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Hohlbaum K, Kahnau P, Wilzopolski J, Fischer-Tenhagen C. Training Laboratory Rabbits to Refine Routine Husbandry Procedures. J Vis Exp 2024. [PMID: 38436357 DOI: 10.3791/66008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-aversive handling and training techniques for laboratory animals are required to facilitate experimental and routine husbandry procedures, improving both animal welfare and scientific quality. Clicker training was utilized to develop training protocols for rabbits to refine stressful routine husbandry procedures usually associated with lifting (i.e., being picked up from the floor)/restraining (i.e., being held in the arms of a human) them. Thirteen female New Zealand White rabbits were trained over three weeks. All rabbits learned the predefined goal behaviors: they followed the target stick, jumped onto the weighing scale, entered a transport box, and reared while placing their front paws onto the trainer's hand. In addition, ten animals jumped from the floor onto the sitting trainer's lap and allowed the trainer to lift their paws off the surface while sitting on the trainer's lap. For some individuals, the protocols had to be adapted by additional interim steps. At the end of the training, the rabbits reliably showed the expected goal behaviors, even after short and long training breaks. With few exceptions, a familiar person other than the trainer could elicit the goal behaviors from the rabbits (generalization), though further sessions were required for generalization. In the voluntary approach test, the rabbits preferred interacting with the trainer in the 1st trial but spent as much time with an unfamiliar person as with the trainer in the 2nd trial. The behavioral observations suggested that picking the rabbits up with the transport box, as described in the protocol, instead of restraining them with the scruff of their neck and lifting them on the arm, was less aversive. All in all, the training protocols were feasible and can serve as a refinement strategy in laboratory animal facilities. In the interest of animal welfare, the training protocols should be applied wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hohlbaum
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment;
| | - Pia Kahnau
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
| | - Jenny Wilzopolski
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
| | - Carola Fischer-Tenhagen
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment
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Schmid C, Haziq M, Baese-Berk MM, Murray JM, Jaramillo S. Passive exposure to task-relevant stimuli enhances categorization learning. eLife 2024; 12:RP88406. [PMID: 38265440 PMCID: PMC10945695 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Learning to perform a perceptual decision task is generally achieved through sessions of effortful practice with feedback. Here, we investigated how passive exposure to task-relevant stimuli, which is relatively effortless and does not require feedback, influences active learning. First, we trained mice in a sound-categorization task with various schedules combining passive exposure and active training. Mice that received passive exposure exhibited faster learning, regardless of whether this exposure occurred entirely before active training or was interleaved between active sessions. We next trained neural-network models with different architectures and learning rules to perform the task. Networks that use the statistical properties of stimuli to enhance separability of the data via unsupervised learning during passive exposure provided the best account of the behavioral observations. We further found that, during interleaved schedules, there is an increased alignment between weight updates from passive exposure and active training, such that a few interleaved sessions can be as effective as schedules with long periods of passive exposure before active training, consistent with our behavioral observations. These results provide key insights for the design of efficient training schedules that combine active learning and passive exposure in both natural and artificial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmid
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | - Muhammad Haziq
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
| | | | - James M Murray
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of OregonEugeneUnited States
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Prout C. [Nidcap behavioral observation]. Soins Pediatr Pueric 2024; 45:19-21. [PMID: 38365390 DOI: 10.1016/j.spp.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Who says Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (Nidcap) says observation of the baby's behavior. But what is a Nidcap observation? Who are the professionals who can use this method and what are their objectives? How does an observation of this type take place? How do professionals approach their analyzes with parents? Which babies benefit from it? What does this practice bring to the caregiver who uses it? So many questions that are important to address to better understand the Nidcap observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Prout
- Service de néonatalogie, Hôpital des enfants, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Toulouse, 330 avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
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Cartoni Mancinelli A, Trocino A, Menchetti L, Chiattelli D, Ciarelli C, Castellini C. New approaches to selecting a scan-sampling method for chicken behavioral observations and their practical implications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17177. [PMID: 37821498 PMCID: PMC10567684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of the scan-sampling method, especially when a large amount of data is collected, has become widespread in behavioral studies. However, there are no specific guidelines regarding the choice of the sampling interval in different conditions. Thus, establishing a standard approach for video analysis represents an important step forward within the scientific community. In the present work, we hypothesized that the length of the sampling interval could influence the results of chicken behavioral study, for which we evaluated the reliability, accuracy, and validity of three different sampling intervals (10, 15 and 30 min). The Bland-Altman test was proposed as an innovative approach to compare sampling intervals and support researcher choices. Moreover, these sampling intervals were applied to compare the behavior of 4 chicken genotypes kept under free-range conditions. The Bland-Altman plots suggested that sampling intervals greater than 10 min lead to biases in the estimation of rare behaviors, such as "Attacking". In contrast, the 30-min sampling interval was able to detect differences among genotypes in high-occurrence behaviors, such as those associated with locomotory activity. Thus, from a practical viewpoint, when a broad characterization of chicken genotypes is required, the 30-min scan-sampling interval might be suggested as a good compromise between resources and results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Cartoni Mancinelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Angela Trocino
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via della Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024, Matelica, Macerata, Italy.
| | - Diletta Chiattelli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudia Ciarelli
- Department of Agronomy Food Natural Resources Animal and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, 35020, Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Castellini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100, Perugia, Italy
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Li H, Jin X. Multiple dynamic interactions from basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways mediate action selection. eLife 2023; 12:RP87644. [PMID: 37751468 PMCID: PMC10522336 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are known to be essential for action selection. However, the functional role of basal ganglia direct and indirect pathways in action selection remains unresolved. Here, by employing cell-type-specific neuronal recording and manipulation in mice trained in a choice task, we demonstrate that multiple dynamic interactions from the direct and indirect pathways control the action selection. While the direct pathway regulates the behavioral choice in a linear manner, the indirect pathway exerts a nonlinear inverted-U-shaped control over action selection, depending on the inputs and the network state. We propose a new center (direct)-surround (indirect)-context (indirect) 'Triple-control' functional model of basal ganglia, which can replicate the physiological and behavioral experimental observations that cannot be simply explained by either the traditional 'Go/No-go' or more recent 'Co-activation' model. These findings have important implications on understanding the basal ganglia circuitry and action selection in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
| | - Xin Jin
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
- Center for Motor Control and Disease, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- NYU–ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science, New York University ShanghaiShanghaiChina
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Li JS, Sarma AA, Sejnowski TJ, Doyle JC. Internal feedback in the cortical perception-action loop enables fast and accurate behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300445120. [PMID: 37738297 PMCID: PMC10523540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300445120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals move smoothly and reliably in unpredictable environments. Models of sensorimotor control, drawing on control theory, have assumed that sensory information from the environment leads to actions, which then act back on the environment, creating a single, unidirectional perception-action loop. However, the sensorimotor loop contains internal delays in sensory and motor pathways, which can lead to unstable control. We show here that these delays can be compensated by internal feedback signals that flow backward, from motor toward sensory areas. This internal feedback is ubiquitous in neural sensorimotor systems, and we show how internal feedback compensates internal delays. This is accomplished by filtering out self-generated and other predictable changes so that unpredicted, actionable information can be rapidly transmitted toward action by the fastest components, effectively compressing the sensory input to more efficiently use feedforward pathways: Tracts of fast, giant neurons necessarily convey less accurate signals than tracts with many smaller neurons, but they are crucial for fast and accurate behavior. We use a mathematically tractable control model to show that internal feedback has an indispensable role in achieving state estimation, localization of function (how different parts of the cortex control different parts of the body), and attention, all of which are crucial for effective sensorimotor control. This control model can explain anatomical, physiological, and behavioral observations, including motor signals in the visual cortex, heterogeneous kinetics of sensory receptors, and the presence of giant cells in the cortex of humans as well as internal feedback patterns and unexplained heterogeneity in neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shuang Li
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
| | - Anish A. Sarma
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
- School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Department of Neurobiology, Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA92037
- Department of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA92093
| | - John C. Doyle
- Control and Dynamical Systems, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91125
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Clemmensen L, Jørgensen G, Gundersen KB, Smith LC, Midtgaard J, Bouchard S, Thomsen CP, Turgut L, Glenthoj LB. Study protocol for virtual leisure investigating the effect of virtual reality-delivered stress reduction, entertainment and distraction on the use of coercion and need-based medication and patient satisfaction at a closed psychiatric intensive care unit - a mixed-methods pilot clinical trial. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e070566. [PMID: 37739476 PMCID: PMC10533807 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The environment at a psychiatric inpatient ward can lead to emotional distress and behavioural deviations in vulnerable individuals potentially resulting in conflicts, increased use of need-based medication and coercive actions, along with low satisfaction with treatment. To accommodate these challenges, recreational and entertaining interventions are recommended. The tested interventions have, however, shown varying effects and demand a high degree of planning and staff involvement while being difficult to adapt to individual needs. Virtual reality (VR) may help overcome these challenges. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The study is a mixed-methods clinical trial with a target sample of 124 patients hospitalised at a closed psychiatric ward in the capital region of Denmark. Outcomes (eg, coercion, need-based medication and perceived stress) for a 12-month period where all patients are offered VR-based recreational experiences during their hospitalisation will be compared with outcomes for a 12-month period where VR is not offered. Feasibility and acceptability will be explored with qualitative interviews supplemented with non-participant observations and focus groups. The study began on 1 January 2023, and we expect to complete data collection by 31 December 2024. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is registered at Danish Data Protection Agency (j.no P-2022-466) and is approved by the Committee on Health Research Ethics of the capital region of Denmark (j.no 22013313). All patients will be required to provide informed consent. Results from this study will be disseminated via peer-reviewed journals and congress/consortium presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT05654740.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Clemmensen
- VIRTU Research Group, Copenhagen Research Centre of Mental Health (CORE), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Gry Jørgensen
- VIRTU Research Group, Copenhagen Research Centre of Mental Health (CORE), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Kristina Ballestad Gundersen
- VIRTU Research Group, Copenhagen Research Centre of Mental Health (CORE), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Lisa Charlotte Smith
- VIRTU Research Group, Copenhagen Research Centre of Mental Health (CORE), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Julie Midtgaard
