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Al Qabbani A, Rani KGA, AlKawas S, Sheikh Abdul Hamid S, Yap Abdullah A, Samsudin AR, Azlina A. Evaluation of the osteogenic potential of demineralized and decellularized bovine bone granules following implantation in rat calvaria critical-size defect model. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294291. [PMID: 38127838 PMCID: PMC10734957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone granules to support bone regeneration in rat calvaria critical-size defects. DMB and DCC were prepared using a previously published method. The granule size used ranged between 500 and 750 μm. A total of forty-eight Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups (n = 24). A pair of 5 mm diameter defects were created on the calvaria of the rats in the right and left parietal bone in both groups. Group A animals received DMB granules and Group B received DCC granules in the right parietal defect side while the left parietal untreated defect acted as sham surgery for both groups. Four animals per group were euthanized in a CO2 chamber at day 7, 14 and 21 post-surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to osteogenic gene expression analysis. Another four animals per group were euthanized at days 15, 30 and 60 post surgery and the calvaria implantation site biopsy harvested was subjected to histological, immunohistochemistry, RAMAN spectroscopy and Micro-CT analysis at the mentioned time points. Statistical analysis was conducted using t-tests and ANOVA. Histomorphometry showed significantly higher new bone formation in the DCC sites (p<0.05) compared to DMB. Both DMB and DCC implantation sites showed distinct staining for osteocalcin and osteopontin proteins compared to their respective sham sites. By day 21 after implantation, DCC sites demonstrated significantly elevated mRNA levels of osteonectin (p<0.001), osteopontin (p<0.001), osteocalcin (p<0.0001), ALP (p<0.01), and BMP-2 (p<0.001) compared to DMB. However, VEGF expression showed no significant differences at this time point between the two groups. Micro-CT analysis also showed enhanced defect closure and higher bone density in DCC implanted sites while RAMAN spectra demonstrated increased abundance of collagen and bone minerals, especially, PO43- ions than DMB. In conclusion, both DMB and DCC granules demonstrated favorable osteogenic potential in critical-sized defects, with DCC exhibited superior osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenesis properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Qabbani
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - K. G. Aghila Rani
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sausan AlKawas
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - A. R. Samsudin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences Department, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Alsharif SA, Badran MI, Moustafa MH, Meshref RA, Mohamed EI. Hydrothermal extraction and physicochemical characterization of biogenic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles from buffalo waste bones for in vivo xenograft in experimental rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17490. [PMID: 37840064 PMCID: PMC10577150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43989-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) can be used in odontology and orthopedic grafts to restore damaged bone due to its stable chemical characteristics, composition, and crystal structural affinity for human bone. A three-step hydrothermal method was used for the extraction of biogenic calcined HA from the buffalo waste bones at 700 °C (HA-700) and 1000 °C (HA-1000). Extracts were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and in vivo examination of HA xenografts for femoral lesions in experimental rats. Crystallinity, purity, and morphology patterns showed that the HA main phase purity was 84.68% for HA-700 and 88.99% for HA-1000. Spherical HA nanoparticles were present for calcined HA-700 samples in the range 57-423 nm. Rats with critical bone lesions of 3 mm in diameter in the left femur treated with calcined HA-700 nanoparticles healed significantly (p < 0.001) faster than rats treated with HA-1000 or negative controls. These findings showed that spherical biogenic HA-700 NPs with a bud-like structure have the potential to stimulate both osteoconduction and bone remodeling, leading to greater bone formation potential in vivo. Thus, the calcined biogenic HA generated from buffalo waste bones may be a practical tool for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shada A Alsharif
- University College in Umluj, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud I Badran
- Medical Biophysics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Moustafa H Moustafa
- Medical Biophysics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt
| | - Radwa A Meshref
- Medical Equipment Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ehab I Mohamed
- Medical Biophysics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horreya Avenue, Alexandria, 21561, Egypt.
