production with local partners, to choose, use, generate, and deliver research in local government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Chris Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kayley Ciesla
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Robert Shore
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Phil Witcherley
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Mathew Flinders
- Dept of Politics & International Relations, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TU, UK
| | - Rosemary R.C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Pippa Bird
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Duncan Cooper
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Sarah Muckle
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Kersten England
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Trevor Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK
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15
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Pickavance JP, Giles OT, Morehead JR, Mushtaq F, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. Sensorimotor ability and inhibitory control independently predict attainment in mathematics in children and adolescents. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1026-1039. [PMID: 35196148 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00365.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously linked interceptive timing performance to mathematics attainment in 5- to 11-yr-old children, which we attributed to the neural overlap between spatiotemporal and numerical operations. This explanation implies that the relationship should persist through the teenage years. Here, we replicated this finding in adolescents (n = 200, 11-15 yr). However, an alternative explanation is that sensorimotor proficiency and academic attainment are both consequences of executive function. To assess this competing hypothesis, we developed a measure of a core executive function, inhibitory control, from the kinematic data. We combined our new adolescent data with the original children's data (total n = 568), performing a novel analysis controlling for our marker of executive function. We found that the relationship between mathematics and interceptive timing persisted at all ages. These results suggest a distinct functional link between interceptive timing and mathematics that operates independently of our measure of executive function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous research downplays the role of sensorimotor skills in the development of higher-order cognitive domains such as mathematics: using inadequate sensorimotor measures, differences in "executive function" account for any shared variance. Utilizing a high-resolution, kinematic measure of a sensorimotor skill previously linked to mathematics attainment, we show that inhibitory control alone cannot account for this relationship. The practical implication is that the development of children's sensorimotor skills must be considered in their intellectual development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Pickavance
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar T Giles
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - J Ryan Morehead
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Wilkie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
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16
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Mushtaq F, McDougle SD, Craddock MP, Parvin DE, Brookes J, Schaefer A, Mon-Williams M, Taylor JA, Ivry RB. Distinct Neural Signatures of Outcome Monitoring After Selection and Execution Errors. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:748-765. [PMID: 35104323 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Losing a point in tennis could result from poor shot selection or faulty stroke execution. To explore how the brain responds to these different types of errors, we examined feedback-locked EEG activity while participants completed a modified version of a standard three-armed bandit probabilistic reward task. Our task framed unrewarded outcomes as the result of either errors of selection or errors of execution. We examined whether amplitude of a medial frontal negativity (the feedback-related negativity [FRN]) was sensitive to the different forms of error attribution. Consistent with previous reports, selection errors elicited a large FRN relative to rewards, and amplitude of this signal correlated with behavioral adjustment after these errors. A different pattern was observed in response to execution errors. These outcomes produced a larger FRN, a frontocentral attenuation in activity preceding this component, and a subsequent enhanced error positivity in parietal sites. Notably, the only correlations with behavioral adjustment were with the early frontocentral attenuation and amplitude of the parietal signal; FRN differences between execution errors and rewarded trials did not correlate with subsequent changes in behavior. Our findings highlight distinct neural correlates of selection and execution error processing, providing insight into how the brain responds to the different classes of error that determine future action.
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17
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Sohal K, Mason D, Birkinshaw J, West J, McEachan RR, Elshehaly M, Cooper D, Shore R, McCooe M, Lawton T, Mon-Williams M, Sheldon T, Bates C, Wood M, Wright J. Connected Bradford: a Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:26. [PMID: 36466951 PMCID: PMC9682213 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17526.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The richness of linked population data provides exciting opportunities to understand local health needs, identify and predict those in most need of support and evaluate health interventions. There has been extensive investment to unlock the potential of clinical data for health research in the UK. However, most of the determinants of our health are social, economic, education, environmental, housing, food systems and are influenced by local authorities. The Connected Bradford Whole System Data Linkage Accelerator was set up to link health, education, social care, environmental and other local government data to drive learning health systems, prevention and population health management. Data spanning a period of over forty years has been linked for 800,000 individuals using the pseudonymised NHS number and other data variables. This prospective data collection captures near real time activity. This paper describes the dataset and our Connected Bradford Whole System Data Accelerator Framework that covers public engagement; practitioner and policy integration; legal and ethical approvals; information governance; technicalities of data linkage; data curation and guardianship; data validity and visualisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Sohal
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Birkinshaw
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rosemary R.C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Mai Elshehaly
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Duncan Cooper
- Public Health, Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Rob Shore
- Public Health, Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Michael McCooe
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Tom Lawton
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Trevor Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Chris Bates
- The Phoenix Partnership, Leeds, LS18 5PX, UK
| | - Megan Wood
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
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18
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Binter AC, Bernard JY, Mon-Williams M, Andiarena A, González-Safont L, Vafeiadi M, Lepeule J, Soler-Blasco R, Alonso L, Kampouri M, Mceachan R, Santa-Marina L, Wright J, Chatzi L, Sunyer J, Philippat C, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Vrijheid M, Guxens M. Urban environment and cognitive and motor function in children from four European birth cohorts. Environ Int 2022; 158:106933. [PMID: 34662798 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The urban environment may influence neurodevelopment from conception onwards, but there is no evaluation of the impact of multiple groups of exposures simultaneously. We investigated the association between early-life urban environment and cognitive and motor function in children. METHODS We used data from 5403 mother-child pairs from four population-based birth-cohorts (UK, France, Spain, and Greece). We estimated thirteen urban home exposures during pregnancy and childhood, including: built environment, natural spaces, and air pollution. Verbal, non-verbal, gross motor, and fine motor functions were assessed using validated tests at five years old. We ran adjusted multi-exposure models using the Deletion-Substitution-Addition algorithm. RESULTS Higher greenness exposure within 300 m during pregnancy was associated with higher verbal abilities (1.5 points (95% confidence interval 0.4, 2.7) per 0.20 unit increase in greenness). Higher connectivity density within 100 m and land use diversity during pregnancy were related to lower verbal abilities. Childhood exposure to PM2.5 mediated 74% of the association between greenness during childhood and verbal abilities. Higher exposure to PM2.5 during pregnancy was related to lower fine motor function (-1.2 points (-2.1, -0.4) per 3.2 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5). No associations were found with non-verbal abilities and gross motor function. DISCUSSION This study suggests that built environment, greenness, and air pollution may impact child cognitive and motor function at five years old. This study adds evidence that well-designed urban planning may benefit children's cognitive and motor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Binter
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Inserm, INRAE, F-75004 Paris, France; Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK; School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Ainara Andiarena
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; Biodonostia, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Llúcia González-Safont
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO -Universitat Jaume I -Universitat de Val ència, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Raquel Soler-Blasco
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO -Universitat Jaume I -Universitat de Val ència, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lucia Alonso
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Mariza Kampouri
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosie Mceachan
- Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- Epidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO -Universitat Jaume I -Universitat de Val ència, Valencia, Spain; Biodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; Public Health Division of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, 20013 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford BD9 6RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, US
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; IMIM-Parc Salut Mar, Barcelona
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Mònica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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19
