1
|
Eddy LH, Preston N, Boom S, Davison J, Brooks R, Bingham DD, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. The validity and reliability of school-based fundamental movement skills screening to identify children with motor difficulties. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297412. [PMID: 38359032 PMCID: PMC10868745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM Assess whether school-based teacher-led screening is effective at identifying children with motor difficulties. METHODS Teachers tested 217 children aged between 5 and 11 years old, after a one hour training session, using a freely available tool (FUNMOVES). Four classes (n = 91) were scored by both researchers and teachers to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Researchers assessed 22 children using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2; considered to be the 'gold standard' in Europe for use as part of the diagnostic process for Developmental Coordination Disorder) to assess concurrent and predictive validity. RESULTS Inter-rater reliability for all individual activities within FUNMOVES ranged from 0.85-0.97 (unweighted Kappa; with 95%CI ranging from 0.77-1). For total score this was lower (κ = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.68-0.84), however when incorporating linear weighting, this improved (κ = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.89-0.99). When evaluating FUNMOVES total score against the MABC-2 total score, the specificity (1, 95%CI = 0.63-1) and positive predictive value (1; 95%CI = 0.68-1) of FUNMOVES were high, whereas sensitivity (0.57, 95%CI = 0.29-0.82) and negative predictive values (0.57, 95%CI = 0.42-0.71) were moderate. Evaluating only MABC-2 subscales which are directly related to fundamental movement skills (Aiming & Catching, and Balance) improved these values to 0.89 (95%CI = 0.52-1) and 0.93 (95%CI = 0.67-0.99) respectively. INTERPRETATION Teacher-led screening of fundamental movement skills (via FUNMOVES) is an effective method of identifying children with motor difficulties. Such universal screening in schools has the potential to identify movement difficulties and enable earlier intervention than the current norm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- Department of Psychology, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Preston
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Shania Boom
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Davison
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Brooks
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Copper C, Waterman A, Nicoletti C, Pettinger K, Sanders L, Hill LJB. Educational achievement to age 11 years in children born at late preterm and early term gestations. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:1019-1025. [PMID: 37722763 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-325453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of being born late preterm (LPT, 34-36 weeks' gestation) or early term (37-38 weeks) on children's educational achievement between ages 5 and 11 years. DESIGN A series of observational studies of longitudinal linked health and education data. SETTING The Born-in-Bradford (BiB) birth cohort study, which recruited mothers during pregnancy between 2007 and 2011. PARTICIPANTS The participants are children born between 2007 and 2011. Children with missing data, looked-after-children, multiple births and births post-term were excluded. The sample size varies by age according to amount of missing data, from 7860 children at age 5 years to 2386 at age 11 years (8031 at age 6 years and 5560 at age 7 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Binary variables of whether a child reached the 'expected' level of overall educational achievement across subjects at the ages of 5, 6, 7 and 11 years. The achievement levels are measured using standardised teacher assessments and national tests. RESULTS Compared with full-term births (39-41 weeks), there were significantly increased adjusted odds of children born LPT, but not early term, of failing to achieve expected levels of overall educational achievement at ages 5 years (adjusted OR (aOR) 1.72,95% CI 1.34 to 2.21) and 7 years (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.97) but not at age 11 years (aOR 1.51, 95% CI 0.99 to 2.30). Being born LPT still had statistically significant effects on writing and mathematics at age 11 years. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong association between LPT and education at age 5 years, which remains strong and statistically significant through age 11 years for mathematics but not for other key subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Waterman
- Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Cheti Nicoletti
- Department of Economics and Related Studies, University of York, York, UK
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
| | - Katherine Pettinger
- Health Science, University of York, York, UK
- Neonatal Unit, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Lee Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Liam J B Hill
- Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Eddy LH, Preston N, Mon-Williams M, Bingham DD, Atkinson JMC, Ellingham-Khan M, Otteslev A, Hill LJB. Developing and validating a school-based screening tool of Fundamental Movement Skills (FUNMOVES) using Rasch analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250002. [PMID: 33861769 PMCID: PMC8051776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of children are not able to perform age-appropriate fundamental movement skills (FMS). Thus, it is important to assess FMS so that children needing additional support can be identified in a timely fashion. There is great potential for universal screening of FMS in schools, but research has established that current assessment tools are not fit for purpose. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate the psychometric properties of a FMS assessment tool designed specifically to meet the demands of universal screening in schools. METHODS A working group consisting of academics from developmental psychology, public health and behavioural epidemiology developed an assessment tool (FUNMOVES) based on theory and prior evidence. Over three studies, 814 children aged 4 to 11 years were assessed in school using FUNMOVES. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate structural validity and modifications were then made to FUNMOVES activities after each study based on Rasch results and implementation fidelity. RESULTS The initial Rasch analysis found numerous psychometric problems including multidimensionality, disordered thresholds, local dependency, and misfitting items. Study 2 showed a unidimensional measure, with acceptable internal consistency and no local dependency, but that did not fit the Rasch model. Performance on a jumping task was misfitting, and there were issues with disordered thresholds (for jumping, hopping and balance tasks). Study 3 revealed a unidimensional assessment tool with good fit to the Rasch model, and no further issues, once jumping and hopping scoring were modified. IMPLICATIONS The finalised version of FUNMOVES (after three iterations) meets standards for accurate measurement, is free and able to assess a whole class in under an hour using resources available in schools. Thus FUNMOVES has the potential to allow schools to efficiently screen FMS to ensure that targeted support can be provided and disability barriers removed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Preston
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Academic Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jo M. C. Atkinson
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- School of Allied Health Professions and Midwifery, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha Ellingham-Khan
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Otteslev
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Threapleton DE, Snart CJP, Keeble C, Waterman AH, Taylor E, Mason D, Reid S, Azad R, Hill LJB, Meadows S, McKillion A, Alwan NA, Cade JE, Simpson NAB, Stewart PM, Zimmermann M, Wright J, Waiblinger D, Mon-Williams M, Hardie LJ, Greenwood DC. Maternal iodine status in a multi-ethnic UK birth cohort: Associations with child cognitive and educational development. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2021; 35:236-246. [PMID: 32870514 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal iodine requirements increase during pregnancy to supply thyroid hormones critical for fetal neurodevelopment. Iodine insufficiency may result in poorer cognitive or child educational outcomes but current evidence is sparse and inconsistent. OBJECTIVES To quantify the association between maternal iodine status and child educational outcomes. METHODS Urinary iodine concentrations (UIC) and iodine/creatinine ratios (I:Cr) were measured in 6971 mothers at 26-28 weeks' gestation participating in the Born in Bradford cohort. Maternal iodine status was examined in relation to child school achievement (early years foundation stage (EYFS), phonics, and Key Stage 1 (KS1)), other learning outcomes, social and behavioural difficulties, and sensorimotor control in 5745 children aged 4-7 years. RESULTS Median (interquartile range) UIC was 76 µg/L (46, 120), and I:Cr was 83 µg/g (59, 121). Overall, there was no strong or consistent evidence to support associations between UIC or I:Cr and neurodevelopmental outcomes. For instance, predicted EYFS and phonics scores (primary outcomes) at the 25th vs 75th I:Cr percentiles (99% confidence intervals) were similar, with no evidence of associations: EYFS scores were 32 (99% CI 31, 33) and 33 (99% CI 32, 34), and phonics scores were 34 (99% CI 33, 35) and 35 (99% CI 34, 36), respectively. CONCLUSIONS In the largest single study of its kind, there was little evidence of detrimental neurodevelopmental outcomes in children born to pregnant women with iodine insufficiency as defined by World Health Organization-outlined thresholds. Alternative functional biomarkers for iodine status in pregnancy and focused assessment of other health outcomes may provide additional insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Threapleton
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Charles J P Snart
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Claire Keeble
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Taylor
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Stephen Reid
- Earth Surface Science Institute, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah Meadows
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amanda McKillion
- Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,NIHR Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nisreen A Alwan
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Primary Care and Population Sciences, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Janet E Cade
- Nutritional Epidemiology Group, School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nigel A B Simpson
- Division of Women's and Children's Health, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul M Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Laura J Hardie