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Nifant'ev I, Tavtorkin A, Komarov P, Kretov E, Korchagina S, Chinova M, Gavrilov D, Ivchenko P. Dispersant and Protective Roles of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene phosphate) Block Copolymers in Polyester/Bone Mineral Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11175. [PMID: 37446347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Composites of synthetic bone mineral substitutes (BMS) and biodegradable polyesters are of particular interest for bone surgery and orthopedics. Manufacturing of composite scaffolds commonly uses mixing of the BMS with polymer melts. Melt processing requires a high homogeneity of the mixing, and is complicated by BMS-promoted thermal degradation of polymers. In our work, poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) composites reinforced by commercial β-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP) or synthesized carbonated hydroxyapatite with hexagonal and plate-like crystallite shapes (hCAp and pCAp, respectively) were fabricated using injection molding. pCAp-based composites showed advanced mechanical and thermal characteristics, and the best set of mechanical characteristics was observed for the PLLA-based composite containing 25 wt% of pCAp. To achieve compatibility of polyesters and pCAp, reactive block copolymers of PLLA or PCL with poly(tert-butyl ethylene phosphate) (C1 and C2, respectively) were introduced to the composite. The formation of a polyester-b-poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (PEPA) compatibilizer during composite preparation, followed by chemical binding of PEPA with pCAp, have been proved experimentally. The presence of 5 wt% of the compatibilizer provided deeper homogenization of the composite, resulting in a marked increase in strength and moduli as well as a more pronounced nucleation effect during isothermal crystallization. The use of C1 increased the thermal stability of the PLLA-based composite, containing 25 wt% of pCAp. In view of positive impacts of polyester-b-PEPA on composite homogeneity, mechanical characteristics, and thermal stability, polyester-b-PEPA will find application in the further development of composite materials for bone surgery and orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Nifant'ev
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya St. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Tavtorkin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Komarov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Kretov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Chemistry, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Myasnitskaya St. 20, 101100 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia Korchagina
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Chinova
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Gavrilov
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Ivchenko
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis RAS, 29 Leninsky Pr., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-3 Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Al Qabbani A, Rani KGA, Syarif J, AlKawas S, Sheikh Abdul Hamid S, Samsudin AR, Azlina A. Evaluation of decellularization process for developing osteogenic bovine cancellous bone scaffolds in-vitro. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283922. [PMID: 37018321 PMCID: PMC10075422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current immunological issues in bone grafting regarding the transfer of xenogeneic donor bone cells into the recipient are challenging the industry to produce safer acellular natural matrices for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a novel decellularization technique for producing bovine cancellous bone scaffold and compare its physicochemical, mechanical, and biological characteristics with demineralized cancellous bone scaffold in an in-vitro study. Cancellous bone blocks were harvested from a bovine femoral head (18-24 months old) subjected to physical cleansing and chemical defatting, and further processed in two ways. Group I was subjected to demineralization, while Group II underwent decellularization through physical, chemical, and enzymatic treatments. Both were then freeze-dried, and gamma radiated, finally producing a demineralized bovine cancellous bone (DMB) scaffold and decellularized bovine cancellous bone (DCC) scaffold. Both DMB and DCC scaffolds were subjected to histological evaluation, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), quantification of lipid, collagen, and residual nucleic acid content, and mechanical testing. The osteogenic potential was investigated through the recellularization of scaffolds with human osteoblast cell seeding and examined for cell attachment, proliferation, and mineralization by Alizarin staining and gene expression. DCC produced a complete acellular extracellular matrix (ECM) with the absence of nucleic acid content, wider pores with extensive interconnectivity and partially retaining collagen fibrils. DCC demonstrated a higher cell proliferation rate, upregulation of osteogenic differentiation markers, and substantial mineralized nodules production. Our findings suggest that the decellularization technique produced an acellular DCC scaffold with minimal damage to ECM and possesses osteogenic potential through the mechanisms of osteoconduction, osteoinduction, and osteogenesis in-vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al Qabbani
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Basic Science and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - K. G. Aghila Rani
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Junaidi Syarif
- Department of Nuclear and Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sausan AlKawas
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Suzina Sheikh Abdul Hamid
- Tissue Bank, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - A. R. Samsudin