- Centre for applied research in mental health care (CARMEN), Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Louise Birkedal Glenthoj
- VIRTU Research Group, Copenhagen Research Centre of Mental Health (CORE), Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Johansson JF, Shannon R, Mossabir R, Airlie J, Ozer S, Moreau LA, Farrin A, Mead G, English C, Fitzsimons CF, Clarke DJ, Forster A. Intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour and improve outcomes after stroke (Get Set Go): a study protocol for the process evaluation of a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial (RECREATE). BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075363. [PMID: 37699629 PMCID: PMC10503356 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke survivors spend long periods of time engaging in sedentary behaviour (SB) even when their functional recovery is good. In the RECREATE programme, an intervention aimed at reducing SB ('Get Set Go') will be implemented and evaluated in a pragmatic external pilot cluster randomised controlled trial with embedded process and economic evaluations. We report the protocol for the process evaluation which will address the following objectives: (1) describe and clarify causal assumptions about the intervention, and its mechanisms of impact; (2) assess implementation fidelity; (3) explore views, perceptions and acceptability of the intervention to staff, stroke survivors and their carers; (4) establish the contextual factors that influence implementation, intervention mechanisms and outcomes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This pilot trial will be conducted in 15 UK-based National Health Service stroke services. This process evaluation study, underpinned by the Medical Research Council guidance, will be undertaken in six of the randomised services (four intervention, two control). Data collection includes the following: observations of staff training sessions, non-participant observations in inpatient and community settings, semi-structured interviews with staff, patients and carers, and documentary analysis of key intervention components. Additional quantitative implementation data will be collected in all sites. Training observations and documentary analysis data will be summarised, with other observational and interview data analysed using thematic analysis. Relevant theories will be used to interpret the findings, including the theoretical domains framework, normalisation process theory and the theoretical framework of acceptability. Anticipated outputs include the following: recommendations for intervention refinements (both content and implementation); a revised implementation plan and a refined logic model. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study was approved by Yorkshire & The Humber - Bradford Leeds Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 19/YH/0403). Findings will be disseminated via peer review publications, and national and international conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN82280581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Faye Johansson
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rosie Shannon
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rahena Mossabir
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jennifer Airlie
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Seline Ozer
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Lauren A Moreau
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, Clinical Trials Research Unit (CTRU), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amanda Farrin
- Leeds Institute of Clinical Trials Research, Clinical Trials Research Unit (CTRU), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gillian Mead
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Coralie English
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Heart and Stroke Research Program, The University of Newcastle Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Claire F Fitzsimons
- Physical Activity for Health and Research Centre, Institute for Sport Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Clarke
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Anne Forster
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Academic Unit of Ageing and Stroke Research, Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
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Sekizawa M, Kutsukake N. Opportunistic availability of an infant and social relationship to a mother influence grooming before infant handling in Japanese macaques. Am J Primatol 2023; 85:e23529. [PMID: 37311620 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological market theory (BMT) predicts that the balance between supply and demand determines the economic value of a "commodity," which consequently determines the amount of "services" that an individual needs to provide to obtain the commodity. In infant handling among primates, the existing literature suggests that handlers need to groom a mother to obtain access to its infant, particularly when the value of the infant is high (e.g., when the number of infants is low). However, grooming by handlers may not be a prerequisite for the occurrence of infant handling, because handlers can handle an infant that is separated from its mother. Based on 3 years of behavioral observations of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), we examined the process by which infant handling occurs and the role of grooming in infant handling. We found that infant handling occurred more frequently when the mother and infant were separated than when they were in contact. Grooming rarely occurred before infant handling. The subsequent occurrence of infant handling was not predicted by either the occurrence or duration of grooming toward mothers by non-mother individuals. Grooming by handlers was also more likely to occur when an infant was in contact with its mother and when an infant's mother was dominant to the handlers. Contrary to BMT, the number of infants in a group did not affect grooming by handlers. These results indicate that the handlers' decision to groom depended on the opportunistic availability of an infant and the social relationship between the infant's mother and themselves. We conclude that grooming was not always necessary for infant handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maisa Sekizawa
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kutsukake
- Department of Evolutionary Studies of Biosystems, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Dubois H, Creutzfeldt J, Manser T. Behavioural observation tool for patient involvement and collaboration in emergency care teams (PIC-ET-tool). BMC Emerg Med 2023; 23:74. [PMID: 37393240 PMCID: PMC10314478 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-023-00841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient participation is advocated in various healthcare settings. Instruments for assessment and feedback have been developed to strengthen clinician-patient interaction. In an emergency department context, such instruments are still missing. The study aimed to develop and test an observation tool for emergency teams' behaviour regarding patient involvement and collaboration. METHODS The development of the behavioural observation tool followed a systematic approach. The tool's content was based on various data sources, i.e., published literature, interview and observational data, and expert consensus. An international expert panel reviewed the content and the rating scale and rated its importance for patient involvement and collaboration in a Delphi process. The feasibility and reliability of the tool were tested by trained observers using video recordings of simulated emergencies. Intraclass correlation (ICC) and Kappa-statistics were performed to test the tool's inter-rater reliability. RESULTS The PIC-ET tool, a 22-item observation instrument was developed in which patient involvement and collaboration behaviours are rated from 'no' to 'high' using behavioural anchors. Expert agreement was obtained after three Delphi rounds on the tool content, the behavioural anchors and its importance for patient involvement and collaboration. The content validity was assessed as high, and the tool was found feasible for research. Overall inter-rater reliability was fair (Kappa 0.52). CONCLUSIONS A novel tool for assessing emergency teams' behaviour regarding patient involvement and collaboration is introduced. The tool's psychometric properties were fair to good. Further validation of the PIC-ET tool is recommended for more robust evidence. Future adaptation to different contexts and areas of use, as well as further validity testing may be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dubois
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, K32, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, S-14186 Sweden
| | - Johan Creutzfeldt
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, K32, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, S-14186 Sweden
| | - Tanja Manser
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, K32, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, S-14186 Sweden
- FHNW School of Applied Psychology, FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Riggenbachstrasse 16, Olten, CH-4600 Switzerland
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Johansson AC, Manago B, Sell J, Jackson CD. Measuring Team Hierarchy During High-Stakes Clinical Decision Making: Development and Validation of a New Behavioral Observation Method. Acad Med 2023; 98:505-513. [PMID: 36598467 DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000005133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hierarchy is often cited as a cause of health care team failure; however, there are no validated measures of team hierarchy. Research on group processes in sociology provides a theoretical framework-status characteristics and expectation states (SCES)-that explains the mechanisms that produce the observable power and prestige order (status hierarchy) of the team. The authors use this formal theoretical framework to gather evidence of validity by adapting the method to measure the status hierarchy of medical teams. METHOD In this retrospective, secondary analysis, the authors analyzed archived videorecorded training exercises conducted between 2007 and 2010 of mixed-gender health care teams of first-year residents and nurses engaged in simulated, complex decision-making scenarios. Analyses were conducted in 2013 with data reanalyzed in July 2022. By adapting the SCES framework for the unique features of academic health care, they developed and refined a coding method from videos and transcripts. To examine validity, they consider the content, response process, internal structure, relation to other variables, and consequences of the framework. RESULTS Having established an acceptable level of coding reliability for key variables for videos and transcripts, the authors demonstrate relation to other variables, specifically detailing how the coding scheme delineates 2 status characteristics-occupation and gender. The mean numbers of statement types by gender and occupation were largely as predicted. Directives, question directives, patient work, and knowledge claims were more likely to be coded during video than transcript coding, whereas questions, statements of fact, and compliance were more likely to be coded during transcript than video coding. However, the relative rates of each statement type by status remained largely consistent among the coding methods. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insight into the mechanisms by which hierarchy impacts team decision making and develops the necessary framework and measurement tool to perform larger studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Johansson
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Bianca Manago
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jane Sell
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cullen D Jackson
- A.C. Johansson is instructor in medicine, Harvard Medical School, as well as director of social science research, Division of Translational Research, and vice chair, Committee on Clinical Investigations, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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Bulling LJ, Heyman RE, Bodenmann G. Bringing behavioral observation of couples into the 21st century. J Fam Psychol 2023; 37:1-9. [PMID: 36355710 DOI: 10.1037/fam0001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances have made the remote recording of interactions and the automatic extraction of nonverbal, paraverbal, and verbal behavioral cues from the videos possible. The development of computer programs that can replace human observational coders is imminent. The increasing availability of such new technologies, accompanied by their lower costs and greater convenience, is likely to advance behavioral observation research, giving new insight into the fine-grained moment-to-moment interactional processes. We illustrate how couple researchers can use recent technological advances to bring behavioral observation research into the 21st century. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne J Bulling
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology for Children/Adolescents and Couples/Families
| | | | - Guy Bodenmann
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology for Children/Adolescents and Couples/Families
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Rossano F, Terwilliger J, Bangerter A, Genty E, Heesen R, Zuberbühler K. How 2- and 4-year-old children coordinate social interactions with peers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210100. [PMID: 35876200 PMCID: PMC9310186 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Interaction Engine Hypothesis postulates that humans have a unique ability and motivation for social interaction. A crucial juncture in the ontogeny of the interaction engine could be around 2-4 years of age, but observational studies of children in natural contexts are limited. These data appear critical also for comparison with non-human primates. Here, we report on focal observations on 31 children aged 2- and 4-years old in four preschools (10 h per child). Children interact with a wide range of partners, many infrequently, but with one or two close friends. Four-year olds engage in cooperative social interactions more often than 2-year olds and fight less than 2-year olds. Conversations and playing with objects are the most frequent social interaction types in both age groups. Children engage in social interactions with peers frequently (on average 13 distinct social interactions per hour) and briefly (28 s on average) and shorter than those of great apes in comparable studies. Their social interactions feature entry and exit phases about two-thirds of the time, less frequently than great apes. The results support the Interaction Engine Hypothesis, as young children manifest a remarkable motivation and ability for fast-paced interactions with multiple partners. This article is part of the theme issue 'Revisiting the human 'interaction engine': comparative approaches to social action coordination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Rossano