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Darren C Greenwood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Armstrong-Carter E, Miller JG, Hill LJB, Domingue BW. Young Children's Prosocial Behavior Protects Against Academic Risk in Neighborhoods With Low Socioeconomic Status. Child Dev 2021; 92:1509-1522. [PMID: 33594683 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Children raised in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status (SES) are at risk for low academic achievement. Identifying factors that help children from disadvantaged neighborhoods thrive is critical for reducing inequalities. We investigated whether children's prosocial behavior buffers concurrent and subsequent academic risk in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Bradford, UK. Diverse children (N = 1,175) were followed until age seven, with measurements taken at four times. We used governmental indices of neighborhood-level SES, teacher observations of prosocial behaviors, and direct assessments of academic achievement. Neighborhood SES was positively associated with academic achievement among children with low levels of prosocial behavior, but not among children with high levels of prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior may mitigate academic risk across early childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Liam J B Hill
- University of Leeds.,Born in Bradford, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Eddy LH, Bingham DD, Crossley KL, Shahid NF, Ellingham-Khan M, Otteslev A, Figueredo NS, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. The validity and reliability of observational assessment tools available to measure fundamental movement skills in school-age children: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237919. [PMID: 32841268 PMCID: PMC7447071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fundamental Movement Skills (FMS) play a critical role in ontogenesis. Many children have insufficient FMS, highlighting the need for universal screening in schools. There are many observational FMS assessment tools, but their psychometric properties are not readily accessible. A systematic review was therefore undertaken to compile evidence of the validity and reliability of observational FMS assessments, to evaluate their suitability for screening. METHODS A pre-search of 'fundamental movement skills' OR 'fundamental motor skills' in seven online databases (PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, EBSCO CINAHL, EBSCO SPORTDiscus, Ovid PsycINFO and Web of Science) identified 24 assessment tools for school-aged children that: (i) assess FMS; (ii) measure actual motor competence and (iii) evaluate performance on a standard battery of tasks. Studies were subsequently identified that: (a) used these tools; (b) quantified validity or reliability and (c) sampled school-aged children. Study quality was assessed using COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklists. RESULTS Ninety studies were included following the screening of 1863 articles. Twenty-one assessment tools had limited or no evidence to support their psychometric properties. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD, n = 34) and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC, n = 37) were the most researched tools. Studies consistently reported good evidence for validity, reliability for the TGMD, whilst only 64% of studies reported similarly promising results for the MABC. Twelve studies found good evidence for the reliability and validity of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency but poor study quality appeared to inflate results. Considering all assessment tools, those with promising psychometric properties often measured limited aspects of validity/reliability, and/or had limited feasibility for large scale deployment in a school-setting. CONCLUSION There is insufficient evidence to justify the use of any observational FMS assessment tools for universal screening in schools, in their current form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H. Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty L. Crossley
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nishaat F. Shahid
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marsha Ellingham-Khan
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ava Otteslev
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie S. Figueredo
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- National Centre for Optics, Vision and Eye Care, University of South-Eastern Norway, Notodden, Norway
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- Centre for Applied Education Research, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Armstrong-Carter E, Trejo S, Hill LJB, Crossley KL, Mason D, Domingue BW. The Earliest Origins of Genetic Nurture: The Prenatal Environment Mediates the Association Between Maternal Genetics and Child Development. Psychol Sci 2020; 31:781-791. [PMID: 32484377 DOI: 10.1177/0956797620917209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Observed genetic associations with educational attainment may be due to direct or indirect genetic influences. Recent work highlights genetic nurture, the potential effect of parents' genetics on their child's educational outcomes via rearing environments. To date, few mediating childhood environments have been tested. We used a large sample of genotyped mother-child dyads (N = 2,077) to investigate whether genetic nurture occurs via the prenatal environment. We found that mothers with more education-related genes are generally healthier and more financially stable during pregnancy. Further, measured prenatal conditions explain up to one third of the associations between maternal genetics and children's academic and developmental outcomes at the ages of 4 to 7 years. By providing the first evidence of prenatal genetic nurture and showing that genetic nurture is detectable in early childhood, this study broadens our understanding of how parental genetics may influence children and illustrates the challenges of within-person interpretation of existing genetic associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sam Trejo
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Kirsty L Crossley
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Dan Mason
