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Kitase Y, Prideaux M. Regulation of the Osteocyte Secretome with Aging and Disease. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 113:48-67. [PMID: 37148298 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-023-01089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
As the most numerous and long-lived of all bone cells, osteocytes have essential functions in regulating skeletal health. Through the lacunar-canalicular system, secreted proteins from osteocytes can reach cells throughout the bone. Furthermore, the intimate connectivity between the lacunar-canalicular system and the bone vasculature allows for the transport of osteocyte-secreted factors into the circulation to reach the entire body. Local and endocrine osteocyte signaling regulates physiological processes such as bone remodeling, bone mechanoadaptation, and mineral homeostasis. However, these processes are disrupted by impaired osteocyte function induced by aging and disease. Dysfunctional osteocyte signaling is now associated with the pathogenesis of many disorders, including chronic kidney disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, and periodontitis. In this review, we focus on the targeting of bone and extraskeletal tissues by the osteocyte secretome. In particular, we highlight the secreted osteocyte proteins, which are known to be dysregulated during aging and disease, and their roles during disease progression. We also discuss how therapeutic or genetic targeting of osteocyte-secreted proteins can improve both skeletal and systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kitase
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Matthew Prideaux
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Lateral static overload on immediately restored implants decreases the osteocyte index in peri-implant bone: a secondary analysis of a pre-clinical study in dogs. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:3297-3303. [PMID: 33150510 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This animal study was conducted to evaluate the osteocyte index in the peri-implant bone around immediately restored implants under static lateral overload. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seven mongrel dogs received three implants on each side of the mandible. Forty-two implants were distributed into three groups (14 implants per group); each animal received two implants connected to a 4.5-mm opened expansion device (experimental group); in the other mandible side, two implants were connected into an expansion device without activation (control group); one implant each side of the mandible was left submerged (unload group). After 4 months under daily mechanical and chemical plaque control, the animals were euthanized; dental implants and surrounding bone were removed and processed to obtain thin ground sections. Histomorphometry was used to evaluate the osteocyte index in the peri-implant bone contact to implant. RESULTS A higher, statistically significant mean number of osteocytes × 10-5 μm2 (54.74 ± 23.91) was found in the control group compared with the test group (22.57 ± 22.55) (p = 0.0221). The correlation between percentage of bone-implant contact and osteocyte index for submerged implants was not statistically significant (p = 0.2667), whereas the value for immediately loaded implants was statistically significant (p = 0.0480). CONCLUSION The lower number of osteocytes in the peri-implant bone around overloaded implants could be related to the need for functional adaptation of the bone tissue to overloading and to the hypothesized involvement of the osteocytes in the maintenance of the bone matrix in the control group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Osteocytes play a pivotal role in bone adaptation to mechanical loading, and the osteocyte network has been regarded as being the main mechanosensory mechanism.
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Xi G, Demambro VE, D’Costa S, Xia SK, Cox ZC, Rosen CJ, Clemmons DR. Estrogen Stimulation of Pleiotrophin Enhances Osteoblast Differentiation and Maintains Bone Mass in IGFBP-2 Null Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5805123. [PMID: 32168373 PMCID: PMC7069688 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) stimulates osteoblast differentiation but only male Igfbp2 null mice have a skeletal phenotype. The trophic actions of IGFBP-2 in bone are mediated through its binding to receptor tyrosine phosphatase beta (RPTPβ). Another important ligand for RPTPβ is pleiotrophin (PTN), which also stimulates osteoblast differentiation. We determined the change in PTN and RPTPβ in Igfbp2-/- mice. Analysis of whole bone mRNA in wild-type and knockout mice revealed increased expression of Ptn. Rptpβ increased in gene-deleted animals with females having greater expression than males. Knockdown of PTN expression in osteoblasts in vitro inhibited differentiation, and addition of PTN to the incubation medium rescued the response. Estradiol stimulated PTN secretion and PTN knockdown blocked estradiol-stimulated differentiation. PTN addition to IGFBP-2 silenced osteoblast stimulated differentiation, and an anti-fibronectin-3 antibody, which inhibits PTN binding to RPTPβ, inhibited this response. Estrogen stimulated PTN secretion and downstream signaling in the IGFBP-2 silenced osteoblasts and these effects were inhibited with anti-fibronectin-3. Administration of estrogen to wild-type and Igfbp2-/- male mice stimulated an increase in both areal bone mineral density and trabecular bone volume fraction but the increase was significantly greater in the Igfbp2-/- animals. Estrogen also stimulated RPTPβ expression in the null mice. We conclude that loss of IGFBP-2 expression is accompanied by upregulation of PTN and RPTPβ expression in osteoblasts, that the degree of increase is greater in females due to estrogen secretion, and that this compensatory change may account for some component of the maintenance of normal bone mass in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xi
- Department of Medicine UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Susan D’Costa
- Department of Medicine UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shalier K Xia
- Department of Medicine UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Zach C Cox
- Department of Medicine UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - David R Clemmons
- Department of Medicine UNC School of Medicine Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Correspondence: David R. Clemmons, MD, CB#7170, 8024 Burnett-Womack, Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7170. E-mail:
