1
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Dickerson J, Bridges S, Willan K, Kelly B, Moss RH, Lister J, Netkitsing C, Atkinson AL, Bird PK, Uphoff EP, Mason D, Newsham A, Waiblinger D, Razaq R, Ahern S, Bryant M, Blower SL, Pickett KE, McEachan RM, Wright J. Born in Bradford's Better Start (BiBBS) interventional birth cohort study: Interim cohort profile. Wellcome Open Res 2023; 7:244. [PMID: 37830108 PMCID: PMC10565418 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18394.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Born in Bradford's Better Start (BiBBS) interventional birth cohort study was designed as an innovative cohort platform for efficient evaluation of early life interventions delivered through the Better Start Bradford programme. There are a growing number of interventional cohorts being implemented internationally. This paper provides an interim analysis of BiBBS in order to share learning about the feasibility and value of this method. Methods: Recruitment began in January 2016 and will complete in December 2023 with a target sample of 5,000 pregnancies. An interim analysis was completed for all pregnancies recruited between January 2016 and November 2019 with an expected due date between 1 st April 2016 and 8 th March 2020. Descriptive statistics were completed on the data. Results: Of 4,823 eligible pregnancies, 2,626 (54%) pregnancies were recruited, resulting in 2,392 mothers and 2,501 children. The sample are representative of the pregnant population (61% Pakistani heritage; 12% White British; 8% other South Asian and 6% Central and Eastern European ethnicity). The majority of participants (84%) live in the lowest decile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation, and many live in vulnerable circumstances. A high proportion (85%) of BiBBS families have engaged in one or more of the Better Start Bradford interventions. Levels of participation varied by the characteristics of the interventions, such as the requirement for active participation and the length of commitment to a programme. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the feasibility of recruiting an interventional cohort that includes seldom heard families from ethnic minority and deprived backgrounds. The high level of uptake of interventions is encouraging for the goal of evaluating the process and outcomes of multiple early life interventions using the innovative interventional cohort approach. BiBBS covers a period before, during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which adds scientific value to the cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Dickerson
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kathryn Willan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rachael H. Moss
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Jennie Lister
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chandani Netkitsing
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Amy L. Atkinson
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Philippa K. Bird
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Dan Mason
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Alex Newsham
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rifat Razaq
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sara Ahern
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | | | - Rosemary M. McEachan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - John Wright
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
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2
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Brennan-Tovey K, Aquino MRJ, Flanagan S, Kaner E, Wearn A, Bigirumurame T, Fong M, Todd A, Aveyard P, Jolly K, Damery S, Attwood A, Robson D, West J, Bridges S, Armitage CJ, Russell S, Strong S, Ramsay SE. Implementation of the NHS-funded tobacco dependence services in England: a qualitative study to understand the contexts of implementation. Lancet 2022; 400 Suppl 1:S24. [PMID: 36929967 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan is a national policy that offers a package of treatment and support, called the NHS-funded tobacco dependence service, to help people stop smoking. It will be offered to people who smoke and are admitted to hospital by 2023-24. We present preliminary findings from our study, aiming to describe the contexts that the NHS-funded tobacco dependence services is being implemented in, including current service provisions. METHODS We did a qualitative study in five regions across England to understand the current provision and context implementing the NHS-funded tobacco dependence services, including current barriers to a quality service, and challenges of implementing the new service. We used key informant technique and document analysis. We interviewed those involved in the planning, commissioning, or delivery of NHS-funded tobacco dependence services. Documents analysed included implementation plans. Interviews and documents were analysed thematically. Ethical approval was obtained from Newcastle University. FINDINGS At time of writing (May 25, 2022), 11 interviews had been done, conducted by KBT and SF, and 12 documents analysed (Integrated Care System implementation plans, hospital trust polices, and protocols). Preliminary findings show that pre-existing services were patchy across regions, trusts, and patient pathways, whereas referrals to Local Authority Stop Smoking Services and community pharmacies differed between regions. Current practices to identify smokers within NHS settings were inadequate, with many smokers being discharged with no nicotine replacement therapy. Barriers to implementing the NHS Long Term Plan included funding issues, engagement of trusts, and a hesitancy to change. Participants identified anticipated changes being a reduction in health inequalities, reducing stigma, and a change in staff perception of smoking. INTERPRETATION Our findings show how funding, trust interest and systems, current services, infrastructure, and attitudes and culture of staff pose challenges and barriers to the successful implementation of the NHS Long Term Plan, locally and nationally. These findings will provide a detailed insight into the plans implementation challenges to policy and practice partners, as well as hopefully guide them on how to overcome these challenges. FUNDING NIHR's National Priority Areas Research Programme 2020-23 via the Prevention Including Behavioural Risk Factors Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Brennan-Tovey
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Maria Raisa Jessica Aquino
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Sarah Flanagan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eileen Kaner
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Angela Wearn
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Theophile Bigirumurame
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mackenzie Fong
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adam Todd
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Aveyard
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kate Jolly
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Damery
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Angela Attwood
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Debbie Robson
- National Addiction Centre, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford institute for Health Research, Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford institute for Health Research, Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Christopher J Armitage
- Manchester Centre for Health Psychology, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre; NIHR Greater Manchester Patient Safety Translational Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samantha Russell
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration North East and North Cumbria Tobacco Evaluation Public Advisory Group, Newcastle, UK
| | - Steve Strong
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration North East and North Cumbria Tobacco Evaluation Public Advisory Group, Newcastle, UK
| | - Sheena E Ramsay
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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3
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Dickerson J, Bridges S, Willan K, Kelly B, Moss RH, Lister J, Netkitsing C, Atkinson AL, Bird PK, Uphoff EP, Mason D, Newsham A, Waiblinger D, Razaq R, Ahern S, Bryant M, Blower SL, Pickett KE, McEachan RM, Wright J. Born in Bradford’s Better Start (BiBBS) interventional birth cohort study: Interim cohort profile. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18394.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Born in Bradford’s Better Start (BiBBS) interventional birth cohort study was designed as an innovative cohort platform for efficient evaluation of early life interventions delivered through the Better Start Bradford programme. There are a growing number of interventional cohorts being implemented internationally. This paper provides an interim analysis of BiBBS in order to share learning about the feasibility and value of this method. Methods: Recruitment began in January 2016 and will complete in December 2023 with a target sample of 5,000 pregnancies. An interim data cut was completed for all pregnancies recruited between January 2016 and November 2019 with an expected due date between 1st April 2016 and 8th March 2020. Descriptive statistics were completed on the data. Results: Of 4,823 eligible pregnancies, 2,626 (54%) pregnancies were recruited, resulting in 2,392 mothers and 2,501 children. The sample are representative of the pregnant population (61% Pakistani heritage; 12% White British; 8% other South Asian and 6% Central and Eastern European ethnicity). The majority of participants (84%) live in the lowest decile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation, and many live in vulnerable circumstances. A high proportion (85%) of BiBBS families have engaged in one or more of the Better Start Bradford interventions. Levels of participation varied by the characteristics of the interventions, such as the requirement for active participation and the length of commitment to a programme. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the feasibility of recruiting an interventional cohort that includes seldom heard families from ethnic minority and deprived backgrounds. The high level of uptake of interventions is encouraging for the goal of evaluating the process and outcomes of multiple early life interventions using the innovative interventional cohort approach. BiBBS covers a period before, during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic which adds scientific value to the cohort.
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Bridges S, Thomas B, Radhakrishna G, Hawkins M, Holborow A, Hurt C, Mukherjee S, Nixon L, Crosby T, Gwynne S. SCOPE 2 - Still Answering the Unanswered Questions in Oesophageal Radiotherapy? SCOPE 2: a Randomised Phase II/III Trial to Study Radiotherapy Dose Escalation in Patients with Oesophageal Cancer Treated with Definitive Chemoradiation with an Embedded Phase II Trial for Patients with a Poor Early Response using Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2022; 34:e269-e280. [PMID: 35466013 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The SCOPE 2 trial of definitive chemoradiotherapy in oesophageal cancer investigates the benefits of radiotherapy dose escalation and systemic therapy optimisation. The trial opened in 2016. The landscape of oesophageal cancer treatment over the lifetime of this trial has changed significantly and the protocol has evolved to reflect this. However, with the recent results of the Dutch phase III ART DECO study showing no improvement in local control or overall survival with radiotherapy dose escalation in a similar patient group, we sought to determine if the SCOPE 2 trial is still answering the key unanswered questions for oesophageal radiotherapy. Here we discuss the rationale behind the SCOPE 2 trial, outline the trial schema and review current data on dose escalation and outline recommendations for future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bridges
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - B Thomas
- Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK.
