1
|
Abrams A, Asmall T, Hlahla S, Carden K, Dalvie MA. Method and process towards developing a Health Vulnerability Index (HVI) for Extreme Weather Events (EWEs) for local residents in South Africa. MethodsX 2024; 12:102725. [PMID: 38660032 PMCID: PMC11041910 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2024.102725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An increase in incidence and amplitude of extreme weather events (EWEs) linked to climate change, has resulted in greater human exposure and vulnerability to weather-related health effects. Increases in the occurrence of EWEs, including storms, flooding, extreme heat and wildfires, will impact health globally, with poor and vulnerable populations disproportionately affected. Vulnerability to EWEs, and the ability to adapt to these weather shocks, are influenced by existing physical, social and political limitations of a given region. As such, developing context-specific health vulnerability indices to inform planning and decision-making for policy makers and citizens alike, should be prioritized. The existence and development of health vulnerability indices in South Africa are limited, therefore, this study provides a foundation from which future indices can build. Mixed methods approaches including evidence and data analysis/synthesis and focus groups are used to understand the interconnections between extreme weather events and human health, including citizens' understanding of emergent vulnerabilities linked to these events. The methods employed in this study include: •A rapid evidence review (RER) including data extraction identifying health impacts and indicators.•Development of a draft health vulnerability index (HVI) framework.•Focus groups and individual interviews testing the draft HVI for citizen input and framework refinement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amber Abrams
- Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Taherah Asmall
- Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sithabile Hlahla
- Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kirsty Carden
- Future Water Institute, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Echeverry-López ME, Marín-Uribe A, Garcés-Palacio IC, Borrero-Ramírez Y, Hernández-Holguin DM, Pacheco-Sánchez CI, Haar RJ. Impacts of attacks to female health care workers in three territories of Colombia. Confl Health 2024; 18:25. [PMID: 38566196 PMCID: PMC10988842 DOI: 10.1186/s13031-024-00582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study explores the impacts of attacks perpetrated in the context of armed conflict, to female health workers in three Colombian territories. METHODS We conducted a document review of the reports and databases of the Colombian Truth Commission, 17 in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts on the national and regional armed conflict and the medical mission, and 26 female health workers who were victims of attacks. RESULTS Experts and female health workers reported attacks to health activities, facilities, equipment, and personnel, including attacks to traditional doctors belonging to indigenous communities. The most frequent attacks were threats and retention of health personnel; theft of supplies and medicines; damage and use of infrastructure and means of transport for purposes other than health care; and hinderance of health service provision. The attacks occurred in a framework of structural violence that intersects with poverty, racism, and gender bias. The impacts of these attacks include gender-based violence, significant disruption of the lives of health workers, and physical, emotional, psychological, social, and economic effects on the victims and their families. The government response to protect victims and populations has been absent or insufficient. CONCLUSIONS Attacks to health care were reported in all the studied territories obstructing adequate health care. Impacts of these attacks affect negatively the professional and personal life of the workers and are aggravated by structural violence and absent or little institutional response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandra Marín-Uribe
- Health Management and Policies Research Group, School of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Isabel C Garcés-Palacio
- Epidemiology Group, School of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Yadira Borrero-Ramírez
- Health Management and Policies Research Group, School of Public Health, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos Iván Pacheco-Sánchez
- Health Policy Research Group, Department of Sociology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia -Sede Bogotá, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Rohini J Haar
- Berkeley. School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yim SHL, Li Y, Huang T, Lim JT, Lee HF, Chotirmall SH, Dong GH, Abisheganaden J, Wedzicha JA, Schuster SC, Horton BP, Sung JJY. Global health impacts of ambient fine particulate pollution associated with climate variability. Environ Int 2024; 186:108587. [PMID: 38579450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Air pollution is a key global environmental problem raising human health concern. It is essential to comprehensively assess the long-term characteristics of air pollution and the resultant health impacts. We first assessed the global trends of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during 1980-2020 using a monthly global PM2.5 reanalysis dataset, and evaluated their association with three types of climate variability including El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole and North Atlantic Oscillation. We then estimated PM2.5-attributable premature deaths using integrated exposure-response functions. Results show a significant increasing trend of ambient PM2.5 during 1980-2020 due to increases in anthropogenic emissions. Ambient PM2.5 caused a total of ∼ 135 million premature deaths globally during the four decades. Occurrence of air pollution episodes was strongly associated with climate variability, which were associated with up to 14 % increase in annual global PM2.5-attributable premature deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H L Yim
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Y Li
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - T Huang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - J T Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - H F Lee
- Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - S H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - G H Dong
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - J Abisheganaden
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - J A Wedzicha
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S C Schuster
- Singapore Centre For Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - B P Horton
- Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore; Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - J J Y Sung
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zou F, Leng Z, Lu G, Lv S. Leaching characteristics of metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from asphalt paving materials. Sci Total Environ 2024; 918:170733. [PMID: 38325457 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Asphalt pavement, a major type of road surface, may contain hazardous elements depending on its specific composition. A growing concern has developed regarding the potential leaching of these hazardous constituents from asphalt pavements, particularly when incorporating waste materials and additives. This study investigates the presence of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in leachates from six commonly employed asphalt paving materials. A comprehensive laboratory leaching experiment was conducted on three key sample scales: asphalt binder, asphalt mortar, and asphalt mixture. The impact of the leachates was assessed by the heavy metal pollution index and the toxic equivalency factor based on the benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration. The results reveal that leaching tests at the binder and mortar scales provided fundamental insights into leaching characteristics within a relatively short timeframe, while the mixture-scale test was more capable of representing pollutant leaching in near-true scenarios. In addition, the results indicate potential adverse health implications associated with the incorporation of hazardous waste, such as bottom ash, into asphalt pavement. These findings hold significant implications for promoting environmentally responsible practices of asphalt pavement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fuliao Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhen Leng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Guoyang Lu
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Songtao Lv
- National Engineering Laboratory of Highway Maintenance Technology, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Srisiri S, Haetrakul T, Dunbar SG, Chansue N. Microplastic contamination in edible marine fishes from the upper Gulf of Thailand. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 198:115785. [PMID: 38041887 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Seafood consumption is a major source of microplastic exposure for humans. Here, we demonstrated microplastic contamination in marine food fishes from the upper Gulf of Thailand. Microplastics were found in gastrointestinal tracts of 46.9 % of fishes sampled, with a mean concentration of 1.6 ± 0.5 pieces per fish or 0.04 ± 0.01 pieces/g of fish tissue. Demersal fishes had higher contamination rates than pelagic fishes. Fibrous-type and blue-colored materials were the most abundant microplastics, while the most common polymers were polyester and polyethylene. No associations between microplastics and histopathological changes were detected. Estimated daily microplastic exposure for human marine fish consumers was 0.03 to 0.1 pieces per person. Although we expect a low risk of microplastic contamination in fish muscle because of very low calculated transfer rates, we recommend continuing surveillance, including evaluations of contamination in the food chain to ensure future seafood safety in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirawich Srisiri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center of Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanida Haetrakul
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center of Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Stephen G Dunbar
- Marine Research Group, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Nantarika Chansue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Veterinary Medical Aquatic Animal Research Center of Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen AI, Ebisu K, Benmarhnia T, Basu R. Emergency department visits associated with wildfire smoke events in California, 2016-2019. Environ Res 2023; 238:117154. [PMID: 37716386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildfire smoke has been associated with adverse respiratory outcomes, but the impacts of wildfire on other health outcomes and sensitive subpopulations are not fully understood. We examined associations between smoke events and emergency department visits (EDVs) for respiratory, cardiovascular, diabetes, and mental health outcomes in California during the wildfire season June-December 2016-2019. Daily, zip code tabulation area-level wildfire-specific fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations were aggregated to air basins. A "smoke event" was defined as an air basin-day with a wildfire-specific PM2.5 concentration at or above the 98th percentile across all air basin-days (threshold = 13.5 μg/m3). We conducted a two-stage time-series analysis using quasi-Poisson regression considering lag effects and random effects meta-analysis. We also conducted analyses stratified by race/ethnicity, age, and sex to assess potential effect modification. Smoke events were associated with an increased risk of EDVs for all respiratory diseases at lag 1 [14.4%, 95% confidence interval (CI): (6.8, 22.5)], asthma at lag 0 [57.1% (44.5, 70.8)], and chronic lower respiratory disease at lag 0 [12.7% (6.2, 19.6)]. We also found positive associations with EDVs for all cardiovascular diseases at lag 10. Mixed results were observed for mental health outcomes. Stratified results revealed potential disparities by race/ethnicity. Short-term exposure to smoke events was associated with increased respiratory and schizophrenia EDVs. Cardiovascular impacts may be delayed compared to respiratory outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie I Chen
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Keita Ebisu
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Tarik Benmarhnia
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rupa Basu
- Air and Climate Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Oakland, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tsocheva I, Scales J, Dove R, Chavda J, Kalsi H, Wood HE, Colligan G, Cross L, Newby C, Hall A, Keating M, Sartori L, Moon J, Thomson A, Tomini F, Murray A, Hamad W, Tijm S, Hirst A, Vincent BP, Kotala P, Balkwill F, Mihaylova B, Grigg J, Quint JK, Fletcher M, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, van Sluijs E, Beevers S, Randhawa G, Eldridge S, Sheikh A, Gauderman W, Kelly F, Mudway IS, Griffiths CJ. Investigating the impact of London's ultra low emission zone on children's health: children's health in London and Luton (CHILL) protocol for a prospective parallel cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:556. [PMID: 37925402 PMCID: PMC10625305 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04384-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution harms health across the life course. Children are at particular risk of adverse effects during development, which may impact on health in later life. Interventions that improve air quality are urgently needed both to improve public health now, and prevent longer-term increased vulnerability to chronic disease. Low Emission Zones are a public health policy intervention aimed at reducing traffic-derived contributions to urban air pollution, but evidence that they deliver health benefits is lacking. We describe a natural experiment study (CHILL: Children's Health in London and Luton) to evaluate the impacts of the introduction of London's Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) on children's health. METHODS CHILL is a prospective two-arm parallel longitudinal cohort study recruiting children at age 6-9 years from primary schools in Central London (the focus of the first phase of the ULEZ) and Luton (a comparator site), with the primary outcome being the impact of changes in annual air pollutant exposures (nitrogen oxides [NOx], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5micrograms [PM2.5], and less than 10 micrograms [PM10]) across the two sites on lung function growth, measured as post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) over five years. Secondary outcomes include physical activity, cognitive development, mental health, quality of life, health inequalities, and a range of respiratory and health economic data. DISCUSSION CHILL's prospective parallel cohort design will enable robust conclusions to be drawn on the effectiveness of the ULEZ at improving air quality and delivering improvements in children's respiratory health. With increasing proportions of the world's population now living in large urban areas exceeding World Health Organisation air pollution limit guidelines, our study findings will have important implications for the design and implementation of Low Emission and Clean Air Zones in the UK, and worldwide. CLINICALTRIALS GOV: NCT04695093 (05/01/2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Tsocheva
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK.
