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Yamagishi A, Ito F, Nakamura C. Study on Cancer Cell Invasiveness via Application of Mechanical Force to Induce Chloride Ion Efflux. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9032-9035. [PMID: 34152726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chloride channels regulate cell volume by an efflux of chloride ions in response to osmotic stresses. These have been shown to play a role in cancer invasion. However, their function in cancer metastasis remains unclear. As the internal environment of the human body is rarely exposed to osmotic stress, we presumed that Cl- efflux in cancer cells is induced by mechanical stress caused by their crowded environment and invasion of their narrow interstitial spaces. In this study, we recruited atomic force microscopy to apply mechanical stress to mouse or human breast cancer cells with varying degrees of malignancy and examined their Cl- efflux by N-ethoxycarbonylmethyl-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE), which is quenched via collision with Cl- ions. We found that intracellular MQAE fluorescence intensity increased immediately after cell compression, demonstrating induction of Cl- efflux by mechanical force. Furthermore, Cl- efflux ability showed correlation with the cancer metastatic potential. These results suggested that mechanical stress induced Cl- efflux may serve as a potential reporter for estimating the invasion ability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Yamagishi
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Fumie Ito
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Chikashi Nakamura
- AIST-INDIA DAILAB, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.,Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
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Messerli MA, Sarkar A. Advances in Electrochemistry for Monitoring Cellular Chemical Flux. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4984-5002. [PMID: 31057100 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The transport of organic and inorganic molecules, along with inorganic ions across the plasma membrane results in chemical fluxes that reflect the cellular function in healthy and diseased states. Measurement of these chemical fluxes enables the characterization of protein function and transporter stoichiometry, characterization of a single cell and embryo viability prior to implantation, and screening of pharmaceutical agents. Electrochemical sensors emerge as sensitive and non-invasive tools for measuring chemical fluxes immediately outside the cells in the boundary layer, that are capable of monitoring a diverse range of transported analytes including inorganic ions, gases, neurotransmitters, hormones, and pharmaceutical agents. Used on their own or in combination with other methods, these sensors continue to expand our understanding of the function of rare cells and small tissues. Advances in sensor construction and detection strategies continue to improve sensitivity under physiological conditions, diversify analyte detection, and increase throughput. These advances will be discussed in the context of addressing technical challenges to measuring chemical flux in the boundary layer of cells and measuring the resultant changes to the chemical concentration in the bulk media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
| | - Anyesha Sarkar
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD. United States
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Lin LY, Yeh YH, Hung GY, Lin CH, Hwang PP, Horng JL. Role of Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Mechanotransducer-Channel-Mediated Ca 2+ Influx in Hair Cells of Zebrafish Larvae. Front Physiol 2018; 9:649. [PMID: 29899708 PMCID: PMC5988855 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is an extracellular Ca2+ sensor that plays a critical role in maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in several organs, including the parathyroid gland and kidneys. In this study, through in situ hybridization, the expression of CaSR mRNA was found in the neuromasts of zebrafish larvae. Immunohistochemistry further demonstrated that the CaSR protein was present in neuromast hair cell stereocilia and basolateral membranes. Based on the expression and subcellular localization of the CaSR in hair cells, we hypothesized that the CaSR is expressed in zebrafish lateral-line hair cells to regulate mechanotransducer (MET)-channel-mediated Ca2+ entry. Using the scanning ion-selective electrode technique, MET-channel-mediated Ca2+ influx at the stereocilia of hair cells was measured in intact larvae. Ca2+ influx was suppressed after larvae were pretreated with a CaSR activator (R-568) or high-Ca2+ (HCa) medium. Gene knockdown by using morpholino oligonucleotides decreased CaSR expression in hair cells and eliminated the effects of R-568 and HCa on Ca2+ influx. In addition, we found that treatment with R-568 attenuated neomycin-induced hair cell death. This study is the first to demonstrate that the CaSR is involved in mechanotransduction in zebrafish hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hao Lin
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pung-Pung Hwang
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin YH, Hung GY, Wu LC, Chen SW, Lin LY, Horng JL. Anion exchanger 1b in stereocilia is required for the functioning of mechanotransducer channels in lateral-line hair cells of zebrafish. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117041. [PMID: 25679789 PMCID: PMC4332475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The anion exchanger (AE) plays critical roles in physiological processes including CO2 transport and volume regulation in erythrocytes and acid-base regulation in renal tubules. Although expression of the AE in inner-ear hair cells was reported, its specific localization and function are still unclear. Using in situ hybridization, we found that the AE1b transcript is expressed in lateral-line hair cells of zebrafish larvae. An immunohistochemical analysis with a zebrafish-specific antibody localized AE1b to stereocilia of hair cells, and the expression was eliminated by morpholino knockdown of AE1b. A non-invasive, scanning ion-selective electrode technique was applied to analyze mechanotransducer (MET) channel-mediated Ca2+ influx at stereocilia of hair cells of intact fish. Ca2+ influx was effectively suppressed by AE1b morpholino knockdown and inhibitor (DIDS) treatment. Elevating external Ca2+ (0.2 to 2 mM) neutralized the inhibition of DIDS. Taken together, this study provides solid evidence to show that AE1b in stereocilia is required for the proper functioning of MET channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Liang-Chun Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Wen Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