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jack Terwilliger
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Adrian Bangerter
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Genty
- Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - Klaus Zuberbühler
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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14
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Garai ME, Roos T, Eggeling T, Ganswindt A, Pretorius Y, Henley M. Developing welfare parameters for African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in fenced reserves in South Africa. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264931. [PMID: 35324916 PMCID: PMC8947097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
South Africa has many fenced reserves harbouring small to medium sized populations of African elephant (Loxodonta africana), most of which have been translocated. Elephants on fenced reserves may be exposed to various management interventions and practices (translocation, hunting, darting, high tourism impact, contraception programs, disruption due to infrastructure maintenance, etc.). These factors may impact the welfare of elephants. Poor elephant welfare may have serious consequences such as increased inter- and intra-species aggression that could result in fatalities. This is the first study to attempt to define behavioural and physiological welfare parameters for free-ranging elephants on small to medium sized reserves. The eight study sites incorporated reserves with different social structure combinations, elephant life-histories, reserve sizes, habitat, management, and tourism intensity. Data collection consisted of behavioural observations (10-minute videos) as well as faecal samples. By incorporating both behavioural and physiological (faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentration) parameters, we aimed to investigate whether the two parameters showed similar trends. Five behavioural categories were identified (Arousal, Assessing, Ambivalent, Ambivalent/ Body care, and Frustrated behaviour), with various detailed behaviours demonstrated by the elephants that may indicate the influence of anthropogenic disturbance and possibly impact on animal welfare. The study showed significant differences between the selected detailed behaviours, behavioural categories and fGCM concentrations of elephants across the eight reserves. History seemed to be a decisive factor, as reserves with predominantly ex-captive elephants showed higher frequencies of certain behaviours as well as higher fGCM concentrations. Age, sex, reserve size and season were also found to contribute to our defined welfare indices and fGCM concentrations. This indicates that behavioural parameters, indicative of certain behavioural states, are valuable indicators of welfare, as supported by the physiological response of the elephants. The results also highlight the importance of taking multiple specified behaviours from a category into consideration when evaluating the welfare of elephants, to account for individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tenisha Roos
- Elephant Reintegration Trust, Port Alfred, South Africa
| | | | - André Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Henley
- Applied Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Research Unit, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Elephants Alive, Hoedspruit, Limpopo, South Africa
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15
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Li Z, Sturge-Apple ML, Davies PT. Family context in association with the development of child sensory processing sensitivity. Dev Psychol 2021; 57:2165-2178. [PMID: 34928666 PMCID: PMC10029812 DOI: 10.1037/dev0001256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Informed by the biological sensitivity to the context (BSC) theory, this multimethod, longitudinal study sought to examine how family context may be associated with the development of child sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) over a year. Participants were 235 young children (Mage = 2.97 at the first measurement occasion, 55.3% were girls) and their parents (median annual household income: $55,000 to 74,999), who were followed for two annual measurement occasions. These children consisted of 56.2% White, 21.3% African American, and 16.2% mixed race. Child SPS was measured via behavioral observation within multiple laboratory tasks at both waves and exhibited moderate stability over time. A curvilinear association between environmental harshness and the change in child SPS emerged, which proved consistent with the U-shaped pattern hypothesized by the BSC theory. Children remain at similar levels of SPS over the year under low and high levels of environmental harshness but exhibited decreases in SPS under moderate levels of environmental harshness. A follow-up exploration for the developmental implication of SPS change showed that children with higher SPS benefited more from the supportive environment by developing greater cognitive and behavioral functioning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester
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16
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Ossmy O, Han D, Kaplan BE, Xu M, Bianco C, Mukamel R, Adolph KE. Children do not distinguish efficient from inefficient actions during observation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18106. [PMID: 34518566 PMCID: PMC8438080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Observation is a powerful way to learn efficient actions from others. However, the role of observers' motor skill in assessing efficiency of others is unknown. Preschoolers are notoriously poor at performing multi-step actions like grasping the handle of a tool. Preschoolers (N = 22) and adults (N = 22) watched video-recorded actors perform efficient and inefficient tool use. Eye tracking showed that preschoolers and adults looked equally long at the videos, but adults looked longer than children at how actors grasped the tool. Deep learning analyses of participants' eye gaze distinguished efficient from inefficient grasps for adults, but not for children. Moreover, only adults showed differential action-related pupil dilation and neural activity (suppressed oscillation power in the mu frequency) while observing efficient vs. inefficient grasps. Thus, children observe multi-step actions without "seeing" whether the initial step is efficient. Findings suggest that observer's own motor efficiency determines whether they can perceive action efficiency in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Ossmy
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Danyang Han
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Brianna E Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Melody Xu
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Catherine Bianco
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Roy Mukamel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karen E Adolph
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neural Science, New York University, 6 Washington Place, Room 403, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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17
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Glauberman GH, Berreman JM, Edwards M, Farias R, Grange F, Wong DK, Qureshi K. Rapid Implementation of a Statewide Observational Surveillance System to Monitor Wearing of Face Masks in Public Spaces. Hawaii J Health Soc Welf 2021; 80:124-128. [PMID: 34195618 PMCID: PMC8237325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the rapid implementation of a statewide observational surveillance program to monitor the public's wearing of face masks in public spaces during community spread of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It describes how the Hawai'i State Department of Health partnered with University of Hawai'i faculty to develop and implement the surveillance program. The surveillance program involved organizing volunteers to conduct weekly direct observations in designated locations. A smartphone application (app) was created to record real-time observational surveillance data. From September 5, 2020, to March 13, 2021, a total of 84 577 observations were conducted across the state. Eighty-three percent of those observed were correctly wearing a face mask, 7% were wearing a face mask incorrectly, and 10% were not wearing a mask. Following the 2-week pilot phase of the project, volunteers were surveyed regarding facilitators and barriers for conducting observations and motivations for volunteering. Feedback was used to refine project procedures. With few states having implemented such a surveillance program, the information reported in this article may inform communities interested in tracking mask-wearing behaviors in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary H.R. Glauberman
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (GHRG, DKW, KQ)
| | - Janet M. Berreman
- Hawai‘i State Department of Health, Kaua‘i District Health Office, Lihue, HI (JMB)
| | - Margo Edwards
- Applied Research Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (ME, RF)
| | - Ray Farias
- Applied Research Laboratory, University of Hawai‘i, Honolulu, HI (ME, RF)
| | - Fenix Grange
- Hawai‘i State Department of Health, Hazard Evaluation and Emergency Response Office, Honolulu, HI (FG)
| | - Daisy Kristina Wong
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (GHRG, DKW, KQ)
| | - Kristine Qureshi
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (GHRG, DKW, KQ)
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18
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Abstract
When exploring new environments animals form spatial memories that are updated with experience and retrieved upon re-exposure to the same environment. The hippocampus is thought to support these memory processes, but how this is achieved by different subnetworks such as CA1 and CA3 remains unclear. To understand how hippocampal spatial representations emerge and evolve during familiarization, we performed 2-photon calcium imaging in mice running in new virtual environments and compared the trial-to-trial dynamics of place cells in CA1 and CA3 over days. We find that place fields in CA1 emerge rapidly but tend to shift backwards from trial-to-trial and remap upon re-exposure to the environment a day later. In contrast, place fields in CA3 emerge gradually but show more stable trial-to-trial and day-to-day dynamics. These results reflect different roles in CA1 and CA3 in spatial memory processing during familiarization to new environments and constrain the potential mechanisms that support them.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior Observation Techniques
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/diagnostic imaging
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/cytology
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/diagnostic imaging
- CA3 Region, Hippocampal/physiology
- Craniotomy
- Intravital Microscopy/instrumentation
- Intravital Microscopy/methods
- Male
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Models, Animal
- Optical Imaging/instrumentation
- Optical Imaging/methods
- Place Cells/physiology
- Space Perception/physiology
- Spatial Memory/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Dong
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Antoine D Madar
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark E J Sheffield
- Department of Neurobiology and Institute for Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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19
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Gardner L, Trueman H. Improving mealtimes for patients and staff within an eating disorder unit: understanding of the problem and first intervention during the pandemic-an initial report. BMJ Open Qual 2021; 10:e001366. [PMID: 33820758 PMCID: PMC8030470 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mealtimes occur six times a day on eating disorder (ED) inpatient units and are a mainstay of treatment for EDs. However, these are often distressing and anxiety provoking times for patients and staff. A product of patients' distress is an increase in ED behaviours specific to mealtimes. The aim of this quality improvement project was to decrease the number of ED behaviours at mealtimes in the dining room through the implementation of initiatives identified through diagnostic work. METHODS The Model for Improvement was used as the systematic approach for this project. Baseline assessment included observations in the dining room, gathering of qualitative feedback from staff and patients and the development of an ED behaviours form used by patients and staff. The first change idea of a host role in the dining room was introduced, and the impact was assessed. RESULTS The introduction of the host role has reduced the average number of ED behaviours per patient in the dining room by 35%. Postintervention feedback demonstrated that the introduction of the host role tackled the disorganisation and chaotic feeling in the dining room which in turn has reduced distress and anxiety for patients and staff. CONCLUSIONS This paper shows the realities of a quality improvement (QI) project on an ED inpatient unit during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are positive for changes made; however, a large challenge, as described has been staff engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Gardner
- Cotswold House, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hayley Trueman
- Safety and Quality Improvement, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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20