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Benjamin W Domingue
- Graduate School of Education, Stanford University.,Center for Population Health Sciences, Stanford University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shire K, Andrews E, Barber S, Bruce A, Corkett J, Hill LJB, Kelly B, McEachan R, Mon-Williams M, Tracey L, Waterman AH, Wright J. Starting School: a large-scale start of school assessment within the ‘Born in Bradford’ longitudinal cohort. Wellcome Open Res 2020. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15610.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Born in Bradford (BiB) cohort of 13,776 children born between 2007-2011 and their parents provides a rich data resource for researchers exploring protective and risk factors influencing long-term developmental and health outcomes. Educational attainment is a critical factor related to later health. Literacy and communication, fine motor skills and social and emotional health are key ‘early’ predictors of educational attainment and can be used to identify children in need of additional support. We describe our BiB ‘Starting School’ data collection protocol which assessed literacy and communication, fine motor skills and social and emotional health on 3,444 BiB children aged 4-5 years old. These measures supplement the existing dataset, and complement the routine educational, health and social care data available for the cohort.
Collapse
|
9
|
Pettinger KJ, Kelly B, Sheldon TA, Mon-Williams M, Wright J, Hill LJB. Starting school: educational development as a function of age of entry and prematurity. Arch Dis Child 2020; 105:160-165. [PMID: 31409594 PMCID: PMC7025727 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-317124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the impact on early development of prematurity and summer birth and the potential 'double disadvantage' created by starting school a year earlier than anticipated during pregnancy, due to being born preterm. DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS We investigated the impact of gestational and school-entry age on the likelihood of failing to achieve a 'Good Level of Development' (GLD) on the Early Years Foundation Stage Profile in 5-year-old children born moderate-to-late preterm using data from the Born in Bradford longitudinal birth cohort. We used hierarchical logistic regression to control for chronological maturity, and perinatal and socioeconomic factors. RESULTS Gestational age and school-entry age were significant predictors of attaining a GLD in the 10 337 children who entered school in the correct academic year given their estimated date of delivery. The odds of not attaining a GLD increased by 1.09 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.11) for each successive week born early and by 1.17 for each month younger within the year group (95% CI 1.16 to 1.18). There was no interaction between these two effects. Children starting school a year earlier than anticipated during pregnancy were less likely to achieve a GLD compared with (1) other children born preterm (fully adjusted OR 5.51 (2.85-14.25)); (2) term summer births (3.02 (1.49-6.79)); and (3) preterm summer births who remained within their anticipated school-entry year (3.64 (1.27-11.48)). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the developmental risks faced by children born moderate-to-late preterm, and-for the first time-illustrate the increased risk associated with 'double disadvantage'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Kelly
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Trevor A Sheldon
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford, UK,School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eddy LH, Wood ML, Shire KA, Bingham DD, Bonnick E, Creaser A, Mon-Williams M, Hill LJB. A systematic review of randomized and case-controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of school-based motor skill interventions in 3- to 12-year-old children. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:773-790. [PMID: 31329292 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research suggests that children identified with impaired motor skills can respond well to intensive therapeutic interventions delivered via occupational and physical therapy services. There is, however, a need to explore alternative approaches to delivering interventions outside traditional referral-based clinic settings because limited resources mean such health services often struggle to meet demand. This review sets out to systematically assess the evidence for and against school-based interventions targeted at improving the motor skills of children aged between 3 and 12 years old. METHOD Five electronic databases were searched systematically (AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane, Medline, and PsycINFO) for peer-reviewed articles published between January 2012 and July 2018. Studies were eligible if they implemented a school-based motor skill intervention with a randomized or case-controlled trial design that objectively measured motor skills as an outcome, which were not specific to an athletic or sporting skill. Participants had to be aged between 3 and 12 years old and free from neurological disorders known to affect muscle function. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. RESULTS Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies encompassed interventions targeted at training: fundamental movement skills, handwriting, fine, and global motor skills. The majority of these studies reported beneficial impact on motor function specifically, but some interventions also assessed subsequent impacts on activity and participation (but not well-being). A number of the studies had methodological shortcomings that means these results need to be interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS Schools appear to be an effective setting for motor skill interventions, but the extent of benefit likely depends on the type of intervention. Moreover, confirmation is needed as to whether benefits extend beyond motor function into everyday activities, participation, and well-being. Future research should include follow-up measures to assess the longer term efficacy of school-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy H Eddy