| | | | - M Hawkins
- University College London, Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, London, UK
| | - A Holborow
- South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea, UK
| | - C Hurt
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Mukherjee
- Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - L Nixon
- Centre for Trials Research, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - T Crosby
- Velindre University NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Gwynne
- South West Wales Cancer Centre, Swansea, UK; Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, UK
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5
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West J, Wright J, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Ciesla K, Pickett KE, Shore R, Witcherley P, Flinders M, McEachan RR, Mon-Williams M, Bird P, Lennon L, Cooper D, Muckle S, England K, Sheldon T. Developing a model for health determinants research within local government: lessons from a large, urban local authority. Wellcome Open Res 2022; 6:276. [PMID: 35903783 PMCID: PMC9277198 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17195.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions strongly affect health across the life course. Local government plays a key role in influencing these wider determinants of health and levels of inequality within their communities. However, they lack the research infrastructure and culture that would enable them to develop an evidence-based approach to tackling the complex drivers of those conditions. Methods: We undertook a scoping project using some research methods and some descriptive summaries to explore the potential for, and what would be needed to develop a local authority research system for the City of Bradford, UK. This included identifying the current research landscape and any barriers and enablers to research activity within the local authority using qualitative individual and focus group interviews, a rapid review of existing local research system models, scoping and description of the use of evidence in decision making and training opportunities and existing support for local government research. Results: We identified four key themes important to developing and sustaining a research system: leadership, resource and capacity, culture, partnerships. Some use of research in decision making was evident but research training opportunities within the local authority were limited. Health research funders are slowly adapting to the local government environment, but this remains limited and more work is needed to shift the centre of gravity towards public health, local government and the community more generally. Conclusions: We propose a model for a local authority research system that can guide the development of an exemplar whole system research framework that includes research infrastructure, data sharing, research training and skills, and co-production with local partners, to choose, use, generate, and deliver research in local government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 4DA, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Chris Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kayley Ciesla
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Robert Shore
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Phil Witcherley
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Mathew Flinders
- Dept of Politics & International Relations, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TU, UK
| | - Rosemary R.C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | | | - Pippa Bird
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Duncan Cooper
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Sarah Muckle
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Kersten England
- Bradford Metropolitan District Council, Bradford, BD1 1HX, UK
| | - Trevor Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AB, UK
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6
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Forbes C, Morley N, Liabo K, Bjornstad G, Boult H, Ahmed S, Ciesla K, Vafai Y, Bridges S, Logan S, Berry V. Prioritising child health and maternity evidence-based interventions or service models: a stakeholder-driven process. BMC Health Serv Res 2022; 22:764. [PMID: 35689231 PMCID: PMC9186012 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-022-08110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim A UK programme, led by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) (https://www.nihr.ac.uk) and coordinated by Applied Research Collaborations (ARC), (https://www.nihr.ac.uk/explore-nihr/support/collaborating-in-applied-health-research.htm) aimed to identify and select evidence-based, implementation-ready service innovations for evaluation. The programme focused on seven areas of health provision. We report on a prioritisation process designed to identify and assess innovations in one of these areas: child and maternal health (CH&M). Methods We developed a three-stage, online, stakeholder driven process to 1) identify, 2) assess and prioritise and 3) select evidence-based interventions or service models, using crowdsourcing to identify projects and the APEASE criteria to assess and select projects. A brief evidence review was conducted for all initial suggestions to identify those with the largest evidence-base to take forward for ranking by stakeholders. Stakeholder workshops considered and ranked these suggestions using the APEASE criteria. We then conducted in-depth evidence reviews for the highest ranked suggestions. The Project Management Group and Advisory Board used these reviews and the APEASE criteria to select the final projects. Results We received 32 initial suggestions from a range of clinicians, practitioners and researchers. Fourteen of the most evidence-based suggestions were considered and ranked at four themed stakeholder workshops. Nine suggestions were ranked for further in-depth evidence review and a final four projects were selected for implementation evaluation using the APEASE criteria. These were: 1. Maternal Mental Health Services Multidisciplinary Teams 2. Early years tooth brushing programme 3. Trauma-focused CBT for young people in care and 4. Independent Domestic Violence Advisors in maternity settings. Feedback from participants suggested that having public representatives participating in all stakeholder meetings, rather than being consulted separately, focused discussions clearly on patient benefit rather than research aims. Conclusions The stakeholder-driven process achieved its aim of identifying, prioritising and assessing and selecting, evidence-based projects for wider implementation and evaluation. The concurrent process could be adapted by other researchers or policy makers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08110-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Forbes
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK.
| | - Naomi Morley
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Kristin Liabo
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Gretchen Bjornstad
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | | | | | - Kayley Ciesla
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stuart Logan
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Vashti Berry
- University of Exeter, College of Medicine and Health, South Cloisters, Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
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7
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Dickerson J, Kelly B, Lockyer B, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Willan K, Shire K, Crossley K, Bryant M, Siddiqi N, Sheldon TA, Lawlor DA, Wright J, McEachan RR, Pickett KE. 'When will this end? Will it end?' The impact of the March-June 2020 UK COVID-19 lockdown response on mental health: a longitudinal survey of mothers in the Born in Bradford study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e047748. [PMID: 35017230 PMCID: PMC8753090 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore clinically important increases in depression/anxiety from before to during the first UK COVID-19 lockdown and factors related to this change, with a particular focus on ethnic differences. DESIGN Pre-COVID-19 and lockdown surveys nested within two longitudinal Born in Bradford cohort studies. PARTICIPANTS 1860 mothers with a child aged 0-5 or 9-13, 48% Pakistani heritage. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES ORs for a clinically important increase (5 points or more) in depression (eight item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8)) and anxiety (Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7)) in unadjusted regression analyses, repeated with exposures of interest separated by ethnicity to look for differences in magnitude of associations, and lived experience of mothers captured in open text questions. RESULTS The number of women reporting clinically important depression/anxiety increased from 11% to 20% (95% CI 10%-13%; 18%-22%) and from 10% to 16% (95% CI 8%-11%; 15%-18%), respectively. Increases in depression/anxiety were associated with loneliness (OR=8.37, 95% CI 5.70 to 12.27; 8.50, 95% CI 5.71 to 12.65, respectively); financial (6.23, 95% CI 3.96 to 9.80; 6.03, 95% CI 3.82 to 9.51), food (3.33, 95% CI 2.09 to 5.28; 3.46, 95% CI 2.15 to 5.58) and housing insecurity (3.29, 95% CI 2.36 to 4.58; 3.0, 95% CI 2.11 to 4.25); a lack of physical activity (3.13, 95% CI 2.15 to 4.56; 2.55, 95% CI 1.72 to 3.78); and a poor partner relationship (3.6, 95% CI 2.44 to 5.43; 5.1, 95% CI 3.37 to 7.62). The magnitude of associations between key exposures and worsening mental health varied between ethnic groups.Responses to open text questions illustrated a complex interplay of challenges contributing to mental ill health including: acute health anxieties; the mental load of managing multiple responsibilities; loss of social support and coping strategies; pressures of financial and employment insecurity; and being unable to switch off from the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Mental ill health has worsened for many during the COVID-19 lockdown, particularly in those who are lonely and economically insecure. The magnitude of associations between key exposures and worsening mental health varied between ethnic groups. Mental health problems may have longer term consequences for public health and interventions that address the potential causes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Bridget Lockyer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Christopher Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Kathryn Willan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Katy Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Kirsty Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Najma Siddiqi
- Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Trevor A Sheldon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Wolfson Institute for Population Health, Queen Mary University of London and Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, The University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Science, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rosemary Rc McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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8
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West J, Wright J, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Ciesla K, Pickett KE, Shore R, Witcherley P, Flinders M, McEachan R, Mon-Williams M, Bird P, Lennon L, Cooper D, Muckle S, England K, Sheldon T. Developing a model for health determinants research within local government: lessons from a large, urban local authority. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 6:276. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17195.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions strongly affect health across the life course. Local government plays a key role in influencing these wider determinants of health and levels of inequality within their communities. However, they lack the research infrastructure and culture that would enable them to develop an evidence-based approach to tackling the complex drivers of those conditions. Methods: We undertook a scoping project to explore the potential for, and what would be needed to develop a local authority research system for the City of Bradford, UK. This included identifying the current research landscape and any barriers and enablers to research activity within the local authority using qualitative individual and focus group interviews, a rapid review of existing local research system models, scoping of the use of evidence in decision making and training opportunities and existing support for local government research. Results: We identified four key themes important to developing and sustaining a research system: leadership, resource and capacity, culture, partnerships. Some use of research in decision making was evident but research training opportunities within the local authority were limited. Health research funders are slowly adapting to the local government environment, but this remains limited and more work is needed to shift the centre of gravity towards public health, local government and the community more generally. Conclusions: We propose a model for a local authority research system that can guide the development of an exemplar whole system research framework that includes research infrastructure, data sharing, research training and skills, and co-production with local partners, to choose, use, generate, and deliver research in local government.