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Jiang H, Hong T, Wang T, Wang X, Cao L, Xu X, Zheng M. Gene expression profiling of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:7070-7077. [PMID: 30378112 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteogenesis is a multiple-step process through which osteoblasts are derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with multilineage differentiation potential. This study aimed to analyze gene expression profiling during osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human MSCs were isolated and induced for differentiation in osteogenic medium. Full-genome gene expression microarrays and gene ontology analysis were performed. RESULTS A total of 1,680 differentially expressed genes in differentiated MSCs were identified including 430 upregulated and 1,250 downregulated. Moreover, pathway-act-network analysis showed that cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway and focal adhesion, had high degree (>5). The ribonucleotide reductase M1, thymidine kinase 1 and histone cluster 1 H3e also showed high degree (>10). Polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the differential expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, SMAD family member 3, transforming growth factor beta 2, and fibroblast growth factor 14 in differentiated MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression profiling provides a foundation to reveal the mechanisms that regulate osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Jiang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Hong
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jiujiang City, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meirong Zheng
- Key Laboratory for System Bio-medicine of Jiangxi Province, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
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Biological Effects of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Into the Grafted Alveolar Cleft. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 76:605-615. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tian F, Wang Y, Bikle DD. IGF-1 signaling mediated cell-specific skeletal mechano-transduction. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:576-583. [PMID: 28980721 PMCID: PMC5839951 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical loading preserves bone mass and stimulates bone formation, whereas skeletal unloading leads to bone loss. In addition to osteocytes, which are considered the primary sensor of mechanical load, osteoblasts, and bone specific mesenchymal stem cells also are involved. The skeletal response to mechanical signals is a complex process regulated by multiple signaling pathways including that of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Conditional osteocyte deletion of IGF-1 ablates the osteogenic response to mechanical loading. Similarly, osteocyte IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression is necessary for reloading-induced periosteal bone formation. Transgenic overexpression of IGF-1 in osteoblasts results in enhanced responsiveness to in vivo mechanical loading in mice, a response which is eliminated by osteoblastic conditional disruption of IGF-1 in vivo. Bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) from unloaded bone fail to respond to IGF-1 in vitro. IGF-1R is required for the transduction of a mechanical stimulus to downstream effectors, transduction which is lost when the IGF-1R is deleted. Although the molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, the IGF signaling pathway and its interactions with potentially interlinked signaling cascades involving integrins, the estrogen receptor, and wnt/β-catenin play an important role in regulating adaptive response of cancer bone cells to mechanical stimuli. In this review, we discuss recent advances investigating how IGF-1 and other interlinked molecules and signaling pathways regulate skeletal mechano-transduction involving different bone cells, providing an overview of the IGF-1 signaling mediated cell-specific response to mechanical stimuli. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:576-583, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faming Tian
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco,Medical Research Center, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063210, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, University of California San Francisco and VA Medical Center, San Francisco,Corresponding author: 1700 Owens St, San Francisco, CA 94158, , Tel: 415-575-0557, FAX: 415-575-0593
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Anchieta RB, Guimarães MVM, Suzuki M, Tovar N, Bonfante EA, Atria P, Coelho PG. Nanomechanical Assessment of Bone Surrounding Implants Loaded for 3 Years in a Canine Experimental Model. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 76:71-79. [PMID: 28893541 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This work evaluated the nanomechanical properties of bone surrounding submerged and immediately loaded implants after 3 years in vivo. It was hypothesized that the nanomechanical properties of bone would markedly increase in immediately and functionally loaded implants compared with submerged implants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The second, third, and fourth right premolars and the first molar of 10 adult Doberman dogs were extracted. After 6 months, 4 implants were placed in 1 side of the mandible. The mesial implant received a cover screw and remained unloaded. The remaining 3 implants received fixed dental prostheses within 48 hours after surgery that remained in occlusal function for 3 years. After sacrifice, the bone was prepared for histologic and nanoindentation analysis. Nanoindentation was carried out under wet conditions on bone areas within the plateaus. Indentations (n = 30 per histologic section) were performed with a maximum load of 300 μN (loading rate, 60 μN per second) followed by a holding and unloading time of 10 and 2 seconds, respectively. Elastic modulus (E) and hardness (H) were computed in giga-pascals. The amount of bone-to-implant contact (BIC) also was evaluated. RESULTS The E and H values for cortical bone regions were higher than those for trabecular bone regardless of load condition, but this difference was not statistically significant (P > .05). The E and H values were higher for loaded implants than for submerged implants (P < .05) for cortical and trabecular bone. For the same load condition, the E and H values for cortical and trabecular bone were not statistically different (P > .05). The loaded and submerged implants presented BIC values (mean ± standard deviation) of 57.4 ± 12.1% and 62 ± 7.5%, respectively (P > .05). CONCLUSION The E and H values of bone surrounding dental implants, measured by nanoindentation, were higher for immediately loaded than for submerged implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo B Anchieta
- Assistant Professor, Centro Universitario do Norte Paulista (UNORP), São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil; Visiting Scholar, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, NY; Department of Restorative Denstistry, Araçatuba, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Suzuki
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nick Tovar
- Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Estevam A Bonfante
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Atria
- Research Professor, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Professor, Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University, New York, NY; Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering; and Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY
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Ortinau LC, Linden MA, Rector RS, Hinton PS. Exercise improves femoral whole-bone and tissue-level biomechanical properties in hyperphagic OLETF rats. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:884-892. [PMID: 28460190 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An often-overlooked comorbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increased fracture risk. Since traditional T2D therapies focus solely on glucose homeostasis, there is an increased need for effective treatment strategies that improve both metabolic and bone health. The current study evaluated if previously reported protective effects of exercise (EX) on cortical bone geometry and biomechanical properties are due to the prevention of obesity compared with obese Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats or the unique skeletal effects of exercise. Four-week-old male OLETF rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups, each fed a standard rodent chow diet until 40 weeks of age: ad libitum-fed sedentary (O-SED), ad libitum-fed EX (O-EX), or a control group body-weight-matched to the O-EX group by caloric restriction (O-CR). Ad libitum-fed sedentary Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (L-SED) rats were used as a lean control. EX or CR prevented the excess body mass accumulation and elevated HbA1c observed in O-SED. Total-body bone mineral density was greater in O-EX than O-CR, but similar to L-SED and O-SED. O-EX and O-CR had lower osteocalcin and TRAP5b than O-SED and L-SED. EX or CR prevented the ∼3-fold increase in CTx in O-SED versus L-SED. EX increased femoral cortical mass accumulation and expansion at the mid-diaphysis compared with O-CR. EX or CR significantly increased tissue-level stiffness and strength compared with O-SED and L-SED, but O-EX had greater whole-bone stiffness than all other groups. In summary, EX has distinct advantages over CR for improving bone biomechanical properties in hyperphagic OLETF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ortinau
- a Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Melissa A Linden
- a Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,b Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- a Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.,b Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, USA.,c Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pamela S Hinton
- a Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, 204 Gwynn Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Laurent MR, Dubois V, Claessens F, Verschueren SMP, Vanderschueren D, Gielen E, Jardí F. Muscle-bone interactions: From experimental models to the clinic? A critical update. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:14-36. [PMID: 26506009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a biomechanical tissue shaped by forces from muscles and gravitation. Simultaneous bone and muscle decay and dysfunction (osteosarcopenia or sarco-osteoporosis) is seen in ageing, numerous clinical situations including after stroke or paralysis, in neuromuscular dystrophies, glucocorticoid excess, or in association with vitamin D, growth hormone/insulin like growth factor or sex steroid deficiency, as well as in spaceflight. Physical exercise may be beneficial in these situations, but further work is still needed to translate acceptable and effective biomechanical interventions like vibration therapy from animal models to humans. Novel antiresorptive and anabolic therapies are emerging for osteoporosis as well as drugs for sarcopenia, cancer cachexia or muscle wasting disorders, including antibodies against myostatin or activin receptor type IIA and IIB (e.g. bimagrumab). Ideally, increasing muscle mass would increase muscle strength and restore bone loss from disuse. However, the classical view that muscle is unidirectionally dominant over bone via mechanical loading is overly simplistic. Indeed, recent studies indicate a role for neuronal regulation of not only muscle but also bone metabolism, bone signaling pathways like receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) implicated in muscle biology, myokines affecting bone and possible bone-to-muscle communication. Moreover, pharmacological strategies inducing isolated myocyte hypertrophy may not translate into increased muscle power because tendons, connective tissue, neurons and energy metabolism need to adapt as well. We aim here to critically review key musculoskeletal molecular pathways involved in mechanoregulation and their effect on the bone-muscle unit as a whole, as well as preclinical and emerging clinical evidence regarding the effects of sarcopenia therapies on osteoporosis and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël R Laurent
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine M P Verschueren
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Science, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jardí
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Trumbull A, Subramanian G, Yildirim-Ayan E. Mechanoresponsive musculoskeletal tissue differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:43. [PMID: 27103394 PMCID: PMC4840975 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissues are constantly under mechanical strains within their microenvironment. Yet, little is understood about the effect of in vivo mechanical milieu strains on cell development and function. Thus, this review article outlines the in vivo mechanical environment of bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, and ligaments, and tabulates the mechanical strain and stress in these tissues during physiological condition, vigorous, and moderate activities. This review article further discusses the principles of mechanical loading platforms to create physiologically relevant mechanical milieu in vitro for musculoskeletal tissue regeneration. A special emphasis is placed on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as an emerging valuable tool for regenerative musculoskeletal tissue engineering, as they are easily isolated, expanded, and able to differentiate into any musculoskeletal tissue. Finally, it highlights the current state-of-the art in ADSCs-guided musculoskeletal tissue regeneration under mechanical loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Trumbull
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Gayathri Subramanian
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Eda Yildirim-Ayan
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, 43614, USA.
