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Ducruet C, Polo Martin B, Sene MA, Lo Prete M, Sun L, Itoh H, Pigné Y. Ports and their influence on local air pollution and public health: A global analysis. Sci Total Environ 2024; 915:170099. [PMID: 38224889 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Despite the skyrocketing growth in recent decades of environmental studies on ports and shipping, their local health impacts remain largely under-researched. This article tackles this gap in research by statistically analyzing data on global shipping flows across nearly 5000 ports in 35 OECD countries between 2001 and 2018. The different traffic types, from containers to bulk and passengers, are analyzed jointly with data on natural conditions, air pollution, socio-economic indicators, and public health. The principal results show that port regions pollute more than non-port regions on average, while health impacts vary according to the size and specialization of the port region. Three types of port regions are clearly differentiated: industrial, intermediate, and metropolitan port regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Ducruet
- French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR 7235 EconomiX, University of Paris-Nanterre, France.
| | - Bárbara Polo Martin
- French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR 7235 EconomiX, University of Paris-Nanterre, France
| | - Mame Astou Sene
- French National Centre for Scientific Research, UMR 7235 EconomiX, University of Paris-Nanterre, France
| | - Mariantonia Lo Prete
- Laboratory Territoires, Villes, Environnement et Société (TVES ULR 4477), Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO), France
| | - Ling Sun
- Fudan University & Shanghai Maritime University, China
| | | | - Yoann Pigné
- LITIS, University of Le Havre Normandie, France
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2
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Zhu P, Huang J. Balancing energy security and marine pollution prevention: legal challenges of utilizing nuclear power for decarbonizing maritime transportation in the Arctic region. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-31291-0. [PMID: 38105322 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Arctic region is facing growing demands for energy to support various economic activities, while also grappling with the profound impacts of climate change. Black carbon particulate matter emissions reduction is a key objective to mitigate the susceptibility of the Arctic's ecosystems to the impact of climate change. Nuclear power has been suggested as a potential source of clean energy to decarbonize maritime transport in the Arctic. However, although the operation of nuclear-powered vessels and floating nuclear power platforms in the region ensures energy security and reduces black carbon emissions, it may pose significant risks of nuclear material release and radiological accidents and raise concerns about improper radioactive waste disposal. In regulating these nuclear-powered vessels and floating nuclear power platforms in the Arctic, the existing international legal regime faced a series of challenges. This research employs a method of policy analysis to analyze these legal challenges and explores how the international community could work together to cope with the challenges that arise in the Arctic during the operation of nuclear-powered vessels and platforms for maritime decarbonization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwen Wang
- School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Room 330, Yangyongman Building, No. 555 Longyuan Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Room 330, Yangyongman Building, No. 555 Longyuan Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Puxin Zhu
- School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Room 330, Yangyongman Building, No. 555 Longyuan Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiabei Huang
- School of International Law, East China University of Political Science and Law, Room 330, Yangyongman Building, No. 555 Longyuan Road, Shanghai, 201620, China
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3
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He Z, Wang C, Gao J, Xie Y. Assessment of global shipping risk caused by maritime piracy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20988. [PMID: 37916124 PMCID: PMC10616333 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the frequent occurrence of piracy incidents, normal trade, and transportation activities have been hindered. This paper uses the Piracy and Armed Robbery dataset in the Global Integrated Shipping Information System to analyze the types and evolutionary characteristics of shipping risk caused by piracy and the piracy behavior patterns in different seas. This study found that there are three regions with high incidence of piracy in the world, and their gathering centers change dynamically over time. Piracy incidents can be divided into four categories based on the quantitative assessment of shipping risk caused by piracy. Shipping risk caused by piracy shows different evolution characteristics in different seas, affected by factors such as the evolution of national political situations and anti-piracy measures. Based on the qualitative assessment of the shipping risk caused by piracy, the piracy corpus reflects the diverse patterns of piracy in different seas. In the process of pirate attacks, the diversity is mainly manifested in violence and selectivity. In the consequences of pirate attacks, the targets that pirates pay attention to vary significantly in different seas. This research will help to strengthen the dynamic monitoring of shipping risk caused by piracy, and further contribute to the research on maritime transport safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang He