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9
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Gibson LY, Lockyer B, Dickerson J, Endacott C, Bridges S, McEachan RRC, Pickett KE, Whalan S, Bear NL, Silva DT, Prescott SL, Davis JA. Comparison of Experiences in Two Birth Cohorts Comprising Young Families with Children under Four Years during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown in Australia and the UK: A Qualitative Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:9119. [PMID: 34501709 PMCID: PMC8431681 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to understand the experience and impact of the initial COVID-19 lockdown in young families with children aged below 4 years. Free text questions were administered to participants in the ORIGINS (Australia) and Born in Bradford (UK) cohort studies to collect qualitative information on worries, concerns and enjoyable experiences during the pandemic. A total of 903 (400 for ORIGINS and 503 for BiB) participants completed the two surveys during April 2020. Despite varying in geography, levels of socio-economic disadvantage and their situational context during the pandemic, respondents from both cohorts reported similar worries and challenges during the lockdown period, including: employment/finances, health anxiety, mental health and social isolation, caring for children and child development. Families across the globe experienced both positive and negative immediate impacts of COVID-19. Population-based data can be used to inform the development of support services, public health campaigns and universal interventions to assist families in future health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y. Gibson
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.W.); (D.T.S.); (S.L.P.); (J.A.D.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUNWest), New York, NY 10704, USA
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Bridget Lockyer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (B.L.); (J.D.); (C.E.); (S.B.); (R.R.C.M.)
| | - Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (B.L.); (J.D.); (C.E.); (S.B.); (R.R.C.M.)
| | - Charlotte Endacott
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (B.L.); (J.D.); (C.E.); (S.B.); (R.R.C.M.)
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (B.L.); (J.D.); (C.E.); (S.B.); (R.R.C.M.)
| | - Rosemary R. C. McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford BD9 6RJ, UK; (B.L.); (J.D.); (C.E.); (S.B.); (R.R.C.M.)
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Sarah Whalan
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.W.); (D.T.S.); (S.L.P.); (J.A.D.)
| | - Natasha L. Bear
- Institute for Health Research, Notre Dame University, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia;
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Desiree T. Silva
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.W.); (D.T.S.); (S.L.P.); (J.A.D.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUNWest), New York, NY 10704, USA
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Susan L. Prescott
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.W.); (D.T.S.); (S.L.P.); (J.A.D.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUNWest), New York, NY 10704, USA
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA 6027, Australia
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
- Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
- Perth Children’s Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- NOVA Institute for Health of People, Places and Planet, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jacqueline A. Davis
- Telethon Kids Institute, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (S.W.); (D.T.S.); (S.L.P.); (J.A.D.)
- School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
- VIVO Planetary Health, Worldwide Universities Network (WUNWest), New York, NY 10704, USA
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
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Dickerson J, Lockyer B, Moss RH, Endacott C, Kelly B, Bridges S, Crossley KL, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Wright J, Pickett KE, McEachan RR. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in an ethnically diverse community: descriptive findings from the Born in Bradford study. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16576.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The roll out of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are underway in the UK, and ensuring good uptake in vulnerable communities will be critical to reducing hospital admissions and deaths. There is emerging evidence that vaccine hesitancy is higher in ethnic minorities and deprived areas, and that this may be caused by distrust and misinformation in the community. This study aims to understand COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in an ethnically diverse and deprived population of Bradford through the Born in Bradford (BiB) research programme. Methods: Surveys were sent to parents in BiB who had taken part in a previous Covid-19 survey (n=1727). Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and deprivation. Answers to a question asking the main reason for hesitancy was analysed using thematic analysis. Results: 535 (31%) of those invited between 29 th October-9 th December 2020 participated. 48% were White British, 37% Pakistani heritage and 15% from other ethnicities; 46% were from the most deprived quintile of the Index of Multiple Deprivation. 29% of respondents do want a vaccine, 10% do not. The majority had not thought about it (29%) or were unsure (30%). Vaccine hesitancy differed by ethnicity and deprivation: 43% (95% CIs: 37-54%) of White British and 60% (35-81%) in the least deprived areas do want a vaccine, compared to 13% (9-19%) of Pakistani heritage and 20% (15-26%) in the most deprived areas. Reasons for not wanting a vaccine were commonly explained by confusion and distrust which was linked to exposure to misinformation. Conclusions: There is a risk of unequitable roll out of the vaccination programme in the UK with higher vaccine hesitancy in ethnic minorities and those living in deprived areas. There is an urgent need to tackle misinformation that is leading to uncertainty and confusion about the vaccines.
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Dickerson J, Kelly B, Lockyer B, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Willan K, Shire K, Crossley K, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Lawlor DA, Wright J, McEachan RRC, Pickett KE. Experiences of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic: descriptive findings from a survey of families in the Born in Bradford study. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:228. [PMID: 33709038 PMCID: PMC7927208 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16317.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lockdown measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 virus have increased health inequalities, with families from deprived and ethnically diverse backgrounds most likely to be adversely affected. This paper describes the experiences of families living in the multi-ethnic and deprived city of Bradford, England. Methods: A wave of survey data collection using a combination of email, text and phone with postal follow-up during the first Covid-19 UK lockdown (10th April to 30 th June 2020) with parents participating in two longitudinal studies. Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and financial insecurity. Text from open questions was analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Of 7,652 families invited, 2,144 (28%) participated. The results presented are based on the 2,043 (95%) mothers' responses: 957 (47%) of whom were of Pakistani heritage, 715 (35%) White British and 356 (18%) other ethnicity 971 (46%) lived in the most deprived decile of material deprivation in England. and 738 (37%) were financially insecure. Many families lived in poor quality (N=574, 28%), overcrowded (N=364, 19%) housing. Food (N=396, 20%), employment (N=728, 37%) and housing (N=204, 10%) insecurities were common, particularly in those who were furloughed, self-employed not working or unemployed. Clinically important depression and anxiety were reported by 372 (19%) and 318 (16%) mothers. Ethnic minority and financially insecure families had a worse experience during the lockdown across all domains, with the exception of mental health which appeared worse in White British mothers. Open text responses corroborated these findings and highlighted high levels of anxiety and fear about Covid-19. Conclusions: There is a need for policy makers and commissioners to better support vulnerable families during and after the pandemic. Future work will use longitudinal data from before the pandemic, and from future surveys during the pandemic, to describe trajectories and the long-term consequences of the pandemic on vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Bridget Lockyer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Christopher Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kathryn Willan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Katy Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kirsty Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Trevor A. Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - on behalf of the Bradford Institute for Health Research Covid-19 Scientific Advisory Group
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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12
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Dickerson J, Lockyer B, Moss RH, Endacott C, Kelly B, Bridges S, Crossley KL, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Wright J, Pickett KE, McEachan RR. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in an ethnically diverse community: descriptive findings from the Born in Bradford study. Wellcome Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16576.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The roll out of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are now underway in the UK, and ensuring good uptake in vulnerable communities will be critical to reducing hospital admissions and deaths. There is emerging evidence that vaccine hesitancy is higher in ethnic minorities and deprived areas, and that this may be caused by misinformation in the community. This study aims to understand COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in an ethnically diverse and deprived population. Methods: Questionnaire surveys were sent to parents in the Born in Bradford study. Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and deprivation. Text from open-ended questions was analysed using thematic analysis. Results: 535 (31%) of 1727 invited between 29th October-9th December 2020 participated in the study. 154 (29%) of respondents do want a vaccine, 53 (10%) do not. The majority had not thought about it (N=154, 29%) or were unsure (N=161, 30%). Vaccine hesitancy differed significantly by ethnicity and deprivation: 43% (95% CIs: 37-54%) of White British and 60% (35-81%) in the least deprived areas do want a vaccine, compared to 13% (9-19%) of Pakistani heritage and 20% (15-26%) in the most deprived areas. Those that distrusted the NHS were more likely to not want a vaccine (30%, 15-50%). Reasons for not wanting a vaccine were commonly explained by confusion and distrust caused by prevalent misinformation. Conclusions: There is a much higher level of vaccine hesitancy in ethnic minorities, those living in deprived areas and those that distrust the NHS. There is an urgent need to tackle the overwhelming misinformation about COVID-19 that is leading to this uncertainty and confusion about the vaccines. If not addressed there is a high risk of unequitable roll out of the vaccination programme in the UK.
