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Koh NYY, Miszkiewicz JJ, Fac ML, Wee NKY, Sims NA. Preclinical Rodent Models for Human Bone Disease, Including a Focus on Cortical Bone. Endocr Rev 2024; 45:493-520. [PMID: 38315213 PMCID: PMC11244217 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Preclinical models (typically ovariectomized rats and genetically altered mice) have underpinned much of what we know about skeletal biology. They have been pivotal for developing therapies for osteoporosis and monogenic skeletal conditions, including osteogenesis imperfecta, achondroplasia, hypophosphatasia, and craniodysplasias. Further therapeutic advances, particularly to improve cortical strength, require improved understanding and more rigorous use and reporting. We describe here how trabecular and cortical bone structure develop, are maintained, and degenerate with aging in mice, rats, and humans, and how cortical bone structure is changed in some preclinical models of endocrine conditions (eg, postmenopausal osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease, hyperparathyroidism, diabetes). We provide examples of preclinical models used to identify and test current therapies for osteoporosis, and discuss common concerns raised when comparing rodent preclinical models to the human skeleton. We focus especially on cortical bone, because it differs between small and larger mammals in its organizational structure. We discuss mechanisms common to mouse and human controlling cortical bone strength and structure, including recent examples revealing genetic contributors to cortical porosity and osteocyte network configurations during growth, maturity, and aging. We conclude with guidelines for clear reporting on mouse models with a goal for better consistency in the use and interpretation of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Y Y Koh
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Justyna J Miszkiewicz
- School of Social Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Vertebrate Evolution Development and Ecology, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Louise Fac
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie K Y Wee
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology & Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
- Department of Medicine at St. Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
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Azari F, Colyn W, Bellemans J, Scheys L, van Lenthe GH. Correlation between tibial and femoral bone and cartilage changes in end-stage knee osteoarthritis. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae014. [PMID: 38533245 PMCID: PMC10964977 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Knee osteoarthritis is a whole joint disease highlighting the coupling of cartilage and bone adaptations. However, the structural properties of the subchondral bone plate (SBP) and underlying subchondral trabecular bone (STB) in the femoral compartment have received less attention compared to the tibial side. Furthermore, how the properties in the femoral compartment relate to those in the corresponding tibial site is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the structural bone and cartilage morphology in the femoral compartment and investigate its association with those of the tibial plateau. Specifically, tibial plateaus and femoral condyles were retrieved from 28 patients with end-stage knee-osteoarthritis (OA) and varus deformity. The medial condyle of tibial plateaus and the distal part of the medial femoral condyles were micro-CT scanned (20.1 μm/voxel). Cartilage thickness (Cart.Th), SBP, and STB microarchitecture were quantified. Significant (P < <.001; 0.79 ≤ r ≤ 0.97) correlations with a relative difference within 10% were found between the medial side of the femoral and tibial compartments. The highest correlations were found for SBP porosity (r = 0.97, mean absolute difference of 0.50%, and mean relative difference of 9.41%) and Cart.Th (r = 0.96, mean absolute difference of 0.18 mm, and relative difference of 7.08%). The lowest correlation was found for trabecular thickness (r = 0.79, mean absolute difference of 21.07 μm, and mean relative difference of 5.17%) and trabecular number (r = 0.79, mean absolute difference of 0.18 mm-1, and relative difference of 5.02%). These findings suggest that the distal femur is affected by OA in a similar way as the proximal tibia. Given that bone adaptation is a response to local mechanical forces, our results suggest that varus deformity similarly affects the stress distribution of the medial tibial plateau and the medial distal femur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Azari
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - William Colyn
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, AZ Turnhout, Turnhout, Belgium
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Limburg Clinical Research Center, ZOL Genk, Genk, Belgium
| | - Johan Bellemans
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- GRIT Belgian Sports Clinic, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lennart Scheys
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G H van Lenthe
- Biomechanics Section, Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Loundagin LL, Harrison KD, Wei X, Cooper DML. Understanding basic multicellular unit activity in cortical bone through 3D morphological analysis: New methods to define zones of the remodeling space. Bone 2024; 179:116960. [PMID: 37972746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The activity of basic multicellular units (BMU) in cortical bone is classically described as a sequential order of events- resorption, reversal and formation. This simplified portrayal of the remodeling process is pervasive despite the reported variability in remodeling space morphology. These variations may reflect meaningful nuances in BMU activity but methods to quantify 3D remodeling space morphology within the context of the cellular activity are currently lacking. This study developed new techniques to define zones of BMU activity based on the 3D morphology of remodeling spaces in rabbit cortical bone and integrated morphological data with the BMU longitudinal erosion rate (LER) to elucidate the spatial-temporal coordination of BMUs and estimate mineral apposition rate (MAR). The tibiae of New Zealand white rabbits (n = 5) were imaged in vivo using synchrotron radiation and two weeks later ex vivo with desktop microCT. The in vivo and ex vivo datasets were co-registered, and 27 remodeling spaces were identified at both timepoints. A radial profile representing the 3D morphology was the platform for partitioning the remodeling spaces into resorption, reversal and formation