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Aguayo L, Hernandez IG, Yasui M, Estabrook R, Anderson EL, Davis MM, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Wakschlag LS, Heard-Garris N. Cultural socialization in childhood: Analysis of parent-child conversations with a direct observation measure. J Fam Psychol 2021; 35:138-148. [PMID: 33871275 PMCID: PMC10201603 DOI: 10.1037/fam0000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cultural factors influence the development of all children. Yet, current knowledge of explicit cultural socialization processes in childhood remains limited, mainly by failing to incorporate the experiences of young children. To address this critical gap, the authors introduce the OMERS-Peds task, an observational measurement designed to systematically identify and compare the content of cultural messages passed down from caregivers to offspring during early school age years. The OMERS-Peds was administered to mothers and children (n = 275) from three diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds (African American (n = 153), Hispanic (n = 61), and non-Hispanic White (n = 61)) within the longitudinal Multidimensional Assessment of Preschoolers (MAPS) Study. The OMERS-Peds coding system was used to rate how strongly families endorsed 5 key constructs: family culture, religion, identity, ethnicity, and race. A series of χ2 statistic tests were used to compare scores across racial/ethnic backgrounds, and within families (between children and their mothers). Analyses revealed that in the cultural socialization conversations occurring in early childhood, parents and children prioritize talking about their family's culture and religion. Independent of their racial/ethnic backgrounds, mothers and children seldom discussed race and ethnicity. Contrary to research with older children, differences were mainly identified within families, rather than across racial/ethnic groups. Findings support the need to include children's perspectives in the assessments of cultural socialization, as opposed to relying primarily on parent reports, and highlight the importance of having an observational methodology that allows researchers to examine parent-child bidirectional interactions during early school age years in a systematic manner. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Aguayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Iseli G. Hernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Miwa Yasui
- School of Social Service Administration, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Ryne Estabrook
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Erica L. Anderson
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Matthew M. Davis
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Lauren S. Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Nia Heard-Garris
- Mary Ann & J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research, Outreach, and Advocacy Center, Stanley Manne Children’s Research Institute, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children’s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, United States
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21
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Lonnemann N, Hosseini S, Marchetti C, Skouras DB, Stefanoni D, D'Alessandro A, Dinarello CA, Korte M. The NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor OLT1177 rescues cognitive impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32145-32154. [PMID: 33257576 PMCID: PMC7749353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009680117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies demonstrate that neuroinflammation is a key player in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interleukin (IL)-1β is a main inducer of inflammation and therefore a prime target for therapeutic options. The inactive IL-1β precursor requires processing by the the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome into a mature and active form. Studies have shown that IL-1β is up-regulated in brains of patients with AD, and that genetic inactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome improves behavioral tests and synaptic plasticity phenotypes in a murine model of the disease. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using dapansutrile (OLT1177), an oral NLRP3-specific inhibitor that is safe in humans. Six-month-old WT and APP/PS1 mice were fed with standard mouse chow or OLT1177-enriched chow for 3 mo. The Morris water maze test revealed an impaired learning and memory ability of 9-mo-old APP/PS1 mice (P = 0.001), which was completely rescued by OLT1177 fed to mice (P = 0.008 to untreated APP/PS1). Furthermore, our findings revealed that 3 mo of OLT1177 diet can rescue synaptic plasticity in this mouse model of AD (P = 0.007 to untreated APP/PS1). In addition, microglia were less activated (P = 0.07) and the number of plaques was reduced in the cortex (P = 0.03) following NLRP3 inhibition with OLT1177 administration. We also observed an OLT1177 dose-dependent normalization of plasma metabolic markers of AD to those of WT mice. This study suggests the therapeutic potential of treating neuroinflammation with an oral inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Lonnemann
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Shirin Hosseini
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carlo Marchetti
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | | | - Davide Stefanoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Charles A Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045;
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University, Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Anderson SR, Sumner BW, Parady A, Whiting J, Tambling R. A Task Analysis of Client Re-engagement: Therapeutic De-escalation of High-Conflict Coparents. Fam Process 2020; 59:1447-1464. [PMID: 31833062 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Parents who are engaged in protracted conflict following a divorce are often referred to coparenting therapy. Episodes of intense conflict are common during these therapy sessions and often result in coparents disengaging from the therapist while they engage in escalating conflict with each other, potentially disrupting their progress in therapy. The purpose of this study was to identify how therapists successfully re-engage clients in the session. To understand this process, 24 disengagement events (12 successful and 12 unsuccessful) from 13 cases were analyzed using a task analytic approach. The sample included coparent dyads referred by the judicial system to a high-conflict coparenting therapy program. Task analysis was used to create a model of how re-engagement unfolds in treatment. The empirical model that resulted has five phases: (1) disengagement from the therapeutic process, (2) disruption of the conflict, (3) de-escalating the most escalated coparent, (4) de-escalating the other coparent, and (5) therapist buffered re-engagement. Successful episodes of re-engagement tended to have therapists who remained active throughout the conflict episode, used structuring interventions aimed at disrupting and then regulating the most escalated partner, blocked attempts to re-engage in conflict, and then repeated this process with the less escalated partner. Additional interventions that promote therapeutic re-engagement are described for each phase, and implications for clinicians and researchers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brock W Sumner
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Andrea Parady
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Jason Whiting
- School of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT
| | - Rachel Tambling
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT
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23
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Congdon JL, Nugent JK, McManus BM, Coccia M, Bush NR. A Pilot Validation Study of the Newborn Behavioral Observations System: Associations with Salivary Cortisol and Temperament. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2020; 41:716-723. [PMID: 32858579 PMCID: PMC7680298 DOI: 10.1097/dbp.0000000000000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are few standardized neonatal neurobehavioral instruments available for longitudinal child development research. We adapted an established clinical tool, the Newborn Behavioral Observations (NBO) system, for research by standardizing the administration protocol and expanding the 3-point coding scale to 5 points. METHODS We administered the 5-point NBO to 144 racially/ethnically diverse late preterm or term infants born to low-income women (average age 5 weeks). Cronbach's alphas were calculated to determine internal consistency reliability of Autonomic, Motor, Organization of State, and Responsivity subscales. We examined concurrent validity using subscale associations with infant salivary cortisol reactivity to the NBO and maternally reported infant temperament. RESULTS Two of the 4 NBO subscales, Organization of State and Responsivity, had excellent (0.91) and good (0.76) reliability, respectively, and were retained for further analyses. Infants with higher Organization of State scores (more optimal regulation) demonstrated lower cortisol reactivity (r = -0.30, p < 0.01) and temperamental negativity (r = -0.16, p < 0.05). Responsivity was unrelated to cortisol reactivity or temperament. CONCLUSIONS State regulation, as measured by the 5-point NBO, was associated with a biologic marker of infant stress response to the NBO administration and reported temperament. Poor reliability of the NBO's 3-item Autonomic and 7-item Motor subscales suggests that further psychometric research in other samples and likely refinement are needed. Given the paucity of neurobehavioral assessment tools for infants, these findings justify such research as next steps in the incremental progression toward the development of a practical, reliable, and predictive measure of early neurobehavioral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayme L Congdon
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - J Kevin Nugent
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Beth M McManus
- Department of Health Systems, Management, and Policy, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Michael Coccia
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nicole R Bush
- Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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24
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Tsuda B, Tye KM, Siegelmann HT, Sejnowski TJ. A modeling framework for adaptive lifelong learning with transfer and savings through gating in the prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29872-29882. [PMID: 33154155 PMCID: PMC7703668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009591117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex encodes and stores numerous, often disparate, schemas and flexibly switches between them. Recent research on artificial neural networks trained by reinforcement learning has made it possible to model fundamental processes underlying schema encoding and storage. Yet how the brain is able to create new schemas while preserving and utilizing old schemas remains unclear. Here we propose a simple neural network framework that incorporates hierarchical gating to model the prefrontal cortex's ability to flexibly encode and use multiple disparate schemas. We show how gating naturally leads to transfer learning and robust memory savings. We then show how neuropsychological impairments observed in patients with prefrontal damage are mimicked by lesions of our network. Our architecture, which we call DynaMoE, provides a fundamental framework for how the prefrontal cortex may handle the abundance of schemas necessary to navigate the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Tsuda
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kay M Tye
- Systems Neuroscience Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Hava T Siegelmann
- Biologically Inspired Neural & Dynamical Systems Laboratory, School of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003
| | - Terrence J Sejnowski
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037;
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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25
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Rodríguez-Herrera B, Sánchez-Calderón R, Madrigal-Elizondo V, Rodríguez P, Villalobos J, Hernández E, Zamora-Mejías D, Gessinger G, Tschapka M. The masked seducers: Lek courtship behavior in the wrinkle-faced bat Centurio senex (Phyllostomidae). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241063. [PMID: 33175837 PMCID: PMC7657542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Centurio senex is an iconic bat characterized by a facial morphology deviating far from all other New World Leaf Nosed Bats (Phyllostomidae). The species has a bizarrely wrinkled face and lacks the characteristic nose leaf. Throughout its distribution from Mexico to Northern South America the species is most of the time rarely captured and only scarce information on its behavior and natural history is available. Centurio senex is frugivorous and one of the few bats documented to consume also hard seeds. Interestingly, the species shows a distinct sexual dimorphism: Adult males have more pronounced facial wrinkles than females and a fold of skin under the chin that can be raised in style of a face mask. We report the first observations on echolocation and mating behavior of Centurio senex, including synchronized audio and video recordings from an aggregation of males in Costa Rica. Over a period of 6 weeks we located a total of 53 perches, where during the first half of the night males were hanging with raised facial masks at a mean height of 2.35 m. Most of the time, the males moved just their wing tips, and spontaneously vocalized in the ultrasound range. Approaches of other individuals resulted in the perching male beating its wings and emitting a very loud, low frequency whistling call. Following such an encounter we recorded a copulation event. The observed aggregation of adult C. senex males is consistent with lek courtship, a behavior described from only few other bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jairo Villalobos
- Estación de Investigación Miguel Alfaro, Hotel Villablanca, San Ramón, Costa Rica
| | - Esteban Hernández
- Estación de Investigación Miguel Alfaro, Hotel Villablanca, San Ramón, Costa Rica
| | - Daniel Zamora-Mejías
- Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico DF, Mexico
| | - Gloria Gessinger
- University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
| | - Marco Tschapka
- University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Ancon, Panama
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Griffith JM, Crawford CM, Oppenheimer CW, Young JF, Hankin BL. Parenting and Youth Onset of Depression Across Three Years: Examining the Influence of Observed Parenting on Child and Adolescent Depressive Outcomes. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2020; 47:1969-1980. [PMID: 31111380 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00564-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent associations between parenting behaviors and youth depression are well established. A smaller body of work has demonstrated longitudinal associations between aspects of parenting and youth risk for depression; however, this limited longitudinal work has predominantly relied upon self- and parent-report questionnaire measures and is thus affected by biases related to retrospective recall and common method variance. The present study used behavioral observation measures of parenting and clinical interview measures of youth depression to examine prospective relationships between observed parental support, responsiveness, criticism, and conflict and youths' onset of a depressive episode in a 3-year longitudinal design. Participants included 585 community youth age 8-16 (M = 11.92, SD = 2.39, 56.6% female) and a participating caregiver. Parental behavior was coded by trained observers in the context of a 5-min conflict resolution discussion at the baseline assessment. Youth onset of depression was subsequently assessed every 6 months for a period of 3 years using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children (KSADS) to ascertain whether youth experienced onset of depressive episode over the follow-up. Logistic regression analyses indicated that greater parental conflict at baseline predicted higher odds of youth experiencing a depressive onset across the 3-year follow up period, even after controlling for youth and caregiver history of depression at baseline. Findings suggest that parental conflict is particularly influential in youth vulnerability to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne M Griffith