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13
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Dickerson J, Kelly B, Lockyer B, Bridges S, Cartwright C, Willan K, Shire K, Crossley K, Bryant M, Sheldon TA, Lawlor DA, Wright J, McEachan RRC, Pickett KE. Experiences of lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic: descriptive findings from a survey of families in the Born in Bradford study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:228. [PMID: 33709038 PMCID: PMC7927208 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16317.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lockdown measures implemented to contain the Covid-19 virus may be increasing health inequalities, with families from deprived and ethnically diverse backgrounds most likely to be adversely affected. This paper presents findings of the experiences of the Covid-19 lockdown on families living in the multi-ethnic and deprived city of Bradford, England. Methods: Questionnaire surveys were sent during the Covid-19 UK lockdown (10th April to 30 th June 2020) to parents in two prospective birth cohort studies. Cross tabulations explored variation by ethnicity and employment status. Text from open questions were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Of 7,652 families invited, 2,144 (28%) participated. Ethnicity of respondents was: 957 (47%) Pakistani heritage, 715 (35%) White British and 356 (18%) other. 971 (46%) live in the most deprived decile of material deprivation in England. 2,043 (95%) were mothers and 101 were partners. The results summarised below are based on the mothers' responses. Many families live in poor quality (N=574, 28%), and overcrowded (N=364, 19%) housing; this was more common in families of Pakistani heritage and other ethnicities. Financial (N=738 (37%), food (N=396, 20%), employment (N=728, 37%) and housing (N=204, 10%) insecurities were common, particularly in those who were furloughed, self-employed not working or unemployed. Clinically significant depression and anxiety symptoms were reported by 372 (19%) and 318 (16%) of the mothers and were more common in White British mothers and those with economic insecurity. Open text responses corroborated these findings and highlighted high levels of anxiety about becoming ill or dying from Covid-19. Conclusions: The experiences of the Covid-19 lockdown in this ethnically diverse and deprived population highlight a large number of families living in poor housing conditions, suffering from economic insecurity and poor mental health. There is a need for policy makers and commissioners to better support these families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Bridget Lockyer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Christopher Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kathryn Willan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Katy Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kirsty Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Trevor A. Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
| | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - on behalf of the Bradford Institute for Health Research Covid-19 Scientific Advisory Group
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Bristol National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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McEachan RRC, Dickerson J, Bridges S, Bryant M, Cartwright C, Islam S, Lockyer B, Rahman A, Sheard L, West J, Lawlor DA, Sheldon TA, Wright J, Pickett KE. The Born in Bradford COVID-19 Research Study: Protocol for an adaptive mixed methods research study to gather actionable intelligence on the impact of COVID-19 on health inequalities amongst families living in Bradford. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:191. [PMID: 33029561 PMCID: PMC7523536 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16129.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The UK COVID-19 lockdown has included restricting social movement and interaction to slow the spread of disease and reduce demand on NHS acute services. It is likely that the impacts of restrictions will hit the least advantaged disproportionately and will worsen existing structural inequalities amongst deprived and ethnic minority groups. The aim of this study is to deliver rapid intelligence to enable an effective COVID-19 response, including co-production of interventions, that address key issues in the City of Bradford, UK, and nationally. In the longer term we aim to understand the impacts of the response on health trajectories and inequalities in these. In this paper we describe our approach and protocol. We plan an adaptive longitudinal mixed methods approach embedded with Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohorts which have rich existing data (including questionnaire, routine health and biobank). All work packages (WP) interact and are ongoing. WP1 uses co-production and engagement methods with communities, decision-makers and researchers to continuously set (changing) research priorities and will, longer-term, co-produce interventions to aid the City's recovery. In WP2 repeated quantitative surveys will be administered during lockdown (April-June 2020), with three repeat surveys until 12 months post-lockdown with an ethnically diverse pool of BiB participants (parents, children aged 9-13 years, pregnant women: total sample pool N=7,652, N=5,154, N=1,800). A range of health, social, economic and education outcomes will be assessed. In WP3 priority topics identified in WP1 and WP2 will be explored qualitatively. Initial priority topics include children's mental wellbeing, health beliefs and the peri/post-natal period. Feedback loops will ensure findings are fed directly to decision-makers and communities (via WP1) to enable co-production of acceptable interventions and identify future priority topic areas. Findings will be used to aid development of local and national policy to support recovery from the pandemic and minimise health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary R C McEachan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
- Faculties of Life Sciences and Health Studies, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Josie Dickerson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Leeds Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Christopher Cartwright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Shahid Islam
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Bridget Lockyer
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Aamnah Rahman
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Laura Sheard
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jane West
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Deborah A Lawlor
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Trevor A Sheldon
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Yvonne Carter Building, 58 Turner Street, London, E1 2AB, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ, UK
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Varona-Perez P, Bridges S, Lorenzo-Vazquez E, Suarez-Medina R, Venero-Fernandez SJ, Langley T, Britton J, Fogarty AW. What is the association between price and economic activity with cigarette consumption in Cuba from 1980 to 2014? Public Health 2019; 173:126-129. [PMID: 31276890 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cuba is a tobacco-producing country that has been economically isolated as a consequence of an embargo imposed by the USA. It has also experienced a severe economic depression in the 1990s after the withdrawal of support by the former Soviet Union. These characteristics provide a unique opportunity to study the relation between large changes in economic activity, cigarette price and demand for cigarettes in a relatively isolated socialist economy. STUDY DESIGN This is an observational epidemiological study. METHODS Data were obtained on the annual price of a packet of cigarettes and the mean number of cigarettes consumed per adult living in Cuba from 1980 to 2014. Descriptive and regression analysis were used to explore the relationship between cigarette consumption and price in Cuba. RESULTS In 1980, the mean price of a packet of cigarettes was 1.53 Cuban peso (CUP) in 1997 prices and the mean annual per capita consumption was 2237 cigarettes. In 2014, the mean price had increased to 5.57 CUP (1997 prices) per packet of cigarettes, and consumption had fallen to 1527 cigarettes per capita. There were significant negative associations between annual cigarette consumption and both price and living through an economic depression. The elasticity was approximately -0.31 with price, and living through an economic depression was also associated with lower consumption of cigarettes (a reduction of 9%, 95% confidence intervals -0.18 to -0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher cigarette pricing, along with other public health interventions, are required to protect the national population from the adverse effects of tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Varona-Perez
- Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología, Infanta No 1158 e/ Llinás y Clavel, Código Postal 10300, La Habana, Cuba.
| | - S Bridges
- School of Economics, University of Nottingham, Sir Clive Granger Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - E Lorenzo-Vazquez
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - R Suarez-Medina
- Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología, Infanta No 1158 e/ Llinás y Clavel, Código Postal 10300, La Habana, Cuba
| | - S-J Venero-Fernandez
- Instituto Nacional de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología, Infanta No 1158 e/ Llinás y Clavel, Código Postal 10300, La Habana, Cuba
| | - T Langley
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - J Britton
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - A W Fogarty
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Unit, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Clinical Sciences Building, City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Islam S, Small N, Bryant M, Bridges S, Hancock N, Dickerson J. Assessing community readiness for early intervention programmes to promote social and emotional health in children. Health Expect 2019; 22:575-584. [PMID: 30972905 PMCID: PMC6543141 DOI: 10.1111/hex.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence for early intervention and prevention‐based approaches for improving social and emotional health in young children is robust. However, rates of participation in programmes are low. We explored the dynamics which affect levels of community readiness to address the issues of social and emotional health for pregnant women, young children (0‐4 years) and their mothers. Setting A deprived inner‐city housing estate in the north of England. The estate falls within the catchment area of a project that has been awarded long‐term funding to address social and emotional health during pregnancy and early childhood. Methods We interviewed key respondents using the Community Readiness Model. This approach applies a mixed methodology, incorporating readiness scores and qualitative data. A mean community readiness score was calculated enabling the placement of the community in one of nine possible stages of readiness. Interview transcripts were analysed using a qualitative framework approach to generate contextual information to augment the numerical scores. Results An overall score consistent with vague awareness was achieved, indicating a low level of community readiness for social and emotional health interventions. This score suggests that there will be a low likelihood of participation in programmes that address these issues. Conclusion Gauging community readiness offers a way of predicting how willing and prepared a community is to address an issue. Modifying implementation plans so that they first address community readiness may improve participation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Islam
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.,Better Start Bradford Innovation Hub, Born in Bradford, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Neil Small
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | - Maria Bryant
- Diet, Obesity & Lifestyle Portfolio lead, Clinical Trials Research Unit, Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sally Bridges
- Better Start Bradford Innovation Hub, Born in Bradford, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Josie Dickerson
- Better Start Bradford Innovation Hub, Born in Bradford, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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Dickerson J, Bird PK, Bryant M, Dharni N, Bridges S, Willan K, Ahern S, Dunn A, Nielsen D, Uphoff EP, Bywater T, Bowyer-Crane C, Sahota P, Small N, Howell M, Thornton G, Pickett KE, McEachan RRC, Wright J. Integrating research and system-wide practice in public health: lessons learnt from Better Start Bradford. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:260. [PMID: 30832626 PMCID: PMC6399808 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6554-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many interventions that are delivered within public health services have little evidence of effect. Evaluating interventions that are being delivered as a part of usual practice offers opportunities to improve the evidence base of public health. However, such evaluation is challenging and requires the integration of research into system-wide practice. The Born in Bradford’s Better Start experimental birth cohort offers an opportunity to efficiently evaluate multiple complex community interventions to improve the health, wellbeing and development of children aged 0–3 years. Based on the learning from this programme, this paper offers a pragmatic and practical guide to researchers, public health commissioners and service providers to enable them to integrate research into their everyday practice, thus enabling relevant and robust evaluations within a complex and changing system. Using the principles of co-production the key challenges of integrating research and practice were identified, and appropriate strategies to overcome these, developed across five key stages: 1) Community and stakeholder engagement; 2) Intervention design; 3) Optimising routinely collected data; 4) Monitoring implementation; and 5) Evaluation. As a result of our learning we have developed comprehensive toolkits (https://borninbradford.nhs.uk/what-we-do/pregnancy-early-years/toolkit/) including: an operational guide through the service design process; an implementation and monitoring guide; and an evaluation framework. The evaluation framework incorporates implementation evaluations to enable understanding of intervention performance in practice, and quasi experimental approaches to infer causal effects in a timely manner. We also offer strategies to harness routinely collected data to enhance the efficiency and affordability of evaluations that are directly relevant to policy and practice. These strategies and tools will help researchers, commissioners and service providers to work together to evaluate interventions delivered in real-life settings. More importantly, however, we hope that they will support the development of a connected system that empowers practitioners and commissioners to embed innovation and improvement into their own practice, thus enabling them to learn, evaluate and improve their own services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie Dickerson
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England.