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Megan L Wood
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Daniel D Bingham
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Emma Bonnick
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Amy Creaser
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bird PK, McEachan RRC, Mon-Williams M, Small N, West J, Whincup P, Wright J, Andrews E, Barber SE, Hill LJB, Lennon L, Mason D, Shire KA, Waiblinger D, Waterman AH, Lawlor DA, Pickett KE. Growing up in Bradford: protocol for the age 7-11 follow up of the Born in Bradford birth cohort. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:939. [PMID: 31300003 PMCID: PMC6626420 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Born in Bradford (BiB) is a prospective multi-ethnic pregnancy and birth cohort study that was established to examine determinants of health and development during childhood and, subsequently, adult life in a deprived multi-ethnic population in the north of England. Between 2007 and 2010, the BiB cohort recruited 12,453 women who experienced 13,776 pregnancies and 13,858 births, along with 3353 of their partners. Forty five percent of the cohort are of Pakistani origin. Now that children are at primary school, the first full follow-up of the cohort is taking place. The aims of the follow-up are to investigate the determinants of children's pre-pubertal health and development, including through understanding parents' health and wellbeing, and to obtain data on exposures in childhood that might influence future health. METHODS We are employing a multi-method approach across three data collection arms (community-based family visits, school based physical assessment, and whole classroom cognitive, motor function and wellbeing measures) to follow-up over 9000 BiB children aged 7-11 years and their families between 2017 and 2021. We are collecting detailed parent and child questionnaires, cognitive and sensorimotor assessments, blood pressure, anthropometry and blood samples from parents and children. Dual x-ray absorptiometry body scans, accelerometry and urine samples are collected on subsamples. Informed consent is collected for continued routine data linkage to health, social care and education records. A range of engagement activities are being used to raise the profile of BiB and to disseminate findings. DISCUSSION Our multi-method approach to recruitment and assessment provides an efficient method of collecting rich data on all family members. Data collected will enhance BiB as a resource for the international research community to study the interplay between ethnicity, socioeconomic circumstances and biology in relation to cardiometabolic health, mental health, education, cognitive and sensorimotor development and wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa K Bird
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Great George Street, Leeds, LS1 3EX UK
| | - Rosemary R. C. McEachan
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Neil Small
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP UK
| | - Jane West
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, Bristol University, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Peter Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE UK
| | - John Wright
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Elizabeth Andrews
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Sally E Barber
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT UK
| | - Laura Lennon
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Dan Mason
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Katy A Shire
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
| | | | - Deborah A. Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol University, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
- Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN UK
| | - Kate E. Pickett
- Born in Bradford, Bradford Institute for Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, BD9 6RJ UK
- Department of Health Sciences University of York Seebohm Rowntree Building, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Giles OT, Shire KA, Hill LJB, Mushtaq F, Waterman A, Holt RJ, Culmer PR, Williams JHG, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. Hitting the Target: Mathematical Attainment in Children Is Related to Interceptive-Timing Ability. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1334-1345. [PMID: 29990446 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618772502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interceptive timing is a fundamental ability underpinning numerous actions (e.g., ball catching), but its development and relationship with other cognitive functions remain poorly understood. Piaget suggested that children need to learn the physical rules that govern their environment before they can represent abstract concepts such as number and time. Thus, learning how objects move in space and time may underpin the development of related abstract representations (i.e., mathematics). To test this hypothesis, we captured objective measures of interceptive timing in 309 primary school children (5-11 years old), alongside scores for general motor skill and national standardized academic attainment. Bayesian estimation showed that interceptive timing (but not general motor capability) uniquely predicted mathematical ability even after we controlled for age, reading, and writing attainment. This finding demonstrates that interceptive timing is distinct from other motor skills with specificity in predicting childhood mathematical ability independently of other forms of attainment and motor capability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar T Giles