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengjin Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianbo Gao
- Center for Geodata and Analysis, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100087, China
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100087, China
| | - Yongshun Xie
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Zittis G, Ahrens B, Obermann-Hellhund A, Giannakis E, Risto D, Agulles Gamez M, Jorda G, Quesada Peña M, Lora Rodríguez V, Guersi Sauret JL, Lionello P, Briche E, Collignan J, Grätz M, Arikas D, Stylianou C, Neophytou H, Serghides D. Maritime transport and regional climate change impacts in large EU islands and archipelagos. EuroMediterr J Environ Integr 2023; 8:1-14. [PMID: 37361134 PMCID: PMC10213571 DOI: 10.1007/s41207-023-00370-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Maritime transport is a vital sector for global trade and the world economy. Particularly for islands, there is also an important social dimension of this sector, since island communities strongly rely on it for a connection with the mainland and the transportation of goods and passengers. Furthermore, islands are exceptionally vulnerable to climate change, as the rising sea level and extreme events are expected to induce severe impacts. Such hazards are anticipated to also affect the operations of the maritime transport sector by affecting either the port infrastructure or ships en route. The present study is an effort to better comprehend and assess the future risk of maritime transport disruption in six European islands and archipelagos, and it aims at supporting regional to local policy and decision-making. We employ state-of-the-art regional climate datasets and the widely used impact chain approach to identify the different components that might drive such risks. Larger islands (e.g., Corsica, Cyprus and Crete) are found to be more resilient to the impacts of climate change on maritime operations. Our findings also highlight the importance of adopting a low-emission pathway, since this will keep the risk of maritime transport disruption similar to present levels or even slightly decreased for some islands because of an enhanced adaptation capacity and advantageous demographic changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41207-023-00370-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Zittis
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bodo Ahrens
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anika Obermann-Hellhund
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elias Giannakis
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Danny Risto
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences (IAU), Goethe University Frankfurt, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Miguel Agulles Gamez
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Gabriel Jorda
- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA, UIB-CSIC), Esporles, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Piero Lionello
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Lecce, Italy
| | - Elodie Briche
- Agence de la Transition Écologique (ADEME), Angers, France
| | - Julie Collignan
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique/IPSL-Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
| | - Matthias Grätz
- Baltic Environmental Forum Deutschland (BEF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Damian Arikas
- Baltic Environmental Forum Deutschland (BEF), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Despina Serghides
- Energy, Environment and Water Research Center (EEWRC), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Mombeni S, Darestani SA, Shemami NH. Evaluation of the effective factors of unloading and loading goods in ports and the impact on the environment using the MCDM method. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:14873-14883. [PMID: 36161564 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Today, the impact of transportation on sustainable development is undeniable. Maritime transport, as one of the important pillars of this industry and due to its advantages such as low cost and large volume of freight, plays a key role in the development of foreign trade. This study uses TOPSIS and DEMATLE methods to evaluate the factors affecting the unloading and loading of goods on the port's environment. The results of TOPSIS method on the main criteria showed that the atmospheric factors' criterion had the highest weight and the port criterion (includes activities that occur in the port) had the lowest weight. In the sub-criteria section, the suitable visibility of the crane operator had the highest rank and the sub-criterion of storage capacity and its (storage) area obtained the lowest rank. Also, the results of DEMATEL method on the cause-and-effect relationship of sub-criteria of unloading and loading of goods showed that coastal transport equipment, unloading and loading equipment, and safety required for unloading goods are influenced higher than other sub-criteria and also the impact of safety required for unloading goods, proper visibility of the crane operator, and the ability of unloading equipment is greater than other sub-criteria. The results of cause-and-effect relationship for sub-criteria of the port environment showed that the impact of sewage, sanitary effluents from the port and ships, and hazardous waste is higher than other sub-criteria and also the impact of petroleum hydrocarbons, sediments, and toxic substances is higher than other sub-criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mombeni
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Soroush Avakh Darestani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran.