| | - Philippa K Bird
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
| | - Maria Bryant
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, England
| | - Nimarta Dharni
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
| | - Sally Bridges
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
| | - Kathryn Willan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
| | - Sara Ahern
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - Abigail Dunn
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, England
| | - Dea Nielsen
- Psychology in Education Research Centre, Department of Education, The University of York, York, England
| | - Eleonora P Uphoff
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, England
| | - Tracey Bywater
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, England
| | - Claudine Bowyer-Crane
- Psychology in Education Research Centre, Department of Education, The University of York, York, England
| | - Pinki Sahota
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, England
| | - Neil Small
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, England
| | | | - Gill Thornton
- Better Start Bradford, Bradford Trident, Bradford, England
| | - Kate E Pickett
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of York, York, England
| | - Rosemary R C McEachan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
| | - John Wright
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, England
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Scholes S, Bridges S, Ng Fat L, Mindell JS. Comparison of the Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire and the Short-Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire: An Analysis of Health Survey for England Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151647. [PMID: 26990093 PMCID: PMC4798726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Assessment Questionnaire (PASBAQ), used within the Health Survey for England (HSE) at 5-yearly intervals, is not included annually due to funding and interview-length constraints. Policy-makers and data-users are keen to consider shorter instruments such as the Short-form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) for the annual survey. Both questionnaires were administered in HSE 2012, enabling comparative assessment in a random sample of 1252 adults. Methods Relative agreement using prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK) statistics was estimated for: sufficient aerobic activity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA] ≥150minutes/week); inactivity (MVPA<30minutes/week); and excessive sitting (≥540minutes/weekday). Cross-sectional associations with health outcomes were compared across tertiles of MVPA and tertiles of sitting time using logistic regression with tests for linear trend. Results Compared with PASBAQ data, IPAQ-assessed estimates of sufficient aerobic activity and inactivity were higher and lower, respectively; estimates of excessive sitting were higher. Demographic patterns in prevalence were similar. Agreement using PABAK statistics was fair-to-moderate for sufficient aerobic activity (0.32–0.49), moderate-to-substantial for inactivity (0.42–0.74), and moderate-to-substantial for excessive sitting (0.49–0.75). As with the PASBAQ, IPAQ-assessed MVPA and sitting each showed graded associations with mental well-being (women: P for trend = 0.003 and 0.004, respectively) and obesity (women: P for trend = 0.007 and 0.014, respectively). Conclusions Capturing habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour through brief questionnaires is complex. Differences in prevalence estimates can reflect differences in questionnaire structure and content rather than differences in reported behaviour. Treating all IPAQ-assessed walking as moderate-intensity contributed to the differences in prevalence estimates. PASBAQ data will be used for population surveillance every 4 to 5 years. The current version of the Short-form IPAQ was included in HSE 2013–14 to enable more frequent assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour; a modified version with different item-ordering and additional questions on walking-pace and effort was included in HSE 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Scholes
- Health and Social Surveys Research Group, Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sally Bridges
- NatCen Social Research, 35 Northampton Square, London, EC1V 0AX, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Ng Fat
- Health and Social Surveys Research Group, Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer S. Mindell
- Health and Social Surveys Research Group, Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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19
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Scholes S, Bridges S, Fat L, Mindell J. PP74 Comparison of the physical activity and sedentary behaviour assessment questionnaire versus the short version of the International Physical Activity questionnaire in the Health Survey for England 2012. Br J Soc Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204726.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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20
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Bridges S, Chang JWW, Chu CH, Gardner K. Blended learning in situated contexts: 3-year evaluation of an online peer review project. Eur J Dent Educ 2014; 18:170-179. [PMID: 24460682 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Situated and sociocultural perspectives on learning indicate that the design of complex tasks supported by educational technologies holds potential for dental education in moving novices towards closer approximation of the clinical outcomes of their expert mentors. A cross-faculty-, student-centred, web-based project in operative dentistry was established within the Universitas 21 (U21) network of higher education institutions to support university goals for internationalisation in clinical learning by enabling distributed interactions across sites and institutions. This paper aims to present evaluation of one dental faculty's project experience of curriculum redesign for deeper student learning. METHODS A mixed-method case study approach was utilised. Three cohorts of second-year students from a 5-year bachelor of dental surgery (BDS) programme were invited to participate in annual surveys and focus group interviews on project completion. Survey data were analysed for differences between years using multivariate logistical regression analysis. Thematic analysis of questionnaire open responses and interview transcripts was conducted. RESULTS Multivariate logistic regression analysis noted significant differences across items over time indicating learning improvements, attainment of university aims and the positive influence of redesign. Students perceived the enquiry-based project as stimulating and motivating, and building confidence in operative techniques. Institutional goals for greater understanding of others and lifelong learning showed improvement over time. Despite positive scores, students indicated global citizenship and intercultural understanding were conceptually challenging. CONCLUSIONS Establishment of online student learning communities through a blended approach to learning stimulated motivation and intellectual engagement, thereby supporting a situated approach to cognition. Sociocultural perspectives indicate that novice-expert interactions supported student development of professional identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bridges
- Centre for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning/Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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21
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Li J, Hsu HC, Yang P, Wu Q, Luo B, Mobley J, Bridges S, Mountz J. Identification of a novel epigenetic code, histone H1 fucosylation, and its roles in macrophage plasticity in rheumatoid arthritis (IRM7P.491). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.126.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) are key players in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). High plasticity renders MΦ an attractive tool for studying epigenetic reprogramming. We have observed a highly positive correlation between TNFα and fucosylation catalyzing enzymes, fucosyltransferases (FUTs) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11 (p=0.0001) in human RA synovia; these FUTs are predominantly detected in M1 inflammatory MΦ but not M2 MΦ and T cells from RA synovial fluid. A fucosylation inhibitor, 2-Deoxy-D-galactose (2-D-gal) precluded collagen II-induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice (scores 9.5±1.7 vs 0.5± 0.3, p<0.01) with reduced M1 MΦ in draining LN, decreased TNF-α and anti-CII in the serum (p<0.05).Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin I (UEA 1) affinity chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry indicated that the linker Histone H1, but not core histone H 2-4, is the major protein that modified by a fucose-α-(1-2)-gal moiety in M1 MΦ. Disrupting this moiety by 2-D-gal skewed the differentiation of M1 MΦ toward M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype with a reprogrammed gene expression, including i) robustly upregulated Il10, Arg1, and Megf8 (p<0.01) (M2 markers); ii) downregulated Ifnγ and Il6 (p<0.05) (M1 markers); iii) inhibited Actin and its associated molecules including Ahnak and Cap1, and suppressed the antigen presentation of M1 MΦ phenotype (p<0.01). We uncovered Histone 1 fucosylation as a novel epigenetic code that orchestrates MΦ transcriptome reprogramming and renders it an attractive target for RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- 1Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL