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Sheppard WEA, Dickerson P, Baraas RC, Mon-Williams M, Barrett BT, Wilkie RM, Coats RO. Exploring the effects of degraded vision on sensorimotor performance. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258678. [PMID: 34748569 PMCID: PMC8575268 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Many people experience unilateral degraded vision, usually owing to a developmental or age-related disorder. There are unresolved questions regarding the extent to which such unilateral visual deficits impact on sensorimotor performance; an important issue as sensorimotor limitations can constrain quality of life by restricting 'activities of daily living'. Examination of the relationship between visual deficit and sensorimotor performance is essential for determining the functional implications of ophthalmic conditions. This study attempts to explore the effect of unilaterally degraded vision on sensorimotor performance. METHODS In Experiment 1 we simulated visual deficits in 30 participants using unilateral and bilateral Bangerter filters to explore whether motor performance was affected in water pouring, peg placing, and aiming tasks. Experiment 2 (n = 74) tested the hypothesis that kinematic measures are associated with visuomotor deficits by measuring the impact of small visual sensitivity decrements created by monocular viewing on sensorimotor interactions with targets presented on a planar surface in aiming, tracking and steering tasks. RESULTS In Experiment 1, the filters caused decreased task performance-confirming that unilateral (and bilateral) visual loss has functional implications. In Experiment 2, kinematic measures were affected by monocular viewing in two of three tasks requiring rapid online visual feedback (aiming and steering). CONCLUSIONS Unilateral visual loss has a measurable impact on sensorimotor performance. The benefits of binocular vision may be particularly important for some groups (e.g. older adults) where an inability to complete sensorimotor tasks may necessitate assisted living. There is an urgent need to develop rigorous kinematic approaches to the quantification of the functional impact of unilaterally degraded vision and of the benefits associated with treatments for unilateral ophthalmic conditions to enable informed decisions around treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Polly Dickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rigmor C. Baraas
- Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Optometry, Radiography and Lighting Design, National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
- Bradford Institute of Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Brendan T. Barrett
- Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Wilkie
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel O. Coats
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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20
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West J, Wright J, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Ciesla K, Pickett KE, Shore R, Witcherley P, Flinders M, McEachan R, Mon-Williams M, Bird P, Lennon L, Cooper D, Muckle S, England K, Sheldon T. Developing a model for health determinants research within local government: lessons from a large, urban local authority. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:276. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17195.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions strongly affect health across the life course. Local government plays a key role in influencing these wider determinants of health and levels of inequality within their communities. However, they lack the research infrastructure and culture that would enable them to develop an evidence-based approach to tackling the complex drivers of those conditions. Methods: We undertook a scoping project to explore the potential for, and what would be needed to develop a local authority research system for the City of Bradford, UK. This included identifying the current research landscape and any barriers and enablers to research activity within the local authority using qualitative individual and focus group interviews, a rapid review of existing local research system models, scoping of the use of evidence in decision making and training opportunities and existing support for local government research. Results: We identified four key themes important to developing and sustaining a research system: leadership, resource and capacity, culture, partnerships. Some use of research in decision making was evident but research training opportunities within the local authority were limited. Health research funders are slowly adapting to the local government environment, but this remains limited and more work is needed to shift the centre of gravity towards public health, local government and the community more generally. Conclusions: We propose a model for a local authority research system that can guide the development of an exemplar whole system research framework that includes research infrastructure, data sharing, research training and skills, and co-production with local partners, to choose, use, generate, and deliver research in local government.
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21
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Bingham DD, Daly-Smith A, Hall J, Seims A, Dogra SA, Fairclough SJ, Ajebon M, Kelly B, Hou B, Shire KA, Crossley KL, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, Pickett K, McEachan R, Dickerson J, Barber SE. Covid-19 lockdown: Ethnic differences in children's self-reported physical activity and the importance of leaving the home environment; a longitudinal and cross-sectional study from the Born in Bradford birth cohort study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2021; 18:117. [PMID: 34488785 PMCID: PMC8419665 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-021-01183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In England, the onset of COVID-19 and a rapidly increasing infection rate resulted in a lockdown (March-June 2020) which placed strict restrictions on movement of the public, including children. Using data collected from children living in a multi-ethnic city with high levels of deprivation, this study aimed to: (1) report children's self-reported physical activity (PA) during the first COVID-19 UK lockdown and identify associated factors; (2) examine changes of children's self-reported PA prior to and during the first UK lockdown. METHODS This study is part of the Born in Bradford (BiB) COVID-19 Research Study. PA (amended Youth Activity Profile), sleep, sedentary behaviours, daily frequency/time/destination/activity when leaving the home, were self-reported by 949 children (9-13 years). A sub-sample (n = 634) also self-reported PA (Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children) pre-pandemic (2017-February 2020). Univariate analysis assessed differences in PA between sex and ethnicity groups; multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with children's PA. Differences in children's levels of being sufficiently active prior to and during the lockdown were examined using the McNemar test; and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors explaining change. RESULTS During the pandemic, White British (WB) children were more sufficiently active (34.1%) compared to Pakistani Heritage children (PH) (22.8%) or 'Other' ethnicity children (O) (22.8%). WB children reported leaving the home more frequently and for longer periods than PH and O children. Modifiable variables related to being sufficiently active were frequency, duration, type of activity, and destination away from the home environment. There was a large reduction in children being sufficiently active during the first COVID-19 lockdown (28.9%) compared to pre-pandemic (69.4%). CONCLUSIONS Promoting safe extended periods of PA everyday outdoors is important for all children, in particular for children from ethnic minority groups. Children's PA during the first COVID-19 UK lockdown has drastically reduced from before. Policy and decision makers, and practitioners should consider the findings in order to begin to understand the impact and consequences that COVID-19 has had upon children's PA which is a key and vital behaviour for health and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK.
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK.
| | - Andy Daly-Smith
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jennifer Hall
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Amanda Seims
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Sufyan A Dogra
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Stuart J Fairclough
- Health Research Institute and Movement Behaviours, Health, and Wellbeing Research Group, Department Sport and Physical Activity, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, L39 4QP, UK
| | - Mildred Ajebon
- Department of Health Sciences, SeebohmRowntree Building, University of York, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Bo Hou
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, SeebohmRowntree Building, University of York, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Kirsty L Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, SeebohmRowntree Building, University of York, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, UK
| | - Rosemary McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally E Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
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22
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Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Warembourg C, Maitre L, Philippat C, Gützkow KB, Guxens M, Evandt J, Andrusaityte S, Burgaleta M, Casas M, Chatzi L, de Castro M, Donaire-González D, Gražulevičienė R, Hernandez-Ferrer C, Heude B, Mceachan R, Mon-Williams M, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Robinson O, Sakhi AK, Sebastian-Galles N, Slama R, Sunyer J, Tamayo-Uria I, Thomsen C, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Wright J, Basagaña X, Vrijheid M. Early life multiple exposures and child cognitive function: A multi-centric birth cohort study in six European countries. Environ Pollut 2021; 284:117404. [PMID: 34077897 PMCID: PMC8287594 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies mostly focus on single environmental exposures. This study aims to systematically assess associations between a wide range of prenatal and childhood environmental exposures and cognition. The study sample included data of 1298 mother-child pairs, children were 6-11 years-old, from six European birth cohorts. We measured 87 exposures during pregnancy and 122 cross-sectionally during childhood, including air pollution, built environment, meteorology, natural spaces, traffic, noise, chemicals and life styles. The measured cognitive domains were fluid intelligence (Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices test, CPM), attention (Attention Network Test, ANT) and working memory (N-Back task). We used two statistical approaches to assess associations between exposure and child cognition: the exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering each exposure independently, and the deletion-substitution-addition algorithm (DSA) considering all exposures simultaneously to build a final multiexposure model. Based on this multiexposure model that included the exposure variables selected by ExWAS and DSA models, child organic food intake was associated with higher fluid intelligence (CPM) scores (beta = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.50, 1.87) and higher working memory (N-Back) scores (0.23; 0.05, 0.41), and child fast food intake (-1.25; -2.10, -0.40), house crowding (-0.39; -0.62, -0.16), and child environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (-0.89; -1.42, -0.35), were all associated with lower CPM scores. Indoor PM2.5 exposure was associated with lower N-Back scores (-0.09; -0.16, -0.02). Additional associations in the unexpected direction were found: Higher prenatal mercury levels, maternal alcohol consumption and child higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) levels were associated with better cognitive performance; and higher green exposure during pregnancy with lower cognitive performance. This first comprehensive and systematic study of many prenatal and childhood environmental risk factors suggests that unfavourable child nutrition, family crowdedness and child indoor air pollution and ETS exposures adversely and cross-sectionally associate with cognitive function. Unexpected associations were also observed and maybe due to confounding and reverse causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Julvez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus (Tarragona), Catalonia, Spain; Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charline Warembourg