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK.
| | - James Scales
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rosamund Dove
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jasmine Chavda
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Harpal Kalsi
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Helen E Wood
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Grainne Colligan
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Louise Cross
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chris Newby
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Amy Hall
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mia Keating
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Luke Sartori
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jessica Moon
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Centre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ann Thomson
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Florian Tomini
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aisling Murray
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Wasim Hamad
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Tijm
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alice Hirst
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Centre of the Cell, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Britzer Paul Vincent
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Pavani Kotala
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | | | - Borislava Mihaylova
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Grigg
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Monica Fletcher
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Sean Beevers
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gurch Randhawa
- Institute for Health Research, University of Bedfordshire, Putteridge Bury, Hitchin Road, Bedfordshire, LU2 8LE, UK
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
| | - Sandra Eldridge
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Aziz Sheikh
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC - Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - William Gauderman
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Frank Kelly
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian S Mudway
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher J Griffiths
- Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research, London, UK
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- MRC - Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu R, Yu P, Liu Y, Chen G, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Beggs PJ, Zhang Y, Boocock J, Ji F, Hanigan I, Jay O, Bi P, Vargas N, Leder K, Green D, Quail K, Huxley R, Jalaludin B, Hu W, Dennekamp M, Vardoulakis S, Bone A, Abrahams J, Johnston FH, Broome R, Capon T, Li S, Guo Y. Climate change, environmental extremes, and human health in Australia: challenges, adaptation strategies, and policy gaps. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 40:100936. [PMID: 38116505 PMCID: PMC10730315 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change presents a major public health concern in Australia, marked by unprecedented wildfires, heatwaves, floods, droughts, and the spread of climate-sensitive infectious diseases. Despite these challenges, Australia's response to the climate crisis has been inadequate and subject to change by politics, public sentiment, and global developments. This study illustrates the spatiotemporal patterns of selected climate-related environmental extremes (heatwaves, wildfires, floods, and droughts) across Australia during the past two decades, and summarizes climate adaptation measures and actions that have been taken by the national, state/territory, and local governments. Our findings reveal significant impacts of climate-related environmental extremes on the health and well-being of Australians. While governments have implemented various adaptation strategies, these plans must be further developed to yield concrete actions. Moreover, Indigenous Australians should not be left out in these adaptation efforts. A collaborative, comprehensive approach involving all levels of government is urgently needed to prevent, mitigate, and adapt to the health impacts of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xu
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Pei Yu
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yanming Liu
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Zhengyu Yang
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yao Wu
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Paul J. Beggs
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Jennifer Boocock
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Fei Ji
- NSW Department of Planning and Environment, Sydney, NSW 2150, Australia
| | - Ivan Hanigan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Climate Change and Health Impact Assessment, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ollie Jay
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Peng Bi
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Nicole Vargas
- Heat and Health Research Incubator, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Medicine and Psychology, College of Health & Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Karin Leder
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Donna Green
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Katie Quail
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Rachel Huxley
- Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC 3125, Australia
| | - Bin Jalaludin
- School of Population Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Wenbiao Hu
- School of Public Health & Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Martine Dennekamp
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3053, Australia
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, College of Health and Medicine, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Angie Bone
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan Abrahams
- Monash University Disaster Resilience Initiative, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Fay H. Johnston
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7005, Australia
| | - Richard Broome
- The New South Wales Ministry of Health, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Tony Capon
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Shanshan Li
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Yuming Guo
- Climate, Air Quality Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Linh Tran NQ, Cam Hong Le HT, Pham CT, Nguyen XH, Tran ND, Thi Tran TH, Nghiem S, Ly Luong TM, Bui V, Nguyen-Huy T, Doan VQ, Dang KA, Thuong Do TH, Thi Ngo HK, Nguyen TV, Nguyen NH, Do MC, Ton TN, Thu Dang TA, Nguyen K, Tran XB, Thai P, Phung D. Climate change and human health in Vietnam: a systematic review and additional analyses on current impacts, future risk, and adaptation. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 40:100943. [PMID: 38116497 PMCID: PMC10730327 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate climate change's impact on health and adaptation in Vietnam through a systematic review and additional analyses of heat exposure, heat vulnerability, awareness and engagement, and projected health costs. Out of 127 reviewed studies, findings indicated the wider spread of infectious diseases, and increased mortality and hospitalisation risks associated with extreme heat, droughts, and floods. However, there are few studies addressing health cost, awareness, engagement, adaptation, and policy. Additional analyses showed rising heatwave exposure across Vietnam and global above-average vulnerability to heat. By 2050, climate change is projected to cost up to USD1-3B in healthcare costs, USD3-20B in premature deaths, and USD6-23B in work loss. Despite increased media focus on climate and health, a gap between public and government publications highlighted the need for more governmental engagement. Vietnam's climate policies have faced implementation challenges, including top-down approaches, lack of cooperation, low adaptive capacity, and limited resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nu Quy Linh Tran
- Centre for Environment and Population Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Huynh Thi Cam Hong Le
- Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Xuan Huong Nguyen
- Centre for Scientific Research and International Collaboration, Phan Chau Trinh University, Quang Nam, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Dang Tran
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Son Nghiem
- Department of Health Economics, Wellbeing and Society, Australian National University, Australia
| | - Thi Mai Ly Luong
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Vietnam University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Bui
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Australia
| | - Thong Nguyen-Huy
- Centre for Applied Climate Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Van Quang Doan
- Centre for Computational Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kim Anh Dang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Thi Hoai Thuong Do
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Kim Thi Ngo
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Ngoc Huy Nguyen
- Vietnam National University - Vietnam Japan University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Manh Cuong Do
- Health Environment Management Agency, Ministry of Health, Vietnam
| | | | - Thi Anh Thu Dang
- Hue University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Hue University of Economics, Hue University, Hue City, Vietnam
| | | | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Dung Phung
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim Y, Oka K, Kawazu EC, Ng CFS, Seposo X, Ueda K, Hashizume M, Honda Y. Enhancing health resilience in Japan in a changing climate. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 40:100970. [PMID: 38116496 PMCID: PMC10730320 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Climate change poses significant threats to human health, propelling Japan to take decisive action through the Climate Change Adaptation Act of 2018. This Act has led to the implementation of climate change adaptation policies across various sectors, including healthcare. In this review, we synthesized existing scientific evidence on the impacts of climate change on health in Japan and outlined the adaptation strategies and measures implemented by the central and local governments. The country has prioritized tackling heat-related illness and mortality and undertaken various adaptation measures to mitigate these risks. However, it faces unique challenges due to its super-aged society. Ensuring effective and coordinated strategies to address the growing uncertainties in vulnerability to climate change and the complex intersectoral impacts of disasters remains a critical issue. To combat the additional health risks by climate change, a comprehensive approach embracing adaptation and mitigation policies in the health sector is crucial. Encouraging intersectoral communication and collaboration will be vital for developing coherent and effective strategies to safeguard public health in the face of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Global Environmental Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Oka
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | | | - Chris Fook Sheng Ng
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xerxes Seposo
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kayo Ueda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hashizume
- Department of Global Health Policy, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Global Health, School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Japan
| | - Yasushi Honda
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Heydari A, Partovi P, Zarezadeh Y, Yari A. Exploring medical students' perceptions and understanding of the health impacts of climate change: a qualitative content analysis. BMC Med Educ 2023; 23:774. [PMID: 37853406 PMCID: PMC10585725 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change has been identified as the greatest threat to global health in the twenty-first century, with its unfavorable health consequences being among its impacts on humans. Exploring the perspectives and understanding of healthcare professionals and service providers concerning climate change becomes imperative. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions and understanding of final-year medical students regarding the health impacts of climate change on individuals and the healthcare system using a qualitative content analysis. METHODS This study employed a qualitative content analysis approach. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with the aid of an interview guide to explore the students' awareness, understanding, and attitudes towards the impacts of climate change on public health and the healthcare system. The collected interview data were subsequently organized into codes, categories, and subcategories based on the students' perspectives and attitudes towards climate change. RESULTS Fifteen medical intern students were interviewed for this study, and the qualitative findings were categorized into 3 categories, 23 subcategories, and 229 codes. The study's findings revealed various health impacts of climate change, which were classified into three main categories, including environmental effects with 8 subcategories, socio-economic effects with 8 subcategories, and health effects with 7 subcategories. The study's findings revealed medical students' perceptions of various health impacts of climate change and These findings suggest that medical student understand that climate change has significant impacts on individuals' health and society, mainly through environmental degradation, increased risks, and climate-related disasters, which ultimately lead to adverse health outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The perspectives of medical students in this study indicate that climate change may not have a direct and immediate impact on the health of individuals and communities. However, it can significantly influence their health and socio-economic well-being by exacerbating or causing environmental problems, increasing the risk of weather-related events and natural disasters, ultimately leading to adverse health outcomes. While the medical students' perspectives on the health impacts of climate change are indeed broad, incorporating scientific knowledge about this topic into the medical curriculum and educating students on how to deal with patients affected by these consequences can have a significant impact on health management. This proactive approach, despite the students' already comprehensive understanding, can enhance their preparedness to address the health effects of climate change and contribute to strengthening the healthcare system's resilience in the face of climate-related challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahad Heydari
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Peyman Partovi
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yadolah Zarezadeh
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Arezoo Yari
- Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gupta S, Kumar R, Rajput A, Gorka R, Gupta A, Bhasin N, Yadav S, Verma A, Ram K, Bhagat M. Atmospheric Microplastics: Perspectives on Origin, Abundances, Ecological and Health Risks. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:107435-107464. [PMID: 37452254 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution has aroused a tremendous amount of public and scientific interest worldwide. MPs are found widely ranging from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems primarily due to the over-exploitation of plastic products and unscientific disposal of plastic waste. There is a large availability of scientific literature on MP pollution in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, especially the marine environments; however, only recently has greater scientific attention been focused on the presence of MPs in the air and its retrospective health implications. Besides, atmospheric transport has been reported to be an important pathway of transport of MPs to the pristine regions of the world. From a health perspective, existing studies suggest that airborne MPs are priority pollutant vectors, that may penetrate deep into the body through inhalation leading to adverse health impacts such as neurotoxicity, cancer, respiratory problems, cytotoxicity, and many more. However, their effects on indoor and outdoor air quality, and on human health are not yet clearly understood due to the lack of enough research studies on that and the non-availability of established scientific protocols for their characterization. This scientific review entails important information concerning the abundance of atmospheric MPs worldwide within the existing literature. A thorough comparison of existing sampling and analytical protocols has been presented. Besides, this review has unveiled the areas of scientific concern especially air quality monitoring which requires immediate attention, with the information gaps to be filled have been addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivali Gupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006.