zones. Manual, automated and semi-automated partitioning approaches were compared, and the zone-segmentations were used to calculate the length, change in radius and slope of each zone. The manual approach most accurately defined the zones of idealized remodeling spaces with known dimensions (relative error = 0.9-9.2 %) while the semi-automated method reliably defined the zones in rabbit remodeling spaces (ICC = 0.85-1.00). Combining LER and the manually derived zone dimensions indicated that a BMU passes through a cross-section in approximately 18.8 days with resorption, reversal and formation taking 4.1, 2.2, and 12.5 days, respectively. MAR estimated by the 3D analysis was not significantly different than that determined with classic histomorphometry (p = 0.48). These techniques have the potential to assess dynamic parameters of bone resorption and formation, eliminate the need for fluorochrome labeling and provide a more comprehensive perspective of the remodeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay L Loundagin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Kim D Harrison
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Xuan Wei
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Lopes TSB, Shi H, White D, Araújo ICS, Kim WK. Effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium and phosphorus diet during Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103267. [PMID: 38113706 PMCID: PMC10770761 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD) on performance, gut health, and bone quality of broilers fed with reduced calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) diet during Eimeria spp. challenge. A total of 576 fourteen-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were randomly distributed in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with 6 replicates of 12 birds each. The main factors were 25-OHD level (0 or 3,000 IU/kg of feed), mineral level (0.84% of Ca/0.42% of P, the levels recommended for the grower phase (NOR) or 0.64% of Ca/0.22% of P (RED), and mid-high mixed Eimeria challenge or nonchallenge. 25-OHD improved phosphorus retention (P = 0.019), bone ash weight (P = 0.04), cortical bone trabecular connectivity (P = 0.043) during coccidiosis. For birds fed with reduced mineral levels, 25-OHD supplementation increased bone ash weight (P = 0.04). However, 25-OHD did not improve bone ash weight when birds were challenged and fed with reduced mineral levels. The dietary 3,000 IU of 25-OHD supplementation did not improve performance or gut morphology but support bone health during coccidiosis. Future investigations are needed for better understand 25-OHD role on bone microarchitecture and oxidative metabolism during coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S B Lopes
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - H Shi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - D White
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - I C S Araújo
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Cotten A, Boutry N, Demondion X. Metaphyseal and Diaphyseal Contours: Variants and Pitfalls. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2023; 27:432-438. [PMID: 37748466 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1770125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
We discuss several variants of the metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone surfaces that may be misleading in clinical practice. They include metaphyseal stripes, spiculated metaphyseal cortex, cortical desmoid, laminated lateral supracondylar ridge, cortical vascular canals, variations in shape or lucency of normal tuberosities, cortical thickening of normal ridges, and well-organized undulated hyperostosis at the proximal phalanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cotten
- Department of Musculoskeletal Imaging, CIAL, Lille University Hospital, Lille University, Lille, France
- Lille University, MABLab ULR 4490, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Boutry
- Department of Pediatric Imaging, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille University Hospital, Lille University, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Demondion
- Department of Musculoskeletal Imaging, CIAL, Lille University Hospital, Lille University, Lille, France
- University Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 7367 - UTML&A - Unité de Taphonomie Médico-Légale & d'Anatomie, Lille, France
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Three-dimensional cortical and trabecular bone microstructure of the proximal ulna. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2023; 143:213-223. [PMID: 34226981 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-04023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The three-dimensional (3D) microstructure of the cortical and trabecular bone of the proximal ulna has not yet been described by means of high-resolution 3D imaging. An improved characterization can provide a better understanding of their relative contribution to resist impact load. The aim of this study is to describe the proximal ulna bone microstructure using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and relate it to gross morphology and function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five dry cadaveric human ulnae were scanned by micro-CT (17 μm/voxel, isotropic). Both qualitative and quantitative assessments were performed on sagittal image stacks. The cortical thickness of the trochlear notch and the trabecular bone microstructure were measured in the olecranon, bare area and coronoid. RESULTS Groups of trabecular struts starting in the bare area, spanning towards the anterior and posterior side of the proximal ulna, were observed; within the coronoid, the trabeculae were orthogonal to the joint surface. Consistently among the ulnae, the coronoid showed the highest cortical thickness (1.66 ± 0.59 mm, p = 0.04) and the olecranon the lowest (0.33 ± 0.06 mm, p = 0.04). The bare area exhibited the highest bone volume fraction (BV/TV = 43.7 ± 22.4%), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th = 0.40 ± 0.09 mm) and lowest structure model index (SMI = - 0.28 ± 2.20, indicating plate-like structure), compared to the other regions (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Our microstructural results suggest that the bare area is the region where most of the loading of the proximal ulna is concentrated, whereas the coronoid, together with its anteromedial facet, is the most important bony stabilizer of the elbow joint. Studying the proximal ulna bone microstructure helps understanding its possible everyday mechanical loading conditions and potential fractures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N.A.