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lea Maitre
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Claire Philippat
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Kristine B Gützkow
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Monica Guxens
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, PO Box 2060, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorunn Evandt
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Miguel Burgaleta
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Maribel Casas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Montserrat de Castro
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Donaire-González
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Carles Hernandez-Ferrer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Rosie Mceachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Oliver Robinson
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Amrit K Sakhi
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nuria Sebastian-Galles
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Department of Technology, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Roc Boronat 138, 08018, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Remy Slama
- Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ibon Tamayo-Uria
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Cima Universidad de Navarra and "Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA)", Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cathrine Thomsen
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jose Urquiza
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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23
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Eddy LH, Preston N, Mon-Williams M, Bingham DD, Atkinson JMC, Ellingham-Khan M, Otteslev A, Hill LJB. Developing and validating a school-based screening tool of Fundamental Movement Skills (FUNMOVES) using Rasch analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250002. [PMID: 33861769 PMCID: PMC8051776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of children are not able to perform age-appropriate fundamental movement skills (FMS). Thus, it is important to assess FMS so that children needing additional support can be identified in a timely fashion. There is great potential for universal screening of FMS in schools, but research has established that current assessment tools are not fit for purpose. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate the psychometric properties of a FMS assessment tool designed specifically to meet the demands of universal screening in schools. METHODS A working group consisting of academics from developmental psychology, public health and behavioural epidemiology developed an assessment tool (FUNMOVES) based on theory and prior evidence. Over three studies, 814 children aged 4 to 11 years were assessed in school using FUNMOVES. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate structural validity and modifications were then made to FUNMOVES activities after each study based on Rasch results and implementation fidelity. RESULTS The initial Rasch analysis found numerous psychometric problems including multidimensionality, disordered thresholds, local dependency, and misfitting items. Study 2 showed a unidimensional measure, with acceptable internal consistency and no local dependency, but that did not fit the Rasch model. Performance on a jumping task was misfitting, and there were issues with disordered thresholds (for jumping, hopping and balance tasks). Study 3 revealed a unidimensional assessment tool with good fit to the Rasch model, and no further issues, once jumping and hopping scoring were modified. IMPLICATIONS The finalised version of FUNMOVES (after three iterations) meets standards for accurate measurement, is free and able to assess a whole class in under an hour using resources available in schools. Thus FUNMOVES has the potential to allow schools to efficiently screen FMS to ensure that targeted support can be provided and disability barriers removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Preston
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo M. C. Atkinson
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- School of Allied Health Professions and Midwifery, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha Ellingham-Khan
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Otteslev
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Jedynak P, Maitre L, Guxens M, Gützkow KB, Julvez J, López-Vicente M, Sunyer J, Casas M, Chatzi L, Gražulevičienė R, Kampouri M, McEachan R, Mon-Williams M, Tamayo I, Thomsen C, Urquiza J, Vafeiadi M, Wright J, Basagaña X, Vrijheid M, Philippat C. Prenatal exposure to a wide range of environmental chemicals and child behaviour between 3 and 7 years of age - An exposome-based approach in 5 European cohorts. Sci Total Environ 2021; 763:144115. [PMID: 33422710 PMCID: PMC7840589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies looking at associations between environmental chemicals and child behaviour usually consider only one exposure or family of exposures. OBJECTIVE This study explores associations between prenatal exposure to a wide range of environmental chemicals and child behaviour. METHODS We studied 708 mother-child pairs from five European cohorts recruited in 2003-2009. We assessed 47 exposure biomarkers from eight chemical exposure families in maternal blood or urine collected during pregnancy. We used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to evaluate child behaviour between three and seven years of age. We assessed associations of SDQ scores with exposures using an adjusted least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) considering all exposures simultaneously and an adjusted exposome-wide association study (ExWAS) considering each exposure independently. RESULTS LASSO selected only copper (Cu) as associated with externalizing behaviour. In the ExWAS, bisphenol A [BPA, incidence rate ratio (IRR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.01;1.12] and mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP, IRR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.00;1.13) were associated with greater risk of externalizing behaviour problems. Cu (IRR: 0.90, 95%CI: 0.82;0.98), perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA, IRR: 0.92, 95%CI: 0.84;0.99) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) were associated with lower risk of externalizing behaviour problems, however the associations with OCs were mainly seen among women with insufficient weight gain during pregnancy. Internalizing score worsen in association with exposure to diethyl thiophosphate (DETP, IRR: 1.11, 95%CI: 1.00;1.24) but the effect was driven by the smallest cohort. Internalizing score improved with increased concentration of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, IRR: 0.92, 95%CI: 0.85;1.00), however the association was driven by the two smallest cohorts with the lowest PFOS concentrations. DISCUSSION This study added evidence on deleterious effects of prenatal exposure to BPA and MnBP on child behaviour. Other associations should be interpreted cautiously since they were not consistent with previous studies or they have not been studied extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jedynak
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France.
| | - Léa Maitre
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Guxens
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jordi Julvez
- Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Reus, Spain; ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Vicente
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Mariza Kampouri
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Rosie McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Ibon Tamayo
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Urquiza
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Xavier Basagaña
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Claire Philippat
- University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
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25
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Threapleton DE, Snart CJP, Keeble C, Waterman AH, Taylor E, Mason D, Reid S, Azad R, Hill LJB, Meadows S, McKillion A, Alwan NA, Cade JE, Simpson NAB, Stewart PM, Zimmermann M, Wright J, Waiblinger D, Mon-Williams M, Hardie LJ, Greenwood DC. Maternal iodine status in a multi-ethnic UK birth cohort: Associations with child cognitive and educational development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:236-246. [PMID: 32870514 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones critical for fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine insufficiency may result in poorer cognitive or child educational outcomes but current evidence is sparse and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To quantify the association between maternal iodine status and child educational outcomes. METHODS Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and iodine/creatinine ratios (I:Cr) were measured in 6971 mothers at 26-28 weeks' gestation participating in the Born in Bradford cohort. Maternal iodine status was examined in relation to child school achievement (early years foundation stage (EYFS), phonics, and Key Stage 1 (KS1)), other learning outcomes, social and behavioural difficulties, and sensorimotor control in 5745 children aged 4-7 years. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) UIC was 76 µg/L (46, 120), and I:Cr was 83 µg/g (59, 121). Overall, there was no strong or consistent evidence to support associations between UIC or I:Cr and neurodevelopmental outcomes. For instance, predicted EYFS and phonics scores (primary outcomes) at the 25th vs 75th I:Cr percentiles (99% confidence intervals) were similar, with no evidence of associations: EYFS scores were 32 (99% CI 31, 33) and 33 (99% CI 32, 34), and phonics scores were 34 (99% CI 33, 35) and 35 (99% CI 34, 36), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the largest single study of its kind, there was little evidence of detrimental neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born to pregnant women with iodine insufficiency as defined by World Health Organization-outlined thresholds. Alternative functional biomarkers for iodine status in pregnancy and focused assessment of other health outcomes may provide additional insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Threapleton
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charles J P Snart
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Keeble
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen Reid
- Earth Surface Science Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Meadows
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda McKillion
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nisreen A Alwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Janet E Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Laura J Hardie
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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26
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Waterman A, Giles O, Havelka J, Ali S, Culmer P, Wilkie R, Mon-Williams M. Correction to 'Sensorimotor control dynamics and cultural biases: learning to move in the right (or left) direction'. R Soc Open Sci 2021; 8:210231. [PMID: 33972888 PMCID: PMC8074713 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160806.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160806.].