| | - Akanksha Rajput
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
| | - Ruby Gorka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
| | - Nazuk Bhasin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
- IESD, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Sudesh Yadav
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Anju Verma
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India, 110067
| | - Kirpa Ram
- IESD, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Madulika Bhagat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Jammu (J&K), Jammu, India, 180006
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Raj JB, Srinivasan K, Veeraraghavan V. Smartphone Addiction and its Impacts on Loneliness, Happiness, and Satisfaction with Life in Medical Students with Different Personalities During COVID-19 Pandemic. Addict Health 2023; 15:247-252. [PMID: 38322480 PMCID: PMC10843350 DOI: 10.34172/ahj.2023.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Background In this digital era, around the globe, smartphones have become ubiquitous and an indispensable part of everyday life. Despite being a highly productive tool, smartphone is often overused or misused leading to addiction. Studies have been carried out to assess factors influencing smartphone addiction, but very little focus has been placed on psychosocial changes in adults with different personalities, especially among medical students. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the influence of smartphone addiction on personality among medical students in South India. Methods A validated extrovert and Introvert Personality Inventory (IPEI) was administered to assess the personality after obtaining the necessary permissions. Using a validated questionnaire, the satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, and loneliness scales were administered via Google Forms. Findings The results showed there was a statistically significant increase in life satisfaction and loneliness scores among the extroverts in the mobile phone addiction group compared with the non-addiction group (P<0.0001). Conclusion Considering the impact of cell phones on various factors in adults in different areas can complement the nationwide statistics so as to formulate a health policy to address the vulnerable population and thus prevent the deterioration of the psychosocial behavior of the young generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeneth Berlin Raj
- Department of Physiology, Arunai Medical College& Hospital, Tiruvannamalai, India
| | - Krishnan Srinivasan
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mananga ES, Lopez E, Diop A, Dongomale PJT, Diane F. The impact of the air pollution on health in New York City. J Public Health Res 2023; 12:22799036231205870. [PMID: 38034845 PMCID: PMC10687960 DOI: 10.1177/22799036231205870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New York City is attempting to find a solution to an issue that many states and cities face: how to minimize air pollution so that it has fewer negative impacts on human health. Despite having the highest population in the United States (US), New York City typically has reasonably clean air. As the City and State of New York have worked to reduce emissions from local and regional sources, the air quality in New York City has improved during the past few decades. Despite these advancements, air pollution still poses a severe hazard to the health of everyone living in New York's environment. Various diseases including respiratory, circulatory, neurological, gastrointestinal, and urinary illnesses, which can be fatal, are intimately associated with air pollution. This review article will concentrate on how air pollution affects respiratory diseases such as asthma in children. In addition to analyzing the severe effects of air pollution on the vulnerable population, this review article will highlight the health repercussions of air pollution on New York City and its residents. furthermore, we argue for potential ideas and discoveries while also putting up a policy option to lower air pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eugene S Mananga
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Technology, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
- Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Erika Lopez
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Technology, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aissata Diop
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Technology, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulin JT Dongomale
- Department of Geosciences and Geological and Petroleum Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Fambougouri Diane
- Department of Engineering, Physics, and Technology, Bronx Community College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Andeobu L, Wibowo S, Grandhi S. Informal E-waste recycling practices and environmental pollution in Africa: What is the way forward? Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 252:114192. [PMID: 37348165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Globally, e-waste is the fastest growing and most valuable waste-stream. While countries worldwide are increasingly acknowledging the e-waste problem and introducing policies and regulations that deal with e-waste, large quantities of e-waste still go undocumented. Much of these global e-wastes are accumulating in open-dumpsites and landfills in African-countries where they are recycled informally resulting in significant environmental and public-health concerns. Although, there is a plethora of studies on e-waste management and disposal, only a few-studies have focused on African-countries who are major recipients of e-waste. Moreover, despite the attempts to mitigate the problem of e-waste in African-countries, e-waste has remained a major-concern and there are currently very limited workable solutions. This study examines informal e-waste recycling, environmental pollution and the extent of environmental and health impacts in major countries of concern including Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt, Kenya and South Africa. The global e-waste Waste Atlas Report, 2020 identified these countries as major recipients of e-waste. To achieve the aims of this research, previous studies from 2005 to 2022 are collected from various databases and analyzed. Accordingly, this study focuses on environmental pollution and public-health impacts resulting from e-waste dumping and informal recycling practices, illegal transboundary shipment of e-waste to the selected countries, and the interventions of governments and international organizations in reducing the impact of e-waste pollution and informal recycling practices in Africa. Based on the outcomes of this study, practical approaches on the way-forward are recommended. The findings of this study contribute to a growing-body of research on informal e-waste recycling practices in Africa to document that individuals working within e-waste sites and residents in nearby communities are exposed to a number of toxic-substances, some at potentially concerning levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Andeobu
- Central Queensland University, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - Santoso Wibowo
- Central Queensland University, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Muruganandam N, Mahalingam S, Narayanan R, Rajadurai E. Meandered and muddled: a systematic review on the impact of air pollution on ocular health. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:64872-64890. [PMID: 37097565 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
From the years 1970-2023, a systematic overview of the diverse consequences of particulate matter on eye health and a disease classification according to acute, chronic, and genetic are presented using the PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases. Various studies on medical aspects correlate with the eye and health. However, from an application perspective, there is limited research on the ocular surface and air pollution. The main objective of the study is to uncover the relationship between eye health and air pollution, particularly particulate matter, along with other external factors acting as aggravators. The secondary goal of the work is to examine the existing models for mimicking human eyes. The study is followed by a questionnaire survey in a workshop, in which the exposure-based investigation was tagged based on their activity. This paper establishes a relationship between particulate matter and its influence on human health, leading to numerous eye diseases like dry eyes, conjunctivitis, myopia, glaucoma, and trachoma. The results of the questionnaire survey indicate that about 68% of the people working in the workshop are symptomatic with tears, blurred vision, and mood swings, while 32% of the people were asymptomatic. Although there are approaches for conducting experiments, the evaluation is not well defined; empirical and numerical solutions for particle deposition on the eye are needed. There prevails a broad gap in the arena of ocular deposition modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niveditha Muruganandam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sneha Mahalingam
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Anna University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramsundram Narayanan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
López M, López-Lilao A, Romero F, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Pinteño R, Porte C, Balasch A, Eljarrat E, Viana M, Monfort E. Size-resolved chemical composition and toxicity of particles released from refit operations in shipyards. Sci Total Environ 2023; 880:163072. [PMID: 36990238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Ship refit and repair operations in shipyards generate aerosol emissions with high potential for environmental impacts. Metal-bearing nano-, fine and coarse particles are incidentally formed and can be released to indoor and ambient air and the aquatic environment. This work aimed to further the understanding of these impacts by characterising particle size-resolved chemical composition (15 nm - 10 μm), organophosphate esters (OPEs) content (e.g., plasticisers) and cytotoxic and genotoxic potential. Results showed that nanoparticle emissions (20-110 nm) took place in bursts, coinciding with the use of mechanical abraders and spray-painting guns. Tracers of these activities were Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Nb, and Cs. Key components were V and Cu, probably sourcing from nanoadditives in the coatings. Abrasion of coatings also emitted OPEs, especially from old paints. Toxicity assessments consistently evidenced hazardous potential for the different endpoints assessed, for a number of samples. Exposures to spray-painting aerosols were linked with reduced cell viability (cytotoxicity), significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases in micronuclei frequency (genotoxicity). Even though spray-painting did not contribute significantly to aerosol mass or number concentrations, it was a major driver of potential health effects. Results suggest that aerosol chemical composition (e.g., content in nano-sized Cu or V) may have a larger impact on toxicity than aerosol concentration. While direct human exposures may be prevented using personal and collective protective equipment and environmental release can be minimised by enclosures and filtration systems, impacts on ambient air and the aquatic environment cannot be fully prevented. The continued use of good practices (exhaust, dilution, general ventilation systems, PPE, already in place) is encouraged to reduce inhalation exposures inside the tents. Understanding the size-resolved chemical and toxicological properties of aerosols is key to reducing human health and environmental impacts of ship refit operations in shipyards.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pisoni E, Thunis P, De Meij A, Wilson J, Bessagnet B, Crippa M, Guizzardi D, Belis CA, Van Dingenen R. Modelling the air quality benefits of EU climate mitigation policies using two different PM2.5-related health impact methodologies. Environ Int 2023; 172:107760. [PMID: 36708630 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The EU, seeking to be a global leader in the fight against climate change, is moving ahead with ambitious policies to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions. In this context, the Fit for 55 package (FF55) is a set of proposals to revise and update EU legislation, to ensure that policies are in line with the climate goals of cutting emissions by at least 55% by 2030. Whilst these policies are designed for climate purposes, they will have positive side-effects (co-benefits) on air quality. Separately, additional policies are also in place to reduce emissions of related air pollutants and to improve air quality concentrations on EU territory. In this work, through a modelling study, we analyse the benefits of these policies via the health benefits arising from the resulting reductions in yearly average PM2.5 concentrations. Results are analysed by assessing and comparing morbidity and mortality impacts as computed using both the HRAPIE (Health risks of air pollution in Europe, WHO, as implemented in the CaRBonH model) and the GBD (Global Burden of Disease, as implemented in FASST-GBD model) approaches. Even when considering the uncertainty and variability in the results obtained using the two approaches, it is clear that EU policies can bring health and economic benefit in EU, with several Billions of Euro of benefits both in terms of morbidity and mortality indicators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pisoni
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
| | - P Thunis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - J Wilson
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - B Bessagnet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - M Crippa
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - D Guizzardi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - C A Belis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - R Van Dingenen
