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Rodrigues-Soares F, Kehdy FSG, Sampaio-Coelho J, Andrade PXC, Céspedes-Garro C, Zolini C, Aquino MM, Barreto ML, Horta BL, Lima-Costa MF, Pereira AC, LLerena A, Tarazona-Santos E. Genetic structure of pharmacogenetic biomarkers in Brazil inferred from a systematic review and population-based cohorts: a RIBEF/EPIGEN-Brazil initiative. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2018; 18:749-759. [PMID: 29713005 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-018-0015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present allele frequencies involving 39 pharmacogenetic biomarkers studied in Brazil, and their distribution on self-reported race/color categories that: (1) involve a mix of perceptions about ancestry, morphological traits, and cultural/identity issues, being social constructs pervasively used in Brazilian society and medical studies; (2) are associated with disparities in access to health services, as well as in their representation in genetic studies, and (3), as we report here, explain a larger portion of the variance of pharmaco-allele frequencies than geography. We integrated a systematic review of studies on healthy volunteers (years 1968-2017) and the analysis of allele frequencies on three population-based cohorts from northeast, southeast, and south, the most populated regions of Brazil. Cross-validation of results from these both approaches suggest that, despite methodological heterogeneity of the 120 studies conducted on 51,747 healthy volunteers, allele frequencies estimates from systematic review are reliable. We report differences in allele frequencies between color categories that persist despite the homogenizing effect of >500 years of admixture. Among clinically relevant variants: CYP2C9*2 (null), CYP3A5*3 (defective), SLCO1B1-rs4149056(C), and VKORC1-rs9923231(A) are more frequent in Whites than in Blacks. Brazilian Native Americans show lower frequencies of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C19*17 (increased activity), and higher of SLCO1B1-rs4149056(C) than other Brazilian populations. We present the most current and informative database of pharmaco-allele frequencies in Brazilian healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues-Soares
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Gerência de Malária, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S G Kehdy
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Julia Sampaio-Coelho
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Poliana X C Andrade
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Carolina Céspedes-Garro
- Education and Research Department, Genetics Section, School of Biology, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Camila Zolini
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Beagle, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marla M Aquino
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L Barreto
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, 40110-040, Brazil.,Center for Data and Knowledge Integration for Health, Institute Gonçalo Muniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Adrián LLerena
- CICAB Clinical Research Centre, Extremadura University Hospital and Medical School, Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tarazona-Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Genetic ancestry effects on the distribution of toll-like receptors (TLRs) gene polymorphisms in a population of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:101-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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3
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Cassiano GC, Santos EJM, Maia MHT, Furini ADC, Storti-Melo LM, Tomaz FMB, Trindade PCA, Capobianco MP, Amador MAT, Viana GMR, Póvoa MM, Santos SEB, Machado RLD. Impact of population admixture on the distribution of immune response co-stimulatory genes polymorphisms in a Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:836-42. [PMID: 26429313 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Co-stimulatory molecules are essential in the orchestration of immune response and polymorphisms in their genes are associated with various diseases. However, in the case of variable allele frequencies among continental populations, this variation can lead to biases in genetic studies conducted in admixed populations such as those from Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of genomic ancestry on distributions of co-stimulatory genes polymorphisms in an admixed Brazilian population. A total of 273 individuals from the north of Brazil participated in this study. Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in 7 genes (CD28, CTLA4, ICOS, CD86, CD40, CD40L and BLYS) were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We also investigated 48 insertion/deletion ancestry markers to characterize individual African, European and Amerindian ancestry proportions in the samples. The analysis showed that the main contribution was European (43.9%) but also a significant contribution of African (31.6%) and Amerindian (24.5%) ancestry. ICOS, CD40L and CD86 polymorphisms were associated with genomic ancestry. However there were no significant differences in the proportions of ancestry for the other SNPs and haplotypes studied. Our findings reinforce the need to apply AIMs in genetic association studies involving these polymorphisms in the Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Capatti Cassiano
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Adriana da Cruz Furini
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele Maira Batista Tomaz