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,2 Institute for Transport Studies, University of Leeds
| | - Katy A Shire
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,3 Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Mon-Williams
- 1 School of Psychology, University of Leeds.,3 Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom.,6 National Centre for Vision, University of Southeast Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hill LJB, Coats RO, Mushtaq F, Williams JHG, Aucott LS, Mon-Williams M. Moving to Capture Children's Attention: Developing a Methodology for Measuring Visuomotor Attention. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159543. [PMID: 27434198 PMCID: PMC4951138 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention underpins many activities integral to a child's development. However, methodological limitations currently make large-scale assessment of children's attentional skill impractical, costly and lacking in ecological validity. Consequently we developed a measure of 'Visual Motor Attention' (VMA)-a construct defined as the ability to sustain and adapt visuomotor behaviour in response to task-relevant visual information. In a series of experiments, we evaluated the capability of our method to measure attentional processes and their contributions in guiding visuomotor behaviour. Experiment 1 established the method's core features (ability to track stimuli moving on a tablet-computer screen with a hand-held stylus) and demonstrated its sensitivity to principled manipulations in adults' attentional load. Experiment 2 standardised a format suitable for use with children and showed construct validity by capturing developmental changes in executive attention processes. Experiment 3 tested the hypothesis that children with and without coordination difficulties would show qualitatively different response patterns, finding an interaction between the cognitive and motor factors underpinning responses. Experiment 4 identified associations between VMA performance and existing standardised attention assessments and thereby confirmed convergent validity. These results establish a novel approach to measuring childhood attention that can produce meaningful functional assessments that capture how attention operates in an ecologically valid context (i.e. attention's specific contribution to visuomanual action).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachel O. Coats
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Justin H. G. Williams
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna S. Aucott
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hill LJB, Mushtaq F, O'Neill L, Flatters I, Williams JHG, Mon-Williams M. The relationship between manual coordination and mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2016; 25:283-95. [PMID: 26138672 PMCID: PMC4769729 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0732-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor coordination impairments frequently co-occur with other developmental disorders and mental health problems in clinically referred populations. But does this reflect a broader dimensional relationship within the general population? A clearer understanding of this relationship might inform improvements in mental health service provision. However, ascertainment and referral bias means that there is limited value in conducting further research with clinically referred samples. We, therefore, conducted a cross-sectional population-based study investigating children's manual coordination using an objective computerised test. These measures were related to teacher-completed responses on a behavioural screening questionnaire [the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)]. We sampled 298 children (4-11 years old; 136 males) recruited from the general population. Hierarchical (logistic and linear) regression modelling indicated significant categorical and continuous relationships between manual coordination and overall SDQ score (a dimensional measure of psychopathology). Even after controlling for gender and age, manual coordination explained 15 % of the variance in total SDQ score. This dropped to 9 % after exclusion of participants whose SDQ responses indicated potential mental health problems. These results: (1) indicate that there is a clear relationship between children's motor and mental health development in community-based samples; (2) demonstrate the relationship's dimensional nature; and (3) have implications for service provision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Lucy O'Neill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ian Flatters
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Justin H G Williams