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gelaye Y. The status and natural impact of floriculture production in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:9066-9081. [PMID: 36437364 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethiopia's floriculture industry is exceedingly emerging, and, currently, it ranks as the sixth largest exporter of roses worldwide and second largest in Africa. Currently, many flowers, such as rose, gypsophila, carnations, and chrysanthemum, are growing. However, floriculture farms are contributing a high level of health risks and environmental problems in Ethiopia. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the status and impacts of floriculture industries in Ethiopia. The floriculture division is an emerging sector in Ethiopia, and the number of farms, income, job opportunities, and diversity of flowers are increasing. However, the health risks and environmental fates of the sector are also increasing. Ethiopian floriculture farms lack waste disposal technologies and workers' protective equipment and safety, and the chemicals, plastics, and corrugated irons used in the farms are carelessly disposed everywhere. Pesticides, plastics, and fertilizers are also freely discharged into water bodies and terrestrial land, which is causing the development of health risks; aquatic life hazards; and soil, water, and air pollution. However, Ethiopia has no strong and functional system or structure to control the impacts of floriculture farms. The government and the farm owners are not thoughtful about the environmental issues, health concerns, and socioeconomic impacts of the wastes. The government lacks regular control and assessment of farms, and the farms are engaging for their profit. Nevertheless, developed countries are currently using both natural and modern technologies to manage floricultural wastes. Ethiopia should therefore suggest manageable possible approaches and sound management strategies based on the findings of the analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Gelaye
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Debre Markos University, P.O. Box 269, Debre Markos, Ethiopia.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang L, Zhu Y, Liu H, Wang Y, Allen DT, Chel Gee Ooi M, Manomaiphiboon K, Talib Latif M, Chan A, Li L. Assessing the contribution of open crop straw burning to ground-level ozone and associated health impacts in China and the effectiveness of straw burning bans. Environ Int 2023; 171:107710. [PMID: 36566719 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ozone pollution in China has been shown to increase in frequency and persistence despite the concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) decreasing steadily. Open crop straw burning (OCSB) activities are extensive in China and emit large amounts of trace gases during a short period that could lead to elevated ozone concentrations. This study addresses the impacts of OCSB emissions on ground-level ozone concentration and the associated health impact in China. Total VOCs and NOx emissions from OCSB in 2018 were 798.8 Gg and 80.6 Gg, respectively, with high emissions in Northeast China (31.7%) and North China (23.7%). Based on simulations conducted for 2018, OCSB emissions are estimated to contribute up to 0.95 µg/m3 increase in annual averaged maximum daily 8-hour (MDA8) ozone and up to 1.35 µg/m3 for the ozone season average. The significant impact of OCSB emissions on ozone is mainly characterized by localized and episodic (e.g., daily) changes in ozone concentration, up to 20 µg/m3 in North China and Yangtze River Delta region and even more in Northeast China during the burning season. With the implementation of straw burning bans, VOCs and NOx emissions from OCSB dropped substantially by 46.9%, particularly over YRD (76%) and North China (60%). Consequently, reduced OCSB emissions result in an overall decrease in annual averaged MDA8 ozone, and reductions in monthly MDA8 ozone could be over 10 µg/m3 in North China. The number of avoided premature death due to reduced OCSB emissions (considering both PM2.5 and ozone) is estimated to be 6120 (95% Confidence Interval: 5320-6800), with most health benefits gained over east and central China. Our results illustrate the effectiveness of straw burning bans in reducing ozone concentrations at annual and national scales and the substantial ozone impacts from OCSB events at localized and episodic scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanqing Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangjun Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - David T Allen
- Center for Energy and Environmental Resources, University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758, United States
| | - Maggie Chel Gee Ooi
- Institute of Climate Change (IPI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kasemsan Manomaiphiboon
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Andy Chan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kwan SC, Zakaria SB, Ibrahim MF, Wan Mahiyuddin WR, Md Sofwan N, A Wahab MI, Ahmad RDR, Abbas AR, Woon WK, Sahani M. Health impacts from TRAPs and carbon emissions in the projected electric vehicle growth and energy generation mix scenarios in Malaysia. Environ Res 2023; 216:114524. [PMID: 36228692 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Road transport contributes over 70% of air pollution in urban areas and is the second largest contributor to the total carbon dioxide emissions in Malaysia at 21% in 2016. Transport-related air pollutants (TRAPs) such as NOx, SO2, CO and particulate matter (PM) pose significant threats to the urban population's health. Malaysia has targeted to deploy 885,000 EV cars on the road by 2030 in the Low Carbon Mobility Blueprint (LCMB). This study aims to quantify the health co-benefits of electric vehicle adoption from their impacts on air quality in Malaysia. Two EV uptake projections, i.e. LCMB and Revised EV Adoption (REVA) projections, and five electricity generation mix scenarios were modelled up to 2040. We used comparative health risk assessment to estimate the potential changes in mortality and burden of diseases (BoD) from the emissions in each scenario. Intake fractions and exposure-risk functions were used to calculate the burden from respiratory diseases (PM2.5, NOx, SO2, CO), cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer (PM2.5). Results showed that along with a net reduction of carbon emissions across all scenarios, there could be reduced respiratory mortality from NOx by 10,200 mortality (176,200 DALYs) and SO2 by 2600 mortality (45,400 DALYs) per year in 2040. However, there could also be additional 719 mortality (9900 DALYs) per year from PM2.5 and 329 mortality (5600 DALYs) from CO per year. The scale of reduction in mortality and BoD from NOx and SO2 are significantly larger than the scale of increase from PM2.5 and CO, indicating potential net positive health impacts from the EV adoption in the scenarios. The health cost savings from the reduced BoD of respiratory mortality could reach up to RM 7.5 billion per year in 2040. In conclusion, EV is a way forward in promoting a healthy and sustainable future transport in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soo Chen Kwan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sazalina Binti Zakaria
- Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faiz Ibrahim
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurzawani Md Sofwan
- Environmental Health Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Sarawak Branch, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ikram A Wahab
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Radin Diana R Ahmad
- Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Rosly Abbas
- Built Environment and Climate Change Unit, Generation & Environment Department, TNB Research, Malaysia
| | - Wei Kian Woon
- Corporate Strategy & Sustainability, Strategy and Ventures Division, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Malaysia
| | - Mazrura Sahani
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies (CORE), Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bhat SA, Sher F, Kumar R, Karahmet E, Haq SAU, Zafar A, Lima EC. Environmental and health impacts of spraying COVID-19 disinfectants with associated challenges. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:85648-85657. [PMID: 34599438 PMCID: PMC8486161 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus refers to a group of widespread viruses. The name refers to the specific morphology of these viruses because their spikes look like a crown under an electron microscope. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has been reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, was proclaimed an international public health emergency (PHEIC) on 30 January 2020, and on 11 March 2020, it was declared as a pandemic (World Health Organization 2020). The official name of the virus was declared by the WHO as "COVID-19 virus", formerly known as "2019-nCoV", or "Wuhan Coronavirus". The International Committee on Virus Taxonomy's Coronavirus Research Group has identified that this virus is a form of coronavirus that caused a severe outbreak of acute respiratory syndrome in 2002-2003 (SARS). As a result, the latest severe acute respiratory syndrome has been classified as a corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen by this committee. This disease spread quickly across the country and the world within the first 3 months of the outbreak and became a global pandemic. To stop COVID-19 from spreading, the governing agencies used various chemicals to disinfect different commercial spaces, streets and highways. However, people used it aggressively because of panic conditions, anxiety and unconsciousness, which can have a detrimental impact on human health and the environment. Our water bodies, soil and air have been polluted by disinfectants, forming secondary products that can be poisonous and mutagenic. In the prevention and spread of COVID-19, disinfection is crucial, but disinfection should be carried out with sufficient precautions to minimize exposure to harmful by-products. In addition, to prevent inhalation, adequate personal protective equipment should be worn and chemical usage, concentrations, ventilation in the room and application techniques should be carefully considered. In the USA, 60% of respondents said they cleaned or disinfected their homes more often than they had in the previous months. In addition to the robust use of disinfection approaches to combat COVID-19, we will explore safe preventative solutions here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakeel Ahmad Bhat
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Rohitashw Kumar
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Emina Karahmet
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Modern Science, 88000, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK
| | - Syed Anam Ul Haq
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, 190025, India
| | - Ayesha Zafar
- International Society of Engineering Science and Technology, Nottingham, UK
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Eder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Goncalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, Porto Alegre, RS, ZIP 91501-970, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ganesapillai M, Mondal B, Sarkar I, Sinha A, Ray SS, Kwon YN, Nakamura K, Govardhan K. The face behind the Covid-19 mask - A comprehensive review. Environ Technol Innov 2022; 28:102837. [PMID: 35879973 PMCID: PMC9299984 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The threat of epidemic outbreaks like SARS-CoV-2 is growing owing to the exponential growth of the global population and the continual increase in human mobility. Personal protection against viral infections was enforced using ambient air filters, face masks, and other respiratory protective equipment. Available facemasks feature considerable variation in efficacy, materials usage and characteristic properties. Despite their widespread use and importance, face masks pose major potential threats due to the uncontrolled manufacture and disposal techniques. Improper solid waste management enables viral propagation and increases the volume of associated biomedical waste at an alarming rate. Polymers used in single-use face masks include a spectrum of chemical constituents: plasticisers and flame retardants leading to health-related issues over time. Despite ample research in this field, the efficacy of personal protective equipment and its impact post-disposal is yet to be explored satisfactorily. The following review assimilates information on the different forms of personal protective equipment currently in use. Proper waste management techniques pertaining to such special wastes have also been discussed. The study features a holistic overview of innovations made in face masks and their corresponding impact on human health and environment. Strategies with SDG3 and SDG12, outlining safe and proper disposal of solid waste, have also been discussed. Furthermore, employing the CFD paradigm, a 3D model of a face mask was created based on fluid flow during breathing techniques. Lastly, the review concludes with possible future advancements and promising research avenues in personal protective equipment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Ganesapillai
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bidisha Mondal
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ishita Sarkar
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aritro Sinha
- Mass Transfer Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Saikat Sinha Ray
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwon
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuho Nakamura
- Faculty of Engineering, Division of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - K Govardhan
- Department of Micro and Nano-Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Piao Z, Heutschi K, Pieren R, Mikhailenko P, Poulikakos LD, Hellweg S. Environmental trade-offs for using low-noise pavements: Life cycle assessment with noise considerations. Sci Total Environ 2022; 842:156846. [PMID: 35738370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Noise mitigation is the main advantage of semi-dense asphalt (SDA) pavements compared to traditional pavements such as stone-mastic asphalt (SMA), but noise is not quantitatively considered in traditional life cycle assessment (LCA). This article performs a comprehensive LCA for SMA and SDA including noise considerations. State-of-the-art sound emission and acoustical ageing models were used to determine the road traffic noise. The latest Swiss dose-response curves and current noise exposure data were used to evaluate health impacts due to noise. Additionally, traditional LCA is also included for assessing the greenhouse gas emissions, non-renewable cumulative energy demand and health impacts of non-noise processes. The results show that SDA causes around 70 % higher greenhouse gases and energy demand than SMA, primarily due to its shorter service life. However, the noise impacts in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) are higher by two to three orders of magnitude than non-noise processes, and the use of SDA can reduce 40 % of the total DALYs. It is shown that road traffic noise plays a significant role in the LCA of pavements. The trade-off between greenhouse gas and energy related impacts, on the one hand, and health effects, on the other hand, requires critical consideration by decision makers when promoting low-noise pavements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyin Piao