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27
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Wright B, Konstantopoulou K, Sohal K, Kelly B, Morgan G, Hulin C, Mansoor S, Mon-Williams M. Systematic approach to school-based assessments for autism spectrum disorders to reduce inequalities: a feasibility study in 10 primary schools. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e041960. [PMID: 33455935 PMCID: PMC7813406 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This was a pilot study to explore whether the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile (EYFSP) carried out by UK teachers within the 'reception' year, combined with the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), can lead to early identification of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and early access to intervention and can reduce inequity in access to assessment and intervention. DESIGN Pragmatic prospective cohort. SETTING Ten primary schools from the SHINE project in Bradford. PARTICIPANTS 587 pupils from 10 schools who transitioned from reception to year 1 in July 2017 and had the EYFSP completed were included in the final study. INTERVENTIONS The assessment involved a multidisciplinary team of three staff who completed Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule Version 2, classroom observations with an ASD checklist, a teacher-based ASD questionnaire and a final consensus meeting. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline-compliant clinical diagnosis of ASD. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Age of diagnosis, demographic data and feasibility parameters. RESULTS Children with low scores on the EYFSP were more likely to score above the SCQ threshold of 12, indicating potential autism (50% compared with 19% of children with high scores on the EYFSP (p<0.001)). All children scoring above the SCQ threshold received a full autism assessment; children who scored low on the EYFSP were more likely to be diagnosed with autism (and other developmental issues) compared with those who did not. CONCLUSIONS We identified nine new children with a diagnosis of ASD, all from ethnic minorities, suggesting that this process may be addressing the inequalities in early diagnosis found in previous studies. All children who scored above the SCQ threshold required support (ie, had a neurodevelopmental disorder), indicating the EYFSP questionnaire captured 'at-risk' children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Wright
- Hull York medical School and Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Kuldeep Sohal
- Born in Bradford Research Team, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Born in Bradford Research Team, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Geoff Morgan
- Educational Psychology Team, City of Bradford, Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, UK
| | - Cathy Hulin
- Born in Bradford Research Team, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Sara Mansoor
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Saltaire, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Born in Bradford Research Team, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Lærerskoleveien, Norway
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28
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Eddy L, Hill LJ, Mon-Williams M, Preston N, Daly-Smith A, Medd G, Bingham DD. Fundamental Movement Skills and Their Assessment in Primary Schools from the Perspective of Teachers. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci 2021; 25:236-249. [PMID: 34381304 PMCID: PMC8300520 DOI: 10.1080/1091367x.2021.1874955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that children struggle to acquire age-appropriate fundamental movement skills (FMS), despite their importance for facilitating physical activity. This has led to calls for routine school-based screening of children's FMS. However, there is limited research exploring schools' capacity to conduct such assessments. This study investigated what factors might affect the adoption and implementation of FMS assessments in primary schools. School staff (n = 853) completed an online questionnaire developed using the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behavior (COM-B) model. A majority reported that knowledge of pupils' FMS ability would be beneficial (65.3%), and 71.8% would assess FMS if support was provided. Barriers included: Capability - few possessed knowledge of FMS (15%); Opportunity - teachers reported 30-60 minutes as acceptable for assessing a class, a substantially shorter period than current assessments require; Motivation - 57.2% stated FMS assessments would increase workload stress. Solutions to these issues are discussed using the COM-B theoretical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LeedsUK, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- CONTACT Lucy Eddy School of Psychology, University of Leeds
| | - Liam J.B. Hill
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, LeedsUK, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Nick Preston
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andy Daly-Smith
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
- Center for Physically Active Learning, Faculty of Education, Arts and Sports, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Sogndal, Norway
| | - Gareth Medd
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, UK
- Beckfoot Mutli-Academy Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
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29
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Yiasemidou M, Mushtaq F, Basheer M, Galli R, Panagiotou D, Stock S, Preston N, Mon-Williams M, Jayne DG, Miskovic D. Patient-specific mental rehearsal with three-dimensional models before low anterior resection: randomized clinical trial. BJS Open 2020. [PMCID: PMC7944490 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zraa004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was hypothesized that preparing for a surgical procedure, taking into account individual patient characteristics, may facilitate the procedure and improve surgical quality. The aim of this study was to compare different case-specific, preoperative mental rehearsal methods before minimally invasive rectal cancer surgery. Methods In this RCT, patients were allocated in a 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 ratio to four groups: systematic mental rehearsal (SMR) using MRI scans; SMR and three-dimensional (3D) virtual models; SMR and synthetic 3D printed models; and routine practice (control group). Surgeons operating on all but the control group underwent mental rehearsal with the visual aids, including axial MRI scans of the pelvis, interactive 3D virtual models reconstructed from axial MRIs, and synthetic models, manufactured by 3D printing. Operations were video-recorded and assessed by two experts blinded to allocation using two validated scores, the Competency Assessment Tool (CAT) and Objective Clinical Human Reliability Analysis (OCHRA). The primary outcome of the study was surgical performance, measured by the CAT. Results Forty-nine patients were randomized and allocated to the four groups. There were 12 participants in each of the control, MRI and SMR, and virtual and SMR groups, whereas the SMR using physical models and simulation group included 13. No difference was observed between groups in median CAT scores (control 30.50, MRI 34.25, virtual 31.75, physical 34.00; P = 0.748, partial η2 <0.001, where pη2 is indicative of effect size) or OCHRA scores (anterior, posterior, right and left lateral planes, transection P>0.200, pη2 =0.052–0.088). Time spent not performing dissection was significantly shorter for the SMR with MRI group than for the control (57.5 versus 42 respectively; P < 0.001, pη2 =0.212). Conclusion Mental rehearsal did not affect CAT and OCHRA scores of consultant surgeons. Reference number: ISRCTN 75603704 (https://www.isrctn.com).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yiasemidou
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Academic Surgery, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - F Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - M Basheer
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - R Galli
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
| | - D Panagiotou
- General Surgery, York Teaching Hospital, York, UK
| | - S Stock
- General and Trauma Surgery, World Mate Emergency Hospital, Battambang, Cambodia
| | - N Preston
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - D G Jayne
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK
| | - D Miskovic
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, St Mark’s Hospital, Harrow, London, UK
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30
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Cromie KJ, Threapleton DE, Snart CJP, Taylor E, Mason D, Wright B, Kelly B, Reid S, Azad R, Keeble C, Waterman AH, Meadows S, McKillion A, Alwan NA, Cade JE, Simpson NAB, Stewart PM, Zimmermann M, Wright J, Waiblinger D, Mon-Williams M, Hardie LJ, Greenwood DC. Maternal iodine status in a multi-ethnic UK birth cohort: associations with autism spectrum disorder. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:544. [PMID: 33276760 PMCID: PMC7718710 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones essential for fetal brain development. Maternal iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroxinemia, a reduced fetal supply of thyroid hormones which, in the first trimester, has been linked to an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the child. No study to date has explored the direct link between maternal iodine deficiency and diagnosis of ASD in offspring. Methods Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and iodine/creatinine ratios (I:Cr) were measured in 6955 mothers at 26–28 weeks gestation participating in the Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort. Maternal iodine status was examined in relation to the probability of a Read (CTV3) code for autism being present in a child’s primary care records through a series of logistic regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results Median (inter-quartile range) UIC was 76 μg/L (46, 120) and I:Cr was 83 μg/g (59, 121) indicating a deficient population according to WHO guidelines. Ninety two children (1·3%) in our cohort had received a diagnosis of ASD by the census date. Overall, there was no evidence to support an association between I:Cr or UIC and ASD risk in children aged 8–12 years (p = 0·3). Conclusions There was no evidence of an increased clinical ASD risk in children born to mothers with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency at 26 weeks gestation. Alternative functional biomarkers of exposure and a wider range of conditions may provide further insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jade Cromie