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Christopher M Crawford
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Caroline W Oppenheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Jami F Young
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Abstract
Thousands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided important insight into the human brain. However, only a handful of these studies tested infants while they were awake, because of the significant and unique methodological challenges involved. We report our efforts to address these challenges, with the goal of creating methods for awake infant fMRI that can reveal the inner workings of the developing, preverbal mind. We use these methods to collect and analyze two fMRI datasets obtained from infants during cognitive tasks, released publicly with this paper. In these datasets, we explore and evaluate data quantity and quality, task-evoked activity, and preprocessing decisions. We disseminate these methods by sharing two software packages that integrate infant-friendly cognitive tasks and eye-gaze monitoring with fMRI acquisition and analysis. These resources make fMRI a feasible and accessible technique for cognitive neuroscience in awake and behaving human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - L J Skalaban
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - T S Yates
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - V R Bejjanki
- Department of Psychology, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, 13323, USA
| | - N I Córdova
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - N B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
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Wendelmuth M, Willam M, Todorov H, Radyushkin K, Gerber S, Schweiger S. Dynamic longitudinal behavior in animals exposed to chronic social defeat stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235268. [PMID: 32701959 PMCID: PMC7377442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic social defeat (CSD) can lead to impairments in social interaction and other behaviors that are supposed to model features of major depressive disorder (MDD). Not all animals subjected to CSD, however, develop these impairments, and maintained social interaction in some animals is widely used as a model for resilience to stress-induced mental dysfunctions. So far, animals have mainly been studied shortly (24 hours and 7 days) after CSD exposure and longitudinal development of behavioral phenotypes in individual animals has been mostly neglected. We have analyzed social interaction and novel object recognition behavior of stressed mice at different time points after CSD and have found very dynamic courses of behavior of individual animals. Instead of the two groups, resilient or susceptible, that are found at early time points our data suggest four groups with (i, ii) animals behaving resilient or susceptible at early and late time points, respectively (iii) animals that start susceptible and recover with time or (iv) animals that are resilient at early time points but develop vulnerability later on.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wendelmuth
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - M. Willam
- Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - H. Todorov
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - K. Radyushkin
- Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Gerber
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Computational Systems Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology (IDN) and Center for Computational Sciences in Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - S. Schweiger
- Institute for Human Genetics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
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29
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Eley JG, Chadha AS, Quini C, Vichaya EG, Zhang C, Davis J, Sahoo N, Waddell J, Leiser D, Dilmanian FA, Krishnan S. Pilot study of neurologic toxicity in mice after proton minibeam therapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11368. [PMID: 32647361 PMCID: PMC7347840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton minibeams (MBs) comprised of parallel planar beamlets were evaluated for their ability to spare healthy brain compared to proton broad beams (BBs). Juvenile mice were given partial brain irradiation of 10 or 30 Gy integral dose using 100 MeV protons configured either as BBs or arrays of 0.3-mm planar MBs spaced 1.0 mm apart on center. Neurologic toxicity was evaluated during an 8-month surveillance: no overt constitutional or neurologic dysfunction was noted for any study animals. Less acute epilation was observed in MB than BB mice. Persistent chronic inflammation was noted along the entire BB path in BB mice whereas inflammation was confined to just within the MB peak regions in MB mice. The potential neurologic sparing, possibly via reduced volume of chronic inflammation, offers a compelling rationale for clinical advancement of this proton technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Eley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Avenue, Preston Research Building B1003, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | - Awalpreet S Chadha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Caio Quini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Cancan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - James Davis
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Narayan Sahoo
- Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Dominic Leiser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - F Avraham Dilmanian
- Departments of Radiology, Neurology, and Radiation Oncology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Sunil Krishnan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic Florida, 4500 San Pablo Road S., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Simkin-Tran K, Harman B, Nicolson S. Mentalisation Amongst Maternal and Child Health Nurses Using the Newborn Behavioural Observations With Infant-mother dyads: A Qualitative Study. J Pediatr Nurs 2020; 53:e21-e27. [PMID: 32057640 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study explored Maternal and Child Health Nurses' (MCHN) mentalisation processes towards infant-mother dyads when using the Newborn Behavioural Observations (NBO) system in practice. DESIGN AND METHODS Ten Australian MCHNs (female; aged 31-66 years), who had used the NBO clinically within the last 12 months, were recruited from a database of NBO-trained practitioners. Interpretative phenomenological analysis of one-on-one semi-structured interviews explored MCHNs experiential meaning-making. RESULTS Analysis of the data produced four main themes: reflections regarding the dyad, personal reflections, reflection into action, and professional identity and future practice. MCHNs reported that the NBO's focus on the pre-verbal infant provided them with an added dynamic to consultations outside of the practitioner-caregiver relationship. Thus, they were able to provide holistic and collaborative relationship support to infant-mother dyads. Emotional satisfaction and pride in profession were also reported; in current literature, these factors have been found to reduce burnout in primary care providers. CONCLUSIONS The NBO appears to promote practitioner mentalisation, offering MCHNs a framework and confidence to apply infant mental health theory practically. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The NBO offers potential benefits to child and family health nursing practice, and other primary care providers, who offer infant mental health and relationship support as part of their work with families in the first three months. The NBO also provides a means to shift from prescriptive to mentalisation-based, infant-inclusive, and individualised practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Simkin-Tran
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia; The Centre for Women's Mental Health, The Royal Women's Hospital, VIC, Australia.
| | - Bronwyn Harman
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, WA, Australia
| | - Susan Nicolson
- The Centre for Women's Mental Health, The Royal Women's Hospital, VIC, Australia; University of Melbourne Department of Psychiatry, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
AIM To investigate a novel observational rating protocol designed to expedite clinical diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD Two hundred and forty patients referred to a tertiary autism center (median age 8y 9mo, range 2y 6mo-34y 8mo; 188 males, 52 females) were rated using an adaptation of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS-2) based exclusively on patient observation (CARS-2obs ). Scores were compared to expert diagnosis of ASD, parent-reported Social Responsiveness Scale, Second Edition (SRS-2) and, in a selected subset of patients, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). RESULTS CARS-2obs distinguished patients with a clinical diagnosis of ASD from those with non-ASD neuropsychiatric disorders (mean score=18 vs 11.7, p<0.001). Severity ratings on the CARS-2obs correlated with the ADOS-2 (r=0.68, ρ=0.64) and SRS-2 (r=0.31, ρ=0.32). A CARS-2obs cutoff point equal to or greater than 16 demonstrated 95.8% specificity and 62.3% sensitivity in discriminating individuals with ASD from individuals without ASD in a specialty referral setting. INTERPRETATION The CARS-2obs allows the rapid acquisition of quantitative ratings of autistic severity by direct observation. Coupled with parent/teacher-reported symptoms and developmental history, the measure may contribute to a low-cost diagnostic paradigm in clinical and public health settings, where positive results might help reduce delays in diagnosis, and negative results could prompt further specialty assessment. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS The Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition based on patient observation distinguished individuals with versus without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A score equal to or greater than 16 on this assessment showed high specificity for a diagnosis of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sanchez
- Department of PsychiatrySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical CenterClevelandOHUSA
| | - John N Constantino
- Departments of Psychiatry and PediatricsWashington University in St LouisSt LouisMOUSA
- St Louis Children’s HospitalSt LouisMOUSA
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32
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Joo Y, Xue Y, Wang Y, McDevitt RA, Sah N, Bossi S, Su S, Lee SK, Peng W, Xie A, Zhang Y, Ding Y, Ku WL, Ghosh S, Fishbein K, Shen W, Spencer R, Becker K, Zhao K, Mattson MP, van Praag H, Sharov A, Wang W. Topoisomerase 3β knockout mice show transcriptional and behavioural impairments associated with neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3143. [PMID: 32561719 PMCID: PMC7305123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase 3β (Top3β) is the only dual-activity topoisomerase in animals that can change topology for both DNA and RNA, and facilitate transcription on DNA and translation on mRNAs. Top3β mutations have been linked to schizophrenia, autism, epilepsy, and cognitive impairment. Here we show that Top3β knockout mice exhibit behavioural phenotypes related to psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. The mice also display impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Notably, the brains of the mutant mice exhibit impaired global neuronal activity-dependent transcription in response to fear conditioning stress, and the affected genes include many with known neuronal functions. Our data suggest that Top3β is essential for normal brain function, and that defective neuronal activity-dependent transcription may be a mechanism by which Top3β deletion causes cognitive impairment and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyoung Joo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yutong Xue
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Ross A McDevitt
- The Comparative Medicine Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Nirnath Sah
- Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Simone Bossi
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Shuaikun Su
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Seung Kyu Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Aoji Xie
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wai Lim Ku
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kenneth Fishbein
- Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Weiping Shen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Richard Spencer
- Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Kevin Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Keji Zhao
- Laboratory of Epigenome Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Henriette van Praag
- Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Brain Institute and Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Alexei Sharov
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
| | - Weidong Wang
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
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Lévêque S, Caraly R. [Not Available]. Soins Pediatr Pueric 2020; 41:19-22. [PMID: 32771202 DOI: 10.1016/j.spp.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of observation has refined the development of our care practices. Its application in different intervention measures has shown us the importance of focusing on small matters. The value we place on them is for the child. The therapeutics is in this attention. These practices have allowed us to create different specific and adapted measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvane Lévêque
- Centre médico-psychologique enfant, Centre hospitalier Alpes-Isère, 17 Le Routoir, 38240 Meylan, France.