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ecological Systems Design, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kurt Heutschi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Reto Pieren
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Mikhailenko
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Lily D Poulikakos
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Environmental Engineering, Ecological Systems Design, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ali HQ, Yasir MU, Farooq A, Khan M, Salman M, Waqar M. Tanneries impact on groundwater quality: a case study of Kasur city in Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 2022; 194:823. [PMID: 36151411 PMCID: PMC9510162 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Leather industry is the second largest export-earning sector of Pakistan. However, because of poor waste management, this industry has been continuously polluting the environment. In this paper, the impact of tanneries on the groundwater quality of Kasur city (i.e., the second largest leather producing city) is examined. The study is conducted in the following three phases: (I) water samples collection, (II) determination of physio-chemical properties, and (III) application of data mining techniques. In phase I, groundwater samples were collected from various sources such as hand pumps, motor pumps, and tube wells. In phase II, several physio-chemical properties such as (i) total dissolved solids (TDS), (ii) pH, (iii) turbidity, (iv) electrical conductivity (EC), (v) total hardness (TH), (vi) total alkalinity (TA), (vii) nitrates, (viii) chromium, (ix) fluoride, and (x) chloride were estimated. The estimated values of all these foregoing parameters are then compared with the Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water (PEQSDW). In phase III, principle component analysis and cluster analysis of the estimated parameters were performed to elucidate the relation between various parameters and to highlight the highly vulnerable sites, respectively. The results exhibit that most of the sampling collections sites are at the threshold of losing quality water. Moreover, it is also found that Mangal Mandi carries the worst groundwater quality among all sampling locations. Overall, it is concluded that serious attention is due from the water and wastewater authorities to further investigate and monitor the groundwater quality of Kasur before the country strikes with another pandemic after COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Qasim Ali
- Department of Civil Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | - Amir Farooq
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahrukh Khan
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nasiri R, Zarandi SM, Bayat M, Amini A. Design a protocol to investigate the effects of climate change in vivo. Environ Res 2022; 212:113482. [PMID: 35609654 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change has a variety of effects on communities and the environment, most of which have been directly addressed, such as floods, droughts, and fires. To date, the impacts of climate change on health in in vivo conditions have not been assessed, and no protocol has been developed in this regard. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to develop a protocol as well as design and build a pilot to deal with climate change in vivo to show the direct effects of climate change on health. For this purpose, twenty specialists, comprising ten experts active in field climate and 10 experts in field medicine and anatomy, have been consulted to design the proposed exposure protocol using the Delphi method. According to the prepared protocol, an exposure pilot was then designed and built, which provides the climatic conditions for animal exposure with a fully automatic HMI-PLC system. The results showed the average 12:12-h day/night temperature, humidity, and circadian cycle for three consecutive ten-year periods selected for exposure of 1-month-old male rats. The duration of the exposure period is four months, which is equivalent to a ten-year climatic period. This study is a framework and a starting point for examining the effects of climate change on in vivo conditions that have not yet been considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Nasiri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saeed Motesaddi Zarandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Bayat
- Biology and Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abdollah Amini
- Biology and Anatomical Sciences Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dharmalingam S, Senthilkumar N, D'Souza RR, Hu Y, Chang HH, Ebelt S, Yu H, Kim CS, Rohr A. Developing air pollution concentration fields for health studies using multiple methods: Cross-comparison and evaluation. Environ Res 2022; 207:112207. [PMID: 34653409 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Past air pollution epidemiological studies have used a wide range of methods to develop concentration fields for health analyses. The fields developed differ considerably among these methods. The reasons for these differences and comparisons of their strengths, as well as the limitations for estimating exposures, remains under-investigated. Here, we applied nine methods to develop fields of eight pollutants (carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and three speciated PM2.5 constituents including elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), and sulfate (SO4)) for the metropolitan Atlanta region for five years. The nine methods are Central Monitor (CM), Site Average (SA), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW), Kriging (KRIG), Land Use Regression (LUR), satellite Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), CMAQ model, CMAQ with kriging adjustment (CMAQ-KRIG), and CMAQ based data fusion (CMAQ-DF). Additionally, we applied an increasingly popular method, Random Forest (RF), and compared its results for NO2 and PM2.5 with other methods. For statistical evaluation, we focused our discussion on the temporal coefficient of determination, although other metrics are also calculated. Raw output from the CMAQ model contains modeling biases and errors, which are partially mitigated by fusing observational data in the CMAQ-KRIG and CMAQ-DF methods. Based on analyses that simulated model responses to more limited input data, the RF model is more robust and outperforms LUR for PM2.5. These results suggest RF may have potential in air pollution health studies, especially when limited measurement data are available. The RF method has several important weaknesses, including a relatively poor performance for NO2, diagnostic challenges, and computational intensiveness. The results of this study will help to improve our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of different methods for estimating air pollutant exposures in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Dharmalingam
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nirupama Senthilkumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rohan Richard D'Souza
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yongtao Hu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Howard H Chang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stefanie Ebelt
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haofei Yu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Chloe S Kim
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Annette Rohr
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang Y, Wu R, Liu L, Yuan Y, Liu C, Hang Ho SS, Ren H, Wang Q, Lv Y, Yan M, Cao J. Differential health and economic impacts from the COVID-19 lockdown between the developed and developing countries: Perspective on air pollution. Environ Pollut 2022; 293:118544. [PMID: 34801622 PMCID: PMC8601204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is enlightening to determine the discrepancies and potential reasons for the degree of impact from the COVID-19 control measures on air quality as well as the associated health and economic impacts. Analysis of air quality, socio-economic factors, and meteorological data from 447 cities in 46 countries indicated that the COVID-19 control measures had significant impacts on the PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) concentrations in 20 (reduced PM2.5 concentrations of -7.4-29.1 μg m-3) of the selected 46 countries. In these 20 countries, the robustly distinguished changes in the PM2.5 concentrations caused by the control measures differed between the developed (95% confidence interval (CI): -2.7-5.5 μg m-3) and developing countries (95% CI: 8.3-23.2 μg m-3). As a result, the COVID-19 lockdown reduced death and hospital admissions change from the decreased PM2.5 concentrations by 7909 and 82,025 cases in the 12 developing countries, and by 78 and 1214 cases in the eight developed countries. The COVID-19 lockdown reduced the economic cost from the PM2.5 related health burden by 54.0 million dollars in the 12 developing countries and by 8.3 million dollars in the eight developed countries. The disparity was related to the different chemical compositions of PM2.5. In particular, the concentrations of primary PM2.5 (e.g., BC) in cities of developing countries were 3-45 times higher than those in developed countries, so the mass concentration of PM2.5 was more sensitive to the reduced local emissions in developing countries during the COVID-19 control period. The mass fractions of secondary PM2.5 in developed countries were generally higher than those in developing countries. As a result, these countries were more sensitive to the secondary atmospheric processing that may have been enhanced due to reduced local emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China.
| | - Rui Wu
- School of Business, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lang Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - ChenGuang Liu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmosphere Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, 89512, United States
| | - Honghao Ren
- School of Management Science and Engineering, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yang Lv
- School of Government Administration, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Mengyuan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Arter CA, Buonocore JJ, Moniruzzaman C, Yang D, Huang J, Arunachalam S. Air quality and health-related impacts of traditional and alternate jet fuels from airport aircraft operations in the U.S. Environ Int 2022; 158:106958. [PMID: 34710732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aviation emissions from landing and takeoff operations (LTO) can degrade local and regional air quality leading to adverse health outcomes in populations near airports and downwind. In this study we aim to quantify the air quality and health-related impacts from commercial LTO emissions in the continental U.S. for two recent years' inventories, 2011 and 2016. We quantify the LTO-attributable PM2.5, O3, and NO2 concentrations and health outcomes for mortality and multiple morbidity health endpoints. We also quantify the impacts from two scenarios representing a nation-wide implementation of 5% or 50% blends of sustainable alternative jet fuels. We estimate 80 (68-93) and 88 (75-100) PM2.5-attributable and 610 (310-920) and 1,100 (570-1,700) NO2-attributable premature mortalities in 2011 and 2016, respectively. We estimate a net decrease of 28 (14-56) and 54 (27-110) in O3-attributable premature mortalities across the U.S. in 2011 and 2016, respectively due to the large O3 titration effects near the airports. We also find that the asthma exacerbations due to NO2 exposures from LTO emissions increase from 100,000 (2,500-200,000) in 2011 to 170,000 (4,400-340,000) in 2016. Implementing a 5% or 50% blend of sustainable alternative jet fuel in 2016 results in a 1% or 18% reduction, respectively in PM2.5-attributable premature mortalities. Monetizing the value of avoided total premature mortalities, we find that a 50%-blended sustainable alternative jet fuel results in a 19% decrease in PM2.5 damages per ton of fuel burned and a 2% decrease in total damages per ton of fuel burned as compared to damages from traditional jet fuel. We also quantify health impacts by state and find California to be the most impacted by LTO emissions. We find that LTO-attributable PM2.5 and NO2 premature mortalities increase by 10% and 80%, respectively from 2011 to 2016 and that NO2-attributable premature mortalities are responsible for 91% of total LTO-attributable premature mortalities in both 2011 and 2016. And since we find LTO-attributable NO2 to be unaffected by the implementation of sustainable alternative jet fuels, additional approaches focused on NOX reductions in the combustor are needed to mitigate the air quality-related health impacts from LTO emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Calvin A Arter
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jonathan J Buonocore
- Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chowdhury Moniruzzaman
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dongmei Yang
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jiaoyan Huang
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Saravanan Arunachalam