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Lim SV, Marenzana M, Hopkinson M, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Pereira M, Javaheri B, Roux JP, Chavassieux P, Korbonits M, Chenu C. Excessive growth hormone expression in male GH transgenic mice adversely alters bone architecture and mechanical strength. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1362-71. [PMID: 25646711 PMCID: PMC4399323 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with acromegaly have a higher prevalence of vertebral fractures despite normal bone mineral density (BMD), suggesting that GH overexpression has adverse effects on skeletal architecture and strength. We used giant bovine GH (bGH) transgenic mice to analyze the effects of high serum GH levels on BMD, architecture, and mechanical strength. Five-month-old hemizygous male bGH mice were compared with age- and sex-matched nontransgenic littermates controls (NT; n=16/group). Bone architecture and BMD were analyzed in tibia and lumbar vertebrae using microcomputed tomography. Femora were tested to failure using three-point bending and bone cellular activity determined by bone histomorphometry. bGH transgenic mice displayed significant increases in body weight and bone lengths. bGH tibia showed decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction, thickness, and number compared with NT ones, whereas trabecular pattern factor and structure model index were significantly increased, indicating deterioration in bone structure. Although cortical tissue perimeter was increased in transgenic mice, cortical thickness was reduced. bGH mice showed similar trabecular BMD but reduced trabecular thickness in lumbar vertebra relative to controls. Cortical BMD and thickness were significantly reduced in bGH lumbar vertebra. Mechanical testing of femora confirmed that bGH femora have decreased intrinsic mechanical properties compared with NT ones. Bone turnover is increased in favor of bone resorption in bGH tibia and vertebra compared with controls, and serum PTH levels is also enhanced in bGH mice. These data collectively suggest that high serum GH levels negatively affect bone architecture and quality at multiple skeletal sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Lim
- Department of Comparative and Biomedical Sciences (S.V.L., M.H., M.P., B.J., C.C.), Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom; Imperial College (M.M.), London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Edison Biotechnology Institute (E.O.L., J.J.K.), Ohio University, Ohio 45701; INSERM Unité Mixte de Recherche 1033 and Université de Lyon (J.P.R., P.C.), 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; and Department of Endocrinology (M.K.), Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1A 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Vazquez M, Evans BAJ, Riccardi D, Evans SL, Ralphs JR, Dillingham CM, Mason DJ. A new method to investigate how mechanical loading of osteocytes controls osteoblasts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:208. [PMID: 25538684 PMCID: PMC4260042 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading, a potent stimulator of bone formation, is governed by osteocyte regulation of osteoblasts. We developed a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro co-culture system to investigate the effect of loading on osteocyte-osteoblast interactions. MLO-Y4 cells were embedded in type I collagen gels and MC3T3-E1(14) or MG63 cells layered on top. Ethidium homodimer staining of 3D co-cultures showed 100% osteoblasts and 86% osteocytes were viable after 7 days. Microscopy revealed osteoblasts and osteocytes maintain their respective ovoid/pyriform and dendritic morphologies in 3D co-cultures. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) extracted separately from osteoblasts and osteocytes, showed that podoplanin (E11), osteocalcin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 mRNAs were expressed in both cell types. Type I collagen (Col1a1) mRNA expression was higher in osteoblasts (P < 0.001), whereas, alkaline phosphatase mRNA was higher in osteocytes (P = 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed osteoblasts and osteocytes express E11, type I pro-collagen, and connexin 43 proteins. In preliminary experiments to assess osteogenic responses, co-cultures were treated with human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) or mechanical loading using a custom built loading device. BMP-2 treatment significantly increased osteoblast Col1a1 mRNA synthesis (P = 0.031) in MLO-Y4/MG63 co-cultures after 5 days treatment. A 16-well silicone plate, loaded (5 min, 10 Hz, 2.5 N) to induce 4000-4500 με cyclic compression within gels increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release 0.5 h post-load in MLO-Y4 cells pre-cultured in 3D collagen gels for 48, 72 h, or 7 days. Mechanical loading of 3D co-cultures increased type I pro-collagen release 1 and 5 days later. These methods reveal a new osteocyte-osteoblast co-culture model that may be useful for investigating mechanically induced osteocyte control of osteoblast bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Vazquez
- Arthritis Research UK Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bronwen A. J. Evans
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sam L. Evans
- Institute of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jim R. Ralphs
- Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Deborah J. Mason
- Division of Pathophysiology and Repair, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Hichijo N, Kawai N, Mori H, Sano R, Ohnuki Y, Okumura S, Langenbach GEJ, Tanaka E. Effects of the masticatory demand on the rat mandibular development. J Oral Rehabil 2014; 41:581-7. [PMID: 24702545 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The influence of masticatory loading stimulus on mandibular development is not fully clear. In this paper, experimental alterations in the daily muscle use, caused by a changed diet consistency, were continuously monitored, while adaptations in bone and cartilage were examined. It is hypothesised that decreased muscular loading will result in a decrease in the growth factor expression and mandible growth. Fourteen 21-day-old Wistar strain male rats were randomly divided into two groups and fed on either a hard or soft diet for 14 weeks. An implanted radio-telemetric device recorded continuously muscle activity of the superficial masseter muscle. Chondroblast proliferation in the condylar cartilage was identified by insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1r) immunostaining. Furthermore, an X-ray was taken for cephalometric analysis. In the soft-diet group, the duty time of the superficial masseter muscle at higher activity levels was significantly lower than that in the hard-diet group. This decrease in muscular loading of the jaw system was accompanied by: a significant reduction in (i) articular cartilage thickness, (ii) expression of IGF-1r immunopositive cells and (iii) mandible ramus height. In conclusion, a decrease in masticatory demand during the growth period leads to insufficient mandibular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hichijo