| | - Rodolphe Caraly
- 82 cours Berriat, 38000 Grenoble, France; Maison des Habitants Centre-ville, 2 rue du Vieux-Temple, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Murtala AA, Akindele AJ. Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities of hydroethanol leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis (P.Beauv.) Seem. (Bignoniaceae) in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112420. [PMID: 31759112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Newbouldia laevis (Bignoniaceae) is a woody tropical plant commonly found in southwest Nigeria. Ethnobotanical survey and literature revealed its application in the management of CNS disorders e.g. psychosis, insomnia, convulsions and associated anxiety and depression. This study evaluated the anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of the hydroethanol leaf extract of N. laevis in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hole-board (HBT), elevated plus maze (EPMT), light/dark exploration (LDET), open field (OFT), social interaction (SIT) (anxiolytic activity), forced swim (FST) and tail suspension (TST) (antidepressant property) tests were employed in this investigation. Mice randomly allotted to different groups were treated orally with distilled water (10 ml/kg), diazepam (1 and 3 mg/kg), imipramine (20 mg/kg) and N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg). The mice were subjected to the various tests 60 min post-treatment. RESULTS In the HBT, N. laevis (25 and 100 mg/kg) increased the number of sectional crossings significantly (p < 0.05). In the OFT, N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg) increased the number of general square crossings, centre square crossings, rearings and assisted rearings (p < 0.05). In the EPMT, the extract (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased the open arms time spent, number of head dips and entry (p < 0.05). In the LDET, N. laevis increased the number of transitions at 100 and 200 mg/kg (p < 0.05). For the SIT, N. laevis (25 and 200 mg/kg) increased the frequency and duration of interaction respectively (p < 0.05). In the FST and TST, N. laevis (25-200 mg/kg) increased the latency and reduced the total duration of immobility (p < 0.05). The effect of the extract on duration of immobility was significantly reversed by sulpiride (Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist). CONCLUSION The hydroethanol leaf extract of N. laevis possesses anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like activities, the later possibly mediated by dopaminergic enhancement(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanji A Murtala
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo College of Health Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Abidemi J Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, P.M.B. 12003, Lagos, Nigeria.
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Jiang XW, Liu WW, Wu YT, Wu Q, Lu HY, Xu ZH, Gao HY, Zhao QC. Notopterygium incisum extract (NRE) rescues cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 Alzhneimer's disease mice by attenuating amyloid-beta, tau, and neuroinflammation pathology. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 249:112433. [PMID: 31783135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequently occurring disease of the elderly, and "deficiency" is the root of AD. Most famous experts of traditional Chinese medicine believe that the disease is based on deficiency, and the deficiency of kidney essence is the basis. Notopterygium incisum (Qiang huo) is beneficial to bladder, liver, and kidneys. It is used to treat liver and kidney deficiency, language difficulties, and mental coma. Qiang huo yu feng tang has been used to treat liver and kidney deficiency, unclear language and mental paralysis in many traditional Chinese medicine books and records. In modern times, it has been used to treat AD and exhibited favourable efficacy. AIM OF THE STUDY This study attempts to investigate the effects of furocoumarins from Notopterygium incisum (NRE) on the Aβ cascade, tau pathology and inflammatory pathology of AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we reported a detailed protocol for stabilizing HEK APPswe293T cells with lentivirus for the first time. This cell line can secrete high concentration of Aβ. In addition, we treated N2a cells with AKT/PKC specific inhibitors (wortmannin/GF-109203X) and established a tau pathological cell model (AKT/PKC N2a) by activating GSK3β and triggering hyperphosphorylation of tau. The Aβ levels and the expression of phosphorylated tau were detected by ELISA and Western blot. The cognitive ability of NRE on APP/PS1 mice was detected using a Morris water maze (MWM) assay and Aβ contents were also evaluated. RESULTS In HEK APPswe293T cells, NRE (10, 20, 40 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the secretion and production of Aβ in dose dependent manner. In addition, NRE also suppressed the expression of phosphorylated tau in wortmannin/GF-109203X treated N2a cells. Furthermore, NRE ameliorated the cognitive impairment of APP/PS1 mice, and the contents of Aβ, IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly depressed in hippocampus and cortex. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results demonstrated that NRE has a potential anti-AD effect via the inhibition of the Aβ cascade, tau pathology and neuroinflammation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yuan Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Hua Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing-Chun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China.
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Wang XJ, Ma MM, Zhou LB, Jiang XY, Hao MM, Teng RKF, Wu E, Tang BS, Li JY, Teng JF, Ding XB. Autonomic ganglionic injection of α-synuclein fibrils as a model of pure autonomic failure α-synucleinopathy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:934. [PMID: 32071315 PMCID: PMC7028908 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synucleinopathies are characterized by autonomic dysfunction and motor impairments. In the pure autonomic failure (PAF), α-synuclein (α-Syn) pathology is confined within the autonomic nervous system with no motor features, but mouse models recapitulating PAF without motor dysfunction are lacking. Here, we show that in TgM83+/- mice, inoculation of α-Syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the stellate and celiac ganglia induces spreading of α-Syn pathology only through the autonomic pathway to both the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic innervation of peripheral organs bidirectionally. In parallel, the mice develop autonomic dysfunction, featured by orthostatic hypotension, constipation, hypohidrosis and hyposmia, without motor dysfunction. Thus, we have generated a mouse model of pure autonomic dysfunction caused by α-Syn pathology. This model may help define the mechanistic link between transmission of pathological α-Syn and the cardinal features of autonomic dysfunction in α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Ming-Ming Ma
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Le-Bo Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Miao-Miao Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Robert K F Teng
- Collage of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Erxi Wu
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas, 76508, USA
| | - Bei-Sha Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
- Institute of Health Sciences, China Medical University, 110112, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jun-Fang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
| | - Xue-Bing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
- Institute of Parkinson and Movement Disorder, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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Kopak AM. Behavioral health indicators and time-to-rearrest in an adult pre-arrest diversion program. Behav Sci Law 2020; 38:66-76. [PMID: 32065470 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several states have recently adopted legislation in support of pre-arrest diversion programs that give police the authority to refer adults with behavioral health needs to treatment providers instead of placing them under arrest and booking them into local jails. The Adult Civil Citation program has been operating since 2013 to divert adults accused for the first time of a misdemeanor offense to a community behavioral health provider with the primary goal of addressing underlying needs that are likely to be associated with future criminal justice contact. The current study analyzed data from a sample of 1,071 adults who participated in the program to assess the impact of behavioral health indicators on time-to-rearrest. Adults who presented greater behavioral health needs were more likely to come into subsequent contact with police, but these indications did not influence the amount of time that lapsed between program participation and rearrest events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert M Kopak
- Department of Criminology & Criminal Justice, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, USA
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Abstract
Congenital amusia, commonly known as tone deafness, is a lifelong impairment of music perception and production. It remains a question of debate whether the impairments in musical domain observed in congenital amusia are paralleled in other non-musical perceptual abilities. Using behavioral measures in two experiments, the current study explored face perception and memory in congenital amusics. Both congenital amusics and matched controls performed a face perception task (Experiment 1) and an old/novel object memory task (for both faces and houses, Experiment 2). The results showed that the congenital amusic group had significantly slower reaction times than that in matched control group when identifying whether two faces presented together were the same or different. For different face-pairs, the deficit was greater for upright faces compared with inverted faces. For object memory task, the congenital amusic group also showed worse memory performance than the control group. The results of the present study suggest that the impairment attributed to congenital amusia is not only limited to music, but also extends to visual perception and visual memory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Tao
- Department of Psychology, School of Teacher Education, Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Huayan Huang
- Department of Psychology, School of Education, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanna Haponenko
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamiliton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-jin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamiliton, Ontario, Canada
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Gilbert KE, Whalen DJ, Tillman R, Barch DM, Luby JL, Jackson JJ. Observed Personality in Preschool: Associations with Current and Longitudinal Symptoms. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2019; 47:1875-1888. [PMID: 31197503 PMCID: PMC6842663 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00567-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Personality is consistently associated with psychopathology across the lifespan. However, little is known of how observed personality dimensions in preschoolers are associated with concurrent or longitudinal symptoms across development. Spectrum, vulnerability, and pathopolasty models theorize how child personality and psychopathology are related across development. The current study tests these three models using observationally coded personality dimensions in a longitudinal sample of preschoolers. A validated 'thin slice' technique was used to code observed Five Factor Model (FFM) personality dimensions of extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience in a clinically enriched preschool sample oversampled for depression (N = 299). Children were followed longitudinally for 9 years while assessing dimensional psychological symptoms and global functioning. Longitudinal multilevel models testing the spectrum, or shared underlying factor model, indicated depressive symptoms in adolescence were predicted by higher preschool extraversion and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness, externalizing symptoms were predicted by lower agreeableness and higher neuroticism, and worse global functioning was predicted by higher extraversion and neuroticism, and lower agreeableness and conscientiousness. Some associations held after accounting for the influence of baseline psychological symptoms, indicating support for a vulnerability relationship between personality and later psychopathology. No support was demonstrated for pathoplasty models such that personality did not influence the developmental course or change of psychopathology over time. Findings indicate personality dimensions measured as early as the preschool period prospectively impact psychopathology and functioning across child development, demonstrating support for both a spectrum and vulnerability relationship between youth personality and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Gilbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca Tillman
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- The Program in Neuroscience, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joan L Luby