- Institute for the Environment, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Adam MG, Tran PTM, Balasubramanian R. Air quality changes in cities during the COVID-19 lockdown: A critical review. Atmos Res 2021; 264:105823. [PMID: 34456403 PMCID: PMC8384485 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In response to the rapid spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) within and across countries and the need to protect public health, governments worldwide introduced unprecedented measures such as restricted road and air travel and reduced human mobility in 2020. The curtailment of personal travel and economic activity provided a unique opportunity for researchers to assess the interplay between anthropogenic emissions of primary air pollutants, their physical transport, chemical transformation, ultimate fate and potential health impacts. In general, reductions in the atmospheric levels of outdoor air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed in many countries during the lockdowns. However, the levels of ozone (O3), a secondary air pollutant linked to asthma and respiratory ailments, and secondary PM were frequently reported to remain unchanged or even increase. An increase in O3 can enhance the formation of secondary PM2.5, especially secondary organic aerosols, through the atmospheric oxidation of VOCs. Given that the gaseous precursors of O3 (VOCs and NOx) are also involved in the formation of secondary PM2.5, an integrated control strategy should focus on reducing the emission of the common precursors for the co-mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 with an emphasis on their complex photochemical interactions. Compared to outdoor air quality, comprehensive investigations of indoor air quality (IAQ) are relatively sparse. People spend more than 80% of their time indoors with exposure to air pollutants of both outdoor and indoor origins. Consequently, an integrated assessment of exposure to air pollutants in both outdoor and indoor microenvironments is needed for effective urban air quality management and for mitigation of health risk. To provide further insights into air quality, we do a critical review of scientific articles, published from January 2020 to December 2020 across the globe. Finally, we discuss policy implications of our review in the context of global air quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max G Adam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Phuong T M Tran
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang Street, Lien Chieu District, Danang City, Viet Nam
| | - Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nunes RAO, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Peñuelas AL, Durán-Grados V, Moreno-Gutiérrez J, Jalkanen JP, Hannuniemi H, Sousa SIV. Estimating the health and economic burden of shipping related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula. Environ Int 2021; 156:106763. [PMID: 34280611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of the global burden of disease from the environment, entailing substantial economic consequences. International shipping is a significant source of NOx, SO2, CO and PM, which can cause known negative health impacts. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health impacts and the associated external costs of ship-related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula for 2015. Moreover, the impact of CAP2020 regulations on 2015 emissions was studied. Log-linear functions based on WHO-HRAPIE relative risks for PM2.5 and NO2 all-cause mortality and morbidity health end-points, and integrated exposure-response functions for PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, were used to calculate the excess burden of disease. The number of deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to NO2 ship-related emissions was similar to those of PM2.5 ship-related emissions. Estimated all-cause premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 ship-related emissions represented an average increase of 7.7% for the Iberian Peninsula when compared to the scenario without shipping contribution. Costs of around 9 100 million € yr-1 (for value of statistical life approach - VSL) and 1 825 million € yr-1 (for value of life year approach - VOLY) were estimated for PM and NO2 all-cause burden of disease. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, a cost of around 3 475 million € yr-1 (for VSL approach) and 851 million € yr-1 (for VOLY approach) were estimated. Costs due to PM and NO2 all-cause burden represented around 0.72% and 0.15% of the Iberian Peninsula gross domestic product in 2015, respectively for VSL and VOLY approaches. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, costs represented around 0.28% and 0.06%, respectively, for VSL and VOLY approaches. If CAP2020 regulations had been applied in 2015, around 50% and 30% respectively of PM2.5 and NO2 ship-related mortality would been avoided. These results show that air pollution from ships has a considerable impact on health and associated costs affecting the Iberian Peninsula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A O Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C M Alvim-Ferraz
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando G Martins
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Vanessa Durán-Grados
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Hanna Hannuniemi
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Andeobu L, Wibowo S, Grandhi S. An assessment of e-waste generation and environmental management of selected countries in Africa, Europe and North America: A systematic review. Sci Total Environ 2021; 792:148078. [PMID: 34147806 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Waste generated from electrical and electronic equipment collectively known as e-waste has remained a persistent environmental problem. Globally, approximately 53.6 million tons of e-waste was generated in 2019. Of this amount generated, less than 13% was recycled and the rest ended up in landfills or incinerators creating enormous environmental and health concerns due to the presence of hazardous materials. While there are several previous-studies on e-waste, research findings of the United Nations global e-waste report 2020 shows that many countries are not sufficiently managing e-waste generated and greater effort is urgently required to ensure smarter and more sustainable e-waste management. On this premise, this study critically reviews previous research on e-waste generation and management practices of selected-countries - Canada, France, United States, United Kingdom, Nigeria and South Africa; provides an overview of progress made and identifies areas for improvement. These countries are selected because they are some of the largest-producers of e-waste worldwide. To achieve the objectives of this study, previous-studies from 2005 to 2020 are collected from databases. The study focuses on aspects such as e-waste generation, e-waste recycling, e-waste disposal methods and behaviour, environmental management of e-waste, e-waste problems and challenges and e-waste legislation of these countries. This study further categorised previous-studies of selected-countries in relation to type and scope of research, e-waste categories evaluated and study locations. Based on the findings/outcomes of the analysis on the current-situation of the selected-countries in the literature, this study proposes generic best-practice approaches to e-waste generation and environmental management taking into account country-specific issues and identifies future research areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Andeobu
- Central Queensland University, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | - Santoso Wibowo
- Central Queensland University, 120 Spencer Street, Melbourne 3000, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu M, Tu C, Liu G, Zhong H. Time to Safeguard the Future Generations from the Omnipresent Microplastics. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2021; 107:793-799. [PMID: 34223933 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) as a ubiquitous environmental pollutant have drawn growing attention, and it is concerning that children are more sensitive to MPs than adults. Unfortunately, information about the link between children and MPs is insufficient. Therefore, we review the sources and exposure routes of children to MPs and collect evidence for the potential risks. Children can ingest and/or inhale MPs derived from various foodstuffs and plastic products. Despite the limited knowledge on the toxicity to humans, current studies have proved the accumulation and translocation of MPs in different tissues and organs. Main damages including cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity can be caused by pristine polymers and/or co-contaminants. There is much more to be understood about MPs, especially their health effects, and this study has made it clear that it is time to protect our future generations from the threat of MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Tu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Guangxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Environmental and Life Sciences Program (EnLS), Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Farahani VJ, Pirhadi M, Sioutas C. Are standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) representative of ambient particles in air pollution toxicological studies? Sci Total Environ 2021; 788:147854. [PMID: 34029805 PMCID: PMC8206007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the chemical characteristics of standardized diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and compared them to those of read-world particulate matter (PM) collected in different urban settings to evaluate the extent to which standardized DEPs can represent ambient particles for use in toxicological studies. Standard reference material SRM-2975 was obtained from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and was chemically analyzed for the content of elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic ions, and several metals and trace elements. The analysis on the filter-collected DEP sample revealed very high levels of EC (i.e., ~397 ng/μg PM) which were comparable to the OC content (~405 ng/μg PM). This is in contrast with the carbonaceous content in the emitted particles from typical filter-equipped diesel-powered vehicles, in which low levels of EC emissions were observed. Furthermore, the EC mass fraction of the DEP sample did not match the observed levels in the ambient PM of multiple US urban areas, including Los Angeles (8%), Houston (~14%), Pittsburgh (~12%), and New York (~17%). Our results illustrated the lack of several high molecular weight carcinogenic PAHs in the DEP samples, unlike our measurements in major freeways of Los Angeles. Negligible levels of inorganic ions were observed in the sample and the DEP did not contain toxic secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) formed through synchronized reactions in the atmosphere. Lastly, the analysis of redox-active metals and trace elements demonstrated that the levels of many species including vehicle emission tracers (e.g., Ba, Ti, Mn, Fe) on Los Angeles roadways were almost 20 times greater than those in the DEP sample. Based on the abovementioned inconsistencies between the chemical composition of the DEP sample and those of real-world PM measured and recorded in different conditions, we conclude that the standardized DEPs are not suitable representatives of traffic emissions nor typical ambient PM to be used in toxicological studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Jalali Farahani
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Milad Pirhadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pietron WJ, Warenik-Bany M, Wozniak B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in raw milk from different animal species and in infant formula. Occurrence and risk assessment. Chemosphere 2021; 278:130479. [PMID: 34126691 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread, persistent in the environment, and classified as global pollutants. Their presence has been confirmed in various types of food which adversely affect human health when consumed in sufficient amounts. Although milk has advantageous nutritional qualities and there are health benefits associated with its consumption, it could also contain toxic PBDEs. The aim of the study was the determination of the concentrations of ten congeners (BDE -28, -47, -49, -99, -100, -138, -153, -154, -183, and 209) in cow's, sheep's, and goat's milk obtained from Polish farms and their determination in infant formula. A total of 103 samples of raw milk and infant formula were tested using an accredited high-resolution gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry method. PBDEs were detected in all analyzed samples, the highest concentration being found in sheep's milk (11.9 ng g-1 fat), and cow's milk containing the least contamination. BDE-209 makes the predominant contribution to the sum of the ten congeners, constituting at least 38%. The profiles of PBDEs were dependent on the milk type and the differences between its varieties are discussed. The highest median concentration of the sum of ten PBDEs (0.473 ng g-1 fat) was determined in infant formula, which was identified as an important source of infants' exposure (5.48 ng kg-1 b.w. day-1 calculated based on P95 concentration). Milk is a source of PBDE in the diet; however, considered in isolation its consumption does not pose a risk to either adults' or children's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jerzy Pietron
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Barbara Wozniak
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI), 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Machado M, Santos JM, Frere S, Chagnon P, Reisen VA, Bondon P, Ispány M, Mavroidis I, Reis NC. Deconstruction of annoyance due to air pollution by multiple correspondence analyses. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:47904-47920. [PMID: 33893918 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Annoyance caused by air pollution is a matter of public health as it can cause stress and ill-health and affect quality of life, among other burdens. The aim of this study is to apply the multiple correspondence analyses (MCA) technique as a differential tooling to explore relationships between variables that can influence peoples' behaviour concerning annoyance caused by air pollution. Data were collected through a survey on air pollution, environmental issues and quality of life. Face-to-face survey studies were conducted in two industrialized urban areas (Vitoria in Brazil and Dunkirk in France). These two regions were chosen as their inhabitants often report feeling annoyed by air pollution, and both regions have similar industrial characteristics. The results showed a progressive correspondence between levels of annoyance and other active variables in the "air pollution" factor group: as the levels of annoyance increased, the levels of the other qualitative variables (importance of air quality, perceived exposure to industrial risk, assessment of air quality, perceived air pollution) also increased. Respondents who reported feeling annoyed by air pollution also thought that air quality was very important and were very concerned about exposure to industrial risks. Furthermore, they often assessed air quality as horrible, and they could frequently perceive air pollution by dust, odours and decreased visibility. The results also showed a statistically significant association between occurrence of allergies and high levels of annoyance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Machado
- Instituto Federal de Ciência e Tecnologia do Espírito Santo, Guarapari, Brazil.