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Clinical Research Centre, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Waterman AH, Havelka J, Culmer PR, Hill LJB, Mon-Williams M. The ontogeny of visual-motor memory and its importance in handwriting and reading: a developing construct. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20140896. [PMID: 25429010 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have evolved a remarkable ability to remember visual shapes and use these representations to generate motor activity (from Palaeolithic cave drawings through Jiahu symbols to cursive handwriting). The term visual-motor memory (VMM) describes this psychological ability, which must have conveyed an evolutionary advantage and remains critically important to humans (e.g. when learning to write). Surprisingly, little empirical investigation of this unique human ability exists--almost certainly because of the technological difficulties involved in measuring VMM. We deployed a novel technique for measuring this construct in 87 children (6-11 years old, 44 females). Children drew novel shapes presented briefly on a tablet laptop screen, drawing their responses from memory on the screen using a digitizer stylus. Sophisticated algorithms (using point-registration techniques) objectively quantified the accuracy of the children's reproductions. VMM improved with age and performance decreased with shape complexity, indicating that the measure captured meaningful developmental changes. The relationship between VMM and scores on nationally standardized writing assessments were explored with the results showing a clear relationship between these measures, even after controlling for age. Moreover, a relationship between VMM and the nationally standardized reading test was mediated via writing ability, suggesting VMM's wider importance within language development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda H Waterman
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jelena Havelka
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Peter R Culmer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Liam J B Hill
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mushtaq F, Hill LJB, Bland AR, Craddock M, Boyle NB. Commentary: Neural correlates of expected risks and returns in risky choice across development. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:388. [PMID: 26175683 PMCID: PMC4485335 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Amy R. Bland
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | - Matt Craddock
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Neil B. Boyle
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- *Correspondence: Neil B. Boyle,
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hill LJB, Culmer PR, Mon-Williams M. Lags in measuring eye-hand coordination. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 232:150-1. [PMID: 24858796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We challenge a number of the claims for novelty and innovation made in a recent published paper (Lee et al., 2014) with regard to a computerised methodology that these authors present for assessing eye-hand coordination (EHC). Published work on similar pre-existing computerised systems is discussed and arguments made for these alternative systems being equal, if not superior, in terms of their innovativeness. The commentary does not dispute the usefulness of systems such as the one described by Lee et al. Rather, in the interests of scholarship it provides an accompanying insight into the significant scholarly contributions previously, and contemporaneously, being made by other research groups working in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J B Hill
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Peter R Culmer
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Flatters I, Mushtaq F, Hill LJB, Holt RJ, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. The relationship between a child's postural stability and manual dexterity. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:2907-17. [PMID: 24825824 PMCID: PMC4131166 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The neural systems responsible for postural control are separate from the neural substrates that underpin control of the hand. Nonetheless, postural control and eye-hand coordination are linked functionally. For example, a stable platform is required for precise manual control tasks (e.g. handwriting) and thus such skills often cannot develop until the child is able to sit or stand upright. This raises the question of the strength of the empirical relationship between measures of postural stability and manual motor control. We recorded objective computerised measures of postural stability in stance and manual control in sitting in a sample of school children (n = 278) aged 3–11 years in order to explore the extent to which measures of manual skill could be predicted by measures of postural stability. A strong correlation was found across the whole sample between separate measures of postural stability and manual control taken on different days. Following correction for age, a significant but modest correlation was found. Regression analysis with age correction revealed that postural stability accounted for between 1 and 10 % of the variance in manual performance, dependent on the specific manual task. These data reflect an interdependent functional relationship between manual control and postural stability development. Nevertheless, the relatively small proportion of the explained variance is consistent with the anatomically distinct neural architecture that exists for ‘gross’ and ‘fine’ motor control. These data justify the approach of motor batteries that provide separate assessments of postural stability and manual dexterity and have implications for therapeutic intervention in developmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Flatters