- Guidhall School of Business and Law, London Metropolitan University, London, UK.
| | - Niloufar Hojat Shemami
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial and Mechanical Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran
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Yan R, Mo H, Guo X, Yang Y, Wang S. Is port state control influenced by the COVID-19? Evidence from inspection data. Transp Policy (Oxf) 2022; 123:82-103. [PMID: 35462971 PMCID: PMC9015967 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maritime transport plays a key role in global trade. The safeguard of maritime transport is the Port State Control (PSC) inspection implemented all over the world. The outbreak of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in 2020 presents new and unprecedented impacts on global supply chains and the ports as well as the entire shipping industry. Various measures were adopted by the countries and regions to halt the spread of the pandemic, mainly by reducing face-to-face interactions. As PSC inspections involve getting onboard vessels and in-person communications between the inspectors and the crew, its procedure and results are highly likely to be influenced by the COVID-19. This study aims to explore whether, how, and why the global and regional PSC inspection statuses are influenced by the pandemic through analyzing real inspection data. Specifically, three general indicators, namely inspection number, average deficiency number per inspection, and detention rate, are considered. Moreover, a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the inspection data at the Hong Kong port is conducted, including the number of inspections conducted, the average deficiency number and detention rate, the types of inspections conducted and ships inspected, the detailed deficiency and detention conditions, the relationship between the local pandemic situation and the PSC inspection status, and regression analysis on the influencing factors on inspection outcome. It is found that the COVID-19 pandemic indeed has an impact on PSC. Meanwhile, pragmatic and flexible measures are adopted by the port states, and the PSC has always been acting as a 'safety net' to guarantee maritime safety, promote the marine environment, and protect the seafarers' rights even under the difficult times during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Yan
- Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haoyu Mo
- Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaomeng Guo
- Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Shuaian Wang
- Department of Logistics and Maritime Studies, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Toygar A, Yildirim U, İnegöl GM. Investigation of empty container shortage based on SWARA-ARAS methods in the COVID-19 era. Eur Transp Res Rev 2022; 14:8. [PMID: 38624938 PMCID: PMC8934722 DOI: 10.1186/s12544-022-00531-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
A shortage of empty containers has become a global crisis with more devastating effects than during previous periods when combined with various problems arising from the COVID-19, such as an increase in an imbalance of global trade between supply and demand, a decrease in the workforce, and restrictions by countries or regional quarantine practices. The absence of empty containers in regions where they are needed slows down industrial activities and locks the global supply networks, necessitating the use of alternative methods that are inefficient. Although this shortage causes many disruptions in global trade, solutions to the issue have not been studied in detail. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the issues caused by the shortage of empty containers and to rank the appropriate solutions. Four main criteria and sixteen subcategories used to define the issues, as well as a multi criteria decision model comprising five criteria for the solutions, were proposed based on information from the literature, sectorial publications, and expert opinions. The issues' weighted order of importance in our proposed model was calculated using the SWARA (Step-wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis) method; solutions were ranked using the ARAS (Additive Ratio Assessment) method. The results of the study revealed that the issues were ranked in importance as cost increases, uncertainty in the supply chain, volume loss, and increases in blank sailing announcements. Appropriate solutions were ranked as booking guarantee applications and information communication technologies, using shipper-owned containers, inducement calls, and E2E (end to end) delivery services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Toygar
- Artvin Coruh University, Maritime and Port Management Program, Artvin, Turkey
| | - Umut Yildirim
- Karadeniz Technical University, Maritime Transportation and Management Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gani Mustafa İnegöl
- Kocaeli University, Department of Motor Vehicles and Transportation Technologies, Kocaeli, Turkey
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8