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Assessment of Bone Microstructure by Micro CT in C57BL/6J Mice for Sex-Specific Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314585. [PMID: 36498911 PMCID: PMC9735535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains uncertain which skeletal sites and parameters should be analyzed in rodent studies evaluating bone health and disease. In this cross-sectional mouse study using micro-computed tomography (µCT), we explored: (1) which microstructural parameters can be used to discriminate female from male bones and (2) whether it is meaningful to evaluate more than one bone site. Microstructural parameters of the trabecular and/or cortical compartments of the femur, tibia, thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies, and skull were evaluated by µCT in 10 female and 10 male six-month-old C57BL/6J mice. The trabecular number (TbN) was significantly higher, while the trabecular separation (TbSp) was significantly lower in male compared to female mice at all skeletal sites assessed. Overall, bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) was also significantly higher in male vs. female mice (except for the thoracic spine, which did not differ by sex). Most parameters of the cortical bone microstructure did not differ between male and female mice. BV/TV, TbN, and TbSp at the femur, and TbN and TbSp at the tibia and lumbar spine could fully (100%) discriminate female from male bones. Cortical thickness (CtTh) at the femur was the best parameter to detect sex differences in the cortical compartment (AUC = 0.914). In 6-month-old C57BL/6J mice, BV/TV, TbN, and TbSp can be used to distinguish male from female bones. Whenever it is not possible to assess multiple bone sites, we propose to evaluate the bone microstructure of the femur for detecting potential sex differences.
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Grace TM, O'Rourke D, Robertson T, Perilli E, Callary S, Taylor M, Atkins GJ, Solomon LB, Thewlis D. A semiautomated method to quantitatively assess osteolytic lesion volume and bone mineral density within acetabular regions of interest from CT. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:396-408. [PMID: 33871103 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to (1) develop a semiautomated method to obtain lesion volume and bone mineral density (BMD) in terms of Hounsfield units from pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans in three regions of interest, and (2) assess accuracy and reliability of the method based on cadaveric CT scans. Image artefacts due to metal implants reduce CT clarity and are more severe with more than one implant in situ. Therefore, accuracy and reliability tests were performed with varying numbers of total hip arthroplasties implanted. To test the accuracy of lesion size measurements, microcomputed tomography was used as a reference. Mean absolute error ranged from 36 to 284 mm3 after five measurements. Intra- and inter-operator reliability of the entire method was measured for a selection of parameters. All coefficient of variation values were good to excellent for CT scans of the native pelvic anatomy and a CT scans of the same pelvis with one and two implants in situ. Accuracy of quantifying lesion volume decreased with decreasing CT image clarity by 0.6%-3.6% mean absolute relative error. Reliability of lesion volume measurement decreased with decreasing CT clarity. This was also the case for reliability of BMD measurements in the region most disrupted by metal artefact. The presented method proposes an approach for quantifying bone loss which has been proven to be accurate, reliable, and clinically applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Grace
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dermot O'Rourke
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas Robertson
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Egon Perilli
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart Callary
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark Taylor
- Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lucian B Solomon
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Centre of Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Regional differences in the three-dimensional bone microstructure of the radial head: implications for observed fracture patterns. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:165-174. [PMID: 33170354 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A characterization of the internal bone microstructure of the radial head could provide a better understanding of commonly occurring fracture patterns frequently involving the (antero)lateral quadrant, for which a clear explanation is still lacking. The aim of this study is to describe the radial head bone microstructure using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and to relate it to gross morphology, function and possible fracture patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dry cadaveric human radii were scanned by micro-CT (17 μm/pixel, isotropic). The trabecular bone microstructure was quantified on axial image stacks in four quadrants: the anterolateral (AL), posterolateral (PL), posteromedial (PM) and anteromedial (AM) quadrant. RESULTS The AL and PL quadrants displayed the significantly lowest bone volume fraction and trabecular number (BV/TV range 12.3-25.1%, Tb.N range 0.73-1.16 mm-1) and highest trabecular separation (Tb.Sp range 0.59-0.82 mm), compared to the PM and AM quadrants (BV/TV range 19.9-36.9%, Tb.N range 0.96-1.61 mm-1, Tb.Sp range 0.45-0.74 mm) (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our microstructural results suggest that the lateral side is the "weaker side", exhibiting lower bone volume faction, less trabeculae and higher trabecular separation, compared to the medial side. As the forearm is pronated during most falls, the underlying bone microstructure could explain commonly observed fracture patterns of the radial head, particularly more often involving the AL quadrant. If screw fixation in radial head fractures is considered, surgeons should take advantage of the "stronger" bone microstructure of the medial side of the radial head, should the fracture line allow this.
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Uniyal P, Sihota P, Tikoo K, Kumar N. Anatomical variation in intracortical canal network microarchitecture and its influence on bone fracture risk. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 123:104770. [PMID: 34392038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical canals are a major contributor to cortical bone porosity and influence its mechanical response. Canal networks act as stress concentrators and the magnitude of which depends on the size and spatial distribution of canals. In the present study, we investigated site-dependent variation in intracortical canal network morphological indices and their effect on the mechanical response of bone. For this, mid-diaphysis of rat tibia bones were scanned using high-resolution micro-CT and morphological indices were measured for four main anatomical sites-anterior, posterior, medial and lateral. Further, a micro-finite element (μFE) model was developed to quantify the stress concentration regions in different cortices. The fracture risk was assessed using an effective strain approach. Results show that canal porosity, canal orientation and canal length are site-dependent whereas canal diameter and canal number density are independent of the site. The lateral cortex has significantly higher porosity compared to the posterior cortex (p < 0.05). The orientation of canals is found significantly different between endosteal and periosteal regions for anterior and medial quadrants. Canals are inclined at higher angles with bone axis in the endosteal region as compare to the periosteal region. The μ-FE results show that the regions with higher effective strain are concentrated around the canals. Further, failed element volume per unit bone volume is found highest for medial cortex whereas lowest for posterior cortex. The higher failed volume is associated with more radial canals in the medial cortex as compare to other cortices. The linear regression analysis shows that the volume of overstrained elements strongly depends on canal orientation (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.0001) and canal porosity (R2 = 0.61, p < 0.0001). The findings from this study suggest that along with vascular canal porosity, canal orientation and canal diameter can further improve the bone fracture risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Uniyal
- Department for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
| | - Praveer Sihota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India
| | - Kulbhushan Tikoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Mohali, India
| | - Navin Kumar
- Department for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, India.