- 2Birmingham VA Med.Ctr., Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Qi Wu
- 1Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL
| | - Bao Luo
- 1Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | - John Mountz
- 1Medicine, UAB, Birmingham, AL
- 2Birmingham VA Med.Ctr., Birmingham, AL
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Ptacek J, Hawtin R, Louie B, Evensen E, Cordeiro J, Mittleman B, Atallah M, Cesano A, Gregersen P, Bridges S. Intracellular signaling as measured by single cell network profiling (SCNP) is stable in longtitudinal samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors (HD) across multiple immune cell subsets (TECH1P.839). The Journal of Immunology 2014. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.69.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomarkers of immune function from viable cells would be of high value for many clinical applications. The immune system responds rapidly to a variety of stimuli, so identifying immune measures that are stable, robust, and relevant to clinical features/outcomes can be challenging. SCNP is a multiparametric flow cytometry assay measuring induced changes in intracellular signaling, providing a functional measure of pathway capacity in multiple cell subsets without physical separation. To assess the longitudinal stability of signaling capacity, PBMCs from 11 healthy donors (7 female, age 29 - 60) were collected at 2 time points and characterized by SCNP of 32 nodes (combinations of a modulator and an intracellular signaling readout) in 21 cell subsets. Signaling stability was assessed for each node:subset combination, calculating the ratio of the signaling variability between time points to the mean signaling level. Of 258 node:subset combinations measured: 160 (62%) had a ratio <0.1; 227 (88%) were <0.2 (i.e. the variability between time points is <20% of the average signaling). Memory B cells had the greatest, though modest, variability in signaling between sample times (median ratio 0.15, range 0.04 - 0.43); naive CD4- T cells had the least variation (median ratio 0.066, range 0.03 - 0.13). This study serves as reference for biomarker development for immune monitoring, demonstrating that signaling capacity is a stable, robust phenotype over time and within an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter Gregersen
- 2The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research and North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY
| | - S. Bridges
- 3University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
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23
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Suen RPC, Lai SML, Bridges S, Chu CH. Students' satisfaction with a dental summer programme and importance of influencing factors for choosing dentistry as their career. Eur J Dent Educ 2014; 18:104-109. [PMID: 24118664 DOI: 10.1111/eje.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the students' satisfaction with the week-long summer programme and the importance of common influencing factors (IFs) for choosing dentistry as their career. METHODS Anonymous questionnaire was given to all 214 participants in July of 2011 and 2012. Demographic information including gender, age and education level was collected. The students were asked about their satisfaction with the programme with separate ratings for learning experiences, including hands-on workshops (HOW); clinic observations (CO); problem-based learning tutorials (PBL); and lectures (L). They also rated the relative importance of the ten common IFs. The Friedman test was used to study the order of their preferences of the programme's activities. The Chi-square test was used to study the influence of their demographic factors on the importance of the IFs. RESULTS A total of 208 students returned their questionnaires. The majority were below the age of 18 (81%), and 44% were studying in an international school. Most of the students (96%) were satisfied with the programme overall. They liked the HOWs and COs more than the PBL tutorials and Ls. 'Altruism' and 'medical/health care career' were the two most important IFs overall. 'Altruism' and 'past experience with dentist' were considered more important by those aged 18 or above. 'Past experience with dentist' and 'working with hands' were considered more important by the international school students. CONCLUSIONS Most participants were satisfied with the summer programme. They preferred practical, skill-based activities to knowledge-based activities. The importance of some IFs was associated with age and education system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R P C Suen
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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24
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Whalley RE, Bridges S. OP68 Chronic Pain and Mental Health: What can we Learn from the Health Survey for England 2011? Br J Soc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203126.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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25
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Botelho MG, Lo ECM, Bridges S, McGrath C, Yiu CKY. Journal-based learning, a new learning experience building on PBL at HKU. Eur J Dent Educ 2013; 17:e120-e125. [PMID: 23279399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2012.00771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of a new journal-based learning (JBL) programme designed to equip students with skills necessary to understand dental research publications, thereby preparing them for continuing professional development. MATERIALS AND METHODS A baseline evaluation of knowledge relating to key research terms was conducted on 52 final-year BDS students. 11 weekly seminars were conducted from 8 clinical disciplines driven by a reading list of 2-5 journal articles along with a series of 'guidance' questions relating to research terms and content knowledge aspects of each paper to focus their reading and learning. Seminars were facilitated by discipline experts with supporting notes. An exit test based on research process and terminologies for the programme was conducted with 4 repeated questions from the baseline assessment. A systematic marking scheme was used and the results analysed. A focus group was run to collect feedback regarding students' views and experiences on the JBL experience. FINDINGS Students showed significant improvements over the baseline score. The mean score rose from 3.5 to 11.5 in the repeated questions (P < 0.001). The focus group revealed that students had learnt new information about journal classification, evidence level determination, new research terms and the structure of research papers. From the first 4 years of PBL, students recognized the importance of learning from research papers since year 1. However, JBL gave them a deeper understanding of research and the development of critical appraisal skills. IMPLICATIONS JBL provided final-year students the opportunity to learn significantly more about dental research, terminologies, paper structure, critical analysis and content knowledge through active-learning small group seminars.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Botelho
- Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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26
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Matthews M, Bridges S. Does the use of dynamic elastomeric fabric scoliosis suits provide an improved and more user friendly option for early intervention in childhood scoliosis? Scoliosis 2012. [PMCID: PMC3304956 DOI: 10.1186/1748-7161-7-s1-p3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Gardner K, Bridges S, Walmsley D. International peer review in undergraduate dentistry: enhancing reflective practice in an online community of practice. Eur J Dent Educ 2012; 16:208-212. [PMID: 23050501 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2012.00743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To stimulate and enhance student learning in the areas of global citizenship, critical reflection and e-learning, an online international peer review using a purpose-built web platform, has been developed between international dental schools. Since its inception in 2007, n = 6 dental schools from six different countries have participated with n = 384 dental students engaged in online peer review. Project development was conceptually analysed utilising Lave and Wenger's notion of a community of practice (CoP). Analysis drew on the three core components within the CoP organising framework: domain, community and practice. All three components were evident in building project identity. The domain focused on both curriculum and institutional co-operation. The community was evident for both educators and students. Finally, analysis of practice was found to be significant in terms of sustained interaction and collaboration. Empirical evaluation is recommended as the next phase of project design.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gardner
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral Health Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C, Canada.