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Nunes RAO, Alvim-Ferraz MCM, Martins FG, Peñuelas AL, Durán-Grados V, Moreno-Gutiérrez J, Jalkanen JP, Hannuniemi H, Sousa SIV. Estimating the health and economic burden of shipping related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula. Environ Int 2021; 156:106763. [PMID: 34280611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is the leading cause of the global burden of disease from the environment, entailing substantial economic consequences. International shipping is a significant source of NOx, SO2, CO and PM, which can cause known negative health impacts. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the health impacts and the associated external costs of ship-related air pollution in the Iberian Peninsula for 2015. Moreover, the impact of CAP2020 regulations on 2015 emissions was studied. Log-linear functions based on WHO-HRAPIE relative risks for PM2.5 and NO2 all-cause mortality and morbidity health end-points, and integrated exposure-response functions for PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, were used to calculate the excess burden of disease. The number of deaths and years of life lost (YLL) due to NO2 ship-related emissions was similar to those of PM2.5 ship-related emissions. Estimated all-cause premature deaths attributable to PM2.5 ship-related emissions represented an average increase of 7.7% for the Iberian Peninsula when compared to the scenario without shipping contribution. Costs of around 9 100 million € yr-1 (for value of statistical life approach - VSL) and 1 825 million € yr-1 (for value of life year approach - VOLY) were estimated for PM and NO2 all-cause burden of disease. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, a cost of around 3 475 million € yr-1 (for VSL approach) and 851 million € yr-1 (for VOLY approach) were estimated. Costs due to PM and NO2 all-cause burden represented around 0.72% and 0.15% of the Iberian Peninsula gross domestic product in 2015, respectively for VSL and VOLY approaches. For PM2.5 cause-specific mortality, costs represented around 0.28% and 0.06%, respectively, for VSL and VOLY approaches. If CAP2020 regulations had been applied in 2015, around 50% and 30% respectively of PM2.5 and NO2 ship-related mortality would been avoided. These results show that air pollution from ships has a considerable impact on health and associated costs affecting the Iberian Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael A O Nunes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria C M Alvim-Ferraz
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando G Martins
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Vanessa Durán-Grados
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Hanna Hannuniemi
- Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Escuela de Ingenierías Marina, Náutica y Radioelectrónica, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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Zheng Y, Jiang F, Feng S, Cai Z, Shen Y, Ying C, Wang X, Liu Q. Long-range transport of ozone across the eastern China seas: A case study in coastal cities in southeastern China. Sci Total Environ 2021; 768:144520. [PMID: 33454482 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) can be transported influenced by large-scale circulation. In this study, an ozone pollution episode in 6 cities of southeastern coastal area of China (SCA) in autumn 2017 was investigated. Compared with the typical local ozone pollution, there was no significant diurnal variations in this pollution episode, the O3 concentrations maintained a stable level of about 47 ppb continuously. The WRF-CMAQ model as well as the coupled process analysis (PA) and source apportionment modules were used to simulate the formation and transport and quantify the contributions to O3. Besides, the HYSPLIT model was used to calculate the backward trajectories arriving in the cities. We find that this pollution was mainly caused by O3 transport from the eastern China seas (ECS). Under the movement of the Mongolian high-pressure, the O3 precursors emitted from Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), Northeast China (NEC) and Japan-Korea (JK) were transported to ECS then generated O3 through photochemical reactions. Due to the weak nitrogen oxide titration and the extremely weak ozone deposition on the water surface, O3 concentrations maintained high during the movement of air masses over ECS and finally affected SCA after long-range transport. The contributions of horizontal advections were significant basically all the day with hourly contribution about 10 ppb hr-1 and extended from surface to 500 m above the ground level. JK contributed the most, with multi-days averaged contribution about 5 ppb and peak up to 30 ppb. The contributions of BTH and NEC were comparable, with average about 2 ppb and hourly peak of 19 and 10 ppb, respectively. For the first time, this study clearly shows that the O3 precursors emitted from northern China and Japan-Korea contribute to the O3 pollution in SCA under certain weather conditions, which will help to better understand and predict the O3 pollution in that area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Zheng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shuzhang Feng
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhe Cai
- Nanjing Climblue Technology Co. Ltd., Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chuanyou Ying