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Oral Sciences, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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14
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Hoeflich A, Wirthgen E, David R, Classen CF, Spitschak M, Brenmoehl J. Control of IGFBP-2 Expression by Steroids and Peptide Hormones in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:43. [PMID: 24778626 PMCID: PMC3985015 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
IGFBP-2 (1) has been described as a brain tumor oncogene (2) and is widely expressed in cancers from different origins (3-8). IGFBP-2 alone cannot cause malignant transformation, yet progression of brain tumors to higher grade (9) and also has been provided as a protective element in earlier stages of multistage colon carcinogenesis (10). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that determine expression patterns of IGFBP-2 under normal and malignant conditions. The present review provides a comprehensive update of known factors that have an impact on expression of IGFBP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Correspondence: Andreas Hoeflich, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Dummerstorf 18196, Germany e-mail:
| | | | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Center for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Marion Spitschak
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
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Reijnders CMA, van Essen HW, van Rens BTTM, van Beek JHGM, Ylstra B, Blankenstein MA, Lips P, Bravenboer N. Increased expression of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) in cortical bone of the rat tibia after mechanical loading: identification by oligonucleotide microarray. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79672. [PMID: 24255709 PMCID: PMC3821845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal integrity in humans and animals is maintained by daily mechanical loading. It has been widely accepted that osteocytes function as mechanosensors. Many biochemical signaling molecules are involved in the response of osteocytes to mechanical stimulation. The aim of this study was to identify genes involved in the translation of mechanical stimuli into bone formation. The four-point bending model was used to induce a single period of mechanical loading on the right tibia, while the contra lateral left tibia served as control. Six hours after loading, the effects of mechanical loading on gene-expression were determined with microarray analysis. Protein expression of differentially regulated genes was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Nine genes were found to exhibit a significant differential gene expression in LOAD compared to control. MEPE, Garnl1, V2R2B, and QFG-TN1 olfactory receptor were up-regulated, and creatine kinase (muscle form), fibrinogen-B beta-polypeptide, monoamine oxidase A, troponin-C and kinesin light chain-C were down-regulated. Validation with real-time RT-PCR analysis confirmed the up-regulation of MEPE and the down-regulation of creatine kinase (muscle form) and troponin-C in the loaded tibia. Immunohistochemistry showed that the increase of MEPE protein expression was already detectable six hours after mechanical loading. In conclusion, these genes probably play a role during translation of mechanical stimuli six hours after mechanical loading. The modulation of MEPE expression may indicate a connection between bone mineralization and bone formation after mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christianne M. A. Reijnders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib W. van Essen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte T. T. M. van Rens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes H. G. M. van Beek
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bauke Ylstra
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Institute MOVE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Paul Lips
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrine Section, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Zong ming W, Jian yu L, Rui xin L, Hao L, Yong G, Lu L, Xin chang Z, Xi zheng Z. Bone formation in rabbit cancellous bone explant culture model is enhanced by mechanical load. Biomed Eng Online 2013; 12:35. [PMID: 23597232 PMCID: PMC3651399 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background When studying and designing an artificial bone in vitro with similar features and functionality of natural bone by tissue engineering technology, the culturing environment, especially the mechanical environment is supposed to be an important factor, because a suitable mechanical environment in vitro may improve the adaptability of the planted-in tissue engineering bone in the body. Unfortunately, up to now, the relationship between mechanical stimuli and natural bone growth has not yet been precisely determined, and it is so imperative for a prior study on effect of mechanical loading on growth of the natural bone cultured in vitro. Methods Under sterile conditions, explant models of rabbit cancellous bone with 3 mm in thickness and 8 mm in diameter were prepared and cultured in a dynamic loading and circulating perfusion bioreactor system. By Micro-CT scanning, a 3D model for finite element (FEM) analysis was achieved. According to the results of FEM analysis and physiological load bearing capacity of the natural bone, these models were firstly subjected to mechanical load with 1Hz frequency causing average apparent strain of 1000 μϵ, 2000 μϵ, 3000 μϵ and 4000 μϵ respectively for 30 min every day, activities of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) were detected on the 5th and the 14th loading day and on the 14th and the 21st day, mechanical properties, tissue mineral density (TMD) of the bone explant models were investigated and Von-kossa staining and fluorescence double labeling assays were conducted to evaluate whether there were fresh osteoid in the bone explant models. In addition, Western blot, Elisa and Real-time PCR were employed to analyze expression of Collagen-I (COL-1), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) protein and RNA. Results The explant models of rabbit cancellous bone prepared under sterile conditions grew well in the bioreactor system. With the increasing culturing time and load levels, bone explant models in groups with 1000 μϵ and 2000 μϵ average apparent strain experienced improving mechanical properties and TMD (P<0.05), and results of Von-kossa staining and fluorescence double labeling also showed apparent fresh osteoid formation. Under the same loading conditions, a up-regulations in protein and RNA of COL-1, BMP-2 and OPG were detected, especially, relative genes notably expressed after 21 days. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that mechanical load could improve function and activity of osteoblasts in explant models of cancellous bone. Through regulations of COL-1, OPG and BMP-2 secreted by osteoblasts, the mechanical load could improve the tissue structural density and stiffness due to formation of fresh osteoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zong ming
- Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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17
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Low-Frequency Mechanical Stimulation Modulates Osteogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/138704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation influences stem cell differentiation and may therefore provide improved lineage specification control for clinical applications. Low-frequency oscillatory mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) has recently been shown to suppress adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, indicating that the range of effective stimulation frequencies is not limited to those associated with locomotion, circulation, and respiration. We hypothesized that low-frequency mechanical stimulation (0.01 Hz) can also promote osteogenic cell differentiation of myoblastic C2C12 cells in combination with BMP-2. Results indicate that low-frequency mechanical stimulation can significantly enhance osteogenic gene expression, provided that differentiation is initiated by a priming period involving BMP-2 alone. Subsequent application of low-frequency mechanical stimulation appears to act synergistically with continued BMP-2 exposure to promote osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells and can even partially compensate for the removal of BMP-2. These effects may be mediated by the ERK and Wnt signalling pathways. Osteogenic induction of C2C12 cells by low-frequency mechanical stimulation is therefore critically dependent upon previous exposure to growth factors, and the timing of superimposed BMP-2 and mechanical stimuli can sensitively influence osteogenesis. These insights may provide a technically simple means for control of stem cell differentiation in cell-based therapies, particularly for the enhancement of differentiation toward desired lineages.
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Pierroz DD, Bonnet N, Bianchi EN, Bouxsein ML, Baldock PA, Rizzoli R, Ferrari SL. Deletion of β-adrenergic receptor 1, 2, or both leads to different bone phenotypes and response to mechanical stimulation. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:1252-62. [PMID: 22407956 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As they age, mice deficient for the β2-adrenergic receptor (Adrb2(-/-) ) maintain greater trabecular bone microarchitecture, as a result of lower bone resorption and increased bone formation. The role of β1-adrenergic receptor signaling and its interaction with β2-adrenergic receptor on bone mass regulation, however, remains poorly understood. We first investigated the skeletal response to mechanical stimulation in mice deficient for β1-adrenergic receptors and/or β2-adrenergic receptors. Upon axial compression loading of the tibia, bone density, cancellous and cortical microarchitecture, as well as histomorphometric bone forming indices, were increased in both Adrb2(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice, but not in Adrb1(-/-) nor in Adrb1b2(-/-) mice. Moreover, in the unstimulated femur and vertebra, bone mass and microarchitecture were increased in Adrb2(-/-) mice, whereas in Adrb1(-/-) and Adrb1b2(-/-) double knockout mice, femur bone mineral density (BMD), cancellous bone volume/total volume (BV/TV), cortical size, and cortical thickness were lower compared to WT. Bone histomorphometry and biochemical markers showed markedly decreased bone formation in Adrb1b2(-/-) mice during growth, which paralleled a significant decline in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and IGF-binding protein 3 (IGF-BP3). Finally, administration of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol increased bone resorption and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and decreased bone mass and microarchitecture in WT but not in Adrb1b2(-/-) mice. Altogether, these results demonstrate that β1- and β2-adrenergic signaling exert opposite effects on bone, with β1 exerting a predominant anabolic stimulus in response to mechanical stimulation and during growth, whereas β2-adrenergic receptor signaling mainly regulates bone resorption during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique D Pierroz
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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19
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Nakahama KI. Cellular communications in bone homeostasis and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4001-9. [PMID: 20694737 PMCID: PMC11115676 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular communication between the bone component cells osteoblasts, osteocytes and (pre-)osteoclasts is essential for bone remodeling which maintains bone integrity. As in the remodeling of other organs, cell death is a trigger for remodeling of bone. During the systematic process of bone remodeling, direct or indirect cell-cell communication is indispensable. Thus, osteoblasts induce migration and differentiation of preosteoclasts, which is followed by bone resorption (by mature multinuclear osteoclasts). After completion of bone resorption, apoptosis of mature osteoclasts and differentiation of osteoblasts are initiated. At this time, the osteoblasts do not support osteoclast differentiation but do support bone formation. Finally, osteoblasts differentiate to osteocytes in bone or to bone lining cells on bone surfaces. In this way, old bone areas are regenerated as new bone. In this review the role of cell-cell communication in bone remodeling is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nakahama
- Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
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20
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Yeni YN, Dong XN, Zhang B, Gibson GJ, Fyhrie DP. Cancellous bone properties and matrix content of TGF-beta2 and IGF-I in human tibia: a pilot study. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2009; 467:3079-86. [PMID: 19472023 PMCID: PMC2772931 DOI: 10.1007/s11999-009-0896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Transforming and insulin-like growth factors are important in regulating bone mass. Thus, one would anticipate correlations between matrix concentrations of growth factors and functional properties of bone. We therefore investigated the relationships of (1) TGF-beta2 and (2) IGF-I matrix concentrations with the trabecular microstructure, stress distribution, and mechanical properties of tibial cancellous bone from six male human cadavers. Trabecular stress amplification (VMExp/sigma(app)) and variability (VMCOV) were calculated using microcomputed tomography (muCT)-based finite element simulations. Bone volume fraction (BV/TV), surface/volume ratio (BS/BV), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), number (Tb.N) and separation (Tb.Sp), connectivity (Eu.N), and anisotropy (DA) were measured using 3-D morphometry. Bone stiffness and strength were measured by mechanical testing. Matrix concentrations of TGF-beta2 and IGF-I were measured by ELISA. We found higher matrix concentrations of TGF-beta2 were associated with higher Tb.Sp and VMExp/sigma(app) for pooled data and within subjects. Similarly, a higher matrix concentration of IGF-I was associated with lower stiffness, strength, BV/TV and Tb.Th and with higher BS/BV, Tb.Sp, VMExp/sigma(app) and VMCOV for pooled data and within subjects. IGF-I and Tb.N were negatively associated within subjects. It appears variations of the stress distribution in cancellous bone correlate with the variation of the concentrations of TGF-beta2 and IGF-I in bone matrix: increased local matrix concentrations of growth factors are associated with poor biomechanical and architectural properties of tibial cancellous bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yener N. Yeni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Section of Biomechanics, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, E&R 2015, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - X. Neil Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Bingbing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Section of Cell Biology, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, E&R 2015, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - Gary J. Gibson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Section of Cell Biology, Bone and Joint Center, Henry Ford Hospital, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, E&R 2015, Detroit, MI 48202 USA
| | - David P. Fyhrie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence J. Ellison Musculoskeletal Research Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
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Barros RR, Degidi M, Novaes AB, Piattelli A, Shibli JA, Iezzi G. Osteocyte Density in the Peri-Implant Bone of Immediately Loaded and Submerged Dental Implants. J Periodontol 2009; 80:499-504. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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22
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Laviola L, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Giorgino F. Abnormalities of IGF-I signaling in the pathogenesis of diseases of the bone, brain, and fetoplacental unit in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E991-9. [PMID: 18713961 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90452.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I action is essential for the regulation of tissue formation and remodeling, bone growth, prenatal growth, brain development, and muscle metabolism. Cellular effects of IGF-I are mediated through the IGF-I receptor, a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that phosphorylates intracellular substrates, resulting in the activation of multiple intracellular signaling cascades. Dysregulation of IGF-I actions due to impairment in the postreceptor signaling machinery may contribute to multiple diseases in humans. This article will review current information on IGF-I signaling and illustrate recent results demonstrating how impaired IGF-I signaling and action may contribute to the pathogenesis of human diseases, including osteoporosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and reduced fetal growth in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Laviola
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, and Metabolic Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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Giustina A, Mazziotti G, Canalis E. Growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors, and the skeleton. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:535-59. [PMID: 18436706 PMCID: PMC2726838 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
GH and IGF-I are important regulators of bone homeostasis and are central to the achievement of normal longitudinal bone growth and bone mass. Although GH may act directly on skeletal cells, most of its effects are mediated by IGF-I, which is present in the systemic circulation and is synthesized by peripheral tissues. The availability of IGF-I is regulated by IGF binding proteins. IGF-I enhances the differentiated function of the osteoblast and bone formation. Adult GH deficiency causes low bone turnover osteoporosis with high risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures, and the low bone mass can be partially reversed by GH replacement. Acromegaly is characterized by high bone turnover, which can lead to bone loss and vertebral fractures, particularly in patients with coexistent hypogonadism. GH and IGF-I secretion are decreased in aging individuals, and abnormalities in the GH/IGF-I axis play a role in the pathogenesis of the osteoporosis of anorexia nervosa and after glucocorticoid exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giustina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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24