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joshua J Jackson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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Xie Y, He Q, Chen H, Lin Z, Xu Y, Yang C. Crocin ameliorates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-induced depression via PI3K/Akt mediated suppression of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172640. [PMID: 31491407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have indicated the co-occurrence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and psychiatric disorders, for example, comorbid depression. However, the underlying mechanism is rarely addressed. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism of COPD-induced depression and the psychological and physiological effects of crocin, an active constituent of Crocus sativus L. C57BL/6 mice were randomly exposed to cigarette smoke for 7 weeks to establish COPD animal model. Crocin (50 mg/kg), Dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) and IGF-1 (2 mg/kg) were respectively injected to mice once a day. The FEV1/FVC ratio and the mean alveolus area of lung tissue demonstrated the COPD model was successfully established by cigarette smoke. Crocin administration significantly reversed markers of depression [loss of body weight, sucrose preference, and elevation of immobile time in tail-suspension tests (TST) and in forced swimming tests (FST)]. Besides, crocin treatment significantly inhibited the numbers of inflammatory cells (macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes), suppressed the infiltration of peribronchial inflammatory cells, and reduced the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid and lung tissue. Crocin also reduced proinflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. In exploring associated mechanisms, we discovered that crocin blunted cigarette smoke-induced IκB phosphorylation and degradation, and NF-κBp65 nuclear translocation. IGF-1, an activator of PI3K, abrogated the effect of crocin against cigarette smoke-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway. Together, these results showed that an inflammatory mechanism might be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD with comorbid depression. Crocin exhibited significant effects through the regulation of PI3K/Akt-mediated inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
| | - Qiuxiang He
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Zijiang Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Yi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chuang Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Fries LR, van der Horst K, Moding KJ, Hughes SO, Johnson SL. Consistency Between Parent-Reported Feeding Practices and Behavioral Observation During Toddler Meals. J Nutr Educ Behav 2019; 51:1159-1167. [PMID: 31540865 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether feeding questionnaire responses reflect observed mealtime behavior. DESIGN Cross-sectional associations between self-reported and observed behaviors. SETTING Participants' homes. PARTICIPANTS Parents (n = 75) of toddlers (mean age = 24.7 months) in the US. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Feeding behavior questionnaires and coded videos of children's dinner meals. ANALYSIS Parents' questionnaire responses of "never" (or "rarely") considered consistent with video observation if behavior was not observed; responses of "always" (or "most of the time") if behavior observed at least once. Proportion (%) of participants observed performing each behavior was calculated for the groups of parents reporting that they "never," "sometimes," or "always" used that feeding practice. These were compared across the 3 response groups. RESULTS Parents reported 6 behaviors consistently (≥70% agreement): allowing child to eat as much as wanted, helping child eat, prompting child to eat, television/screens on during meal, nonfood rewards, and hurrying child. The remaining 8 behaviors fell below the threshold. For many behaviors, all response groups (never, sometimes, always) had similar rates of participants demonstrating the behavior. Only 5 behaviors had observed rates falling in the expected direction (frequency of always > sometimes > never). For some behaviors, the "sometimes" group had a higher (eg, clean plate) or lower (praise) frequency than the other 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Self-reported questionnaire responses predicted whether some, but not all, behaviors were observed. Parents' use of "sometimes" remains difficult to interpret as parents may use "sometimes" inconsistently across behaviors and perhaps to mitigate socially undesirable responses. Self-reports of "sometimes" performing a behavior may have limited utility for prediction of behavior and likely requires additional exploration with the respondent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Fries
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Klazine van der Horst
- Applied Research & Development in Nutrition and Dietetics, Bern University of Applied Sciences
| | - Kameron J Moding
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - Sheryl O Hughes
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Susan L Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado School of Medicine
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Zisk A, Abbott CH, Bounoua N, Diamond GS, Kobak R. Parent-teen communication predicts treatment benefit for depressed and suicidal adolescents. J Consult Clin Psychol 2019; 87:1137-1148. [PMID: 31647277 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there are currently several efficacious treatments for depressed and suicidal adolescents, less is known about predictors and moderators of adolescents' treatment response. A growing literature has identified family functioning as a prognostic indicator of adolescents' likelihood of benefiting from treatment. The current study tested both observational and perceived measures of family functioning as indicators of adolescents' response to 2 treatment conditions. METHOD The sample consisted of 129 depressed and suicidal adolescents (Mage = 14.96, 82.9% female, 56% Black/African American) who were randomized to attachment-based family therapy or family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy (Diamond et al., 2019). Baseline assessments of family functioning included ratings of parent-adolescent communication coded with the Goal-Corrected Partnership in Adolescence Coding System (Lyons-Ruth, Hennighausen, & Holmes, 2005) and adolescent and parent reports of Family Conflict and Cohesion from the Self-Report of Family Functioning (Bloom, 1985). RESULTS Adolescents who engaged in more uncooperative communication with their parents during a 10-min conflict discussion showed greater reductions in depressive symptoms in both treatments. Adolescents from traditionally underserved (non-White or lower income) families showed greater reductions in suicidal ideation in both treatments. CONCLUSIONS Attachment-based family therapy and family-enhanced nondirective supportive therapy were most effective for adolescents from traditionally underserved families and adolescents who engaged in less cooperative communication with their caregivers. Observational ratings of parent-adolescent communication were better prognostic indicators of treatment response than were self-reported indicators of global family functioning. Implications for generalizing these results to other treatments for depressed and suicidal adolescents are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Harrison JW, Palmer JH, Rittschof CC. Altering social cue perception impacts honey bee aggression with minimal impacts on aggression-related brain gene expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14642. [PMID: 31601943 PMCID: PMC6787081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51223-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene expression changes resulting from social interactions may give rise to long term behavioral change, or simply reflect the activity of neural circuitry associated with behavioral expression. In honey bees, social cues broadly modulate aggressive behavior and brain gene expression. Previous studies suggest that expression changes are limited to contexts in which social cues give rise to stable, relatively long-term changes in behavior. Here we use a traditional beekeeping approach that inhibits aggression, smoke exposure, to deprive individuals of aggression-inducing olfactory cues and evaluate whether behavioral changes occur in absence of expression variation in a set of four biomarker genes (drat, cyp6g1/2, GB53860, inos) associated with aggression in previous studies. We also evaluate two markers of a brain hypoxic response (hif1α, hsf) to determine whether smoke induces molecular changes at all. We find that bees with blocked sensory perception as a result of smoke exposure show a strong, temporary inhibition of aggression relative to bees allowed to perceive normal social cues. However, blocking sensory perception had minimal impacts on aggression-relevant gene expression, althought it did induce a hypoxic molecular response in the brain. Results suggest that certain genes differentiate social cue-induced changes in aggression from long-term modulation of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Harrison
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joseph H Palmer
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
- College of Agriculture, Communities, and the Environment, Kentucky State University, 400 E. Main St., Frankfort, KY, 40601, USA
| | - Clare C Rittschof
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center North, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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Burwell SJ, Makeig S, Iacono WG, Malone SM. Reduced premovement positivity during the stimulus-response interval precedes errors: Using single-trial and regression ERPs to understand performance deficits in ADHD. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13392. [PMID: 31081153 PMCID: PMC6699894 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brain mechanisms linked to incorrect response selections made under time pressure during cognitive task performance are poorly understood, particularly in adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Using subject-specific multimodal imaging (electroencephalogram, magnetic resonance imaging, behavior) during flanker task performance by a sample of 94 human adolescents (mean age = 15.5 years, 50% female) with varying degrees of ADHD symptomatology, we examined the degree to which amplitude features of source-resolved event-related potentials (ERPs) from brain-independent component processes within a critical (but often ignored) period in the action selection process, the stimulus-response interval, were associated with motor response errors (across trials) and error rates (across individuals). Response errors were typically preceded by two smaller peaks in both trial-level and trial-averaged ERP projections from posterior medial frontal cortex (pMFC): a frontocentral P3 peaking about 390 ms after stimulus onset, and a premovement positivity (PMP) peaking about 110 ms before the motor response. Separating overlapping stimulus-locked and response-locked ERP contributions using a "regression ERP" approach showed that trial errors and participant error rates were primarily associated with smaller PMP, and not with frontocentral P3. Moreover, smaller PMP mediated the association between larger numbers of errors and ADHD symptoms, suggesting the possible value of using PMP as an intervention target to remediate performance deficits in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Burwell
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55454
| | - Scott Makeig
- Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093-0559
| | - William G. Iacono
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Stephen M. Malone
- Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis MN 55455
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Abstract
Visual stimuli evoke heterogeneous responses across nearby neural populations. These signals must be locally integrated to contribute to perception, but the principles underlying this process are unknown. Here, we exploit the systematic organization of orientation preference in macaque primary visual cortex (V1) and perform causal manipulations to examine the limits of signal integration. Optogenetic stimulation and visual stimuli are used to simultaneously drive two neural populations with overlapping receptive fields. We report that optogenetic stimulation raises firing rates uniformly across conditions, but improves the detection of visual stimuli only when activating cells that are preferentially-tuned to the visual stimulus. Further, we show that changes in correlated variability are exclusively present when the optogenetically and visually-activated populations are functionally-proximal, suggesting that correlation changes represent a hallmark of signal integration. Our results demonstrate that information from functionally-proximal neurons is pooled for perception, but functionally-distal signals remain independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana R Andrei
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sorin Pojoga
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Roger Janz