- Fuzhou Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou 350011, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science and Technology, International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210029, China
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10
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Viana M, Rizza V, Tobías A, Carr E, Corbett J, Sofiev M, Karanasiou A, Buonanno G, Fann N. Estimated health impacts from maritime transport in the Mediterranean region and benefits from the use of cleaner fuels. Environ Int 2020; 138:105670. [PMID: 32203802 PMCID: PMC8314305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Ship traffic emissions degrade air quality in coastal areas and contribute to climate impacts globally. The estimated health burden of exposure to shipping emissions in coastal areas may inform policy makers as they seek to reduce exposure and associated potential health impacts. This work estimates the PM2.5-attributable impacts in the form of premature mortality and cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions, from long-term exposure to shipping emissions. Health impact assessment (HIA) was performed in 8 Mediterranean coastal cities, using a baseline conditions from the literature and a policy case accounting for the MARPOL Annex VI rules requiring cleaner fuels in 2020. Input data were (a) shipping contributions to ambient PM2.5 concentrations based on receptor modelling studies found in the literature, (b) population and health incidence data from national statistical registries, and (c) geographically-relevant concentration-response functions from the literature. Long-term exposure to ship-sourced PM2.5 accounted for 430 (95% CI: 220-650) premature deaths per year, in the 8 cities, distributed between groups of cities: Barcelona and Athens, with >100 premature deaths/year, and Nicosia, Brindisi, Genoa, Venice, Msida and Melilla, with tens of premature deaths/year. The more stringent standards in 2020 would reduce the number of PM2.5-attributable premature deaths by 15% on average. HIA provided a comparative assessment of the health burden of shipping emissions across Mediterranean coastal cities, which may provide decision support for urban planning with a special focus on harbour areas, and in view of the reduction in sulphur content of marine fuels due to MARPOL Annex VI in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Rizza
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - A Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Carr
- Energy and Environmental Research Associates, LLC, Pittsford, NY, United States
| | - J Corbett
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - M Sofiev
- Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - N Fann
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, United States
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David M, Magaletti E, Kraus R, Marini M. Vulnerability to bioinvasions: Current status, risk assessment and management of ballast water through a regional approach - the Adriatic Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 2019; 147:1-7. [PMID: 31262500 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations recognised the transfer of invasive species across natural barriers as one of the greatest pressures to the world's oceans and seas. The BWM Convention sets the global standards on ballast water management (BWM) requirements, while recognising that regional and local specifics have to be considered for its effective implementation. In the Adriatic Sea cross-border activities were conducted to provide for essential information/data and tools to support a regionally coordinated implementation of the BWM Convention. This special issue contains 18 publications that include results and recommendations from studying the ballast water and management issues through sampling of ballast water on vessels, risk assessment for exemptions and BWM, biological and chemical port baseline surveys and monitoring conducted in ports along the Adriatic Sea coast, oceanographic conditions, ballast water sediment issues and their management in ports, and the implementation options of the BWM Convention through the Adriatic States' environmental law and institutions cooperation. Essential data and tools to support a regional approach in the implementation of the BWM Convention were provided, and are therefore available to the administrations of the Adriatic countries to enable protection of the Adriatic Sea environment, human health property and resources from negative impacts of ballast water being discharged in the area. Data, approaches and tools provided here may be helpful in any other region to support an effective BWM Convention implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej David
- Dr. Matej David Consult, Korte 13e, 6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | - Erika Magaletti
- ISPRA - National Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, via Vitaliano Brancati 48, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Romina Kraus
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research, Giordano Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Mauro Marini
- National Research Council, CNR-IRBIM, Largo Fiera della Pesca 2, 60125 Ancona, Italy.