| | - Jane Meri Santos
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| | - Severine Frere
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Maison de la Recherche em Science de l´Homme, Dunkerque, France
| | - Phillipe Chagnon
- Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Maison de la Recherche em Science de l´Homme, Dunkerque, France
| | | | - Pascal Bondon
- Laboratoire des Signaux et Systems, CNRS-Centrale Supélec-Université Paris-Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Ilias Mavroidis
- School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University, Patra, Greece
| | - Neyval Costa Reis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Elizalde-Velázquez GA, Gómez-Oliván LM. Microplastics in aquatic environments: A review on occurrence, distribution, toxic effects, and implications for human health. Sci Total Environ 2021; 780:146551. [PMID: 33773347 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are fragments, fibers, granules, flakes and spheres with a diameter or length of less than 5 mm. These may eventually end up in the aquatic environment by the progressive breakdown of larger plastics or via domestic and industrial sewage spillage. In order to better understand the current knowledge in this field, we carried out and extensive literature research to retrieve articles mainly focusing on the occurrence and distribution of MPs in aquatic matrix as well as their impacts on aquatic organisms and human derived cells. Once in the environment, MPs may be transported via wind and water movement, affecting their spatial distribution. Furthermore, density may also affect the buoyancy and vertical distribution of these pollutants. Consequently, MPs are ubiquitously distributed in fresh- and marine- water systems, posing a real threat to aquatic organisms. Furthermore, trophic transfer and biomagnification processes represent a viable route for the input of MPs to humans. This paper focuses on (1) Outline the occurrence of MPs in worldwide aquatic ecosystems; (2) Investigate the factors affecting the abundance and distribution of MPs in aquatic ecosystems; (3) Provide an in-depth discussion about the harmful effects that MPs poses to aquatic organisms; (4) Summarizes the possible mechanisms by which MPs may induce toxic effects on humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Axel Elizalde-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
MacArthur RL, Teye E, Darkwa S. Microbial contamination in palm oil selected from markets in major cities of Ghana. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07681. [PMID: 34401564 PMCID: PMC8353302 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed the microbiological contamination of palm oil sold in the major cities of Ghana's oil-producing regions. Seventy samples (10 samples from each region) were randomly collected in sterile bottles and transported aseptically to the laboratory for analysis. AOAC standard methods and procedures were used to isolate and identify bacteria and fungi based on their cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics. The results were analysed using One-Way ANOVA with 5% significance level, using GraphPad Prism, version 5.0 for windows, and the results presented in graph and tables. The quality of oils was moderately good with total Coliform counts of 2.0×101 ± 6.03 CFU/g and 1.72×103 ± 6.66 CFU/g. Microbial counts from the selected regions were statistically different at P < 0.05. Findings established the absence of yeast and moulds in the oils in addition to extremely pathogenic Coliforms such as Salmonella and Shigella species. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were highlighted as dominant coliforms found in the oils after the assay. The overall findings suggest that the oil from the Greater Accra region was of best quality and safest for consumption. Oil samples from the Central and Ashanti regions were of relatively poor quality recording the highest dominant coliforms. Nonetheless, the presence of the isolated potentially harmful microorganisms in the palm oil samples points to hygienic issues and poses a relative health hazard to consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Love MacArthur
- University of Cape Coast, School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cape Coast, Ghana.,University of Cape Coast, Faculty of Science & Technology Education, Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ernest Teye
- University of Cape Coast, School of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Sarah Darkwa
- University of Cape Coast, Faculty of Science & Technology Education, Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Cape Coast, Ghana
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu R, Podgorski J, Berg M, Polya DA. Geostatistical model of the spatial distribution of arsenic in groundwaters in Gujarat State, India. Environ Geochem Health 2021; 43:2649-2664. [PMID: 32653966 PMCID: PMC8275508 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Geogenic arsenic contamination in groundwaters poses a severe health risk to hundreds of millions of people globally. Notwithstanding the particular risks to exposed populations in the Indian sub-continent, at the time of writing, there was a paucity of geostatistically based models of the spatial distribution of groundwater hazard in India. In this study, we used logistic regression models of secondary groundwater arsenic data with research-informed secondary soil, climate and topographic variables as principal predictors generate hazard and risk maps of groundwater arsenic at a resolution of 1 km across Gujarat State. By combining models based on different arsenic concentrations, we have generated a pseudo-contour map of groundwater arsenic concentrations, which indicates greater arsenic hazard (> 10 μg/L) in the northwest, northeast and south-east parts of Kachchh District as well as northwest and southwest Banas Kantha District. The total number of people living in areas in Gujarat with groundwater arsenic concentration exceeding 10 μg/L is estimated to be around 122,000, of which we estimate approximately 49,000 people consume groundwater exceeding 10 µg/L. Using simple previously published dose-response relationships, this is estimated to have given rise to 700 (prevalence) cases of skin cancer and around 10 cases of premature avoidable mortality/annum from internal (lung, liver, bladder) cancers-that latter value is on the order of just 0.001% of internal cancers in Gujarat, reflecting the relative low groundwater arsenic hazard in Gujarat State.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Wu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Joel Podgorski
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Berg
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - David A Polya
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Environmental Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Fenech S, Doherty RM, O'Connor FM, Heaviside C, Macintyre HL, Vardoulakis S, Agnew P, Neal LS. Future air pollution related health burdens associated with RCP emission changes in the UK. Sci Total Environ 2021; 773:145635. [PMID: 33582353 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are used to simulate future ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom (UK) for the 2050s relative to the 2000s with an air quality model (AQUM) at a 12 km horizontal resolution. The present-day and future attributable fractions (AF) of mortality associated with long-term exposure to annual mean O3, NO2 and PM2.5 have accordingly been estimated for the first time for regions across England, Scotland and Wales. Across the three RCPs (RCP2.6, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5), simulated annual mean of the daily maximum 8-h mean (MDA8) O3 concentrations increase compared to present-day, likely due to decreases in NOx (nitrogen oxides) emissions, leading to less titration of O3 by NO. Annual mean NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations decrease under all RCPs for the 2050s, mostly driven by decreases in NOx and sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, respectively. The AF of mortality associated with long-term exposure to annual mean MDA8 O3 is estimated to increase in the future across all the regions and for all RCPs. Reductions in NO2 and PM2.5 concentrations lead to reductions in the AF estimated for future periods under all RCPs, for both pollutants. Total mortality burdens are also highly sensitive to future population projections. Accounting for population projections exacerbates differences in total UK-wide MDA8 O3-health burdens between present-day and future by up to a factor of ~3 but diminishes differences in NO2-health burdens. For PM2.5, accounting for future population projections results in additional UK-wide deaths brought forward compared to present-day under RCP2.6 and RCP6.0, even though the simulated PM2.5 concentrations for the 2050s are estimated to decrease. Thus, these results highlight the sensitivity of future health burdens in the UK to future trends in atmospheric emissions over the UK as well as future population projections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fenech
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK.
| | - Ruth M Doherty
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Clare Heaviside
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, Central House, 14 Woburn Place, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Helen L Macintyre
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, UK; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yun X, Meng W, Xu H, Zhang W, Yu X, Shen H, Chen Y, Shen G, Ma J, Li B, Cheng H, Hu J, Tao S. Coal Is Dirty, but Where It Is Burned Especially Matters. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:7316-7326. [PMID: 33977718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coal abatement actions for pollution reduction often target total coal consumption. The health impacts of coal uses, however, vary extensively among sectors. Here, we modeled the sectorial contributions of coal uses to emissions, outdoor and indoor PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 mm) concentrations, exposures, and health outcomes in China from 1970 to 2014. We show that in 2014, residential coal accounted for 2.9% of total energy use but 34% of premature deaths associated with PM2.5 exposure, showing that effects were magnified substantially along the causal path. The number of premature deaths attributed to unit coal consumption in the residential sector was 40 times higher than that in the power and industrial sectors. Emissions of primary PM2.5 were more important than secondary aerosol precursors in terms of health consequences, and indoor exposure accounted for 97% and 91% of total premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 from coal combustion in 1974 and 2014, respectively. Our assessment raises a critical challenge in the switching of residential coal uses to effectively mitigate PM2.5 exposure in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yun
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenjun Meng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Xu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wenxiao Zhang
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xinyuan Yu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Silveira IH, Cortes TR, de Oliveira BFA, Junger WL. Projections of excess cardiovascular mortality related to temperature under different climate change scenarios and regionalized climate model simulations in Brazilian cities. Environ Res 2021; 197:110995. [PMID: 33713709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for more information about the climate change impact on health in order to strengthen the commitment to tackle climate change. However, few studies have quantified the health impact of climate change in Brazil and in the Latin America region. In this paper, we projected the impacts of temperature on cardiovascular (CVD) mortality according to two climate change scenarios and two regionalized climate model simulations in Brazilian cities. METHODS We estimated the temperature-CVD mortality relationship in 21 Brazilian cities, using distributed lag non-linear models in a two-stage time-series analysis. We combined the observed exposure-response functions with the daily temperature projected under two representative concentration pathways (RCP), RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, and two regionalized climate model simulations, Eta-HadGEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5. RESULTS We observed a trend of reduction in mortality related to low temperatures and a trend of increase in mortality related to high temperatures, according to all the investigated models and scenarios. In most places, the increase in mortality related to high temperatures outweighed the reduction in mortality related to low temperatures, causing a net increase in the excess temperature-related mortality. These trends were steeper according to the higher emission scenario, RCP8.5, and to the Eta-HadGEM2-ES model. According to RCP8.5, our projections suggested that the temperature-related mortality fractions in 2090-99 compared to 2010-2019 would increase by 8.6% and 1.7%, under Eta-HadGEM2-ES and Eta-MIROC5, respectively. According to RCP4.5, these values would be 0.7% and -0.6%. CONCLUSIONS For the same climate model, we observed a greater increase trend in temperature-CVD mortality according to RCP8.5, highlighting a greater health impact associated with the higher emission scenario. Our results may be useful to support public policies and strategies for mitigation of and adaptation to climate change, particularly in the health sector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Henrique Silveira
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil; Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Taísa Rodrigues Cortes
- Institute of Social Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yasar A, Shoukat M, Anwar N, Tabinda AB, Anwar MN, Nizami AS. A comparison of waste recycling facilities for their contribution of heavy metals and trace elements in ambient air. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:24807-24815. [PMID: 33394427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12101-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A multi-elemental analysis, including heavy metals and trace elements in ambient air samples, was conducted for computers, wires, lead batteries, and iron extraction facilities in Lahore by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy. The data obtained from PIXE analysis revealed the presence of Mg, Al, Zn, S, Pb, K, Ti, Fe, Si, K, and Cr elements at e-waste recycling facilities. The computer dismantling site revealed a higher concentration of Fe (634.7 μg/m3), Al (176.8 μg/m3), Pb (135.4 μg/m3) and Zn (122.5 μg/m3) in the air samples. The decreasing order of heavy metals and trace elements contribution at the computer dismantling site was as Si > Fe > Al > Pb > Zn > Mg > Ca > Cr > K > S > Ti. Similarly, at wires/cables burning site, a higher concentration of Fe, Al, and Pb (829.8 μg/m3, 184.5 μg/m3 and 115.6 μg/m3, respectively) were observed, and the elements revealed a descending trend as Si > Fe > Al > Zn > Pb > Mg > Ca > Cr > Ti > K > S. The lead batteries dismantling site showed the highest Pb concentration (141.2 μg/m3) due to the disassembling of lead acid batteries. Al, Zn, Fe, and Cr also revealed higher concentration in air samples and exhibited a declining trend as Si > Fe > Al > Pb > Zn > Cr > Ca > Mg > Ti > K > S. However, the highest concentration of Fe (865.7 μg/m3) was detected in air samples of iron extraction sites besides Al and Zn. The descending order of trace elements contribution was Si > Fe > Al > Zn > Mg > K > Ca > Ti > S. Furthermore, the correlation between workers' awareness and their possible health impacts were also examined in the study. Most of the workers were less aware of the hazardous impacts. Majority of workers and residents were suffering from a respiratory illness (27.5% and 32.5%), kidney failure (15% and 22.5%), and neurological disorders (15% and 7.5%), respectively, due to exposure of airborne particulate matter which could be correlated with the higher concentration of heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Zn, and Fe in the ambient air at the e-waste recycling sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Yasar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mahnoor Shoukat