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Marcela Petrolini Capobianco
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Maria Rachid Viana
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Marinete Marins Póvoa
- Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil; Laboratório de Pesquisas Básicas em Malária, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Friedrich DC, Genro JP, Sortica VA, Suarez-Kurtz G, de Moraes ME, Pena SDJ, dos Santos ÂKR, Romano-Silva MA, Hutz MH. Distribution of CYP2D6 alleles and phenotypes in the Brazilian population. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110691. [PMID: 25329392 PMCID: PMC4203818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2D6 enzyme is one of the most important members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily. This enzyme metabolizes approximately 25% of currently prescribed medications. The CYP2D6 gene presents a high allele heterogeneity that determines great inter-individual variation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of CYP2D6 alleles, genotypes and predicted phenotypes in Brazilians. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms and CYP2D6 duplications/multiplications were genotyped by TaqMan assays in 1020 individuals from North, Northeast, South, and Southeast Brazil. Eighteen CYP2D6 alleles were identified in the Brazilian population. The CYP2D6*1 and CYP2D6*2 alleles were the most frequent and widely distributed in different geographical regions of Brazil. The highest number of CYPD6 alleles observed was six and the frequency of individuals with more than two copies ranged from 6.3% (in Southern Brazil) to 10.2% (Northern Brazil). The analysis of molecular variance showed that CYP2D6 is homogeneously distributed across different Brazilian regions and most of the differences can be attributed to inter-individual differences. The most frequent predicted metabolic status was EM (83.5%). Overall 2.5% and 3.7% of Brazilians were PMs and UMs respectively. Genomic ancestry proportions differ only in the prevalence of intermediate metabolizers. The IM predicted phenotype is associated with a higher proportion of African ancestry and a lower proportion of European ancestry in Brazilians. PM and UM classes did not vary among regions and/or ancestry proportions therefore unique CYP2D6 testing guidelines for Brazilians are possible and could potentially avoid ineffective or adverse events outcomes due to drug prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise C. Friedrich
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Júlia P. Genro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vinicius A. Sortica
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- Programa de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional de Cancer, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Sergio D. J. Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A. Romano-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mara H. Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Suarez-Kurtz G, Paula DP, Struchiner CJ. Pharmacogenomic implications of population admixture: Brazil as a model case. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:209-19. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous Brazilian population, with European, African and Amerindian ancestral roots is a model case for exploring the impact of population admixture on the frequency distribution of polymorphisms in pharmacogenes, and the design and interpretation of pharmacogenomics trials. Examples drawn from studies carried out by researchers of the Brazilian pharmacogenomics network, support the following conclusions: the distribution of polymorphisms varies across geographical regions and self-reported ‘race/color’ categories, and is best modeled as continuous functions of individual proportions of European and African ancestry; the differential frequency of polymorphisms impacts the calculations of sample sizes required for adequate statistical power in clinical trials performed in different segments of the Brazilian population; and extrapolation of pharmacogenomics data from well-defined ethnic groups to Brazilians is plagued with uncertainty. Data for warfarin and tacrolimus are reviewed to highlight the advantages and challenges of performing pharmacogenomic trials in Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- Programa de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Daniela Polessa Paula
- Departamento de Matemática, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Claudio J Struchiner
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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6
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Suarez-Kurtz G. Ethnic differences in drug therapy: a pharmacogenomics perspective. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:337-9. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Suarez-Kurtz G, Pena SDJ, Struchiner CJ, Hutz MH. Pharmacogenomic Diversity among Brazilians: Influence of Ancestry, Self-Reported Color, and Geographical Origin. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:191. [PMID: 23133420 PMCID: PMC3490152 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BY VIRTUE OF BEING THE PRODUCT OF THE GENETIC ADMIXTURE OF THREE ANCESTRAL ROOTS: Europeans, Africans, and Amerindians, the present-day Brazilian population displays very high levels of genomic diversity, which have important pharmacogenetic/-genomic (PGx) implications. Recognition of this fact has prompted the creation of the Brazilian Pharmacogenomics Network (Refargen), a nationwide consortium of research groups, with the mission to provide leadership in PGx research and education in Brazil, with a population heath impact. Here, we present original data and review published results from a Refargen comprehensive study of the distribution of PGx polymorphisms in a representative cohort of the Brazilian people, comprising 1,034 healthy, unrelated adults, self-identified as white, brown, or black, according to the Color categories adopted by the Brazilian Census. Multinomial log-linear regression analysis was applied to infer the statistical association between allele, genotype, and haplotype distributions among Brazilians (response variables) and self-reported Color, geographical region, and biogeographical ancestry (explanatory variables), whereas Wright's F(ST) statistics was used to assess the extent of PGx divergence among different strata of the Brazilian population. Major PGx implications of these findings are: first, extrapolation of data from relatively well-defined ethnic groups is clearly not applicable to the majority of Brazilians; second, the frequency distribution of polymorphisms in several pharmacogenes of clinical relevance (e.g., ABCB1, CYP3A5, CYP2C9, VKORC) varies continuously among Brazilians and is not captured by race/Color self-identification; third, the intrinsic heterogeneity of the Brazilian population must be acknowledged in the design and interpretation of PGx studies in order to avoid spurious conclusions based on improper matching of study cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- Programa de Farmacologia, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sergio Danilo Juno Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Mara Helena Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre, Brazil
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Suarez-Kurtz G. Pharmacogenomic Applications in the Developing World: The American Continent. ADVANCES IN MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2182-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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de Lima Santos PCJ, Pereira AC, Cançado RD, Schettert IT, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Figueiredo MS, Chiattone CS, Krieger JE, Guerra-Shinohara EM. Hemojuvelin and hepcidin genes sequencing in Brazilian patients with primary iron overload. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2010; 14:803-6. [PMID: 21039223 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2010.0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND most hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) patients are homozygous for the p.C282Y mutation in the HFE gene. Some studies reported that HH phenotypic expression could be modulated by genetic factors such as HJV and HAMP gene mutations. AIMS the aims of this study were to identify HJV and HAMP mutations and to analyze their impact on HH phenotype in non-p.C282Y homozygous individuals. METHODS Twenty-four Brazilian patients with primary iron overload and non-p.C282Y homozygous genotype (transferrin saturation >50% in women and >60% in men and absence of secondary causes) were selected. Subsequent bidirectional sequencing of the HJV and HAMP exons was performed. RESULTS sequencing revealed a substitution in heterozygosis, c.929C > G, which corresponds to p.A310G polymorphism in HJV exon 4 (rs7540883). In the same gene, in another individual, an IVS1-36C > G intronic variant was detected in heterozygosis. In the HAMP gene, an IVS3 + 42G > A intronic variant was identified. There were six (25.0%) patients carrying a heterozygous genotype for the HFE p.C282Y and nine (37.5%) patients carrying a heterozygous genotype for the HFE p.H63D. CONCLUSION HJV p.A310G polymorphism and two intronic variants were found, but none of these alterations were associated with digenic inheritance with the HFE gene. Our data indicate that HJV and HAMP functional mutations are not frequent in these patients.
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Suarez-Kurtz G. Pharmacogenetics in the brazilian population. Front Pharmacol 2010; 1:118. [PMID: 21833165 PMCID: PMC3153000 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2010.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and its present population, in excess of 190;million, is highly heterogeneous, as a result of centuries of admixture between Amerindians, Europeans, and Sub-Saharan Africans. The estimated individual proportions of biogeographical ancestry vary widely and continuously among Brazilians: most individuals, irrespective of self-identification as White, Brown or Black - the major categories of the Brazilian Census "race/color" system - have significant degrees of European and African ancestry, while a sizeable number display also Amerindian ancestry. These features have important pharmacogenetic (PGx) implications: first, extrapolation of PGx data from relatively well-defined ethnic groups is clearly not applicable to the majority of Brazilians; second, the frequency distribution of polymorphisms in pharmacogenes (e.g., CYP3A5, CYP2C9, GSTM1, ABCB1, GSTM3, VKORC, etc) varies continuously among Brazilians and is not captured by race/color self-identification; third, the intrinsic heterogeneity of the Brazilian population must be acknowledged in the design and interpretation of PGx studies in order to avoid spurious conclusions based on improper matching of study cohorts. The peculiarities of PGx in Brazilians are illustrated with data for different therapeutic groups, such as anticoagulants, HIV protease inhibitors and non-steroidal antinflammatory drugs, and the challenges and advantages created by population admixture for the study and implementation of PGx are discussed. PGx data for Amerindian groups and Brazilian-born, first-generation Japanese are presented to illustrate the rich diversity of the Brazilian population. Finally, I introduce the reader to the Brazilian Pharmacogenetic Network or Refargen, a nation-wide consortium of research groups, with the mission to provide leadership in PGx research and education in Brazil, with a population health impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Suarez-Kurtz