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Diane Erin Threapleton
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Charles Jonathan Peter Snart
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Barry Wright
- The Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Stephen Reid
- Earth Surface Science Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Claire Keeble
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Sarah Meadows
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Amanda McKillion
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Nisreen A Alwan
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Janet Elizabeth Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Laura J Hardie
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Darren Charles Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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31
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Eddy LH, Bingham DD, Crossley KL, Shahid NF, Ellingham-Khan M, Otteslev A, Figueredo NS, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237919. [PMID: 32841268 PMCID: PMC7447071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) play a critical role in ontogenesis. Many children have insufficient FMS, highlighting the need for universal screening in schools. There are many observational FMS assessment tools, but their psychometric properties are not readily accessible. A systematic review was therefore undertaken to compile evidence of the validity and reliability of observational FMS assessments, to evaluate their suitability for screening. METHODS A pre-search of 'fundamental movement skills' OR 'fundamental motor skills' in seven online databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, EBSCO SPORTDiscus, Ovid PsycINFO and Web of Science) identified 24 assessment tools for school-aged children that: (i) assess FMS; (ii) measure actual motor competence and (iii) evaluate performance on a standard battery of tasks. Studies were subsequently identified that: (a) used these tools; (b) quantified validity or reliability and (c) sampled school-aged children. Study quality was assessed using COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklists. RESULTS Ninety studies were included following the screening of 1863 articles. Twenty-one assessment tools had limited or no evidence to support their psychometric properties. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD, n = 34) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC, n = 37) were the most researched tools. Studies consistently reported good evidence for validity, reliability for the TGMD, whilst only 64% of studies reported similarly promising results for the MABC. Twelve studies found good evidence for the reliability and validity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency but poor study quality appeared to inflate results. Considering all assessment tools, those with promising psychometric properties often measured limited aspects of validity/reliability, and/or had limited feasibility for large scale deployment in a school-setting. CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence to justify the use of any observational FMS assessment tools for universal screening in schools, in their current form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nishaat F. Shahid
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha Ellingham-Khan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Otteslev
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie S. Figueredo
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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32
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Coats RO, Crossley KL, Conlin N, Wu J, Zakrzewska JM, Pavitt SH, Phillips N, Mon-Williams M. Cognitive and sensorimotor function in participants being treated for trigeminal neuralgia pain. J Headache Pain 2020; 21:91. [PMID: 32680462 PMCID: PMC7367337 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-020-01156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is an orofacial condition defined by reoccurring, spontaneous, short-lived but excruciating stabbing pain. Pharmacological interventions constitute the first-line treatment for TN, with antiepileptic drugs commonly prescribed. People treated for TN pain with antiepileptic drugs describe cognitive and motor difficulties affecting activities of daily living, and report poorer quality of life. We undertook the first comprehensive objective evaluation of sensorimotor and cognitive performance in participants being treated for TN pain with antiepileptic drugs relative to age-matched controls. Methods Participants (43 TN, 41 control) completed a battery of sensorimotor (steering, aiming and tracking) and cognitive (working memory, processing speed, inhibition) tasks. Results The TN group performed significantly worse than controls on the sensorimotor tracking and aiming tasks and across all cognitive measures. Conclusions The data explain why patients treated with antiepileptic drugs report impairment when conducting activities of daily living (given the need for cognitive and motor capability within most of these). The study is an important first step in: (i) ensuring there is adequate information on the impact of pharmacological treatment; (ii) identifying measures to determine optimal medication dosage and track change over time; (iii) creating an evidence base that could allow scientific justification of alternative pain treatment options for TN (e.g. the costs/benefits of surgery).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel O Coats
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Kirsty L Crossley
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Naomi Conlin
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Joanna M Zakrzewska
- Royal ENT and Eastman Dental Hospitals, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sue H Pavitt
- School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK.,Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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33
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Snart CJP, Threapleton DE, Keeble C, Taylor E, Waiblinger D, Reid S, Alwan NA, Mason D, Azad R, Cade JE, Simpson NAB, Meadows S, McKillion A, Santorelli G, Waterman AH, Zimmermann M, Stewart PM, Wright J, Mon-Williams M, Greenwood DC, Hardie LJ. Maternal iodine status, intrauterine growth, birth outcomes and congenital anomalies in a UK birth cohort. BMC Med 2020; 18:132. [PMID: 32522280 PMCID: PMC7288513 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe iodine insufficiency in pregnancy has significant consequences, but there is inadequate evidence to indicate what constitutes mild or moderate insufficiency, in terms of observed detrimental effects on pregnancy or birth outcomes. A limited number of studies have examined iodine status and birth outcomes, finding inconsistent evidence for specific outcomes. METHODS Maternal iodine status was estimated from spot urine samples collected at 26-28 weeks' gestation from 6971 mothers in the Born in Bradford birth cohort. Associations with outcomes were examined for both urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and iodine-to-creatinine ratio (I:Cr). Outcomes assessed included customised birthweight (primary outcome), birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA), low birthweight, head circumference and APGAR score. RESULTS There was a small positive association between I:Cr and birthweight in adjusted analyses. For a typical participant, the predicted birthweight centile at the 25th percentile of I:Cr (59 μg/g) was 2.7 percentage points lower than that at the 75th percentile of I:Cr (121 μg/g) (99% confidence interval (CI) 0.8 to 4.6), birthweight was predicted to be 41 g lower (99% CI 13 to 69) and the predicted probability of SGA was 1.9 percentage points higher (99% CI 0.0 to 3.7). There was no evidence of associations using UIC or other birth outcomes, including stillbirth, preterm birth, ultrasound growth measures or congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION Lower maternal iodine status was associated with lower birthweight and greater probability of SGA. Whilst small, the effect size for lower iodine on birthweight is comparable to environmental tobacco smoke exposure. Iodine insufficiency is avoidable, and strategies to avoid deficiency in women of reproductive age should be considered. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03552341. Registered on June 11, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Jonathan Peter Snart
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Diane Erin Threapleton
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Claire Keeble
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Stephen Reid
- Earth Surface Science Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nisreen A Alwan
- School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Janet Elizabeth Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sarah Meadows
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Amanda McKillion
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Gillian Santorelli
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Michael Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Darren Charles Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Laura J Hardie
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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Shire K, Andrews E, Barber S, Bruce A, Corkett J, Hill LJB, Kelly B, McEachan R, Mon-Williams M, Tracey L, Waterman AH, Wright J. Starting School: a large-scale start of school assessment within the ‘Born in Bradford’ longitudinal cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort of 13,776 children born between 2007-2011 and their parents provides a rich data resource for researchers exploring protective and risk factors influencing long-term developmental and health outcomes. Educational attainment is a critical factor related to later health. Literacy and communication, fine motor skills and social and emotional health are key ‘early’ predictors of educational attainment and can be used to identify children in need of additional support. We describe our BiB ‘Starting School’ data collection protocol which assessed literacy and communication, fine motor skills and social and emotional health on 3,444 BiB children aged 4-5 years old. These measures supplement the existing dataset, and complement the routine educational, health and social care data available for the cohort.