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Naveed Anwar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammd Naveed Anwar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Talukder B, van Loon GW, Hipel KW, Chiotha S, Orbinski J. Health impacts of climate change on smallholder farmers. One Health 2021; 13:100258. [PMID: 34027006 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The health of smallholder farmers is crucial for ensuring food and nutritional security for two billion people. However, their health is in jeopardy for several reasons including challenges from climate change impacts. Using a narrative literature review supported by field observations and informal interviews with key informants in India, Bangladesh and Malawi, this paper identifies and discusses the health impacts of climate change under four categories: (i) communicable diseases, (ii) non-communicable diseases, (iii) mental health, and (iv) occupational health, safety and other health issues. The health impacts of climate change on smallholder farmers will hamper the realization of many of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, and a series of recommendations are made to regional and country governments to address the increasing health impacts of accelerating climate change among smallholder farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Byomkesh Talukder
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Canada
| | - Gary W van Loon
- School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Keith W Hipel
- System Engineering Department, Waterloo University; Canada Centre for International Governance Innovation Coordinator, Conflict Analysis Group, Waterloo, Canada
| | | | - James Orbinski
- Dahdaleh Institute for Global Health Research, York University, Canada.,Faculty of Health, York University, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang G, Brown PE. Population-weighted exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 incidence in Germany. Spat Stat 2021; 41:100480. [PMID: 33163351 PMCID: PMC7606077 DOI: 10.1016/j.spasta.2020.100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many countries have enforced social distancing to stop the spread of COVID-19. Within countries, although the measures taken by governments are similar, the incidence rate varies among areas (e.g., counties, cities). One potential explanation is that people in some areas are more vulnerable to the coronavirus disease because of their worsened health conditions caused by long-term exposure to poor air quality. In this study, we investigate whether long-term exposure to air pollution increases the risk of COVID-19 infection in Germany. The results show that nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is significantly associated with COVID-19 incidence, with a 1 μ g m - 3 increase in long-term exposure to NO 2 increasing the COVID-19 incidence rate by 5.58% (95% credible interval [CI]: 3.35%, 7.86%). This result is consistent across various models. The analyses can be reproduced and updated routinely using public data sources and shared R code.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guowen Huang
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick E Brown
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Khamraev K, Cheriyan D, Choi JH. A review on health risk assessment of PM in the construction industry - Current situation and future directions. Sci Total Environ 2021; 758:143716. [PMID: 33223176 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is one of the primary pollutants of the environment. The amount of PM discharged from construction projects is considerably high; it generates 70-80% of the overall PM. The composition of PM is complex and may contain various toxic substances that have severe health effects on human health. Existing health risk assessment in the construction industry lacks the efficiency to reduce the risk level of PM exposure. This study systematically reviews literature in this research area to understand the primary reasons which generates PM health risk assessments. The authors reviewed health risk assessment studies in the construction industry to analyze the current situation, and then reviewed health risk assessment studies from four different industries to compare the advancement of research and outcomes in all the five industries. From the study it is understood that the area of research related to ambient air were more developed compared to those in other areas due to their sampling methods and the size of the PM studied. From the findings of the systematic review, it is understood that majority of the risk assessment studies still rely on a two decade-old system and neglect recent research findings pertaining inhalation rate and size of PM. To overcome this, the level of risk involved in various common construction activities needs to be explored using real-time location-based PM monitoring and real-time inhalation monitoring methods. The findings of this review will help researchers gain a better perspective while conducting occupational health risk studies in the construction industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khusniddin Khamraev
- Dong-A Univ., Dept. of Civil Engrg., P4401-1, 550 Bungil 37, Nakdong-Daero, Saha-Gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daniel Cheriyan
- Dong-A Univ., Dept. of Civil Engrg., P4401-1, 550 Bungil 37, Nakdong-Daero, Saha-Gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Ho Choi
- Dong-A Univ., Dept. of Civil Engrg., P4401-1, 550 Bungil 37, Nakdong-Daero, Saha-Gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Marete GM, Lalah JO, Mputhia J, Wekesa VW. Pesticide usage practices as sources of occupational exposure and health impacts on horticultural farmers in Meru County, Kenya. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06118. [PMID: 33659728 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed pesticide usage practices, knowledge and health effects of pesticides through occupational exposure in randomly selected horticultural farmers in Imenti North, Imenti South and Buuri Sub-counties in Meru, Kenya, where horticultural crops are grown intensively for export and local consumption. The study was done through use of questionnaire distributed to farmers' households, agricultural extension workers and health care workers. The survey established that various classes of pesticides were used in horticultural crop farming and animal production in all the three sub-counties, with the most frequently used (>60 respondents out of 173) being parathion, diazinon, dimethoate, permethrin, pirimiphos methyl, endrin, deltamethrin, dieldrin, propoxur and endosulfan. It was found that there is a gap between the existing government regulations on pesticide use and safe handling and the implementation of these regulations by dealers, farmers and farm workers in the three sub-counties as some of the pesticides that were being used such as parathion, endrin, dieldrin and carbofuran had been banned by the government. Although most farmers had general information on pesticide usage through various social groups and contact with agricultural extension workers, only 32-43 % of the farmers had received training on pesticide handling and use. Most farmers (65%) had knowledge of safe pesticide handling procedures including reading labels on packages and wearing protective clothing; but many farmers (44% in Buuri, 57% in Imenti South and 60% in Imenti North) did not wear the requisite protective clothing when applying pesticides. The agricultural extension workers (52%) and health care workers (59%) were trained in their work and had at least a certificate level qualification from a tertiary institution. Most agricultural extension workers (95%) and health care workers (71%) had experience of dealing with pesticides and knew how to administer 1st AID against pesticide poisoning, respectively. Farmers (26%) reported experiencing health effects after using pesticides, with most effects being felt after using dimethoate, malathion, carbofuran, carbaryl and heptachlor. There was a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association between various factors (availability of protective clothing, hiring of labourers, farm land size, expenditure on pesticides and expenditure on treatment, respectively) on intoxication from pesticide exposure.
Collapse
|
48
|
Sarigiannis DA, Handakas EJ, Karakitsios SP, Gotti A. Life cycle assessment of municipal waste management options. Environ Res 2021; 193:110307. [PMID: 33065069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To date, landfilling remains the most common waste management practice in Greece in spite of enforced regulations aiming at increasing recycling, pre-selection of waste and energy and material recovery. In this study, selected alternative scenarios aiming at minimizing the unused material fraction to be disposed of in landfills are analyzed, using the life cycle assessment methodology. The methodology was applied in the case of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Athens and Thessaloniki, with a special focus on energy and material balance, including potential global and local scale airborne emissions. Results are given in the form of indices efficiency, effectiveness, environmental and public health impacts. Material flow accounting, gross energy requirement, emergy intensity, emission and release intensity and morbidity or mortality indicators have been used to support the comparative assessment. However, not all options are equally benign to the local environment and to the health of the local population, since both the former and the latter are still affected by non-negligible local emissions. With regard to public health impacts, adverse effects on respiratory health, congenital malformations, low birth weight and cancer incidence were estimated. A significant and not intuitive result is the fact that life cycle analysis produces different conclusions than a simple environmental impact assessment based only on estimated or measured emissions. Taking into account the overall life cycle of both the waste streams and of the technological systems and facilities envisaged alters the relative attractiveness of the solutions considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Sarigiannis
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece; School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza Della Vittoria 15, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
| | - E J Handakas
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
| | - S P Karakitsios
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University Campus, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece; HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Greece
| | - A Gotti
- EUCENTRE, Via Adolfo Ferrata, 1, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Pasquini L, van Aardenne L, Godsmark CN, Lee J, Jack C. Emerging climate change-related public health challenges in Africa: A case study of the heat-health vulnerability of informal settlement residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Sci Total Environ 2020; 747:141355. [PMID: 32777515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heat has the potential to become one of the most significant public health impacts of climate change in the coming decades. Increases in temperature have been linked to both increasing mortality and morbidity. Cities have been recognized as areas of particular vulnerability to heat's impacts on health, and marginalized groups, such as the poor, appear to have higher heat-related morbidity and mortality. Little research has examined the heat vulnerability of urban informal settlements residents in Africa, even though surface temperatures across Africa are projected to increase at a rate faster than the global average. This paper addresses this knowledge gap through a mixed-methods analysis of the heat-health vulnerability of informal settlement residents in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The heat exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity of informal settlement residents were assessed through a combination of climate analyses, semi-structured interviews with local government actors and informal settlement residents, unstructured interviews with health sector respondents, a health impacts literature review, and a stakeholder engagement workshop. The results suggest that increasing temperatures due to climate change will likely be a significant risk to human health in Dar es Salaam, even though the city does not reach extreme temperature conditions, because informal settlement residents have high exposure, high sensitivity and low adaptive capacity to heat, and because the heat-health relationship is currently an under-prioritized policy issue. While numerous urban planning approaches can play a key role in increasing the resilience of citizens to heat, Dar es Salaam's past and current growth and development patterns greatly complicate the implementation and enforcement of such approaches. For African cities, the findings highlight an urgent need for more research on the vulnerability and resilience of residents to heat-health impacts, because many African cities are likely to present similar characteristics to those in Dar es Salaam that increase resident's vulnerability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pasquini
- Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; African Climate and Development Initiative, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Lisa van Aardenne
- Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Christie Nicole Godsmark
- School of Public Health, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork T12 XF62, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Lee Road, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.
| | - Jessica Lee
- Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| | - Christopher Jack
- Climate System Analysis Group, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Choma EF, Evans JS, Hammitt JK, Gómez-Ibáñez JA, Spengler JD. Assessing the health impacts of electric vehicles through air pollution in the United States. Environ Int 2020; 144:106015. [PMID: 32858467 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmental consequences of electric vehicles (EV) have been extensively studied, but the literature on their health impacts is scant. At the same time, fine particulate matter (PM2.5), for which transportation is a major source, remains an important public health issue in the United States. Motivated by recent developments in epidemiology and reduced-form air pollution modeling, as well as reductions in power plant emissions, we conduct an updated assessment of health benefits of light-duty vehicle electrification in large metropolitan areas (MSAs) in the United States. We first calculate MSA-specific mortality impacts per mile attributable to fine particles from internal combustion engine vehicle (ICEV) tailpipe emissions of PM2.5, SO2, NOx, NH3, and volatile organic compounds, and power plant emissions of PM2.5, SO2, and NOx. We complement these with changes in greenhouse-gas emissions associated with vehicle electrification. We find that electrification leads to large benefits, even with EVs powered exclusively by fossil fuel plants. VMT-weighted mean benefits in the 53 MSAs are 6.9 ¢/mile ($10,400 per 150,000 miles), 83% of which (5.7 ¢/mile or $8600 per 150,000 miles) comes from reductions in PM2.5-attributable mortality. Variability among the MSAs is large, with benefits ranging from 3.4 ¢/mile ($5100 per 150,000 miles) in Rochester, NY, to 11.5 ¢/mile ($17,200 per 150,000 miles) in New York, NY. This large variability suggests incentives should vary by MSA and presents an opportunity to target areas for EV deployment aimed at maximizing public health benefits. Impacts are smaller when EVs disproportionately replace newer ICEV models but EVs still lead to positive benefits in all MSAs. Vehicle electrification in urban areas is an opportunity to achieve large public health benefits in the United States in the short term.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernani F Choma
- Population Health Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - John S Evans
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - James K Hammitt
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States; Toulouse School of Economics, Université Toulouse Capitole, France
| | | | - John D Spengler
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| |
Collapse
|