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28
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Li J, Hsu HC, Yang P, Wu Q, Li H, Spalding D, Chatham W, Kimberly R, Bridges S, Mountz J. Death Receptor 5 (DR5) marks the highly pathogenic interacting GM-CSF+ T helper cells and IL-23+ macrophages rendering it as an attractive therapeutic target of autoimmunity (51.4). The Journal of Immunology 2012. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.188.supp.51.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The highly pathogenic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)+ IL-17+ CD4 T cells and IL-23+IRF5+M1 macrophages (MØ) exhibit a bidirectional interaction in autoimmunity. DR5 is a pro-apoptotic molecule upregulated by IRF5. DR5 deficient mice develop increased inflammation. We analyzed DR5 expression and apoptosis function of TRA-8, an anti-human DR5 antibody, in T cells and MØ in autoimmune conditions. Expression of DR5 was highly correlated with that of GM-CSF in CD4 T cells and that of IL-23 and IRF5 in MØ from synovia fluid or PBMC of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus subjects (p<0.01). In vitro treatment of these samples with TRA-8 for 48 hrs resulted in 23.4% and 35.9% depletion of GM-CSF+ CD4+ T cells and IL-23+ MØ, respectively. Similar DR5 expression pattern and TRA-8 depletion effects were observed in a 3kb mouse promoter/humanized DR5 Tg mouse crossed with the SHP-1- deficient viable motheaten mice which exhibit a profound activation of inflammatory MØ and Th17 cells. Three doses of TRA-8 (0.1 mg IP, weekly) lead to a 35.7% reduction of GM-CSF+ CD4+ T cells and 45.1% reduction of IL-23+IRF5+ MØ in the draining LN, 74.4% and 94.7% decrease of Csf-2 and p19 in joints, resulting in amelioration of pneumonitis and arthritis, reduction of autoantibodies, and increase of the lifespan. Our study indicated that DR5 is highly correlated with GM-CSF in CD4+ T cells and IL-23 in MØ, and demonstrated the high therapeutic efficacy of an anti-human DR5 antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- 2Medicine, Birmingham VA Med. Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - PingAr Yang
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- 2Medicine, Birmingham VA Med. Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Qi Wu
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Hao Li
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - David Spalding
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - W. Chatham
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Robert Kimberly
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - S. Bridges
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - John Mountz
- 1Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
- 2Medicine, Birmingham VA Med. Center, Birmingham, AL
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Yiu CKY, McGrath C, Bridges S, Corbet EF, Botelho MG, Dyson JE, Chan LK. Self-perceived preparedness for dental practice amongst graduates of The University of Hong Kong's integrated PBL dental curriculum. Eur J Dent Educ 2012; 16:e96-e105. [PMID: 22251360 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.2011.00681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine how prepared for dental practice graduates from the integrated problem-based learning (PBL) dental undergraduate curriculum at The University of Hong Kong (HKU) perceive themselves to be and to identify factors associated with self-perceived preparedness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A postal questionnaire was sent to five cohorts of dentists who had graduated from HKU's integrated PBL curriculum between 2004 and 2008. Using a 4-point Likert scale, the questionnaire assessed the self-perceived level of preparedness in 59 competencies grouped in nine domains. Responses were dichotomised into 'poorly prepared' and 'well prepared'. RESULTS The response rate was 66% (159/241). The mean proportion (±standard deviation) of respondents indicating well-preparedness was 72.0±15.1% overall, and for each domain was as follows: general patient management, 93.1±12.1%; practice management, 81.0±22.2%; periodontology and dental public health, 73.5±19.3%; conservative dentistry, 92.5±13.1%; oral rehabilitation, 62.8±24.0%; orthodontics, 23.0±32.9%; managing children and special-needs patients, 64.8±28.9%; oral and maxillofacial surgery, 52.2±25.2%; and drug and emergency management, 84.7±22.6%. The odds of self-perceived well-preparedness were increased for cohorts graduating in 2004 and 2005 and graduates working in a non-solo dental practice. CONCLUSIONS Dental graduates of HKU's integrated PBL curriculum felt well prepared for the most fundamental aspects of dental practice. However, apparent deficiencies of training in orthodontics and oral and maxillofacial surgery will need to be addressed by continuing education, postgraduate training and planning for the new 6-year undergraduate curriculum in 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- C K Y Yiu
- Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, China
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Mukherjee S, Hurt C, Griffiths G, Crosby T, Staffurth J, Bridges S, Bridgewater JA, Mcdonald A, Falk S, Maughan TS. A Cancer Research UK multicenter randomized phase II study of induction chemotherapy followed by gemcitabine- or capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced nonmetastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2010.28.15_suppl.tps222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Classen S, McCarthy DP, Shechtman O, Awadzi KD, Lanford DN, Okun MS, Rodriguez RL, Romrell J, Bridges S, Kluger B, Fernandez HH. Useful field of view as a reliable screening measure of driving performance in people with Parkinson's disease: results of a pilot study. Traffic Inj Prev 2009; 10:593-598. [PMID: 19916131 DOI: 10.1080/15389580903179901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the correlations of the Useful Field of View (UFOV), compared to other clinical tests of Parkinson's disease (PD); vision; and cognition with measures of on-road driving assessments and to quantify the UFOV's ability to indicate passing/failing an on-road test in people with PD. METHODS Nineteen randomly selected people with idiopathic PD, mean age = 74.8 (6.1), 14 (73.7%) men, 18 (94.7%) Caucasians, were age-matched to 104 controls without PD. The controls had a mean age of 75.4 (6.4), 59 (56.7%) men, 96 (92.3%) Caucasians. Both groups were referred for a driving evaluation after institutional review board approval. RESULTS Compared to neuropsychological and clinical tests of vision and cognition, the UFOV showed the strongest correlations (r > .75, p < 0.05) with measures of failing a standardized road test and number of driving errors. Among PD patients, the UFOV Risk Index score of 3 (range 1-5) was established as the optimal cutoff value for passing the on-road test, with sensitivity 87 percent and specificity 82 percent, AUC = 92 percent (SE 0.61, p = .002). Similarly, the UFOV 2 (divided attention) optimum cutoff value is 223 ms (range 16-500 ms), sensitivity 87.5 percent, specificity 81.8 percent, AUC = 91 percent (SE 0.73, p = .003). The UFOV 3 (selected attention) optimal cutoff value is 273 ms (range 16-500 ms), sensitivity 75 percent, specificity 72.7 percent, AUC = 87 percent (SE 0.81, p = .007). CONCLUSION In this pilot study among PD patients, the UFOV may be a superior screening measure (compared to other measures of disease, cognition, and vision) for predicting on-road driving performance but its rigor must be verified in a larger sample of people with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Classen
- National Older Driver Research and Training Center, Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.
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Thompson TL, Bridges S, Miller C. Modulation of dopamine uptake in rat nucleus accumbens: effect of specific dopamine receptor antagonists and sigma ligands. Neurosci Lett 2001; 312:169-72. [PMID: 11602337 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of dopamine (DA) antagonists and sigma receptor ligands to alter [(3)H]-DA uptake was examined using synaptosomes prepared from the nucleus accumbens of female rats. Pre-incubation with compounds having a high affinity for sigma (rimcazole, haloperidol, and spiperone) receptors produced dose dependent inhibition of (3)H-DA uptake. Sulpiride, a pure DA D(2) antagonist had no effect. In contrast, DA uptake was potentiated in response to (+)-3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(1-propyl)piperidine, a mixed sigma receptor antagonist and DA D(2) receptor agonist. Similarly, SKF-10,047, a selective sigma receptor agonist, and progesterone, a putative endogenous ligand for the sigma receptor, produced significant increases in (3)[H]-DA uptake. These data suggest a potential role for sigma and DA ligands in the regulation of DA uptake in the nucleus accumbens.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Thompson
- Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Abstract
An infant aged 3 days presented with hyperammonaemic coma and seizures, which were found to be a result of a urea-cycle defect. Haemofiltration, alternative pathway metabolites, and glucose and insulin failed to lower the plasma ammonia concentration below 2000 micromol/L. The infant was then cooled to a rectal temperature of 34 degrees C for 48 h and put on haemofiltration for 12 h. Plasma ammonia fell to around 100 micromol/L and remained at this concentration after haemofiltration. He roused from his coma, breathed spontaneously, and resumed bottle feeding. Hypothermia may be therapeutic in such instances of metabolic coma because it lowers the enzymatic rate of production of the toxin while non-enzymatic methods remove the toxin.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine burn patients' pain and anxiety experiences during resting conditions and procedures. The relationship of contextual factors and interventions to pain and anxiety were also explored. Procedural pain was significantly higher than resting pain (P = .02); however, there were no significant differences in anxiety between resting conditions and procedures (P = .16). There was a significant difference between burn patients' acceptable level of pain, resting pain, and procedural pain (P = .01). Resting pain was significantly lower than patients' acceptable level of pain (P = < .01). Procedural pain was slightly lower than patients' acceptable level of pain, but these results were not statistically significant (P = .37). Percent of total body surface burned was associated with increased procedural anxiety (P = .022). Family presence correlated with decreased procedural pain (P = .011) and midazolam use (P = .047). Prior experience with the procedure was associated with increased morphine(P = .003) and midazolam use (P = .029). These findings support the multifactorial nature of burn pain and anxiety and provide guidance for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Byers
- University of Central Florida and Orlando Regional Medical Center, USA
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35