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Renaud G, Clouzet P, Cassereau D, Talmant M. Measuring anisotropy of elastic wave velocity with ultrasound imaging and an autofocus method: application to cortical bone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 65:235016. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abb92c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Zhang JZ, Zhao K, Li JY, Zhu YB, Zhang YZ. Age-related dynamic deformation of the femoral shaft and associated osteoporotic factors: a retrospective study in Chinese adults. Arch Osteoporos 2020; 15:157. [PMID: 33026533 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-020-00834-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dynamic skeletal deformation with ageing showed important signs of degenerative and osteoporotic diseases. We found that both femoral bowing and cortical thickness were correlated with ageing in a Chinese population. Further, femoral cortical index, an osteoporotic indicator, was negatively correlated with femoral bowing angle. Hence, more attention should be paid to these femoral morphological changes to avoid fragility fractures and failed internal fixation. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether morphological parameters of the femoral shaft are in age-related deformation and identify correlations between parameters of femoral cortical thickness and femoral shaft bowing. METHODS One hundred twenty patients (mean 50 years, range 18~104 years) who had received standard long-standing anteroposterior and femoral lateral radiographs from October 2016 to October 2019 were included in this retrospective study. The sagittal femoral bowing angle (sFBA), sagittal femoral cortical index (sFCI), coronal femoral bowing angle (cFBA), and coronal femoral cortical index (cFCI) were measured by two orthopaedists separately. All the participants' demographic data, including age, sex, body laterality, height, and weight, were collected. The Student's t test, Mann-Whitney U test, two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression were used in the statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean age of the male and female participants was 46.95 ± 15.25 and 52.22 ± 15.61 years, respectively. Two-way ANOVA revealed that females had a significantly lower sFCI than males at the right side (P < 0.05). There were no significant interactions between sex or body laterality and the sFBA, cFBA, sFCI, and cFCI groups (P > 0.05). Pearson correlation revealed that sFCI was strongly correlated with sFBA (r = - 0.535, P < 0.05) and cFBA (r = - 0.535, P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that both age (β = 0.304 and 0.308 respectively) and sFCI (β = - 0.322 and - 0.414 respectively) were two independent predictors associated with sFBA and cFBA respectively. CONCLUSIONS The femoral shaft bowing of the Chinese population was positively correlated with ageing, whereas the sagittal femoral cortical thickness negatively correlated with ageing. A high FBA occurred in femoral shafts with a low sFCI, which revealed that femoral shaft bowing was associated with femoral cortical thickness. During femur-related surgery in older patients, more attention should be paid to these femoral morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kuo Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun-Yong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan-Bin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying-Ze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomechanics of Hebei Province, Orthopaedic Research Institution of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Intelligent Orthopeadic Equipment, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Andreasen CM, Bakalova LP, Brüel A, Hauge EM, Kiil BJ, Delaisse JM, Kersh ME, Thomsen JS, Andersen TL. The generation of enlarged eroded pores upon existing intracortical canals is a major contributor to endocortical trabecularization. Bone 2020; 130:115127. [PMID: 31689525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The gradual conversion of cortical bone into trabecular bone on the endocortical surface contributes substantially to thinning of the cortical bone. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the intracortical canals (3D) and pores (2D) in human fibular bone, to identify the intracortical remodeling events leading to this endocortical trabecularization. The analysis was conducted in fibular diaphyseal bone specimens obtained from 20 patients (6 women and 14 men, age range 41-75 years). μCT revealed that endosteal bone had a higher cortical porosity (p< 0.05) and canals with a larger diameter (p< 0.05) than periosteal bone, while the canal spacing and number were similar in the endosteal and periosteal half. Histological analysis showed that the endosteal half versus the periosteal half: (i) had a higher likelihood of being non-quiescent type 2 pores (i.e. remodeling of existing pores) than other pore types (OR = 1.6, p< 0.01); (ii) that the non-quiescent type 2 pores contributed to a higher porosity (p< 0.001); and that (iii) amongst these pores especially eroded type 2 pores contributed to the elevated cortical porosity (p< 0.001). In conclusion, we propose that endocortical trabecularization results from the accumulation of eroded cavities upon existing intracortical canals, favored by delayed initiation of bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Møller Andreasen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Lydia Peteva Bakalova
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | - Annemarie Brüel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ellen Margrethe Hauge
- Department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital and Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte Jul Kiil
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital - Lillebælt Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Mariana Elizabeth Kersh
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA.
| | | | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle Hospital - Lillebælt Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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14
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Grimal Q, Laugier P. Quantitative Ultrasound Assessment of Cortical Bone Properties Beyond Bone Mineral Density. Ing Rech Biomed 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.irbm.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Ex vivo cortical porosity and thickness predictions at the tibia using full-spectrum ultrasonic guided-wave analysis. Arch Osteoporos 2019; 14:21. [PMID: 30783777 PMCID: PMC6394459 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-019-0578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The estimation of cortical thickness (Ct.Th) and porosity (Ct.Po) at the tibia using axial transmission ultrasound was successfully validated ex vivo against site-matched micro-computed tomography. The assessment of cortical parameters based on full-spectrum guided-wave analysis might improve the prediction of bone fractures in a cost-effective and radiation-free manner. PURPOSE Cortical thickness (Ct.Th) and porosity (Ct.Po) are key parameters for the identification of patients with fragile bones. The main objective of this ex vivo study was to validate the measurement of Ct.Po and Ct.Th at the tibia using a non-ionizing, low-cost, and portable 500-kHz ultrasound axial transmission system. Additional ultrasonic velocities and site-matched reference parameters were included in the study to broaden the analysis. METHODS Guided waves were successfully measured ex vivo in 17 human tibiae using a novel 500-kHz bi-directional axial transmission probe. Theoretical dispersion curves of a transverse isotropic free plate model with invariant matrix stiffness were fitted to the experimental dispersion curves in order to estimate Ct.Th and Ct.Po. In addition, the velocities of the first arriving signal (υFAS) and A0 mode (υA0) were measured. Reference Ct.Po, Ct.Th, and vBMD were obtained from site-matched micro-computed tomography. Scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) provided the acoustic impedance of the axial cortical bone matrix. RESULTS The best predictions of Ct.Po (R2 = 0.83, RMSE = 2.2%) and Ct.Th (R2 = 0.92, RMSE = 0.2 mm, one outlier excluded) were obtained from the plate model. The second best predictors of Ct.Po and Ct.Th were vBMD (R2 = 0.77, RMSE = 2.6%) and υA0 (R2 = 0.28, RMSE = 0.67 mm), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ct.Th and Ct.Po were accurately predicted at the human tibia ex vivo using a transverse isotropic free plate model with invariant matrix stiffness. The model-based predictions were not further enhanced when we accounted for variations in axial tissue stiffness as reflected by the acoustic impedance from SAM.
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16
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3D micro structural analysis of human cortical bone in paired femoral diaphysis, femoral neck and radial diaphysis. J Struct Biol 2018; 204:182-190. [PMID: 30107234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human bone is known to adapt to its mechanical environment in a living body. Both its architecture and microstructure may differ between weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bones. The aim of the current study was to analyze in three dimensions, the morphology of the multi-scale porosities on human cortical bone at different locations. Eight paired femoral diaphyses, femoral necks, and radial diaphyses were imaged using Synchrotron Radiation µCT with a 0.7 µm isotropic voxel size. The spatial resolution facilitates the investigation of the multiscale porosities of cortical bone, from the osteonal canals system down to the osteocyte lacunar system. Our results showed significant differences in the microstructural properties, regarding both osteonal canals and osteocytes lacunae, between the different anatomical locations. The radius presents significantly lower osteonal canal volume fraction and smaller osteonal canals than the femoral diaphysis or neck. Osteocytes lacunae observed in the radius are significantly different in shape than in the femur, and lacunar density is higher in the femoral neck. These results show that the radius, a non-weight-bearing bone, is significantly different in terms of its microstructure from a weight-bearing bone such as the femur. This implies that the cortical bone properties evaluated on the femoral diaphysis, the main location studied within the literature, cannot be generalized to other anatomical locations.
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17
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Sharma D, Larriera AI, Palacio-Mancheno PE, Gatti V, Fritton JC, Bromage TG, Cardoso L, Doty SB, Fritton SP. The effects of estrogen deficiency on cortical bone microporosity and mineralization. Bone 2018; 110:1-10. [PMID: 29357314 PMCID: PMC6377161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated matrix-mineral alterations in bone tissue surrounding osteocytes in estrogen-deficient animals. While cortical bone porosity has been shown to be a contributor to the mechanical properties of bone tissue, little analysis has been done to investigate the effects of estrogen deficiency on bone's microporosities, including the vascular and osteocyte lacunar porosities. In this study we examined alterations in cortical bone microporosity, mineralization, and cancellous bone architecture due to estrogen deficiency in the ovariectomized rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Twenty-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to either ovariectomy or sham surgery. Six weeks post-surgery tibiae were analyzed using high-resolution micro-CT, backscattered electron imaging, nanoindentation, and dynamic histomorphometry. Estrogen deficiency caused an increase in cortical bone vascular porosity, with enlarged vascular pores and little change in tissue mineral density in the proximal tibial metaphysis. Measurements of cancellous architecture corresponded to previous studies reporting a decrease in bone volume fraction, an increase in trabecular separation, and a decrease in trabecular number in the proximal tibia due to estrogen deficiency. Nanoindentation results showed no differences in matrix stiffness in osteocyte-rich areas of the proximal tibia of estrogen-deficient rats, and bone labeling and backscattered electron imaging showed no significant changes in mineralization around the vascular pores. The findings demonstrate local surface alterations of vascular pores due to estrogen deficiency. An increase in cortical vascular porosity may diminish bone strength as well as alter bone mechanotransduction via interstitial fluid flow, both of which could contribute to bone fragility during postmenopausal osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Adriana I Larriera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Paolo E Palacio-Mancheno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Vittorio Gatti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - J Christopher Fritton
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Timothy G Bromage
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, United States
| | - Luis Cardoso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Stephen B Doty
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Susannah P Fritton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, United States.
