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Scott MW, Howard J, Karlinsky A, Mehta A, Welsh TN, Hodges NJ. Short-term evidence of partner-induced performance biases in simultaneous and alternating dyad practice in golf. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21099. [PMID: 38036574 PMCID: PMC10689465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48133-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Actions in social settings are often adapted based on co-actors. This adaptation can occur because one actor "co-represents" the actions and plans of another. Co-representation can result in motor contagion errors, whereby another's actions unintentionally interfere with (negatively impact) the actor. In sports, practice often takes place simultaneously or alternating with a partner. Co-representation of another's task could either harm or benefit skill retention and transfer, with benefits due to variable experiences and effortful processes in practice. Here, dyad groups that either alternated or simultaneously practiced golf putting to different (near vs. far) targets were compared to alone groups (n = 30/group). We focused on errors in distance from the target and expected overshooting for near-target partners paired with far-target partners (and undershooting for far-target partners paired with near-target partners), when compared to alone groups. There was evidence of co-representation for near-target partners paired with far-target partners. We also saw trial-to-trial error-based adjustments based on a partner's outcome in alternating dyads. Despite differences in practice between dyad and alone groups, these did not lead to costs or benefits at retention or transfer. We conclude that the social-context of motor learning impacts behaviours of co-actors, but not to the detriment of overall learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Scott
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, War Memorial Gym, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Howard
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, War Memorial Gym, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - April Karlinsky
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, San Bernardino, USA
| | - Aneesha Mehta
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, War Memorial Gym, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Timothy N Welsh
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicola J Hodges
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, War Memorial Gym, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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2
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Krishnan-Barman S, Hakim U, Smith M, Tachtsidis I, Pinti P, Hamilton AFDC. Brain mechanisms of social signalling in live social interactions with autistic and neurotypical adults. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18850. [PMID: 37914844 PMCID: PMC10620418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46139-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The simple act of watching another person can change a person's behaviour in subtle but important ways; the individual being watched is now capable of signalling to the watcher, and may use this opportunity to communicate to the watcher. Recent data shows that people will spontaneously imitate more when being watched. Here, we examine the neural and cognitive mechanisms of being watched during spontaneous social imitation in autistic and neurotypical adults using fNIRS brain imaging. Participants (n = 44) took part in a block-moving task where they were instructed only to copy the block sequence which people normally do using a straight low action trajectory. Here, the demonstrator sometimes used an atypical 'high' action trajectory, giving participants the opportunity to spontaneously copy the high trajectory even if this slowed their performance. The confederate who demonstrated each block sequence could watch the participant's actions or close her eyes, giving a factorial design with factors of trajectory (high/low) and watched (watched/unwatched). Throughout the task, brain signals were captured from bilateral temporal/parietal/occipital cortex using fNIRS. We found that all participants performed higher actions when being watched by the confederate than when not being watched, with no differences between autistic and neurotypical participants. The unwatched conditions were associated with higher activity of the right inferior parietal lobule in all participants and also engagement of left STS only in autistic participants. These findings are consistent with the claim that people engage different neural mechanisms when watched and unwatched and that participants with autism may engage additional brain mechanisms to match neurotypical behaviour and compensate for social difficulties. However, further studies will be needed to replicate these results in a larger sample of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha Krishnan-Barman
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Uzair Hakim
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Marchella Smith
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Ilias Tachtsidis
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paola Pinti
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, Malet Place Engineering Building, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Antonia F de C Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, Alexandra House, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Rocca M, Sacheli LM, Romeo L, Cavallo A. Visuo-motor interference is modulated by task interactivity: A kinematic study. Psychon Bull Rev 2023; 30:1788-1801. [PMID: 37127813 PMCID: PMC10716078 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence shows that action observation can influence action execution, a phenomenon often referred to as visuo-motor interference. Little is known about whether this effect can be modulated by the type of interaction agents are involved in, as different studies show conflicting results. In the present study, we aimed at shedding light on this question by recording and analyzing the kinematic unfolding of reach-to-grasp movements performed in interactive and noninteractive settings. Using a machine learning approach, we investigated whether the extent of visuo-motor interference would be enhanced or reduced in two different joint action settings compared with a noninteractive one. Our results reveal that the detrimental effect of visuo-motor interference is reduced when the action performed by the partner is relevant to achieve a common goal, regardless of whether this goal requires to produce a concrete sensory outcome in the environment (joint outcome condition) or only a joint movement configuration (joint movement condition). These findings support the idea that during joint actions we form dyadic motor plans, in which both our own and our partner's actions are represented in predictive terms and in light of the common goal to be achieved. The formation of a dyadic motor plan might allow agents to shift from the automatic simulation of an observed action to the active prediction of the consequences of a partner's action. Overall, our results demonstrate the unavoidable impact of others' action on our motor behavior in social contexts, and how strongly this effect can be modulated by task interactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Rocca
- Department of Psychology and Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- C'MoN, Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Lucia Maria Sacheli
- Department of Psychology and Milan Center for Neuroscience (NeuroMi), University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Romeo
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Macerata, Macerata, Italy
- Computational Statistics and Machine Learning Laboratory, Center for Human Technologies, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavallo
- C'MoN, Cognition, Motion and Neuroscience Unit, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- Move'N'Brains Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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4