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Pettinger KJ, Kelly B, Sheldon TA, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, Hill LJB. Starting school: educational development as a function of age of entry and prematurity. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:160-165. [PMID: 31409594 PMCID: PMC7025727 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact on early development of prematurity and summer birth and the potential 'double disadvantage' created by starting school a year earlier than anticipated during pregnancy, due to being born preterm. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS We investigated the impact of gestational and school-entry age on the likelihood of failing to achieve a 'Good Level of Development' (GLD) on the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile in 5-year-old children born moderate-to-late preterm using data from the Born in Bradford longitudinal birth cohort. We used hierarchical logistic regression to control for chronological maturity, and perinatal and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Gestational age and school-entry age were significant predictors of attaining a GLD in the 10 337 children who entered school in the correct academic year given their estimated date of delivery. The odds of not attaining a GLD increased by 1.09 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.11) for each successive week born early and by 1.17 for each month younger within the year group (95% CI 1.16 to 1.18). There was no interaction between these two effects. Children starting school a year earlier than anticipated during pregnancy were less likely to achieve a GLD compared with (1) other children born preterm (fully adjusted OR 5.51 (2.85-14.25)); (2) term summer births (3.02 (1.49-6.79)); and (3) preterm summer births who remained within their anticipated school-entry year (3.64 (1.27-11.48)). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the developmental risks faced by children born moderate-to-late preterm, and-for the first time-illustrate the increased risk associated with 'double disadvantage'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Trevor A Sheldon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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36
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Wright B, Mon-Williams M, Kelly B, Williams S, Sims D, Mushtaq F, Sohal K, Blackwell JE, Wright J. Investigating the association between early years foundation stage profile scores and subsequent diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective study of linked healthcare and education data. BMJ Paediatr Open 2019; 3:e000483. [PMID: 31799449 PMCID: PMC6863697 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We set out to test whether the early years foundation stage profile (EYFSP) score derived from 17 items assessed by teachers at the end of reception school year had any association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis in subsequent years. This study tested the feasibility of successfully linking education and health data. DESIGN A retrospective data linkage study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The Born in Bradford longitudinal cohort of 13, 857 children. OUTCOME MEASURES We linked the EYFSP score at the end of reception year with subsequent diagnosis of an ASD, using all ASD general practitioner Read codes. We used the total EYFSP score and a subscore consisting of five key items in the EYFSP, prospectively identified using a panel of early years autism experts. RESULTS This study demonstrated the feasibility of linking education and health data using ASDs as an exemplar. A total of 8,935 children had linked primary care and education data with 20.7% scoring <25 on the total EYFSP and 15.2% scoring <10 on a EYFSP subscore proposed by an expert panel prospectively. The rate of diagnosis of ASDs at follow-up was just under 1% (84 children), children scoring <25 on the total EYFSP had a 4.1% chance of ASD compared with 0.15% of the remaining children. Using the prospectively designed subscore, this difference was greater (6.4% and 0.12%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of linking education and health data. Performance on teacher ratings taken universally in school reception class can flag children at risk of ASDs. Further research is warranted to explore the utility of EYFSP as an initial screening tool for ASD in early school years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Wright
- Hull York Medical School and Dept Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | | | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stefan Williams
- Leeds Institute for Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Sims
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Saltaire, UK
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kuldeep Sohal
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jane Elizabeth Blackwell
- Child Oriented Mental Health Intervention Centre, Leeds and York Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, York, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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Eddy LH, Wood ML, Shire KA, Bingham DD, Bonnick E, Creaser A, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. A systematic review of randomized and case-controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of school-based motor skill interventions in 3- to 12-year-old children. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:773-790. [PMID: 31329292 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that children identified with impaired motor skills can respond well to intensive therapeutic interventions delivered via occupational and physical therapy services. There is, however, a need to explore alternative approaches to delivering interventions outside traditional referral-based clinic settings because limited resources mean such health services often struggle to meet demand. This review sets out to systematically assess the evidence for and against school-based interventions targeted at improving the motor skills of children aged between 3 and 12 years old. METHOD Five electronic databases were searched systematically (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, and PsycINFO) for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2012 and July 2018. Studies were eligible if they implemented a school-based motor skill intervention with a randomized or case-controlled trial design that objectively measured motor skills as an outcome, which were not specific to an athletic or sporting skill. Participants had to be aged between 3 and 12 years old and free from neurological disorders known to affect muscle function. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed interventions targeted at training: fundamental movement skills, handwriting, fine, and global motor skills. The majority of these studies reported beneficial impact on motor function specifically, but some interventions also assessed subsequent impacts on activity and participation (but not well-being). A number of the studies had methodological shortcomings that means these results need to be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Schools appear to be an effective setting for motor skill interventions, but the extent of benefit likely depends on the type of intervention. Moreover, confirmation is needed as to whether benefits extend beyond motor function into everyday activities, participation, and well-being. Future research should include follow-up measures to assess the longer term efficacy of school-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Megan L Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Daniel D Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Emma Bonnick
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Amy Creaser
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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38
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Wright J, Hayward A, West J, Pickett K, McEachan RM, Mon-Williams M, Christie N, Vaughan L, Sheringham J, Haklay M, Sheard L, Dickerson J, Barber S, Small N, Cookson R, Garnett P, Bywater T, Pleace N, Brunner EJ, Cameron C, Ucci M, Cummins S, Fancourt D, Kandt J, Longley P, Morris S, Ploubidis G, Savage R, Aldridge R, Hopewell D, Yang T, Mason D, Santorelli G, Romano R, Bryant M, Crosby L, Sheldon T. ActEarly: a City Collaboratory approach to early promotion of good health and wellbeing. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:156. [PMID: 31840089 PMCID: PMC6904987 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15443.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Economic, physical, built, cultural, learning, social and service environments have a profound effect on lifelong health. However, policy thinking about health research is dominated by the ‘biomedical model’ which promotes medicalisation and an emphasis on diagnosis and treatment at the expense of prevention. Prevention research has tended to focus on ‘downstream’ interventions that rely on individual behaviour change, frequently increasing inequalities. Preventive strategies often focus on isolated leverage points and are scattered across different settings. This paper describes a major new prevention research programme that aims to create City Collaboratory testbeds to support the identification, implementation and evaluation of upstream interventions within a whole system city setting. Prevention of physical and mental ill-health will come from the cumulative effect of multiple system-wide interventions. Rather than scatter these interventions across many settings and evaluate single outcomes, we will test their collective impact across multiple outcomes with the goal of achieving a tipping point for better health. Our focus is on early life (ActEarly) in recognition of childhood and adolescence being such critical periods for influencing lifelong health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Andrew Hayward
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Nicola Christie
- Centre for Transport Studies, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura Vaughan
- Space Syntax Laboratory, Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jess Sheringham
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Muki Haklay
- Extreme Citizen Science Group, Department of Geography, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura Sheard
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Neil Small
- University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Richard Cookson
- Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philip Garnett
- York Cross-disciplinary Centre for Systems Analysis and School of Management, University of York, York, YO10 5GD, UK
| | - Tracey Bywater
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nicholas Pleace
- Centre for Housing Policy, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Eric J Brunner
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Claire Cameron
- Department of Social Science, UCL Institute of Education, UCL, London, WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Marcella Ucci
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, UCL, London, WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Steve Cummins
- Population Health Innovation Lab, Department of Public Health, Environments & Society, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH, UK
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jens Kandt
- Space Syntax Laboratory, Bartlett School of Architecture, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul Longley
- Consumer Data Research Centre Department of Geography, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Steve Morris
- Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiffany Yang
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Richard Romano
- Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Liam Crosby
- Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Trevor Sheldon
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Berry EDJ, Allen RJ, Mon-Williams M, Waterman AH. Cognitive Offloading: Structuring the Environment to Improve Children's Working Memory Task Performance. Cogn Sci 2019; 43:e12770. [PMID: 31446657 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that adults can engage in cognitive offloading, whereby internal processes are offloaded onto the environment to help task performance. Here, we investigate an application of this approach with children, in particular children with poor working memory. Participants were required to remember and recall sequences of colors by placing colored blocks in the correct serial order. In one condition the blocks were arranged to facilitate cognitive offloading (i.e., grouped by color), whereas in the other condition they were arranged randomly. Across two experiments (total N = 166) the ordered condition improved task performance for children with low working memory ability. In addition, participants in Experiment 2 rated the difficulty of the two arrangements and performed a further condition in which they were given an opportunity to freely arrange the blocks before completing the task. Despite performing better in the ordered condition, children with low working memory ability did not rate the ordered arrangement as easier, nor did they choose an ordered arrangement when given the opportunity to do so. This research shows that cognitive offloading can also be a useful process in populations other than typical adults, and the implications of this work for supporting children with poor working memory are discussed.