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Mosey H, Núñez JA, Goring A, Clarkin CE, Staines KA, Lee PD, Pitsillides AA, Javaheri B. Sost Deficiency does not Alter Bone's Lacunar or Vascular Porosity in Mice. FRONTIERS IN MATERIALS 2017; 4:27. [PMID: 29349060 PMCID: PMC5769812 DOI: 10.3389/fmats.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SCLEROSTIN (Sost) is expressed predominantly in osteocytes acting as a negative regulator of bone formation. In humans, mutations in the SOST gene lead to skeletal overgrowth and increased bone mineral density, suggesting that SCLEROSTIN is a key regulator of bone mass. The function of SCLEROSTIN as an inhibitor of bone formation is further supported by Sost knockout (KO) mice which display a high bone mass with elevated bone formation. Previous studies have indicated that Sost exerts its effect on bone formation through Wnt-mediated regulation of osteoblast differentiation, proliferation, and activity. Recent in vitro studies have also suggested that SCLEROSTIN regulates angiogenesis and osteoblast-to-osteocyte transition. Despite this wealth of knowledge of the mechanisms responsible for SCLEROSTIN action, no previous studies have examined whether SCLEROSTIN regulates osteocyte and vascular configuration in cortices of mouse tibia. Herein, we image tibiae from Sost KO mice and their wild-type (WT) counterparts with high-resolution CT to examine whether lack of SCLEROSTIN influences the morphometric properties of lacunae and vascular canal porosity relating to osteocytes and vessels within cortical bone. Male Sost KO and WT mice (n = 6/group) were sacrificed at 12 weeks of age. Fixed tibiae were analyzed using microCT to examine cortical bone mass and architecture. Then, samples were imaged by using benchtop and synchrotron nano-computed tomography at the tibiofibular junction. Our data, consistent with previous studies show that, Sost deficiency leads to significant enhancement of bone mass by cortical thickening and bigger cross-sectional area and we find that this occurs without modifications of tibial ellipticity, a measure of bone shape. In addition, our data show that there are no significant differences in any lacunar or vascular morphometric or geometric parameters between Sost KO mouse tibia and WT counterparts. We, therefore, conclude that the significant increases in bone mass induced by Sost deficiency are not accompanied by any significant modification in the density, organization, or shape of osteocyte lacunae or vascular content within the cortical bone. These data may imply that SCLEROSTIN does not modify the frequency of osteocytogenic recruitment of osteoblasts to initiate terminal osteocytic differentiation in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Mosey
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan A. Núñez
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Goring
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E. Clarkin
- Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Staines
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Lee
- Manchester X-Ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Behzad Javaheri
- Skeletal Biology Group, Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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19
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Roberts BC, Thewlis D, Solomon LB, Mercer G, Reynolds KJ, Perilli E. Systematic mapping of the subchondral bone 3D microarchitecture in the human tibial plateau: Variations with joint alignment. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:1927-1941. [PMID: 27891668 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tibial subchondral bone plays an important role in knee osteoarthritis (OA). Microarchitectural characterization of subchondral bone plate (SBP), underlying subchondral trabecular bone (STB) and relationships between these compartments, however, is limited. The aim of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of SBP thickness, SBP porosity and STB microarchitecture, and relationships among them, in OA tibiae of varying joint alignment. Twenty-five tibial plateaus from end-stage knee-OA patients, with varus (n = 17) or non-varus (n = 8) alignment were micro-CT scanned (17 μm/voxel). SBP and STB microarchitecture was quantified via a systematic mapping in 22 volumes of interest per knee (11 medial, 11 lateral). Significant within-condylar and between-condylar (medial vs. lateral) differences (p < 0.05) were found. In varus, STB bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was consistently high throughout the medial condyle, whereas in non-varus, medially, it was more heterogeneously distributed. Regions of high SBP thickness were co-located with regions of high STB BV/TV underneath. In varus, BV/TV was significantly higher medially than laterally, however, not so in non-varus. Moreover, region-specific significant associations between the SBP thickness and SBP porosity and the underlying STB microarchitecture were detected, which in general were not captured when considering the values averaged for each condyle. As subchondral bone changes reflect responses to local mechanical and biochemical factors within the joint, our results suggest that joint alignment influences both the medial-to-lateral and the within-condyle distribution of force across the tibia, generating corresponding local bony responses (adaptation) of both the subchondral bone plate and underlying subchondral trabecular bone microarchitecture. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:1927-1941, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryant C Roberts
- The Medical Device Research Institute, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lucian B Solomon
- Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Graham Mercer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Repatriation General Hospital, Daws Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen J Reynolds