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Sorensen AG, Patel S, Harmath C, Bridges S, Synnott J, Sievers A, Yoon YH, Lee EJ, Yang MC, Lewis RF, Harris GJ, Lev M, Schaefer PW, Buchbinder BR, Barest G, Yamada K, Ponzo J, Kwon HY, Gemmete J, Farkas J, Tievsky AL, Ziegler RB, Salhus MR, Weisskoff R. Comparison of diameter and perimeter methods for tumor volume calculation. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:551-7. [PMID: 11208850 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2001.19.2.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lesion volume is often used as an end point in clinical trials of oncology therapy. We sought to compare the common method of using orthogonal diameters to estimate lesion volume (the diameter method) with a computer-assisted planimetric technique (the perimeter method). METHODS Radiologists reviewed 825 magnetic resonance imaging studies from 219 patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Each study had lesion volume independently estimated via the diameter and perimeter methods. Cystic areas were subtracted out or excluded from the outlined lesion. Inter- and intrareader variability was measured by using multiple readings on 48 cases. Where serial studies were available in noncystic cases, a mock response analysis was used. RESULTS The perimeter method had a reduced interreader and intrareader variability compared with the diameter method (using SD of differences): intrareader, 1.76 mL v 7.38 mL (P < .001); interreader, 2.51 mL v 9.07 mL (P < .001) for perimeter and diameter results, respectively. Of the 121 noncystic cases, 23 had serial data. In six (26.1%) of those 23, a classification difference occurred when the perimeter method was used versus the diameter method. CONCLUSION Variability of measurements was reduced with the computer-assisted perimeter method compared with the diameter method, which suggests that changes in volume can be detected more accurately with the perimeter method. The differences between these techniques seem large enough to have an impact on grading the response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Sorensen
- MGH NMR Center and Neuroradiology Division, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Miller
- Targeted Interventions Branch, Basic Sciences Program, Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Miller RH, Turk SR, Black RJ, Bridges S, Sarver N. Conference summary: novel HIV therapies--from discovery to clinical proof of concept. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:859-65. [PMID: 8798970 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1996.12.859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this report we have highlighted only a few examples of the extensive efforts underway to better understand the process of HIV pathogenesis, to develop new therapeutic agents to inhibit virus replication, and to identify strategies to restore damage done to the immune system during HIV disease progression. It is expected that progress in these areas will continue to advance, and that development of more effective therapies will lead to comprehensive multifaceted, multipronged treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Miller
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Po A, Pegg J, Bridges S. The placebo response: friend or foe? J Clin Pharm Ther 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.1995.tb00627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pietrantoni M, Weeks J, Bridges S, Johnson I, Spinnato J, Gall S. Adverse neonatal outcomes following antenatal indomethacin use. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(95)91255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Sarver N, Black RJ, Bridges S, Chrisey L. Frontiers in HIV-1 Therapy: fourth conference of the NIAID National Cooperative Drug Discovery Groups-HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:659-67. [PMID: 1515217 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This summary describes current studies in antiviral targeting as reported at the Frontiers in HIV Therapy conference, November 3-7, 1991, in San Diego, California. In parallel with the progressive steps in HIV-1 replication, the meeting covered potential antiviral targets starting from the time HIV-1 docks with the CD4 receptor to virus release. The summary concludes with current research trends to block HIV-1 growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sarver
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, MD
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Bridges S. Cradling referrals from parents-to-be. Profiles Healthc Mark 1990:52-6. [PMID: 10103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Bridges S. Physician profiles on file. Profiles Healthc Mark 1990:81-2. [PMID: 10103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Bridges S, Longo DL, Youle RJ. Preparation and use of anti-idiotypic antibodies armed with holotoxins or hemitoxins in treatment of B-cell neoplasms. Methods Enzymol 1989; 178:356-68. [PMID: 2601625 DOI: 10.1016/0076-6879(89)78026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Morrone G, Corbo L, Turco MC, Pizzano R, De Felice M, Bridges S, Venuta S. Transferrin-like autocrine growth factor, derived from T-lymphoma cells, that inhibits normal T-cell proliferation. Cancer Res 1988; 48:3425-9. [PMID: 3259467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin, the major iron-binding protein in the plasma of vertebrate species, is an essential growth factor for cells in serum free medium. We have established a cell line, Fr, from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a patient affected by Sézary syndrome. Fr cells show a very immature antigenic phenotype, while constitutively bearing transferrin receptor on their surface. Furthermore the Fr line does not produce or respond to interleukin 2. Finally its conditioned medium contains both a growth stimulating activity for the Fr cell line and a factor which inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation. We have identified a protein, produced in large amounts by Fr cells, which shares the immunological properties of human transferrin. Our data suggest that this transferrin-like factor can act as an autocrine growth factor for the producer cells and as an inhibitory factor for normal lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Morrone
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Medical School, University of Reggio Calabria, Catanzaro, Italy
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Wood M, Bridges S. Resident grooming program draws praise as prototype. Provider 1987; 13:45-6. [PMID: 10280512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Kruisbeek AM, Bridges S, Carmen J, Longo DL, Mond JJ. In vivo treatment of neonatal mice with anti-I-A antibodies interferes with the development of the class I, class II, and Mls-reactive proliferating T cell subset. The Journal of Immunology 1985. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.134.6.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of monoclonal anti-I-A Ab treatment of neonatal mice on the development of alloreactive class I-specific, class II-specific, and Mls-specific T cell proliferative responses. Responses to both class I and class II alloantigens, as well as to Mls antigens, were nearly abrogated at the end of the 2- to 3-wk in vivo treatment period in both the thymus and the spleen. Development of suppressor cells could be excluded as the cause of the observed defect. Diminished responsiveness could not be restored by the addition of IL 2-containing supernatant, suggesting that the reduced T cell proliferative response in anti-I-A-treated mice is due to defective or absent MHC-specific T cell precursors. Furthermore, generation of alloreactive class I-specific proliferative responses was dependent on self-class II recognition, thus providing an explanation for the absence of class I-specific proliferating T cells. Finally, a non-Ia-restricted T cell response, i.e., Con A-induced proliferation, was not affected by anti-I-A Ab treatment. It was previously reported that neonatal anti-Ia Ab treatment results in reduced Ia-antigen expression in the thymus, and that the development of the class I-specific CTL precursors proceeds undisturbed in these mice. The present results extend these findings and suggest that in vivo development of class II-restricted T cells is dependent on interaction with Ia-encoded products on cells either in the thymus or at other sites where T cells undergo development. Moreover, these results demonstrate that in vivo development of the alloreactive class II-specific T cell repertoire is dependent on development of self-class II recognition.
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Kruisbeek AM, Bridges S, Carmen J, Longo DL, Mond JJ. In vivo treatment of neonatal mice with anti-I-A antibodies interferes with the development of the class I, class II, and Mls-reactive proliferating T cell subset. J Immunol 1985; 134:3597-604. [PMID: 3157745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of monoclonal anti-I-A Ab treatment of neonatal mice on the development of alloreactive class I-specific, class II-specific, and Mls-specific T cell proliferative responses. Responses to both class I and class II alloantigens, as well as to Mls antigens, were nearly abrogated at the end of the 2- to 3-wk in vivo treatment period in both the thymus and the spleen. Development of suppressor cells could be excluded as the cause of the observed defect. Diminished responsiveness could not be restored by the addition of IL 2-containing supernatant, suggesting that the reduced T cell proliferative response in anti-I-A-treated mice is due to defective or absent MHC-specific T cell precursors. Furthermore, generation of alloreactive class I-specific proliferative responses was dependent on self-class II recognition, thus providing an explanation for the absence of class I-specific proliferating T cells. Finally, a non-Ia-restricted T cell response, i.e., Con A-induced proliferation, was not affected by anti-I-A Ab treatment. It was previously reported that neonatal anti-Ia Ab treatment results in reduced Ia-antigen expression in the thymus, and that the development of the class I-specific CTL precursors proceeds undisturbed in these mice. The present results extend these findings and suggest that in vivo development of class II-restricted T cells is dependent on interaction with Ia-encoded products on cells either in the thymus or at other sites where T cells undergo development. Moreover, these results demonstrate that in vivo development of the alloreactive class II-specific T cell repertoire is dependent on development of self-class II recognition.
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Kruisbeek AM, Mond JJ, Fowlkes BJ, Carmen JA, Bridges S, Longo DL. Absence of the Lyt-2-,L3T4+ lineage of T cells in mice treated neonatally with anti-I-A correlates with absence of intrathymic I-A-bearing antigen-presenting cell function. J Exp Med 1985; 161:1029-47. [PMID: 3921649 PMCID: PMC2187596 DOI: 10.1084/jem.161.5.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to elucidate the role of intrathymic Ia-bearing antigen-presenting cells (APC) on the development of the class II-restricted T cell repertoire, we examined the effect of neonatal anti-I-A treatment on both intrathymic and splenic APC function; on the generation of Lyt-2-,L3T4+, Lyt-2+,L3T4-, and Lyt-2+,L3T4+ T cells; and on the development of class I- and class II-specific T cell functions. Both the thymus and the spleen are completely devoid of Lyt-2-,L3T4+ T cells in young mice treated from birth with anti-I-A, and also lack functions associated with this subset, i.e., alloantigen-specific interleukin 2 production (present report), allo-class II-specific and self-class II-restricted T cell proliferative responses, and helper cell function for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses (18). Development of the Lyt-2+,L3T4- subset proceeds undisturbed in these mice, in accord with the previously reported normal levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors (18). The thymus contains normal numbers of the immature cortical Lyt-2+,L3T4+ cells, indicating that acquisition of the L3T4 marker, in and of itself, is not influenced by anti-I-A treatment. This striking absence of the lineage of T cells responsible for class II-specific T cell functions is correlated with absence of thymic APC function for class II-restricted T cell clones. When anti-I-A-treated mice are allowed to recover from the antibody treatment, splenic and thymic APC function return to normal in 2-3 wk, and thymic Lyt-2-,L3T4+ T cell numbers and functions reappear before such cells are detectable in the spleen. Collectively, these findings suggest that development of the Lyt-2-,L3T4+ lineage of class II-specific T cells is entirely dependent on functional I-A-bearing APC cells in the thymus. In addition, the presence of normal levels of Lyt-2+,L3T4-T cells argues that generation of the two major subsets of T cells (i.e., Lyt-2+,L3T4- and Lyt-2-,L3T4+) occurs through separate events, involving unique sites of interactions between precursor T cells and nonlymphoid major histocompatibility complex-bearing thymus cells.
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