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Tissue Bank, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Azlina
- Basic Science and Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Decellularized vascularized bone grafts as therapeutic solution for bone reconstruction: A mechanical evaluation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280193. [PMID: 36638107 PMCID: PMC9838862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Large bone defects are challenging for surgeons. Available reimplanted bone substitutes can't properly restore optimal function along and long term osteointegration of the bone graft. Bone substitute based on the perfusion-decellularization technique seem to be interesting in order to overcome these limitations. We present here an evaluation of the biomechanics of the bones thus obtained. MATERIAL AND METHODS Two decellularization protocols were chosen for this study. One using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) (D1) and one using NaOH and H2O2 (D2). The decellularization was performed on porcine forearms. We then carried out compression, three-point bending, indentation and screw pull-out tests on each sample. Once these tests were completed, we compared the results obtained between the different decellularization protocols and with samples left native. RESULTS The difference in the means was similar between the tests performed on bones decellularized with the SDS protocol and native bones for pull-out test: +1.4% (CI95% [-10.5%- 12.4%]) of mean differences when comparing Native vs D1, compression -14.9% (CI95% [-42.7%- 12.5%]), 3-point bending -5.7% (CI95% [-22.5%- 11.1%]) and indentation -10.8% (CI95% [-19.5%- 4.6%]). Bones decellularized with the NaOH protocol showed different results from those obtained with the SDS protocol or native bones during the pull-out screw +40.7% (CI95% [24.3%- 57%]) for Native vs D2 protocol and 3-point bending tests +39.2% (CI95% [13.7%- 64.6%]) for Native vs D2 protocol. The other tests, compression and indentation, gave similar results for all our samples. CONCLUSION Vascularized decellularized grafts seem to be an interesting means for bone reconstruction. Our study shows that the decellularization method affects the mechanical results of our specimens. Some methods seem to limit these alterations and could be used in the future for bone decellularization.
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Graeve OA, Arróyave García de la Cadena JA, Martínez López AS. Building Compassion and Human Bridges through Research Collaborations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:1542-1546. [PMID: 35071851 PMCID: PMC8771707 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Our ENLACE binational summer research program was established with the aim of encouraging the participation of high school and college students in research in the sciences and engineering, while promoting cross-border friendships between the United States and Mexico. The program unites students around science and engineering questions and concurrently engages them in a rich curriculum that promotes understanding of broader societal issues of equity, inclusion, tolerance, and social justice. Because we built our program around hope and cooperation, it is our aspiration and promise that walls and borders-all kinds of walls and borders-can be eradicated through kindness, compassion, and respect for others. ENLACE is not just a program we organize every summer, it is also a program that defines who we are as people and the kind of contribution we want to make in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia A. Graeve
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
| | - Jorge A. Arróyave García de la Cadena
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
| | - Aranza S. Martínez López
- Department
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive—MC 0411, La Jolla, California 92093-0411, United States
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Taylor EA, Mileti CJ, Ganesan S, Kim JH, Donnelly E. Measures of Bone Mineral Carbonate Content and Mineral Maturity/Crystallinity for FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopic Imaging Differentially Relate to Physical-Chemical Properties of Carbonate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:77-91. [PMID: 33710382 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00825-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone mineral carbonate content assessed by vibrational spectroscopy relates to fracture incidence, and mineral maturity/ crystallinity (MMC) relates to tissue age. As FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy become more widely used to characterize the chemical composition of bone in pre-clinical and translational studies, their bone mineral outcomes require improved validation to inform interpretation of spectroscopic data. In this study, our objectives were (1) to relate Raman and FT-IR carbonate:phosphate ratios calculated through direct integration of peaks to gold-standard analytical measures of carbonate content and underlying subband ratios; (2) to relate Raman and FT-IR MMC measures to gold-standard analytical measures of crystal size in chemical standards and native bone powders. Raman and FT-IR direct integration carbonate:phosphate ratios increased with carbonate content (Raman: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.87; FT-IR: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.96) and Raman was more sensitive to carbonate content than the FT-IR (Raman slope + 95% vs FT-IR slope, p < 0.01). MMC increased with crystal size for both Raman and FT-IR (Raman: p < 0.01, R2 = 0.76; FT-IR p < 0.01, R2 = 0.73) and FT-IR was more sensitive to crystal size than Raman (c-axis length: slope FT-IR MMC + 111% vs Raman MMC, p < 0.01). Additionally, FT-IR but not Raman spectroscopy detected differences in the relationship between MMC and crystal size of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) vs poorly crystalline hydroxyapatites (HA) (slope CHA + 87% vs HA, p < 0.01). Combined, these results contribute to the ability of future studies to elucidate the relationships between carbonate content and fracture and provide insight to the strengths and limitations of FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy of native bone mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik A Taylor