- The Medical Device Research Institute, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Egon Perilli
- The Medical Device Research Institute, School of Computer Science, Engineering and Mathematics, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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20
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Sornay-Rendu E, Boutroy S, Duboeuf F, Chapurlat RD. Bone Microarchitecture Assessed by HR-pQCT as Predictor of Fracture Risk in Postmenopausal Women: The OFELY Study. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1243-1251. [PMID: 28276092 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Several cross-sectional studies have shown that impairment of bone microarchitecture contributes to skeletal fragility. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the prediction of fracture (Fx) by bone microarchitecture assessed by high-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR- pQCT) in postmenopausal women. We measured microarchitecture at the distal radius and tibia with HR-pQCT in the OFELY study, in addition to areal BMD with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 589 women, mean ± SD age 68 ± 9 years. During a median [IQ] 9.4 [1.0] years of follow-up, 135 women sustained an incident fragility Fx, including 81 women with a major osteoporotic Fx (MOP Fx). After adjustment for age, women who sustained Fx had significantly lower total and trabecular volumetric densities (vBMD) at both sites, cortical parameters (area and thickness at the radius, vBMD at the tibia), trabecular number (Tb.N), connectivity density (Conn.D), stiffness, and estimated failure load at both sites, compared with control women. After adjustment for age, current smoking, falls, prior Fx, use of osteoporosis-related drugs, and total hip BMD, each quartile decrease of several baseline values of bone microarchitecture at the radius was associated with significant change of the risk of Fx (HR of 1.39 for Tb.BMD [p = 0.001], 1.32 for Tb.N [p = 0.01], 0.76 for Tb.Sp.SD [p = 0.01], 1.49 [p = 0.01] for Conn.D, and 1.27 for stiffness [p = 0.02]). At the tibia, the association remained significant for stiffness and failure load in the multivariate model for all fragility Fx and for Tt.BMD, stiffness, and failure load for MOP Fx. We conclude that impairment of bone microarchitecture-essentially in the trabecular compartment of the radius-predict the occurrence of incident fracture in postmenopausal women. This assessment may play an important role in identifying women at high risk of fracture who could not be adequately detected by BMD measurement alone, to benefit from a therapeutic intervention. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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21
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Gauthier R, Follet H, Langer M, Meille S, Chevalier J, Rongiéras F, Peyrin F, Mitton D. Strain rate influence on human cortical bone toughness: A comparative study of four paired anatomical sites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 71:223-230. [PMID: 28360020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone fracture is a major health issue worldwide and consequently there have been extensive investigations into the fracture behavior of human cortical bone. However, the fracture properties of human cortical bone under fall-like loading conditions remains poorly documented. Further, most published research has been performed on femoral diaphyseal bone, whereas it is known that the femoral neck and the radius are the most vulnerable sites to fracture. Hence, the aim of this study is to provide information on human cortical bone fracture behavior by comparing different anatomical sites including the radius and the femoral neck acquired from 32 elderly subjects (50 - 98 y.o.). In order to investigate the intrinsic fracture behavior of human cortical bone, toughness experiments were performed at two different strain rates: standard quasi-static conditions, and a higher strain rate representative of a fall from a standing position. The tests were performed on paired femoral neck, femoral, tibial and radius diaphyseal samples. Linear elastic fracture toughness and the non-linear J-integral method were used to take into account both the elastic and non-elastic behavior of cortical bone. Under quasi-static conditions, the radius presents a significantly higher toughness than the other sites. At the higher strain rate, all sites showed a significantly lower toughness. Also, at the high strain rate, there is no significant difference in fracture properties between the four anatomical sites. These results suggest that regardless of the anatomical site (femur, femoral neck, tibia and radius), the bone has the same fracture properties under fall loading conditions. This should be considered in biomechanical models under fall-like loading conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Gauthier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, LYOS UMR1033, F69008 Lyon, France
| | - Max Langer
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Meille
- Univ Lyon, INSA-LYON, MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, F69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme Chevalier
- Univ Lyon, INSA-LYON, MATEIS, UMR CNRS 5510, F69621 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Rongiéras
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France; Service Chirurgie Orthopédique et Traumatologie - Hôpital Desgenettes, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- Univ Lyon, CNRS UMR 5220, Inserm U1206, INSA Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Creatis, F69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - David Mitton
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, IFSTTAR, LBMC UMR_T9406, F69622 Lyon, France.