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12
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Alyami H, Yang Z, Riahi R, Bonsall S, Wang J. Advanced uncertainty modelling for container port risk analysis. Accid Anal Prev 2019; 123:411-421. [PMID: 27530609 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Globalization has led to a rapid increase of container movements in seaports. Risks in seaports need to be appropriately addressed to ensure economic wealth, operational efficiency, and personnel safety. As a result, the safety performance of a Container Terminal Operational System (CTOS) plays a growing role in improving the efficiency of international trade. This paper proposes a novel method to facilitate the application of Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) in assessing the safety performance of CTOS. The new approach is developed through incorporating a Fuzzy Rule-Based Bayesian Network (FRBN) with Evidential Reasoning (ER) in a complementary manner. The former provides a realistic and flexible method to describe input failure information for risk estimates of individual hazardous events (HEs) at the bottom level of a risk analysis hierarchy. The latter is used to aggregate HEs safety estimates collectively, allowing dynamic risk-based decision support in CTOS from a systematic perspective. The novel feature of the proposed method, compared to those in traditional port risk analysis lies in a dynamic model capable of dealing with continually changing operational conditions in ports. More importantly, a new sensitivity analysis method is developed and carried out to rank the HEs by taking into account their specific risk estimations (locally) and their Risk Influence (RI) to a port's safety system (globally). Due to its generality, the new approach can be tailored for a wide range of applications in different safety and reliability engineering and management systems, particularly when real time risk ranking is required to measure, predict, and improve the associated system safety performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Alyami
- Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine (LOOM) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Zaili Yang
- Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine (LOOM) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Ramin Riahi
- Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine (LOOM) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Bonsall
- Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine (LOOM) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jin Wang
- Liverpool Logistics Offshore and Marine (LOOM) Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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13
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Díaz-Ruiz-Navamuel E, Ortega Piris A, Pérez-Labajos CA. Reduction in CO 2 emissions in RoRo/Pax ports equipped with automatic mooring systems. Environ Pollut 2018; 241:879-886. [PMID: 29913415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Faced with the unavoidable reality of the emission of pollutant gases by vessels both while sailing and when performing in-port manoeuvres, the international community has devised an extensive set of rules to limit greenhouse gas emissions and the emission of other pollutants which are bad for our health. In order to make these reductions in the emissions, the areas addressed are the engine regime or speed control, the quality of the fuel used, the state of conservation of the vessel and its hull or the time taken to perform the manoeuvres of mooring and unmooring. One factor which is having a strong influence on this last aspect is the installation in commercial ports of Automatic Mooring Systems using suction cups (AMS). These devices, which help to reduce considerably the time required to perform the mooring and unmooring manoeuvres, allow the times taken in operations for making steady a vessel to land and of releasing it to sail away to be reduced from some tens of minutes to a few seconds. The aim of this work is to verify the effect of the AMS on the emission of pollutant gases in the surroundings of the installations devoted to Ro-Ro/Pax vessel traffic. In particular, will focus on the CO2 emissions produced by vessels during mooring operations using two different calculation methodologies (EPA and ENTEC), first when using traditional mooring methods as a means of securing the vessel to the dock and second when using only the AMS, to finally carry out a comparison of the results. Will conclude with a discussion on the values of the reduction in emissions obtained and the advantages of installing AMS in commercial ports. In the RoRo/Pax terminals in which the AMS is installed and operating, a reduction in CO2 emissions of 97% has been estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Díaz-Ruiz-Navamuel
- Members of Ocean and Coastal Planning and Management R&D Group, University of Cantabria, Spain; University of Cantabria, Dept. Sciences and Techniques of Navigation and Shipbuilding, School of Nautical Studies of Santander, C/Gamazo, 1, 39004, Santander, Spain.
| | - Andrés Ortega Piris
- Members of Ocean and Coastal Planning and Management R&D Group, University of Cantabria, Spain; University of Cantabria, Dept. Sciences and Techniques of Navigation and Shipbuilding, School of Nautical Studies of Santander, C/Gamazo, 1, 39004, Santander, Spain.
| | - Carlos A Pérez-Labajos
- Members of Ocean and Coastal Planning and Management R&D Group, University of Cantabria, Spain; University of Cantabria, Dept. Sciences and Techniques of Navigation and Shipbuilding, School of Nautical Studies of Santander, C/Gamazo, 1, 39004, Santander, Spain.