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cassidy J Mileti
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Sandhya Ganesan
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Cornell University, 227 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Joo Ho Kim
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Cornell University, 227 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eve Donnelly
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, Cornell University, 227 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Magnesium whitlockite - omnipresent in pathological mineralisation of soft tissues but not a significant inorganic constituent of bone. Acta Biomater 2021; 125:72-82. [PMID: 33610767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Whitlockite is a calcium phosphate that was first identified in minerals collected from the Palermo Quarry, New Hampshire. The terms magnesium whitlockite [Mg-whitlockite; Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12] and beta-tricalcium phosphate [β-TCP; β-Ca3(PO4)2] are often used interchangeably since Mg-whitlockite is not easily distinguished from β-Ca3(PO4)2 by powder X-ray diffraction although their crystalline structures differ significantly. Being both osteoconductive and bioresorbable, Mg-whitlockite is pursued as a synthetic bone graft substitute. In recent years, advances in development of synthetic Mg-whitlockite have been accompanied by claims that Mg-whitlockite is the second most abundant inorganic constituent of bone, occupying as much as 20-35 wt% of the inorganic fraction. To find evidence in support of this notion, this review presents an exhaustive summary of Mg-whitlockite identification in biological tissues. Mg-whitlockite is mainly found in association with pathological mineralisation of various soft tissues and dental calculus, and occasionally with enamel and dentine. With the exception of high-temperature treated tumoural calcified deposits around interphalangeal and metacarpal joints and rhomboidal Mg-whitlockite crystals in post-apoptotic osteocyte lacunae in human alveolar bone, this unusual mineral has never been detected in the extracellular matrix of mammalian bone. Characterisation techniques capable of unequivocally distinguishing between different calcium phosphate phases, such as high-resolution imaging, crystallography, and/or spectroscopy have exclusively identified bone mineral as poorly crystalline, ion-substituted, carbonated apatite. The idea that Mg-whitlockite is a significant constituent of bone mineral remains unsubstantiated. Contrary to claims that such biomaterials represent a bioinspired/biomimetic approach to bone repair, Mg-whitlockite remains, exclusively, a pathological biomineral. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Magnesium whitlockite (Mg-whitlockite) is a unique calcium phosphate that typically features in pathological calcification of soft tissues; however, an alarming trend emerging in the synthetic bioceramics community claims that Mg-whitlockite occupies 20-35 wt% of bone mineral and therefore synthetic Mg-whitlockite represents a biomimetic approach towards bone regeneration. By providing an overview of Mg-whitlockite detection in biological tissues and scrutinising a diverse cross-section of literature relevant to bone composition analysis, this review concludes that Mg-whitlockite is exclusively a pathological biomineral, and having never been reported in bone extracellular matrix, Mg-whitlockite does not constitute a biomimetic strategy for bone repair.
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Ahn T, Gidley DW, Thornton AW, Wong-Foy AG, Orr BG, Kozloff KM, Banaszak Holl MM. Hierarchical Nature of Nanoscale Porosity in Bone Revealed by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:4321-4334. [PMID: 33619964 PMCID: PMC8176962 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a hierarchical material primarily composed of collagen, water, and mineral that is organized into discrete molecular, nano-, micro-, and macroscale structural components. In contrast to the structural knowledge of the collagen and mineral domains, the nanoscale porosity of bone is poorly understood. In this study, we introduce a well-established pore characterization technique, positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), to probe the nanoscale size and distribution of each component domain by analyzing pore sizes inherent to hydrated bone together with pores generated by successive removal of water and then organic matrix (including collagen and noncollagenous proteins) from samples of cortical bovine femur. Combining the PALS results with simulated pore size distribution (PSD) results from collagen molecule and microfibril structure, we identify pores with diameter of 0.6 nm that suggest porosity within the collagen molecule regardless of the presence of mineral and water. We find that water occupies three larger domain size regions with nominal mean diameters of 1.1, 1.9, and 4.0 nm-spaces that are hypothesized to associate with intercollagen molecular spaces, terminal segments (d-spacing) within collagen microfibrils, and interface spacing between collagen and mineral structure, respectively. Subsequent removal of the organic matrix determines a structural pore size of 5-6 nm for deproteinized bone-suggesting the average spacing between mineral lamella. An independent method to deduce the average mineral spacing from specific surface area (SSA) measurements of the deproteinized sample is presented and compared with the PALS results. Together, the combined PALS and SSA results set a range on the mean mineral lamella thickness of 4-8 nm.
