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Li C, Feng C, Xu R, Jiang B, Li L, He Y, Tu C, Li Z. The emerging applications and advancements of Raman spectroscopy in pediatric cancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1044177. [PMID: 36814817 PMCID: PMC9939836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1044177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the survival rate of pediatric cancer has significantly improved, it is still an important cause of death among children. New technologies have been developed to improve the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric cancers. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a non-destructive analytical technique that uses different frequencies of scattering light to characterize biological specimens. It can provide information on biological components, activities, and molecular structures. This review summarizes studies on the potential of RS in pediatric cancers. Currently, studies on the application of RS in pediatric cancers mainly focus on early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and treatment improvement. The results of these studies showed high accuracy and specificity. In addition, the combination of RS and deep learning is discussed as a future application of RS in pediatric cancer. Studies applying RS in pediatric cancer illustrated good prospects. This review collected and analyzed the potential clinical applications of RS in pediatric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenbei Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chengyao Feng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruiling Xu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Buchan Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Radiology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Romanowicz GE, Terhune AH, Bielajew BJ, Sexton B, Lynch M, Mandair GS, McNerny EM, Kohn DH. Collagen cross-link profiles and mineral are different between the mandible and femur with site specific response to perturbed collagen. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101629. [PMID: 36325166 PMCID: PMC9618783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromises to collagen and mineral lead to a decrease in whole bone quantity and quality in a variety of systemic diseases, yet, clinically, disease manifestations differ between craniofacial and long bones. Collagen alterations can occur through post-translational modification via lysyl oxidase (LOX), which catalyzes enzymatic collagen cross-link formation, as well as through non-enzymatic advanced glycation end products (AGEs) such as pentosidine and carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). Characterization of the cross-links and AGEs, and comparison of the mineral and collagen modifications in craniofacial and long bones represent a critical gap in knowledge. However, alterations to either the mineral or collagen in bone may contribute to disease progression and, subsequently, the anatomical site dependence of a variety of diseases. Therefore, we hypothesized that collagen cross-links and AGEs differ between craniofacial and long bones and that altered collagen cross-linking reduces mineral quality in an anatomic location dependent. To study the effects of cross-link inhibition on mineralization between anatomical sites, beta-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) was administered to rapidly growing, 5-8 week-old male mice. BAPN is a dose-dependent inhibitor of LOX that pharmacologically alters enzymatic cross-link formation. Long bones (femora) and craniofacial bones (mandibles) were compared for mineral quantity and quality, collagen cross-link and AGE profiles, and tissue level mechanics, as well as the response to altered cross-links via BAPN. A highly sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed which allowed for quantification of site-dependent accumulation of the advanced glycation end-product, carboxymethyl-lysine (CML). CML was ∼8.3× higher in the mandible than the femur. The mandible had significantly higher collagen maturation, mineral crystallinity, and Young's modulus, but lower carbonation, than the femur. BAPN also had anatomic specific effects, leading to significant decreases in mature cross-links in the mandible, and an increase in mineral carbonation in the femur. This differential response of both the mineral and collagen composition to BAPN between the mandible and femur highlights the need to further understand how inherent compositional differences in collagen and mineral contribute to anatomic-site specific manifestations of disease in both craniofacial and long bones.