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Bird PK, McEachan RRC, Mon-Williams M, Small N, West J, Whincup P, Wright J, Andrews E, Barber SE, Hill LJB, Lennon L, Mason D, Shire KA, Waiblinger D, Waterman AH, Lawlor DA, Pickett KE. Growing up in Bradford: protocol for the age 7-11 follow up of the Born in Bradford birth cohort. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:939. [PMID: 31300003 PMCID: PMC6626420 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Born in Bradford (BiB) is a prospective multi-ethnic pregnancy and birth cohort study that was established to examine determinants of health and development during childhood and, subsequently, adult life in a deprived multi-ethnic population in the north of England. Between 2007 and 2010, the BiB cohort recruited 12,453 women who experienced 13,776 pregnancies and 13,858 births, along with 3353 of their partners. Forty five percent of the cohort are of Pakistani origin. Now that children are at primary school, the first full follow-up of the cohort is taking place. The aims of the follow-up are to investigate the determinants of children's pre-pubertal health and development, including through understanding parents' health and wellbeing, and to obtain data on exposures in childhood that might influence future health. METHODS We are employing a multi-method approach across three data collection arms (community-based family visits, school based physical assessment, and whole classroom cognitive, motor function and wellbeing measures) to follow-up over 9000 BiB children aged 7-11 years and their families between 2017 and 2021. We are collecting detailed parent and child questionnaires, cognitive and sensorimotor assessments, blood pressure, anthropometry and blood samples from parents and children. Dual x-ray absorptiometry body scans, accelerometry and urine samples are collected on subsamples. Informed consent is collected for continued routine data linkage to health, social care and education records. A range of engagement activities are being used to raise the profile of BiB and to disseminate findings. DISCUSSION Our multi-method approach to recruitment and assessment provides an efficient method of collecting rich data on all family members. Data collected will enhance BiB as a resource for the international research community to study the interplay between ethnicity, socioeconomic circumstances and biology in relation to cardiometabolic health, mental health, education, cognitive and sensorimotor development and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa K Bird
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
| | - Rosemary R. C. McEachan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Neil Small
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - Jane West
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol University, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - John Wright
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Sally E Barber
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | | | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol University, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Department of Health Sciences University of York Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
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Cunningham AC, Hill L, Mon-Williams M, Peall KJ, Linden DEJ, Hall J, Owen MJ, van den Bree MBM. Using kinematic analyses to explore sensorimotor control impairments in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:8. [PMID: 31182009 PMCID: PMC6558818 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion is associated with psychiatric and behavioural disorders, intellectual disability and multiple physical abnormalities. Recent research also indicates impaired coordination skills may be part of the clinical phenotype. This study aimed to characterise sensorimotor control abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and investigate their relationships with co-occurring IQ impairments and psychopathology. METHODS Fifty-four children with 22q11.2DS and 24 unaffected sibling controls, comparable in age and gender, underwent kinematic analysis of their hand movements, whilst performing a battery of three visuo-manual coordination tasks that measured their tracking, aiming and steering abilities. Additionally, standardised assessments of full-scale IQ (FSIQ), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, indicative autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and anxiety disorder symptomatology were conducted. RESULTS Children with 22q11.2DS showed deficits on seven of eight kinematic descriptors of movement quality across the three coordination tasks, compared to controls. Within 22q11.2DS cases, the extent of impairment on only three kinematic descriptors was significantly related to FSIQ after correction for multiple testing. Moreover, only error whilst visuo-manually tracking was nominally associated with ADHD symptom counts. CONCLUSIONS Impairments in sensorimotor control are seen on a range of visuo-manual tasks in children with 22q11.2DS but the extent of these impairments are largely unrelated to the severity of other psychopathological and intellectual impairments commonly found in children with 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
| | - Liam Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kathryn J Peall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jeremy Hall
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Marianne B M van den Bree
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Haydn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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Raw RK, Wilkie RM, Allen RJ, Warburton M, Leonetti M, Williams JHG, Mon-Williams M. Skill acquisition as a function of age, hand and task difficulty: Interactions between cognition and action. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211706. [PMID: 30730947 PMCID: PMC6366788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Some activities can be meaningfully dichotomised as 'cognitive' or 'sensorimotor' in nature-but many cannot. This has radical implications for understanding activity limitation in disability. For example, older adults take longer to learn the serial order of a complex sequence but also exhibit slower, more variable and inaccurate motor performance. So is their impaired skill acquisition a cognitive or motor deficit? We modelled sequence learning as a process involving a limited capacity buffer (working memory), where reduced performance restricts the number of elements that can be stored. To test this model, we examined the relationship between motor performance and sequence learning. Experiment 1 established that older adults were worse at learning the serial order of a complex sequence. Experiment 2 found that participants showed impaired sequence learning when the non-preferred hand was used. Experiment 3 confirmed that serial order learning is impaired when motor demands increase (as the model predicted). These results can be captured by reinforcement learning frameworks which suggest sequence learning will be constrained both by an individual's sensorimotor ability and cognitive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael K. Raw
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Richard J. Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matteo Leonetti
- School of Computing, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Justin H. G. Williams
- University of Aberdeen Medical School, Institute of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Vision, University of Southeast Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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43
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Giles OT, Shire KA, Hill LJB, Mushtaq F, Waterman A, Holt RJ, Culmer PR, Williams JHG, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1334-1345. [PMID: 29990446 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618772502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interceptive timing is a fundamental ability underpinning numerous actions (e.g., ball catching), but its development and relationship with other cognitive functions remain poorly understood. Piaget suggested that children need to learn the physical rules that govern their environment before they can represent abstract concepts such as number and time. Thus, learning how objects move in space and time may underpin the development of related abstract representations (i.e., mathematics). To test this hypothesis, we captured objective measures of interceptive timing in 309 primary school children (5-11 years old), alongside scores for general motor skill and national standardized academic attainment. Bayesian estimation showed that interceptive timing (but not general motor capability) uniquely predicted mathematical ability even after we controlled for age, reading, and writing attainment. This finding demonstrates that interceptive timing is distinct from other motor skills with specificity in predicting childhood mathematical ability independently of other forms of attainment and motor capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar T Giles
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,2 Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds
| | - Katy A Shire
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,3 Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mon-Williams
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,3 Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom.,6 National Centre for Vision, University of Southeast Norway
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44
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Maloca PM, de Carvalho JER, Heeren T, Hasler PW, Mushtaq F, Mon-Williams M, Scholl HPN, Balaskas K, Egan C, Tufail A, Witthauer L, Cattin PC. High-Performance Virtual Reality Volume Rendering of Original Optical Coherence Tomography Point-Cloud Data Enhanced With Real-Time Ray Casting. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2018; 7:2. [PMID: 30002949 PMCID: PMC6038772 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.7.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Feasibility testing of a novel volume renders technology to display optical coherence tomography data (OCT) in a virtual reality (VR) environment. Methods A VR program was written in C++/OpenGL to import and display volumetric OCT data in real time with 180 frames per second using a high-end computer and a tethered head-mounted display. Following exposure, participants completed a Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) to assess for nausea, disorientation, and oculomotor disturbances. A user evaluation study of this software was conducted to explore the potential utility of this application. Results Fifty-seven subjects completed the user testing (34 males and 23 females). Mean age was 48.5 years (range, 21–77 years). Mean acquired work experience of the 35 ophthalmologists (61.40%) included in the group was 15.46 years (range, 1–37 years). Twenty-nine participants were VR-naïve. The SSQ showed a mean total score of 5.8 (SD = 9.44) indicating that the system was well tolerated and produced minimal side effects. No difference was reported between VR-naïve participants and experienced users. Overall, immersed subjects reported an enjoyable VR-OCT presence effect. Conclusions A usable and satisfying VR imaging technique was developed to display and interact with original OCT data. Translational Relevance An advanced high-end VR image display method was successfully developed to provide new views and interactions in an ultra high-speed projected digital scenery using point-cloud OCT data. This represents the next generation of OCT image display technology and a new tool for patient engagement, medical education, professional training, and telecommunications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Maloca
- OCTlab, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Pascal W Hasler
- OCTlab, Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Centre for Immersive Technologies, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK.,National Centre for Vision, University of Southeast Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos Balaskas
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK.,Moorfields Ophthalmic Reading Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lilian Witthauer
- Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe C Cattin
- Center for Medical Image Analysis & Navigation, University Basel, Switzerland
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45
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McIntosh RD, Mon-Williams M, Tresilian JR. Grasping at laws: Speed-accuracy trade-offs in manual prehension. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2018; 44:1022-1037. [PMID: 29697991 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Most of human performance is subject to speed-accuracy trade-offs. For spatially constrained aiming, the trade-off is often said to take the specific form of Fitts' law, in which movement duration is predicted from a single factor combining target distance and target size. However, efforts to extend this law to the three-dimensional context of reaching to grasp (prehension) have had limited success. We suggest that there are potentially confounding influences in standard grasping, and we introduce a novel task to regularize the direction of approach and to eliminate the influences of nearby surfaces. In six participants, we examined speed-accuracy trade-offs for prehension, manipulating the depth (in the plane of the reach), height (orthogonal to the reach), and width (the grasped dimension) of the target object independently. We obtained lawful relationships that were consistent at the group and individual levels. It took longer to reach for more distant objects, and more time was allowed when placing the fingers on a contact surface smaller in either depth or height. More time was taken to grasp wider objects, but only beyond a critical width that varied between individuals. These speed-accuracy trade-offs showed substantial departures from Fitts' law, and were well described by a two-factor model in which reach distance and object size have separate influences on movement duration. We discuss empirical and theoretical reasons for preferring a two-factor model, and we propose that this may represent the most general form of speed-accuracy trade-off, not only for grasping but also for other spatially constrained aiming tasks. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D McIntosh
- Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology & Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh
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46
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Mon-Williams M, Tresilian JR, Bell VE, Coppard VL, Nixdorf M, Carson RG. The Preparation of Reach-To-Grasp Movements in Adults, Children, and Children with Movement Problems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:1249-63. [PMID: 16194957 DOI: 10.1080/02724980443000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the use of advance information in the control of reach-to-grasp movements. The paradigm required participants to reach and grasp illuminated blocks with their right hand. Four target blocks were positioned on a table surface, two each side of the mid-saggital plane. In the complete precue condition, advance information precisely specified target location. In the partial precue condition, advance information indicated target location relative to the midsaggital plane (left or right). In the null condition, the advance information was entirely ambiguous. Participants produced fastest responses in the complete precue condition, intermediate response times in the partial condition, and the slowest responses in the null condition. This result was observed in adults and four groups of children including a group aged 4–6 years. In contrast, children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD, n = 11, aged 7–13 years) showed no advantage of partial precueing. Movement duration was determined by target location but was unaffected by precue condition. Movement duration was a clear function of age apart from children in the DCD group who showed equivalent movement times to those of the youngest children. These findings provide important insights into the control of reach-to-grasp movements and highlight that partial cues are exploited by children as young as 4 years but are not used in situations of abnormal development.