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14
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Grote M, Mazurek N, Gräbsch C, Zeilinger J, Le Floch S, Wahrendorf DS, Höfer T. Dry bulk cargo shipping - An overlooked threat to the marine environment? Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 110:511-519. [PMID: 27339744 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 9.5billiontonnes of goods is transported over the world oceans annually with dry bulk representing the largest cargo group. This paper aims to analyse whether the transport and associated inputs of dry bulks into the sea create a risk for the marine environment. For this purpose, we analyse the international regulatory background concerning environmental protection (MARPOL), estimate quantities and identify inputs of such cargoes into the oceans (accidental and operational), and use available information for hazard assessment. Annually, more than 2.15milliontonnes of dry bulk cargoes are likely to enter the oceans, of which 100,000tonnes are potentially harmful to the marine environment according to the definition included in draft maritime regulation. The assessment of the threat to the marine environment is hampered by a lack of available information on chemical composition, bioavailability and toxicity. Perspectives for amendments of the unsatisfying pollution prevention regulations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Grote
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Nicole Mazurek
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Gräbsch
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux (Cedre), Rue Alain Colas/CS 41836, 29218 Brest, Cedex 2, France
| | | | - Thomas Höfer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Unit Transport of Dangerous Goods, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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15
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Olenin S, Ojaveer H, Minchin D, Boelens R. Assessing exemptions under the ballast water management convention: preclude the Trojan horse. Mar Pollut Bull 2016; 103:84-92. [PMID: 26795122 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention (BWMC) is a powerful instrument aimed at reducing spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens (HAOPs). As BWMC is expected to enter into force soon, shipping companies will start seeking exemptions for ballast water management in accordance with BWMC Regulation A-4. However, without scientifically robust risk assessment (RA) and consistent rules, the exemptions may introduce a new form of risk within a convention generally designed to reduce risks. This paper describes an adaptive system for granting exemptions, consisting of six major components: target species selection procedure, port-to-port RA, monitoring, information support, administrative decision and review process. The system is based on key principles defined in the IMO guidelines for RA and is designed to continuously accumulate evolving experience on granting exemptions. The ultimate goal is to contribute to the control of the spread of HAOPs, without placing an unnecessary burden on the shipping industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Olenin
- Marine Science and Technology Centre, Klaipėda University, Lithuania.
| | - Henn Ojaveer
- Estonian Marine Institute, University of Tartu, Pärnu, Estonia
| | - Dan Minchin
- Marine Science and Technology Centre, Klaipėda University, Lithuania; Lough Derg Science Group, Killaloe, Co Clare, Ireland
| | - Rick Boelens
- Lough Derg Science Group, Killaloe, Co Clare, Ireland
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16
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Martín Alonso JM, Ortega Piris A, Pérez Labajos C. Illegal discharges in Spanish waters. Analysis of the profile of the Alleged Offending Vessel. Mar Pollut Bull 2015; 97:255-261. [PMID: 26070959 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is at present a growing concern, on an international level, over environmental offences caused by oil discharges into the sea from vessels. The objective of the Spanish Maritime Administration is to prevent the illegal discharges of polluting substances in Spanish maritime waters by vessels in transit. To combat such discharges, since 2007 Spain has reinforced its means of response with the use of aircrafts that provide services of maritime surveillance, identifying the Alleged Offending Vessels and acting as a deterrent. The objective of the present study is both to introduce the concept and to analyze certain aspects of the so-called "Alleged Offending Vessel" (AOV) that have been detected within Spanish Search and Rescue (SAR) jurisdiction waters in the period 2008-2012, in order to build a profile of such a vessel. For this purpose, an analysis methodology is formalized based on the GINI index and Lorenz curves, associated with certain aspects of vessels: type, flag and sailing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Martín Alonso
- Spanish Maritime Safety Agency (SASEMAR), Fruela, 3, 28011 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Ortega Piris
- University of Cantabria, Ocean and Coastal Planning and Management R&D Group, Gamazo, 1, 39004 Santander, Spain.
| | - Carlos Pérez Labajos
- University of Cantabria, Ocean and Coastal Planning and Management R&D Group, Gamazo, 1, 39004 Santander, Spain
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17
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David M, Gollasch S, Leppäkoski E. Risk assessment for exemptions from ballast water management--the Baltic Sea case study. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 75:205-217. [PMID: 23958222 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ship's Ballast Water and Sediments sets requirements to prevent organism transfers. Vessels on certain routes can be exempted from such requirements based on risk assessment (RA). As the convention nears its entry into force, the interest in exemptions increases. Such RA should be conducted according to the International Maritime Organization G7 Guidelines. We present a RA study for exemptions applied to intra-Baltic shipping considering different RA methods, i.e., environmental matching, species specific method including target species and species biogeographical aspects. As reliable species data in the ports considered are unavailable and following the precautionary principle, no exemptions should be granted. To ensure data reliability, port baseline surveys and regular monitoring programs should be undertaken during the exemption period as new species found influence the RA result. The RA model prepared is considered as of value to other areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matej David
- David Consult, Korte 13e, SI-6310 Izola, Slovenia.
| | | | - Erkki Leppäkoski
- Åbo Akademi University, Department of Biosciences, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
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