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22
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Pore network microarchitecture influences human cortical bone elasticity during growth and aging. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 63:164-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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23
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Cooper DML, Kawalilak CE, Harrison K, Johnston BD, Johnston JD. Cortical Bone Porosity: What Is It, Why Is It Important, and How Can We Detect It? Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:187-98. [PMID: 27623679 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the role of micro-architecture in osteoporotic bone loss and fragility. This trend has been driven by advances in imaging technology, which have enabled a transition from measures of mass to micro-architecture. Imaging trabecular bone has been a key research focus, but advances in resolution have also enabled the detection of cortical bone micro-architecture, particularly the network of vascular canals, commonly referred to as 'cortical porosity.' This review aims to provide an overview of what this level of porosity is, why it is important, and how it can be characterized by imaging. Moving beyond a 'trabeculocentric' view of bone loss holds the potential to improve diagnosis and monitoring of interventions. Furthermore, cortical porosity is intimately linked to the remodeling process, which underpins bone loss, and thus a larger potential exists to improve our fundamental understanding of bone health through imaging of both humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - C E Kawalilak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - K Harrison
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - B D Johnston
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - J D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Diez-Perez A, Bouxsein M, Eriksen E, Khosla S, Nyman J, Papapoulos S, Tang S. Technical note: Recommendations for a standard procedure to assess cortical bone at the tissue-level in vivo using impact microindentation. Bone Rep 2016; 5:181-185. [PMID: 27975078 PMCID: PMC5152622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Impact microindentation is a novel method for measuring the resistance of cortical bone to indentation in patients. Clinical use of a handheld impact microindentation technique is expanding, highlighting the need to standardize the measurement technique. Here, we describe a detailed standard operation procedure to improve the consistency and comparability of the measurements across centers. A protocol for impact microindentation in clinics is described. Measurements can be standardized by adopting a common protocol. The aim of the work is to minimize the inter-center variability. This protocol reflects the experience of the 7 involved centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Diez-Perez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Autonomous University of Barcelona and RETICEF, Instituto Carlos III, Spain
- Corresponding author at: Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital del Mar, P. Maritim 25-29, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.Department of Internal MedicineHospital del MarP. Maritim 25-29Barcelona08003Spain
| | - M.L. Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Isreal Deaconess Medical Center and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - E.F. Eriksen
- Dept. of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology and Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J.S. Nyman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S. Papapoulos
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S.Y. Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
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Manhard MK, Uppuganti S, Granke M, Gochberg DF, Nyman JS, Does MD. MRI-derived bound and pore water concentrations as predictors of fracture resistance. Bone 2016; 87:1-10. [PMID: 26993059 PMCID: PMC4862893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurately predicting fracture risk in the clinic is challenging because the determinants are multi-factorial. A common approach to fracture risk assessment is to combine X-ray-based imaging methods such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) with an online Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) that includes additional risk factors such as age, family history, and prior fracture incidents. This approach still does not adequately diagnose many individuals at risk, especially those with certain diseases like type 2 diabetes. As such, this study investigated bound water and pore water concentrations (Cbw and Cpw) from ultra-short echo time (UTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as new predictors of fracture risk. Ex vivo cadaveric arms were imaged with UTE MRI as well as with DXA and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μCT), and imaging measures were compared to both whole-bone structural and material properties as determined by three-point bending tests of the distal-third radius. While DXA-derived areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and μCT-derived volumetric BMD correlated well with structural strength, they moderately correlated with the estimate material strength with gender being a significant covariate for aBMD. MRI-derived measures of Cbw and Cpw had a similar predictive ability of material strength as aBMD but did so independently of gender. In addition, Cbw was the only imaging parameter to significantly correlate with toughness, the energy dissipated during fracture. Notably, the strength of the correlations with the material properties of bone tended to be higher when a larger endosteal region was used to determine Cbw and Cpw. These results indicate that MRI measures of Cbw and Cpw have the ability to probe bone material properties independent of bone structure or subject gender. In particular, toughness is a property of fracture resistance that is not explained by X-ray based methods. Thus, these MRI-derived measures of Cbw and Cpw in cortical bone have the potential to be useful in clinical populations for evaluating fracture risk, especially involving diseases that affect material properties of the bone beyond its strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Manhard
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel F Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mark D Does
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Radiology & Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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Pascart T, Cortet B, Olejnik C, Paccou J, Migaud H, Cotten A, Delannoy Y, During A, Hardouin P, Penel G, Falgayrac G. Bone Samples Extracted from Embalmed Subjects Are Not Appropriate for the Assessment of Bone Quality at the Molecular Level Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2777-83. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Pascart
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
- Department
of Rheumatology, Saint-Philibert Hospital, Lille University, 59160 Lomme, France
| | - Bernard Cortet
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Cecile Olejnik
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Julien Paccou
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Henri Migaud
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Cotten
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Yann Delannoy
- Lille University − ULCO, PMOI, EA 4490, 59000 Lille, France
- Lille University, Taphonomy Unit, EA 7367, 59000 Lille, France
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Uppuganti S, Granke M, Makowski AJ, Does MD, Nyman JS. Age-related changes in the fracture resistance of male Fischer F344 rat bone. Bone 2016; 83:220-232. [PMID: 26610688 PMCID: PMC4724327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the loss in bone volume that occurs with age, there is a decline in material properties. To test new therapies or diagnostic tools that target such properties as material strength and toughness, a pre-clinical model of aging would be useful in which changes in bone are similar to those that occur with aging in humans. Toward that end, we hypothesized that similar to human bone, the estimated toughness and material strength of cortical bone at the apparent-level decreases with age in the male Fischer F344 rat. In addition, we tested whether the known decline in trabecular architecture in rats translated to an age-related decrease in vertebra (VB) strength and whether non-X-ray techniques could quantify tissue changes at micron and sub-micron length scales. Bones were harvested from 6-, 12-, and 24-month (mo.) old rats (n=12 per age). Despite a loss in trabecular bone with age, VB compressive strength was similar among the age groups. Similarly, whole-bone strength (peak force) in bending was maintained (femur) or increased (radius) with aging. There was though an age-related decrease in post-yield toughness (radius) and bending strength (femur). The ability to resist crack initiation was actually higher for the 12-mo. and 24-mo. than for 6-mo. rats (notch femur), but the estimated work to propagate the crack was less for the aged bone. For the femur diaphysis region, porosity increased while bound water decreased with age. For the radius diaphysis, there was an age-related increase in non-enzymatic and mature enzymatic collagen crosslinks. Raman spectroscopy analysis of embedded cross-sections of the tibia mid-shaft detected an increase in carbonate subsitution with advanced aging for both inner and outer tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasidhar Uppuganti
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Mathilde Granke
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Alexander J Makowski
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Mark D Does
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Jeffry S Nyman
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
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