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47
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Kelly B, Williams S, Collins S, Mushtaq F, Mon-Williams M, Wright B, Mason D, Wright J. The association between socioeconomic status and autism diagnosis in the United Kingdom for children aged 5–8 years of age: Findings from the Born in Bradford cohort. Autism 2017; 23:131-140. [DOI: 10.1177/1362361317733182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been recent interest in the relationship between socioeconomic status and the diagnosis of autism in children. Studies in the United States have found lower rates of autism diagnosis associated with lower socioeconomic status, while studies in other countries report no association, or the opposite. This article aims to contribute to the understanding of this relationship in the United Kingdom. Using data from the Born in Bradford cohort, comprising 13,857 children born between 2007 and 2011, it was found that children of mothers educated to A-level or above had twice the rate of autism diagnosis, 1.5% of children (95% confidence interval: 1.1%, 1.9%) compared to children of mothers with lower levels of education status 0.7% (95% confidence interval: 0.5%, 0.9%). No statistically significant relationship between income status or neighbourhood material deprivation was found after controlling for mothers education status. The results suggest a substantial level of underdiagnosis for children of lower education status mothers, though further research is required to determine the extent to which this is replicated across the United Kingdom. Tackling inequalities in autism diagnosis will require action, which could include increased education, awareness, further exploration of the usefulness of screening programmes and the provision of more accessible support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelly
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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48
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Abstract
Introduction Older adults show increased postural sway and a greater risk of falls when completing activities with high cognitive demands. While dual-task approaches have clarified an association between cognitive processes and postural control, it is unclear how manual ability, which is also required for the successful completion of cognitively demanding tasks (such as putting a key into a lock), affects this relationship. Method Kinematic technology was used to explore the relationship between postural sway and manual control in healthy younger and older adults. Participants ( n = 82) remained standing to complete a visual-motor tracking task on a tablet computer. Root mean square tracking error measured manual performance, and a balance board measured deviations in centre of pressure as a marker of postural sway. Results Older adults displayed poorer manual accuracy and increased postural sway across all testing conditions. Conclusions Cognitive capacity can interact with multiple task demands, and in turn affect postural sway in older adults. Improving our understanding of factors that influence postural control will assist falls-prevention efforts and inform clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rossiter
- Postgraduate Researcher, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Matthew J Allsop
- Research Fellow, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Rachael K Raw
- Post-Doctoral Researcher, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Lindsay Howard
- Postgraduate Researcher, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Raymond J Holt
- Lecturer, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Richard M Wilkie
- Associate Professor, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Professor, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK
- Professor, Bradford Institute of Health Research, West Yorkshire, UK
- Professor, Norwegian Centre for Vision, University of Southeast Norway, Kongsberg, Norway
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49
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Waterman AH, Giles OT, Havelka J, Ali S, Culmer PR, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. Sensorimotor control dynamics and cultural biases: learning to move in the right (or left) direction. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:160806. [PMID: 28386437 PMCID: PMC5367303 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The nativist hypothesis suggests universal features of human behaviour can be explained by biologically determined cognitive substrates. This nativist account has been challenged recently by evolutionary models showing that the cultural transmission of knowledge can produce behavioural universals. Sensorimotor invariance is a canonical example of a behavioural universal, raising the issue of whether culture can influence not only which skills people acquire but also the development of the sensorimotor system. We tested this hypothesis by exploring whether culture influences the developing sensorimotor system in children. We took kinematic measures of motor control asymmetries in adults and children from differing cultures where writing follows opposite directions. British and Kuwaiti adults (n = 69) and first grade (5-6 year old) children (n = 140) completed novel rightward and leftward tracing tasks. The Kuwaitis were better when moving their arm leftward while the British showed the opposite bias. Bayesian analysis techniques showed that while children were worse than adults, they also showed asymmetries-with the asymmetry magnitude related to accuracy levels. Our findings support the idea that culture influences the sensorimotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar T. Giles
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jelena Havelka
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sumaya Ali
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Peter R. Culmer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Bradford Institute of Health Research, Temple Bank House, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Norwegian Centre for Vision, The University of South-East Norway, Høgskolen i Sørøst-Norge, Postboks 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway
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Preston N, Horton M, Levesley M, Mon-Williams M, O'Connor RJ. Development of a parent-reported questionnaire evaluating upper limb activity limitation in children with cerebral palsy. Physiother Res Int 2017; 23. [PMID: 28112465 PMCID: PMC5811897 DOI: 10.1002/pri.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Upper limb activity measures for children with cerebral palsy have a number of limitations, for example, lack of validity and poor responsiveness. To overcome these limitations, we developed the Children's Arm Rehabilitation Measure (ChARM), a parent-reported questionnaire validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5-16 years. This paper describes both the development of the ChARM items and response categories and its psychometric testing and further refinement using the Rasch measurement model. METHODS To generate valid items for the ChARM, we collected goals of therapy specifically developed by therapists, children with cerebral palsy, and their parents for improving activity limitation of the upper limb. The activities, which were the focus of these goals, formed the basis for the items. Therapists typically break an activity into natural stages for the purpose of improving activity performance, and these natural orders of achievement formed each item's response options. Items underwent face validity testing with health care professionals, parents of children with cerebral palsy, academics, and lay persons. A Rasch analysis was performed on ChARM questionnaires completed by the parents of 170 children with cerebral palsy from 12 hospital paediatric services. The ChARM was amended, and the procedure repeated on 148 ChARMs (from children's mean age: 10 years and 1 month; range: 4 years and 8 months to 16 years and 11 months; 85 males; Manual Ability Classification System Levels I = 9, II = 26, III = 48, IV = 45, and V = 18). RESULTS The final 19-item unidimensional questionnaire displayed fit to the Rasch model (chi-square p = .18), excellent reliability (person separation index = 0.95, α = 0.95), and no floor or ceiling effects. Items showed no response bias for gender, distribution of impairment, age, or learning disability. DISCUSSION The ChARM is a psychometrically sound measure of upper limb activity validated for children with cerebral palsy aged 5-16 years. The ChARM is freely available for use to clinicians and nonprofit organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Preston
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - M Horton
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - M Levesley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - M Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - R J O'Connor
- National Demonstration Centre in Rehabilitation, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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