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Key Words
- AGE, advanced glycation end product
- Advanced glycation end products
- BAPN, beta-aminoproprionitrile
- Biomechanical properties
- Bone quality
- CML, carboxymethyl-lysine
- Collagen cross-link
- DHLNL, dihydroxylysinonorleucine
- DPD, lysylpyridinoline
- Femur
- HLKNL, hydroxylysinoketonorleucine
- HLNL, hydroxylysinonorleucine
- HPLC-FLD, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection
- LC-MS, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
- LH, lysyl hydroxylase
- LKNL, lysinoketonorleucine
- LOX, lysyl oxidase
- Mandible
- Mineralization
- PEN, pentosidine
- PMMA, poly-methyl-methacrylate
- PYD, hydroxylysylpyridinoline
- Pyr, pyrroles
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve E. Romanowicz
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Aidan H. Terhune
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin J. Bielajew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Sexton
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Michelle Lynch
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Gurjit S. Mandair
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - Erin M.B. McNerny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
| | - David H. Kohn
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, MI, USA
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Mittal A, Pushpam D, Ganguly S, Kumar VS, Khan SA, Bakhshi S. Controversies and Challenges in the Management of Osteosarcoma-an Indian Perspective. Indian J Surg Oncol 2022; 13:939-955. [PMID: 36687236 PMCID: PMC9845467 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-021-01486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OGS) is the most common primary bone tumor in children and adolescents which requires a multidisciplinary approach to management. Although chemotherapy and surgery can cure more than half of localized OGS cases, the unique challenges faced by resource-limited countries like India make this outcome difficult to achieve. Various questions in the management of OGS including role of high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) in neoadjuvant setting, triplet vs doublet chemotherapy, intensification of chemotherapy based on response in setting of doublet, and indigenous prosthesis in setting of limb salvage need to be defined. Similarly, in the metastatic and recurrent setting, questions regarding intent of treatment, indications of chemotherapy, timing of surgery, and role of targeted therapies need clarification. Lack of randomized trials from India makes definite conclusions difficult, but an attempt can be made to define the best approach in the Indian scenario from available evidence. Hence, a critical review of literature from India and the West was done to define possible management approaches and highlight the lacuna for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhenil Mittal
- Department of Medical Oncology, DR BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Deepam Pushpam
- Department of Medical Oncology, DR BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shuvadeep Ganguly
- Department of Medical Oncology, DR BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | | | - Shah Alam Khan
- Department of Orthopedics, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Sameer Bakhshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, DR BRAIRCH, AIIMS, New Delhi, 110029 India
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Reddy Padala S, Saikia D, Mikkonen JJW, Uurasjärvi E, Dekker H, Schulten EAJM, Bravenboer N, Koistinen A, Chauhan A, Singh SP, Kullaa AM. Irradiation Induced Biochemical Changes in Human Mandibular Bone: A Raman Spectroscopic Study. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 76:1165-1173. [PMID: 35684992 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the biochemical changes in irradiated human mandible after radiotherapy of cancer patients is critical for oral rehabilitation. The underlying mechanism for radiation-associated changes in the bone at the molecular level could lead to implant failure and osteoradionecrosis. The study aimed to assess the chemical composition and bone quality in irradiated human mandibular bone using Raman spectroscopy. A total of 33 bone biopsies from 16 control and 17 irradiated patients were included to quantify different biochemical parameters from the Raman spectra. The differences in bone mineral and matrix band intensities between control and irradiated groups were analyzed using unpaired Student's t-test with statistical significance at p < 0.05. Findings suggest that the intensity of the phosphate band is significantly decreased and the carbonate band is significantly increased in the irradiated group. Further, the mineral crystallinity and carbonate to phosphate ratio are increased. The mineral to matrix ratio is decreased in the irradiated group. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on the local radiation dose and biopsy time interval of irradiated samples did not show any specific classification between irradiation sub-groups. Irradiation disrupted the interaction and bonding between the organic matrix and hydroxyapatite minerals affecting the bone biochemical properties. However, the normal clinical appearance of irradiated bone would have been accompanied by underlying biochemical and microscopical changes which might result in radiation-induced delayed complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimple Saikia
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Jopi J W Mikkonen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Hannah Dekker
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
| | - Engelbert A J M Schulten
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Center for Bone Quality, 4501Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Amrita Chauhan
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Surya P Singh
- Department of Bio-Sciences and Bio-Engineering, 477529Indian Institute of Technology, Dharwad, India