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Valentin Dragoi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Kumar S, Yoo K, Rosenberg MD, Scheinost D, Constable RT, Zhang S, Li CR, Chun MM. An information network flow approach for measuring functional connectivity and predicting behavior. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01346. [PMID: 31286688 PMCID: PMC6710195 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) is a recently developed machine-learning-based framework to predict individual differences in behavior from functional brain connectivity (FC). In these models, FC was operationalized as Pearson's correlation between brain regions' fMRI time courses. However, Pearson's correlation is limited since it only captures linear relationships. We developed a more generalized metric of FC based on information flow. This measure represents FC by abstracting the brain as a flow network of nodes that send bits of information to each other, where bits are quantified through an information theory statistic called transfer entropy. METHODS With a sample of individuals performing a sustained attention task and resting during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (n = 25), we use the CPM framework to build machine-learning models that predict attention from FC patterns measured with information flow. Models trained on n - 1 participants' task-based patterns were applied to an unseen individual's resting-state pattern to predict task performance. For further validation, we applied our model to two independent datasets that included resting-state fMRI data and a measure of attention (Attention Network Task performance [n = 41] and stop-signal task performance [n = 72]). RESULTS Our model significantly predicted individual differences in attention task performance across three different datasets. CONCLUSIONS Information flow may be a useful complement to Pearson's correlation as a measure of FC because of its advantages for nonlinear analysis and network structure characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreejan Kumar
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Kwangsun Yoo
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Monica D. Rosenberg
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - R. Todd Constable
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of PsychiatryYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Chiang‐Shan R. Li
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of PsychiatryYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of NeuroscienceYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
| | - Marvin M. Chun
- Department of PsychologyYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramYale UniversityNew HavenConnecticut
- Department of NeuroscienceYale School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticut
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Guo Q, Ebihara K, Fujiwara H, Toume K, Awale S, Araki R, Yabe T, Dong E, Matsumoto K. Kami-shoyo-san ameliorates sociability deficits in ovariectomized mice, a putative female model of autism spectrum disorder, via facilitating dopamine D 1 and GABA A receptor functions. J Ethnopharmacol 2019; 236:231-239. [PMID: 30862522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Kami-shoyo-san (KSS) is a Kampo formula used clinically for menopause-related symptoms in Japan. However, the effect of KSS on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a developmental disorder with a higher prevalence in males than in females, has not been reported yet. AIM OF THE STUDY It is accepted generally that dysfunction in the GABAergic system is associated with pathogenesis of ASD. In our previous study, a decrease in brain allopregnanolone (ALLO), a positive allosteric GABAA receptor modulator, induced ASD-like symptoms such as impaired sociability-related performance and increased repetitive self-grooming behavior in male mice, and that KSS ameliorated these behavioral abnormalities via GABAA receptor- and dopamine D1 receptor-mediated mechanisms. In this study, to better understand a gender difference in the prevalence of ASD, we examined whether dissection of ovary (OVX), a major organ secreting progesterone in females, causes ASD-like behaviors in a manner dependent on brain ALLO levels, and if so, how KSS affects the behaviors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old ICR female mice received ovariectomy, and KSS (74 mg/kg and 222 mg/kg, p.o.) were treated before 1 h starting each behavioral test. The sociability, social anxiety-like behavior, and self-grooming behavior were analyzed by the resident-intruder test, mirror chamber test, and open field test, respectively. After finishing the behavioral experiment, the ALLO content in the brain was measured by ELISA. Furthermore, we examined the effects of OVX on the neuro-signaling pathways in the prefrontal cortex and striatum by Western blotting. RESULTS The results revealed that OVX induced sociability deficits and social anxiety-related behaviors, but not repetitive self-grooming behavior, and that these behavioral changes were accompanied not only by a decrease of brain ALLO levels, but also by impairment of CREB- and CaMKIIα-mediated neuro-signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, the administration of KSS had no effect on the brain ALLO level, but significantly ameliorated the OVX-induced behavioral and neurochemical changes via facilitation of GABAA receptor and dopamine D1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that a decrease in gonadal hormone-derived ALLO plays a major role in ASD-like behaviors in female mice and that KSS is beneficial for the treatment of ASD in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Guo
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujiwara
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Kazufumi Toume
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Suresh Awale
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ryota Araki
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yabe
- Laboratory of Functional Biomolecules and Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Setsunan University, 45-1, Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata City, Osaka 573-0101, Japan
| | - Erbo Dong
- Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kinzo Matsumoto
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Drazanova E, Ruda-Kucerova J, Kratka L, Stark T, Kuchar M, Maryska M, Drago F, Starcuk Z, Micale V. Different effects of prenatal MAM vs. perinatal THC exposure on regional cerebral blood perfusion detected by Arterial Spin Labelling MRI in rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6062. [PMID: 30988364 PMCID: PMC6465353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies consistently report structural impairments (i.e.: ventricular enlargement, decreased volume of anterior cingulate cortex or hippocampus) and functional abnormalities including changes in regional cerebral blood flow in individuals suffering from schizophrenia, which can be evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. The aim of this study was to assess cerebral blood perfusion in several schizophrenia-related brain regions using Arterial Spin Labelling MRI (ASL MRI, 9.4 T Bruker BioSpec 94/30USR scanner) in rats. In this study, prenatal exposure to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM, 22 mg/kg) at gestational day (GD) 17 and the perinatal treatment with Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, 5 mg/kg) from GD15 to postnatal day 9 elicited behavioral deficits consistent with schizophrenia-like phenotype, which is in agreement with the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. In MAM exposed rats a significant enlargement of lateral ventricles and perfusion changes (i.e.: increased blood perfusion in the circle of Willis and sensorimotor cortex and decreased perfusion in hippocampus) were detected. On the other hand, the THC perinatally exposed rats did not show differences in the cerebral blood perfusion in any region of interest. These results suggest that although both pre/perinatal insults showed some of the schizophrenia-like deficits, these are not strictly related to distinct hemodynamic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drazanova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Kratka
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Stark
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kuchar
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Maryska
- Forensic Laboratory of Biologically Active Substances, Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filippo Drago
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Zenon Starcuk
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vincenzo Micale
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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49
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Lenz KM, Pickett LA, Wright CL, Galan A, McCarthy MM. Prenatal Allergen Exposure Perturbs Sexual Differentiation and Programs Lifelong Changes in Adult Social and Sexual Behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4837. [PMID: 30886382 PMCID: PMC6423032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41258-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual differentiation is the early life process by which the brain is prepared for male or female typical behaviors, and is directed by sex chromosomes, hormones and early life experiences. We have recently found that innate immune cells residing in the brain, including microglia and mast cells, are more numerous in the male than female rat brain. Neuroimmune cells are also key participants in the sexual differentiation process, specifically organizing the synaptic development of the preoptic area and leading to male-typical sexual behavior in adulthood. Mast cells are known for their roles in allergic responses, thus in this study we sought to determine if exposure to an allergic response of the pregnant female in utero would alter the sexual differentiation of the preoptic area of offspring and resulting sociosexual behavior in later life. Pregnant rats were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA), bred, and challenged intranasally with OVA on gestational day 15, which produced robust allergic inflammation, as measured by elevated immunoglobulin E. Offspring of these challenged mother rats were assessed relative to control rats in the early neonatal period for mast cell and microglia activation within their brains, downstream dendritic spine patterning on POA neurons, or grown to adulthood to assess behavior and dendritic spines. In utero exposure to allergic inflammation increased mast cell and microglia activation in the neonatal brain, and led to masculinization of dendritic spine density in the female POA. In adulthood, OVA-exposed females showed an increase in male-typical mounting behavior relative to control females. In contrast, OVA-exposed males showed evidence of dysmasculinization, including reduced microglia activation, reduced neonatal dendritic spine density, decreased male-typical copulatory behavior, and decreased olfactory preference for female-typical cues. Together these studies show that early life allergic events may contribute to natural variations in both male and female sexual behavior, potentially via underlying effects on brain-resident mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Lenz
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Christopher L Wright
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Anabel Galan
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, The University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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50
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Olsson M, Schwartz TS, Wapstra E, Shine R. How accurately do behavioural observations predict reproductive success in free-ranging lizards? Biol Lett 2019; 15:20190030. [PMID: 30958138 PMCID: PMC6405472 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural ecologists often use data on patterns of male-female association to infer reproductive success of free-ranging animals. For example, a male seen with several females during the mating season is predicted to father more offspring than a male not seen with any females. We explored the putative correlation between this behaviour and actual paternity (as revealed by microsatellite data) from a long-term study on sand lizards ( Lacerta agilis), including behavioural observations of 574 adult males and 289 adult females, and paternity assignment of more than 2500 offspring during 1998-2007. The number of males that contributed paternity to a female's clutch was correlated with the number of males seen accompanying her in the field, but not with the number of copulation scars on her body. The number of females that a male accompanied in the field predicted the number of females with whom he fathered offspring, and his annual reproductive success (number of progeny). Although behavioural data explained less than one-third of total variance in reproductive success, our analysis supports the utility of behavioural-ecology studies for predicting paternity in free-ranging reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 18, 413-90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tonia S. Schwartz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Erik Wapstra
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart 7001, Australia
| | - Richard Shine
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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