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Wang Y, Zhang M, Wu J, Zhang H, Yang H, Guo S, Lin Z, Lu C. Effects of the Interactive Features of Virtual Partner on Individual Exercise Level and Exercise Perception. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050434. [PMID: 37232671 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We designed an exercise system in which the user is accompanied by a virtual partner (VP) and tested bodyweight squat performance with different interactive VP features to explore the comprehensive impact of these VP features on the individual's exercise level (EL) and exercise perception. METHODS This experiment used three interactive features of VP, including body movement (BM), eye gaze (EG), and sports performance (SP), as independent variables, and the exercise level (EL), subjective exercise enjoyment, attitude toward the team formed with the VP, and local muscle fatigue degree of the exerciser as observational indicators. We designed a 2 (with or without VP's BM) × 2 (with or without VP's EG) × 2 (with or without VP's SP) within-participants factorial experiment. A total of 40 college students were invited to complete 320 groups of experiments. RESULTS (1) Regarding EL, the main effects of BM and SP were significant (p < 0.001). The pairwise interaction effects of the three independent variables on EL were all significant (p < 0.05). (2) Regarding exercise perception, the main effects of BM (p < 0.001) and EG (p < 0.001) on subjective exercise enjoyment were significant. The main effect of BM on the attitude toward the sports team formed with the VP was significant (p < 0.001). The interaction effect of BM and SP on the attitude toward the sports team formed with the VP was significant (p < 0.001). (3) Regarding the degree of local muscle fatigue, the main effects of BM, EG, and SP and their interaction effects were not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION BM and EG from the VP elevate EL and exercise perception during squat exercises, while the VP with SP inhibited the EL and harmed exercise perception. The conclusions of this study can provide references to guide the interactive design of VP-accompanied exercise systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Wang
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Mengsi Zhang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Haonan Zhang
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Hongchun Yang
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Songyang Guo
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Zishuo Lin
- School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Chunfu Lu
- Industrial Design and Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Farrera A, Ramos-Fernández G. Collective Rhythm as an Emergent Property During Human Social Coordination. Front Psychol 2022; 12:772262. [PMID: 35222144 PMCID: PMC8868940 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.772262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The literature on social interactions has shown that participants coordinate not only at the behavioral but also at the physiological and neural levels, and that this coordination gives a temporal structure to the individual and social dynamics. However, it has not been fully explored whether such temporal patterns emerge during interpersonal coordination beyond dyads, whether this phenomenon arises from complex cognitive mechanisms or from relatively simple rules of behavior, or which are the sociocultural processes that underlie this phenomenon. We review the evidence for the existence of group-level rhythmic patterns that result from social interactions and argue that the complexity of group dynamics can lead to temporal regularities that cannot be predicted from the individual periodicities: an emergent collective rhythm. Moreover, we use this interpretation of the literature to discuss how taking into account the sociocultural niche in which individuals develop can help explain the seemingly divergent results that have been reported on the social influences and consequences of interpersonal coordination. We make recommendations on further research to test these arguments and their relationship to the feeling of belonging and assimilation experienced during group dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arodi Farrera
- Mathematical Modeling of Social Systems Department, Institute for Research on Applied Mathematics and Systems, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Ramos-Fernández
- Mathematical Modeling of Social Systems Department, Institute for Research on Applied Mathematics and Systems, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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6
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Tessari A, Proietti R, Rumiati RI. Bottom-up and top-down modulation of route selection in imitation. Cogn Neuropsychol 2022; 38:515-530. [PMID: 35195056 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2022.2043264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive system selects the most appropriate action imitative process: a semantic process - relying on long-term memory representations for known actions, and low-level visuomotor transformations for unknown actions. These two processes work in parallel; however, how context regularities and cognitive control modulate them is unclear. In this study, process selection was triggered contextually by presenting mixed known and new actions in predictable or unpredictable lists, while a cue on the forthcoming action triggered top-down control. Known were imitated faster than the new actions in the predictable lists only. Accuracy was higher and reaction times faster in the uncued conditions, and the predictable faster than the unpredictable list in the uncued condition only. In the latter condition, contextual factors modulate process selection, as participants use statistical regularities to perform the task at best. With the cue, the cognitive system tries to control response selection, resulting in more errors and longer reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raffaella I Rumiati
- Cognitive Neuroscience, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati, Trieste, Italy
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7
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Rezlescu C, Danaila I, Miron A, Amariei C. More time for science: Using Testable to create and share behavioral experiments faster, recruit better participants, and engage students in hands-on research. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 253:243-262. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Gowen E, Vabalas A, Casson AJ, Poliakoff E. Instructions to attend to an observed action increase imitation in autistic adults. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2019; 24:730-743. [PMID: 31752526 DOI: 10.1177/1362361319882810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether reduced visual attention to an observed action might account for altered imitation in autistic adults. A total of 22 autistic and 22 non-autistic adults observed and then imitated videos of a hand producing sequences of movements that differed in vertical elevation while their hand and eye movements were recorded. Participants first performed a block of imitation trials with general instructions to imitate the action. They then performed a second block with explicit instructions to attend closely to the characteristics of the movement. Imitation was quantified according to how much participants modulated their movement between the different heights of the observed movements. In the general instruction condition, the autistic group modulated their movements significantly less compared to the non-autistic group. However, following instructions to attend to the movement, the autistic group showed equivalent imitation modulation to the non-autistic group. Eye movement recording showed that the autistic group spent significantly less time looking at the hand movement for both instruction conditions. These findings show that visual attention contributes to altered voluntary imitation in autistic individuals and have implications for therapies involving imitation as well as for autistic people's ability to understand the actions of others.