| | - Arja M Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Pendleton MM, Emerzian SR, Sadoughi S, Li A, Liu JW, Tang SY, O'Connell GD, Sibonga JD, Alwood JS, Keaveny TM. Relations Between Bone Quantity, Microarchitecture, and Collagen Cross-links on Mechanics Following In Vivo Irradiation in Mice. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10545. [PMID: 34761148 PMCID: PMC8567491 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to ionizing radiation via spaceflight or cancer radiotherapy, and exposure from radiotherapy is known to increase risk of skeletal fractures. Although irradiation can reduce trabecular bone mass, alter trabecular microarchitecture, and increase collagen cross‐linking, the relative contributions of these effects to any loss of mechanical integrity remain unclear. To provide insight, while addressing both the monotonic strength and cyclic‐loading fatigue life, we conducted total‐body, acute, gamma‐irradiation experiments on skeletally mature (17‐week‐old) C57BL/6J male mice (n = 84). Mice were administered doses of either 0 Gy (sham), 1 Gy (motivated by cumulative exposures from a Mars mission), or 5 Gy (motivated by clinical therapy regimens) with retrieval of the lumbar vertebrae at either a short‐term (11‐day) or long‐term (12‐week) time point after exposure. Micro‐computed tomography was used to assess trabecular and cortical quantity and architecture, biochemical composition assays were used to assess collagen quality, and mechanical testing was performed to evaluate vertebral compressive strength and fatigue life. At 11 days post‐exposure, 5 Gy irradiation significantly reduced trabecular mass (p < 0.001), altered microarchitecture (eg, connectivity density p < 0.001), and increased collagen cross‐links (p < 0.001). Despite these changes, vertebral strength (p = 0.745) and fatigue life (p = 0.332) remained unaltered. At 12 weeks after 5 Gy exposure, the trends in trabecular bone persisted; in addition, regardless of irradiation, cortical thickness (p < 0.01) and fatigue life (p < 0.01) decreased. These results demonstrate that the highly significant effects of 5 Gy total‐body irradiation on the trabecular bone morphology and collagen cross‐links did not translate into detectable effects on vertebral mechanics. The only mechanical deficits observed were associated with aging. Together, these vertebral results suggest that for spaceflight, irradiation alone will likely not alter failure properties, and for radiotherapy, more investigations that include post‐exposure time as a positive control and testing of both failure modalities are needed to determine the cause of increased fracture risk. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Shannon R Emerzian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Saghi Sadoughi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
| | - Alfred Li
- Endocrine Research Unit University of California and Veteran Affairs Medical Center San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jennifer W Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Simon Y Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Washington University St. Louis MO USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering Washington University St. Louis MO USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Washington University St. Louis MO USA
| | - Grace D O'Connell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Jean D Sibonga
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division NASA Johnson Space Center Houston TX USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field CA USA
| | - Tony M Keaveny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of California Berkeley CA USA.,Department of Bioengineering University of California Berkeley CA USA
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Thomas PK, Sullivan LK, Dickinson GH, Davis CM, Lau AG. The Effect of Helium Ion Radiation on the Material Properties of Bone. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:808-818. [PMID: 33517470 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation, from both space and radiation therapy, is known to affect bone health. While there have been studies investigating changes in bone density and microstructure from radiation exposure, the effects of radiation on material properties are unknown. The current study addresses this gap by assessing bone material property changes in rats exposed to helium-4 radiation through spherical micro-indentation. Rats were exposed to a single dose of 0, 5, and 25 cGy whole body helium-4 radiation. Animals were euthanized at 7, 30, 90, or 180-days after exposure. Spherical micro-indentation was performed on axial cross sections of the femur cortical bone to determine instantaneous and relaxed shear moduli. At 90-days after exposure, the 25 cGy exposure caused a significant decline in shear modulus compared to control and 5 cGy groups. The instantaneous modulus decreased 33% and the relaxed modulus decreased 32% as compared to the sham group. This decline was followed by a recovery of both moduli, which was observed by 180-days after exposure; at 180 days, the moduli were no longer statistically different from those at 7 or 30 days. The observed decrease at 90 days, followed by recovery to baseline levels, can be attributed to the biological mechanisms involved in bone formation that were affected by radiation, bone turnover, and systemic changes in hormones due to radiation exposure. Continued assessment of the mechanisms that drive such a response in material properties may enable identification of pathways for therapeutic countermeasures against radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
| | - Lindsay K Sullivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Gary H Dickinson
- Department of Biology, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA
| | - Catherine M Davis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Anthony G Lau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ, 08628, USA.