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Pang S, Schwarcz HP, Jasiuk I. Interfacial bonding between mineral platelets in bone and its effect on mechanical properties of bone. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 113:104132. [PMID: 33049620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a composite material consisting principally of apatite mineral, collagen fibrils, non-collagenous proteins, and other organic species. Recent electron microscopy studies have shown that the mineral in bone occurs as stacks of thin polycrystalline sheets ("mineral lamellae," MLs) which surround and lie between the collagen fibrils. We focus on the effect of the interface between these mineral lamellae on the mechanical properties of bone. Previous studies on bone treated with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) to remove all organic material showed a greatly weakened mineral framework. Here, we treated femoral cortical bone with ethylenediamine (EDA), which only removes collagen, to study the effect of its removal on bone properties. We tested the degree of completion of the treatment by Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. When only collagen is removed, a continuous mineral structure remains and is less weakened than by NaClO treatment. Transmission electron microscopy study of finely ground particles of the EDA treated bone shows that stacks of MLs remain joined, whereas in NaClO treated bone, only isolated crystals are present. Thus, we infer that the MLs in bone are held together in stacks by an organic glue, which is destroyed by NaClO, but which survives the EDA treatment. We show that this glue may contribute to the stiffness, strength, and energy absorption of bone. Further studies are needed to discover the chemical nature of this glue. This study provides a starting point for such investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Pang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Henry P Schwarcz
- School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Iwona Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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11
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Multimodal characterization of the bone-implant interface using Raman spectroscopy and nanoindentation. Med Eng Phys 2020; 84:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Savlak N, Çağındı Ö, Erk G, Öktem B, Köse E. Treatment Method Affects Color, Chemical, and Mineral Composition of Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fish Bone Powder from by-Products of Fish Fillet. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1775742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazlı Savlak
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Özlem Çağındı
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gizem Erk
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Birsen Öktem
- Department of Food Engineering, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Ergün Köse
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
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Hao R, Li D. An inspiration from the microstructure of the cortical bone in goat tibia. BIOINSPIRED BIOMIMETIC AND NANOBIOMATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.1680/jbibn.19.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
When vigorous goats are running and jumping, their leg bones play a crucial role in dynamic loading. The hierarchical structure of diverse tissues at different length scales is commonly used to account for the superior mechanical properties of bone. Yet, how the goat tibia achieves its remarkable function remains mostly unknown. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to image the multi-scale microstructure of the cortical bone in goat tibia. A new processing method was utilized during the preparation of one of the three kinds of samples. The transverse and longitudinal sections of the cortical bone were observed thoroughly, and high-quality images of the internal organizations are acquired. Some interesting findings, including the two-layered character of cortical bone and the microstructure near osteocyte lacunae, are discussed. A three-dimensional three-level hierarchical structure is found accordingly. Then, the cushioning mechanisms are discussed by analyzing the structure–function relationships of the bone tissues. Finally, a structural model of biomimetic composite is proposed based on the authors’ insights into the constitution of cortical bone, which is expected to inspire engineers to design load-bearing structures with excellent mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hao
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongxu Li
- College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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Bow A, Anderson DE, Dhar M. Commercially available bone graft substitutes: the impact of origin and processing on graft functionality. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:533-544. [PMID: 31577468 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1671860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of effective and cost-efficient bone tissue engineering grafts has been the key area of research for regenerative medicine, yet an ideal grafting material has remained elusive due in large part to the highly dynamic nature of bone. A wide array of materials, both natural and synthetic, have been implemented as potential candidates for commercially available products, yet the gold standard for grafting material still remains autogenous bone. We review currently commercially available bone graft materials and relevant graft characteristics that impact the effectiveness of tissue repair, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages of materials based on composition and origin. Examined materials were selected through a web-based search for readily accessible and clinically applicable graft materials. Grafts were then categorized according to material source to examine advantages and disadvantages associated with allogenic, xenogeneic, synthetic materials. Lastly, the application of bioactive molecules onto these basal grafts is explored to illustrate the enhancement and regulative capacity of these additives on traditional osteobiologic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Bow
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David E Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Madhu Dhar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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