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Hoeflich A. Contrasting bone effects of temporary versus permanent IGFBP administration in rodents. Growth Horm IGF Res 2008; 18:181-187. [PMID: 18308605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic animal technology has tremendously improved our current comprehension of IGFBP biology. The high potential of IGFBP transgenic mouse models is due to the fact that they mimic elevated serum IGFBP levels, which are diagnosed under the conditions of impaired growth or critical illness. In general, long term elevated levels of IGFBPs in transgenic mouse models almost exclusively resulted in inhibitory phenotypes e.g. of body or organ growth, indicating specific effects in different cell types. This holds especially for the distinct cellular populations present in the bone environment. After establishing transgenic mouse lines modelling permanent increases of IGFBPs, a second question now poses challenge to current functional genome analysis: what is the function of temporary exposure of a certain cell type to isolated IGFBPs? This question is particularly important due to the fact that elevated IGFBP expression is often found in a conditional fashion and in line with the contradictory findings after long or short term IGFBP exposure in rodent models. In order to understand the potential roles of the conditional increases of IGFBP expression, e.g. during illness, and to further study the adaptive or even therapeutic potential of IGFBPs for certain applications like osteoporosis, it is imperative to take a closer look also to the acute effects of the IGFBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hoeflich
- Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Research Unit of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals Dummerstorf (FBN), Wilhelm Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Giannoudis PV, Pountos I, Morley J, Perry S, Tarkin HI, Pape HC. Growth factor release following femoral nailing. Bone 2008; 42:751-7. [PMID: 18243089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.12.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether growth factors essential for fracture healing are substantially increased in the immediate aftermath following reaming of the intramedullary cavity for stabilisation of femoral shaft fractures. Consecutive adult patients whose femoral shaft fractures stabilised with either reamed (10 patients) or unreamed (10 patients) intramedullary nailing were studied. Peripheral blood samples and samples from the femoral canal before and after reaming and nail insertion were collected. Serum was extracted and using Elisa colorimetric assays the concentration of Platelet Derived Growth Factor-BetaBeta (PDGF), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGF-beta1) and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (BMP-2) was measured. The mean age of the twenty patients who participated in the study was 38 years (range 20-63). Reaming substantially increased all studied growth factors (p<0.05) locally in the femoral canal. VEGF and PDGF were increased after reaming by 111.2% and 115.6% respectively. IGF-I was increased by 31.5% and TGF-beta1 was increased by 54.2%. In the unreamed group the levels of PDGF-BB, VEGF, TGF-beta1 remained unchanged while the levels of IGF-I decreased by 10%. The levels of these mediators in the peripheral circulation were not altered irrespectively of the nail insertion technique used. BMP-2 levels during all time points were below the detection limit of the immunoassay. This study indicates that reaming of the intramedullary cavity is associated with increased liberation of growth factors. The osteogenic effect of reaming could be secondary not only to grafting debris but also to the increased liberation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Giannoudis
- Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, UK.
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26
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Growth and development. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:79-101. [PMID: 18185067 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282f4f084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hoeflich A, Götz W, Lichanska AM, Bielohuby M, Tönshoff B, Kiepe D. Effects of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in bone -- a matter of cell and site. Arch Physiol Biochem 2007; 113:142-53. [PMID: 17922310 DOI: 10.1080/13813450701531193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The actions of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-system are controlled by six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs). The IGFBPs are thought to affect local effects of IGF-I and IGF-II due to higher affinity if compared to IGF-I receptors and due to cell-type specific IGFBP expression patterns. It was found in IGFBP knockout models that the IGFBP family is functionally redundant. Thus, functional analysis of potential effects of IGFBPs is dependent on descriptive studies and models of IGFBP overexposure in vitro and in vivo. In the literature, the role of the IGFBPs for bone growth is highly controversial and, to date, no systematic look has been taken at IGFBPs resolving functional aspects of IGFBPs at levels of cell types and specific locations within bones. Since IGFBPs are thought to represent local modulators of the IGF actions and also exert IGF-independent effects, this approach is particularly reasonable on a physiological level. By sorting the huge number of in part controversial results on IGFBP effects in bone present in the literature for distinct cell types and bone sites it is possible to generate a focused, more specific and a less controversial picture of IGFBP functions in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoeflich
- Laboratory of Mouse Genetics, Research Unit of Genetics and Biometry, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals Dummerstorf (FBN), Germany.
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28
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GU G, KURATA K, CHEN Z, VÄÄNÄNEN KH. Osteocyte: a Cellular Basis for Mechanotransduction in Bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1299/jbse.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang GU
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Turku
| | - Kosaku KURATA
- Department of Biorobotics, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Sangyo University
| | - Zhi CHEN
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Turku
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