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Martin TW, Griffin L, Custis J, Ryan SD, Lafferty M, Boss MK, Regan D, Rao S, Leary D, Withrow SJ, LaRue SM. Outcome and prognosis for canine appendicular osteosarcoma treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy in 123 dogs. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:284-294. [PMID: 33403752 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine appendicular osteosarcoma is commonly treated with limb amputation; however, limb-sparing options are frequently desired or necessary for a subset of patients. We evaluated 123 patients and 130 sites treated with stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Eighty-two out of 98 dogs (84%) had maximum lameness improvement at a median of 3 weeks for a median of 6 months duration. Histopathologic evaluation of available samples from amputation or necropsy revealed >80% tumor necrosis in 50% of limbs consistent with local disease control. Of evaluable patients, 41% fractured and 21% pursued an amputation after treatment. Fine needle aspirate (n = 52) and needle core biopsy (n = 28) did not result in increased fracture risk compared to those without tumor sampling (n = 50). Median survival time (MST) was 233 days and time to first event was 143 days. Gross tumor volume and planned target volume were significantly inversely associated with survival and tumor location was significantly associated with survival. Dogs with salvage amputation had a significantly longer MST compared to those without (346 vs 202 days; P = .04). The presence of metastatic disease at the time of treatment in 15 dogs did not significantly impact survival time (200 vs 237 days without metastasis; P = .58). Skin side effects correlated significantly with dose with 33% of patients with acute grade 3 effects developing consequential late grade 3 effects. While SBRT improves lameness in most patients, further investigation is needed to identify candidates with minimal early fracture risk prior to initiating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Wormhoudt Martin
- Department of Environment and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lynn Griffin
- Department of Environment and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - James Custis
- Department of Radiation Oncology, VCA Animal Diagnostic Clinic, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Stewart D Ryan
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary Lafferty
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Mary-Keara Boss
- Department of Environment and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel Regan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Del Leary
- Department of Environment and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen J Withrow
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Susan M LaRue
- Department of Environment and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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XRD and ATR-FTIR techniques for integrity assessment of gamma radiation sterilized cortical bone pretreated by antioxidants. Cell Tissue Bank 2020; 22:305-321. [PMID: 33165827 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-020-09879-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Terminal sterilization of bone allograft by gamma radiation is required to reduce the risk of infection. Free radical scavengers could be utilized to minimize the deteriorating effects of gamma radiation on bone allograft mechanical properties. The objective of this research is to assess the changes in structural and chemical composition induced by hydroxytyrosol (HT) and alpha lipoic acid (ALA) free radical scavengers in gamma sterilized cortical bone. Bovine femurs specimens were soaked in different concentrations of HT and ALA for 7 and 3 days respectively before irradiation with 35 KGy gamma radiation. The attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the X-ray diffraction techniques were utilized to analyze the changes in chemical composition induced by irradiation in the presence of free radical scavengers. A significant increase in the proportion of amide I and amide II to phosphate was noticed in the irradiated group, while in the pretreated groups with ALA and HT this effect was minimized. In addition, gamma radiation reduced the mature to immature cross links while ALA and HT alleviated this reduction. No significant changes were noticed in the mineral crystallinity or crystal size. Bone chemical structure has been changed due to gamma irradiation and these changes are mainly relevant to amide I, amide II proportions and collagen crosslinks. The deteriorating effects of gamma sterilization dose (35 kGy) on chemical structure of bone allograft can be alleviated by using (HT) and (ALA) free radical scavengers before irradiation.
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Mandair GS, Oest ME, Mann KA, Morris MD, Damron TA, Kohn DH. Radiation-induced changes to bone composition extend beyond periosteal bone. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100262. [PMID: 32258252 PMCID: PMC7125315 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer patients receiving radiotherapy for soft tissue sarcomas are often at risk of post-irradiation (post-RTx) bone fragility fractures, but our understanding of factors controlling radiation-induced bone injury is limited. Previous studies have evaluated post-RTx changes to cortical bone composition in the periosteum of irradiated tibiae, but have not evaluated effects of irradiation in deeper tissues, such as endosteal or mid-cortical bone, and whether there are differential spatial effects of irradiation. In this study, we hypothesize that post-RTx changes to cortical bone composition are greater in endosteal compared to mid-cortical or periosteal bone. METHODS A pre-clinical mouse model of limited field hindlimb irradiation was used to evaluate spatial and temporal post-RTx changes to the metaphyseal cortex of irradiated tibiae. Irradiation was delivered unilaterally to the hindlimbs of 12-wk old female BALB/cJ mice as 4 consecutive daily doses of 5 Gy each. RTx and non-RTx tibiae were obtained at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 wks post-RTx (n = 9 mice/group/time). Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate spatial and temporal post-RTx changes to cortical bone composition in age-matched RTx and non-RTx groups. RESULTS Significant early spatial differences in mineral/matrix and collagen crosslink ratios were found between endosteal and periosteal or mid-cortical bone at 2-wks post-RTx. Although spatial differences were transient, mineral/matrix ratios significantly decreased and collagen crosslink ratios significantly increased with post-RTx time throughout the entire tibial metaphyseal cortex. CONCLUSIONS Irradiation negatively impacts the composition of cortical bone in a spatially-dependent manner starting as early as 2-wks post-RTx. Long-term progressive post-RTx changes across all cortical bone sites may eventually contribute to the increased risk of post-RTx bone fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan E. Oest
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Mann
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Timothy A. Damron
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - David H. Kohn
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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