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Flatters I, Mushtaq F, Hill LJB, Rossiter A, Jarrett-Peet K, Culmer P, Holt R, Wilkie RM, Mon-Williams M. Children's head movements and postural stability as a function of task. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1953-70. [PMID: 24668127 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3886-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Manual dexterity and postural control develop throughout childhood, leading to changes in the synergistic relationships between head, hand and posture. But the postural developments that support complex manual task performance (i.e. beyond pointing and grasping) have not been examined in depth. We report two experiments in which we recorded head and posture data whilst participants simultaneously performed a visuomotor task. In Experiment 1, we explored the extent to which postural stability is affected by concurrently performing a visual and manual task whilst standing (a visual vs. manual-tracking task) in four age groups: 5-6 years (n = 8), 8-9 years (n = 10), 10-11 years (n = 7) and 19-21 years (n = 9). For visual tracking, the children's but not adult's postural movement increased relative to baseline with a larger effect for faster moving targets. In manual tracking, we found greater postural movement in children compared to adults. These data suggest predictive postural compensation mechanisms develop during childhood to improve stability whilst performing visuomotor tasks. Experiment 2 examined the extent to which posture is influenced by manual activity in three age groups of children [5-6 years (n = 14), 7-8 years (n = 25), and 9-10 years (n = 24)] when they were seated, given that many important tasks (e.g. handwriting) are learned and performed whilst seated. We found that postural stability varied in a principled manner as a function of task demands. Children exhibited increased stability when tracing a complex shape (which required less predictive postural adjustment) and decreased stability in an aiming task (which required movements that were more likely to perturb posture). These experiments shed light on the task-dependant relationships that exist between postural control mechanisms and the development of specific types of manual control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Flatters
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Flatters I, Hill LJB, Williams JHG, Barber SE, Mon-Williams M. Manual control age and sex differences in 4 to 11 year old children. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88692. [PMID: 24523931 PMCID: PMC3921207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To what degree does being male or female influence the development of manual skills in pre-pubescent children? This question is important because of the emphasis placed on developing important new manual skills during this period of a child's education (e.g. writing, drawing, using computers). We investigated age and sex-differences in the ability of 422 children to control a handheld stylus. A task battery deployed using tablet PC technology presented interactive visual targets on a computer screen whilst simultaneously recording participant's objective kinematic responses, via their interactions with the on-screen stimuli using the handheld stylus. The battery required children use the stylus to: (i) make a series of aiming movements, (ii) trace a series of abstract shapes and (iii) track a moving object. The tasks were not familiar to the children, allowing measurement of a general ability that might be meaningfully labelled ‘manual control’, whilst minimising culturally determined differences in experience (as much as possible). A reliable interaction between sex and age was found on the aiming task, with girls' movement times being faster than boys in younger age groups (e.g. 4–5 years) but with this pattern reversing in older children (10–11 years). The improved performance in older boys on the aiming task is consistent with prior evidence of a male advantage for gross-motor aiming tasks, which begins to emerge during adolescence. A small but reliable sex difference was found in tracing skill, with girls showing a slightly higher level of performance than boys irrespective of age. There were no reliable sex differences between boys and girls on the tracking task. Overall, the findings suggest that prepubescent girls are more likely to have superior manual control abilities for performing novel tasks. However, these small population differences do not suggest that the sexes require different educational support whilst developing their manual skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Flatters
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. B. Hill
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin H. G. Williams
- Department of Mental Health, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sally E. Barber
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
AIM We have previously demonstrated improved cognitive performance after a classroom-based exercise regime. In this study, we examined the reproducibility of this effect in a more socio-economically diverse sample and also investigated whether cognitive benefits of exercise were moderated by body mass index (BMI) or symptoms of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD A crossover design trial (2 wks in duration) randomized 552 children (mean age 9 y 8 mo, SD 1 y 2 mo; range 8-12 y) by their school into two counterbalanced groups. Children were eligible to participate provided that they did not receive any additional support. One group received a classroom-based programme of physical exercise on week 1 and then no programme on week 2, and this order was reversed for the other group. Each week, all participants completed a cognitive test battery that was delivered in one part per day at the end of each school day. RESULTS On the cognitive tests, a significant interaction between counterbalance group and exercise was observed (p<0.001). Benefits occurred only for participants who exercised during the second week (mean improvement mean 3.85, standard error 1.39). Although test scores were affected by age, sex, and level of ADHD symptoms, the effect of exercise was not moderated by either these factors or BMI. INTERPRETATION Exercise interventions have a positive effect (with variable magnitude) on cognitive performance, possibly by facilitating practice effects. These effects are not moderated by sex, ADHD symptom level, or BMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam J B Hill
- College of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|