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Coordenação de Pesquisa, Instituto Nacional de CâncerRio de Janeiro, Brazil
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HFE gene mutations in patients with primary iron overload: is there a significant improvement in molecular diagnosis yield with HFE sequencing? Blood Cells Mol Dis 2010; 45:302-7. [PMID: 20843714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rare HFE variants have been shown to be associated with hereditary hemochromatosis (HH), an iron overload disease. The low frequency of the HFE p.C282Y mutation in HH-affected Brazilian patients may suggest that other HFE-related mutations may also be implicated in the pathogenesis of HH in this population. The main aim was to screen for new HFE mutations in Brazilian individuals with primary iron overload and to investigate their relationship with HH. Fifty Brazilian patients with primary iron overload (transferrin saturation>50% in females and 60% in males) were selected. Subsequent bidirectional sequencing for each HFE exon was performed. The effect of HFE mutations on protein structure were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation and free binding energy calculations. p.C282Y in homozygosis or in heterozygosis with p.H63D were the most frequent genotypic combinations associated with HH in our sample population (present in 17 individuals, 34%). Thirty-six (72.0%) out of the 50 individuals presented at least one HFE mutation. The most frequent genotype associated with HH was the homozygous p.C282Y mutation (n=11, 22.0%). One novel mutation (p.V256I) was indentified in heterozygosis with the p.H63D mutation. In silico modeling analysis of protein behavior indicated that the p.V256I mutation does not reduce the binding affinity between HFE and β2-microglobulin (β2M) in the same way the p.C282Y mutation does compared with the native HFE protein. In conclusion, screening of HFE through direct sequencing, as compared to p.C282Y/p.H63D genotyping, was not able to increase the molecular diagnosis yield of HH. The novel p.V256I mutation could not be implicated in the molecular basis of the HH phenotype, although its role cannot be completely excluded in HH-phenotype development. Our molecular modeling analysis can help in the analysis of novel, previously undescribed, HFE mutations.
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Suarez-Kurtz G, Amorim A, Damasceno A, Hutz MH, Moraes MOD, Ojopi ÉB, Pena SDJ, Perini JA, Prata MJ, Ribeiro-dos-Santos Â, Romano-Silva MA, Teixeira D, Struchiner CJ. VKORC1 polymorphisms in Brazilians: comparison with the Portuguese and Portuguese-speaking Africans and pharmacogenetic implications. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:1257-67. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The heterogeneity of the Brazilian population renders the extrapolation of pharmacogenomic data derived from well-defined ethnic groups inappropriate. We investigated the influence of self-reported ‘race/color’, geographical origin and genetic ancestry on the distribution of four VKORC1 SNPs and haplotypes in Brazilians. Comparative data were obtained from two major ancestral roots of Brazilians: Portuguese and Africans from former Portuguese colonies. Materials & methods: A total of 1037 healthy adults Brazilians, recruited at four different geographical regions and self identified as white, brown or black (race/color categories), 89 Portuguese and 216 Africans from Angola and Mozambique were genotyped for the VKORC1 3673G>A (rs9923231), 5808T>G (rs2884737), 6853G>C (rs8050894) and 9041G>A (rs7294) polymorphisms using TaqMan® (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) assays. VKORC1 haplotypes were statistically inferred using the haplo.stats software. We inferred the statistical association between the distribution of the VKORC1 polymorphisms among Brazilians and self-reported color, geographical region and genetic ancestry by fitting multinomial log linear models via neural networks. Individual proportions of European and African ancestry were used to assess the impact of genetic admixture on the frequency distribution of VKORC1 polymorphisms among Brazilians, and for the comparison of Brazilians with Portuguese and Africans. Results: The frequency distribution of the 3673G>A and 5808T>G polymorphisms, and VKORC1 haplotypes among Brazilians varies across geographical regions, within self-reported color categories and according to the individual proportions of European and African genetic ancestry. Notably, the frequency of the warfarin sensitive VKORC1 3673A allele and the distribution of VKORC1 haplotypes varied continuously as the individual proportion of European ancestry increased in the entire cohort, independently of race/color categorization and geographical origin. Brazilians with more than 80% African ancestry differ significantly from Angolans and Mozambicans in frequency of the 3673G>A, 5808T>G and 6853G>C polymorphisms and haplotype distribution, whereas no such differences are observed between Brazilians with more than 90% European ancestry and Portuguese individuals. Conclusion: The diversity of the Brazilian population, evident in the distribution of VKORC1 polymorphisms, must be taken into account in the design of pharmacogenetic clinical trials and dealt with as a continuous variable. Warfarin dosing algorithms that include ‘race’ terms defined for other populations are clearly not applicable to the heterogeneous and extensively admixed Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - António Amorim
- Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal and Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Albertino Damasceno
- Serviço de Cardiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Mara H Hutz
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Manuel Odorico de Moraes
- Unidade de Farmacologia Clínica, Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Élida B Ojopi
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM-27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio DJ Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil and GENE – Núcleo de Genética Médica, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jamila A Perini
- Divisão de Farmacologia, Instituto Nacional do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria João Prata
- Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal and Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Marco A Romano-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Medicina Molecular, Laboratório de Neurociência, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniel Teixeira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology & Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal and Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Villagra D, Duconge J, Windemuth A, Cadilla CL, Kocherla M, Gorowski K, Bogaard K, Renta JY, Cruz IA, Mirabal S, Seip RL, Ruaño G. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes in Puerto Ricans: A case for admixture-matching in clinical pharmacogenetic studies. Clin Chim Acta 2010; 411:1306-11. [PMID: 20488169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Admixture is of great relevance to the clinical application of pharmacogenetics and personalized medicine, but unfortunately these studies have been scarce in Puerto Ricans. Besides, allele frequencies for clinically relevant genetic markers in warfarin response (i.e., CYP2C9 and VKORC1) have not yet been fully characterized in this population. Accordingly, this study is aimed at investigating whether a correlation between overall genetic similarity and CYP2C9 and/or VKORC1 genotypes could be established. METHODS 98 DNA samples from Puerto Ricans were genotyped for major CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms and tested on a physiogenomic (PG)-array to infer population structure and admixture pattern. RESULTS Analysis affirmed that Puerto Ricans are broadly admixed. A genetic distance dendrogram was constructed by clustering those subjects with similar genetic profiles. Individual VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genotypes were visually overlaid atop the three dendrogram sectors. Sector-1, representing Amerindian ancestry, showed higher VKORC1 -1639G>A variant frequency than the rest of the population (p=0.051). Although CYP2C9*3 allele frequencies matched the expected HapMap values, admixture may explain deviations from published findings regarding VKORC1 -1639G>A and CYP2C9*2 allele frequencies in sector-3. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the observed inter-individual variations in ancestral contributions have significant implications for the way each Puerto Rican responds to warfarin therapy. Our findings provide valuable evidence on the importance of controlling for admixture in pharmacogenetic studies of Puerto Rican Hispanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Villagra
- Laboratory of Personalized Health, Genomas, Inc., Hartford, CT 06106, USA
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Santos PCJL, Cançado RD, Terada CT, Rostelato S, Gonzales I, Hirata RDC, Hirata MH, Chiattone CS, Guerra-Shinohara EM. HFE gene mutations and iron status of Brazilian blood donors. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 43:107-14. [PMID: 20027482 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009007500031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the HFE and TFR2 genes have been associated with iron overload. HFE and TFR2 mutations were assessed in blood donors, and the relationship with iron status was evaluated. Subjects (N = 542) were recruited at the Hemocentro da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. Iron status was not influenced by HFE mutations in women and was independent of blood donation frequency. In contrast, men carrying the HFE 282CY genotype had lower total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) than HFE 282CC genotype carriers. Men who donated blood for the first time and were carriers of the HFE 282CY genotype had higher transferrin saturation values and lower TIBC concentrations than those with the homozygous wild genotype for the HFE C282Y mutation. Moreover, in this group of blood donors, carriers of HFE 63DD plus 63HD genotypes had higher serum ferritin values than those with the homozygous wild genotype for HFE H63D mutation. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that HFE 282CY leads to a 17.21% increase (P = 0.018) and a 83.65% decrease (P = 0.007) in transferrin saturation and TIBC, respectively. In addition, serum ferritin is influenced by age (3.91%, P = 0.001) and the HFE 63HD plus DD genotype (55.84%, P = 0.021). In conclusion, the HFE 282Y and 65C alleles were rare, while the HFE 63D allele was frequent in Brazilian blood donors. The HFE C282Y and H63D mutations were associated with alterations in iron status in blood donors in a gender-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C J L Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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