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9
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Forbes PA, Suddell SF, Farmer H, Logeswaran Y, Hamilton AFDC. The way others move can influence what we choose. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 72:1756-1770. [PMID: 30298789 DOI: 10.1177/1747021818808461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Whether pointing at a menu item or rifling through a clothes rack, when we choose we often move. We investigated whether people's tendency to copy the movements of others could influence their choices. Participants saw pairs of pictures in private and indicated which one they preferred. They then entered a virtual art gallery and saw the same picture pairs in the presence of a virtual character. Having observed the virtual character point to indicate her preference with either a high or low movement trajectory, participants indicated their preference. There was either an anatomical (same movement, same choice) or spatial correspondence (same movement, different choice) between the participant's pictures and those of the virtual character. We found that participants copied the movement made by the virtual character rather than her action goal (i.e., her choice of picture). This resulted in a shift towards the virtual character's preferences in the anatomical condition but away from her preferences in the spatial condition. This effect was driven by the observation of the virtual character's high pointing movements. In a further experiment, we did not find any significant differences in imitation behaviour in autism, although autistic participants were less consistent in their choices. Our findings demonstrate that we are not only influenced by other's choices but also the types of movements others make to indicate those choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Ag Forbes
- 1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steph F Suddell
- 2 School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Harry Farmer
- 3 Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Yanakan Logeswaran
- 1 Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Visuo-motor interference with a virtual partner is equally present in cooperative and competitive interactions. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2018; 84:810-822. [PMID: 30191316 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-018-1090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Automatic imitation of observed actions is thought to be a powerful mechanism, one that may mediate the reward value of interpersonal interactions, but that could also generate visuo-motor interference when interactions involve complementary movements. Since interpersonal coordination seems to be crucial both when cooperating and competing with others, the questions arises as to whether imitation-and thus visuo-motor interference-occurs in both scenarios. To address this issue, we asked human participants to engage in high- or low-interactive (Interactive or Cued condition, respectively), cooperative or competitive, joint reach-to-grasps with a virtual partner. More specifically, interactions occurred in: (i) a Cued condition, where participants simply adapted their movement timing to synchronize with (during cooperation) or anticipate (during competition) the virtual partner's grasp; (ii) an Interactive condition requiring the same adaptation, as well as a real-time selection of their action according to the virtual character's movement. To simulate a realistic human-human interaction, the virtual character would change its movement speed in consecutive trials according to participants' behaviour. Results demonstrate that visuo-motor interference-as indexed by movement kinematics (higher maximum wrist height during complementary compared to imitative power grips)-emerge in both cooperative and competitive motor interactions only when predictions about the partner's movements are needed to perform one's own action (interactive condition). These results support the idea that simulative imitation is heavily present when individuals need to match their behaviours closely.
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11
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Co-actors represent the order of each other's actions. Cognition 2018; 181:65-79. [PMID: 30142512 PMCID: PMC6180229 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that people represent each other’s tasks and actions when acting together. However, less is known about how co-actors represent each other’s action sequences. Here, we asked whether co-actors represent the order of each other’s actions within an action sequence, or whether they merely represent the intended end state of a joint action together with their own contribution. In the present study, two co-actors concurrently performed action sequences composed of two actions. We predicted that if co-actors represent the order of each other’s actions, they should experience interference when the order of their actions differs. Supporting this prediction, the results of six experiments consistently showed that co-actors moved more slowly when performing the same actions in a different order compared to performing the same actions in the same order. In line with findings from bimanual movement tasks, our results indicate that interference can arise due to differences in movement parameters and due to differences in the perceptual characteristics of movement goals. The present findings extend previous research on co-representation, providing evidence that people represent not only the elements of another’s task, but also their temporal structure.
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12
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A kinematic examination of dual-route processing for action imitation. Atten Percept Psychophys 2018; 80:2069-2083. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-018-1582-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Reader AT, Royce BP, Marsh JE, Chivers KJ, Holmes NP. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reveals a role for the left inferior parietal lobule in matching observed kinematics during imitation. Eur J Neurosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arran T. Reader
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Insitutet; Retzius väg 8 Stockholm Sweden
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Ben P. Royce
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Jade E. Marsh
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
| | - Katy-Jayne Chivers
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics; School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
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