- * E-mail:
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Lin LY, Pang W, Chuang WM, Hung GY, Lin YH, Horng JL. Extracellular Ca2+ and Mg2+ modulate aminoglycoside blockade of mechanotransducer channel-mediated Ca2+ entry in zebrafish hair cells: an in vivo study with the SIET. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C1060-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish lateral-line hair cells are an in vivo model for studying hair cell development, function, and ototoxicity. However, the molecular identification and properties of the mechanotransducer (MET) channel in hair cells are still controversial. In this study, a noninvasive electrophysiological method, the scanning ion-electrode technique (SIET), was applied for the first time to investigate properties of MET channels in intact zebrafish embryos. With the use of a Ca2+-selective microelectrode to deflect hair bundles and simultaneously record the Ca2+ flux, the inward Ca2+ flux was detected at stereocilia of hair cells in 2- to ∼4-day postfertilization embryos. Ca2+ influx was blocked by MET channel blockers (BAPTA, La3+, Gd3+, and curare). In addition, 10 μM aminoglycoside antibiotics (neomycin and gentamicin) were found to effectively block Ca2+ influx within 10 min. Elevating the external Ca2+ level (0.2–2 mM) neutralized the effects of neomycin and gentamicin. However, elevating the Mg2+ level up to 5 mM neutralized blockade by gentamicin but not by neomycin. This study demonstrated MET channel-mediated Ca2+ entry at hair cells and showed that the SIET to be a sensitive approach for functionally assaying MET channels in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yih Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei Pang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Chuang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; and
| | - Jiun-Lin Horng
- Department of Anatomy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Monitoring ion activities in and around cells using ion-selective liquid-membrane microelectrodes. SENSORS 2013; 13:984-1003. [PMID: 23322102 PMCID: PMC3574717 DOI: 10.3390/s130100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determining the effective concentration (i.e., activity) of ions in and around living cells is important to our understanding of the contribution of those ions to cellular function. Moreover, monitoring changes in ion activities in and around cells is informative about the actions of the transporters and/or channels operating in the cell membrane. The activity of an ion can be measured using a glass microelectrode that includes in its tip a liquid-membrane doped with an ion-selective ionophore. Because these electrodes can be fabricated with tip diameters that are less than 1 μm, they can be used to impale single cells in order to monitor the activities of intracellular ions. This review summarizes the history, theory, and practice of ion-selective microelectrode use and brings together a number of classic and recent examples of their usefulness in the realm of physiological study.
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Coast GM. Intracellular Na+, K+ and Cl- activities in Acheta domesticus Malpighian tubules and the response to a diuretic kinin neuropeptide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 215:2774-85. [PMID: 22837449 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.072223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of primary urine production and the activity of a diuretic kinin, Achdo-KII, were investigated in malpighian tubules of Acheta domesticus by measuring intracellular Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) activities, basolateral membrane voltage (V(b)), fluid secretion and transepithelial ion transport. Calculated electrochemical gradients for K(+) and Cl(-) across the basolateral membrane show they are actively transported into principal cells, and basolateral Ba(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels do not contribute to net transepithelial K(+) transport and fluid secretion. A basolateral Cl(-) conductance was revealed after the blockade of K(+) channels with Ba(2+), and a current carried by the passive outward movement of Cl(-) accounts for the hyperpolarization of V(b) in response to Ba(2+). Ion uptake via Na(+)/K(+)/2Cl(-) cotransport, driven by the inwardly directed Na(+) electrochemical gradient, is thermodynamically feasible, and is consistent with the actions of bumetanide, which reduces fluid secretion and both Na(+) and K(+) transport. The Na(+) gradient is maintained by its extrusion across the apical membrane and by a basolateral ouabain-sensitive Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase. Achdo-KII has no significant effect on the intracellular ion activities or V(b). Electrochemical gradients across the apical membrane were estimated from previously published values for the levels of Na(+), K(+) and Cl(-) in the secreted fluid. The electrochemical gradient for Cl(-) favours passive movement into the lumen, but falls towards zero after stimulation by Achdo-KII. This coincides with a twofold increase in Cl(-) transport, which is attributed to the opening of an apical Cl(-) conductance, which depolarises the apical membrane voltage.
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Yang L, Zhu L, Xu Y, Zhang H, Ye W, Mao J, Chen L, Wang L. Uncoupling of K+ and Cl- transport across the cell membrane in the process of regulatory volume decrease. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:292-302. [PMID: 22617318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
It is accepted that K(+) and Cl(-) flows are coupled tightly in regulatory volume decrease (RVD). However, using self referencing microelectrodes, we proved that K(+) and Cl(-) transport mainly by channels in RVD was uncoupled in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells, with the transient K(+) efflux activated earlier and sustained Cl(-) efflux activated later. Hypotonic challenges decreased intracellular pH (pH(i)), and activated a proton pump-dependent H(+) efflux, resulting in a decline of extracellular pH (pH(o)). Modest decreases of pH(o) inhibited the volume-activated K(+) outflow and RVD, but not the Cl(-) outflow, while inhibition of H(+) efflux or increase of pH(o) buffer ability promoted K(+) efflux and RVD. The results suggest that the temporal dynamics of K(+) channel activities is different from that of Cl(-) channels in RVD, due to differential sensitivity of K(+) and Cl(-) channels to pH(o). H(+) efflux may play important roles in cell volume regulation, and may be a therapeutic target for human nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Smith PJS, Collis LP, Messerli MA. Windows to cell function and dysfunction: signatures written in the boundary layers. Bioessays 2010; 32:514-23. [PMID: 20486138 DOI: 10.1002/bies.200900173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The medium surrounding cells either in culture or in tissues contains a chemical mix varying with cell state. As solutes move in and out of the cytoplasmic compartment they set up characteristic signatures in the cellular boundary layers. These layers are complex physical and chemical environments the profiles of which reflect cell physiology and provide conduits for intercellular messaging. Here we review some of the most relevant characteristics of the extracellular/intercellular space. Our initial focus is primarily on cultured cells but we extend our consideration to the far more complex environment of tissues, and discuss how chemical signatures in the boundary layer can or may affect cell function. Critical to the entire essay are the methods used, or being developed, to monitor chemical profiles in the boundary layers. We review recent developments in ultramicro electrochemical sensors and tailored optical reporters suitable for the task in hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J S Smith
- BioCurrents Research Center, Cellular Dynamics Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
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Horng JL, Hwang PP, Shih TH, Wen ZH, Lin CS, Lin LY. Chloride transport in mitochondrion-rich cells of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C845-54. [PMID: 19657057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A noninvasive scanning ion-selective electrode technique (SIET) was applied to measure Cl- transport at individual mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) in the skin of euryhaline tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae. In seawater (SW)-acclimated larvae, outward Cl- gradients (20-80 mM higher than the background) were measured at the surface, indicating a secretion of Cl- from the skin. By serial probing over the surface of MRCs and adjacent keratinocytes (KCs), a significant outward flux of Cl- was detected at the apical opening (membrane) of MRCs. Treatment with 100 microM ouabain or bumetanide inhibited the Cl- secretion by approximately 75%. In freshwater (FW)-acclimated larvae, a lower level of outward Cl- gradients (0.2-1 mM) was measured at the skin surface. Low-Cl- water (<0.005 mM) acclimation increased the apical Na+-Cl- cotransporter (NCC) immunoreactivity of MRCs in the larval skin. An inward flux of Cl- was detected when probing the exterior surface of a group of MRCs (convex-MRCs) that express the NCC. An NCC inhibitor (100 microM metolazone) reduced the flux by approximately 90%. This study provides direct and convincing evidence for Cl- transport by MRCs of SW- and FW-acclimated euryhaline tilapia and the involvement of an apical NCC in Cl- uptake of MRCs of FW-acclimated fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Lin Horng
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei
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Messerli MA, Kurtz I, Smith PJS. Characterization of optimized Na+ and Cl− liquid membranes for use with extracellular, self-referencing microelectrodes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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