1
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Millman A, Melamed S, Leavitt A, Doron S, Bernheim A, Hör J, Garb J, Bechon N, Brandis A, Lopatina A, Ofir G, Hochhauser D, Stokar-Avihail A, Tal N, Sharir S, Voichek M, Erez Z, Ferrer JLM, Dar D, Kacen A, Amitai G, Sorek R. An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1556-1569.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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2
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Debackere K, Marcelis L, Demeyer S, Vanden Bempt M, Mentens N, Gielen O, Jacobs K, Broux M, Verhoef G, Michaux L, Graux C, Wlodarska I, Gaulard P, de Leval L, Tousseyn T, Cools J, Dierickx D. Fusion transcripts FYN-TRAF3IP2 and KHDRBS1-LCK hijack T cell receptor signaling in peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3705. [PMID: 34140493 PMCID: PMC8211700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a heterogeneous group of non-Hodgkin lymphomas with poor prognosis. Up to 30% of PTCL lack distinctive features and are classified as PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS). To further improve our understanding of the genetic landscape and biology of PTCL-NOS, we perform RNA-sequencing of 18 cases and validate results in an independent cohort of 37 PTCL cases. We identify FYN-TRAF3IP2, KHDRBS1-LCK and SIN3A-FOXO1 as new in-frame fusion transcripts, with FYN-TRAF3IP2 as a recurrent fusion detected in 8 of 55 cases. Using ex vivo and in vivo experiments, we demonstrate that FYN-TRAF3IP2 and KHDRBS1-LCK activate signaling pathways downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex and confer therapeutic vulnerability to clinically available drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cohort Studies
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/genetics
- Forkhead Box Protein O1/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/genetics
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell, Peripheral/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- RNA-Seq
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex/genetics
- Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex/metabolism
- bcl-X Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- bcl-X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Debackere
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Marcelis
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Demeyer
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marlies Vanden Bempt
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicole Mentens
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olga Gielen
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kris Jacobs
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael Broux
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gregor Verhoef
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lucienne Michaux
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos Graux
- Mont-Godinne University Hospital, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Iwona Wlodarska
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gaulard
- Département de Pathologie, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil, France
- INSERM U955 and Université Paris-Est, Créteil, France
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Tousseyn
- Translational Cell & Tissue Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Cools
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.
- Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Daan Dierickx
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Hematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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3
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Moon CS, Reglero C, Cortes JR, Quinn SA, Alvarez S, Zhao J, Lin WHW, Cooke AJ, Abate F, Soderquist CR, Fiñana C, Inghirami G, Campo E, Bhagat G, Rabadan R, Palomero T, Ferrando AA. FYN-TRAF3IP2 induces NF-κB signaling-driven peripheral T cell lymphoma. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:98-113. [PMID: 33928261 PMCID: PMC8081346 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00161-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) and peripheral T cell lymphoma not-otherwise-specified (PTCL, NOS) have poor prognosis and lack driver actionable targets for directed therapies in most cases. Here we identify FYN-TRAF3IP2 as a recurrent oncogenic gene fusion in AITL and PTCL, NOS tumors. Mechanistically, we show that FYN-TRAF3IP2 leads to aberrant NF-κB signaling downstream of T cell receptor activation. Consistent with a driver oncogenic role, FYN-TRAF3IP2 expression in hematopoietic progenitors induces NF-κB-driven T cell transformation in mice and cooperates with loss of the Tet2 tumor suppressor in PTCL development. Moreover, abrogation of NF-κB signaling in FYN-TRAF3IP2-induced tumors with IκB kinase inhibitors delivers strong anti-lymphoma effects in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate an oncogenic and pharmacologically targetable role for FYN-TRAF3IP2 in PTCLs and call for the clinical testing of anti-NF-κB targeted therapies in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine S Moon
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clara Reglero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jose R Cortes
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Aidan Quinn
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Silvia Alvarez
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Junfei Zhao
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Hsuan W Lin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anisha J Cooke
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesco Abate
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig R Soderquist
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Claudia Fiñana
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giorgio Inghirami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elias Campo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Palomero
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Adolfo A Ferrando
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Flynn SM, Chen C, Artan M, Barratt S, Crisp A, Nelson GM, Peak-Chew SY, Begum F, Skehel M, de Bono M. MALT-1 mediates IL-17 neural signaling to regulate C. elegans behavior, immunity and longevity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2099. [PMID: 32350248 PMCID: PMC7190641 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides pro-inflammatory roles, the ancient cytokine interleukin-17 (IL-17) modulates neural circuit function. We investigate IL-17 signaling in neurons, and the extent it can alter organismal phenotypes. We combine immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry to biochemically characterize endogenous signaling complexes that function downstream of IL-17 receptors in C. elegans neurons. We identify the paracaspase MALT-1 as a critical output of the pathway. MALT1 mediates signaling from many immune receptors in mammals, but was not previously implicated in IL-17 signaling or nervous system function. C. elegans MALT-1 forms a complex with homologs of Act1 and IRAK and appears to function both as a scaffold and a protease. MALT-1 is expressed broadly in the C. elegans nervous system, and neuronal IL-17-MALT-1 signaling regulates multiple phenotypes, including escape behavior, associative learning, immunity and longevity. Our data suggest MALT1 has an ancient role modulating neural circuit function downstream of IL-17 to remodel physiology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Flynn
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Changchun Chen
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Umeå Center for Molecular Medicine, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Murat Artan
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Barratt
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Crisp
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M Nelson
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sew-Yeu Peak-Chew
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Farida Begum
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Skehel
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Mario de Bono
- Cell Biology Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom.
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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5
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Tang D, Wu S, Luo K, Yuan H, Gao W, Zhu D, Zhang W, Xu Q. Sequence characterization and expression pattern analysis of six kinds of IL-17 family genes in the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:257-270. [PMID: 30922887 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is an important cytokine that plays a critical role in the inflammatory response and host defense against extracellular pathogens. In the present study, six novel IL-17 family genes (MaIL-17) were identified by analyzing Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) genome. Sequence analysis revealed that the MaIL-17 family genes shared similar features, comprising a signal peptide, an IL-17 superfamily region, and four conserved cysteines. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the MaIL-17 genes were clustered together with their corresponding IL-17 genes from other species. The similarity and identity of all IL-17 family genes indicated that the MaIL-17 genes are conserved among teleosts, while Ma-IL-17D is more conserved than the other Ma-IL-17s. Except for MaIL-17A/F3 and MaIL-17D, all MaIL-17s shared the same genomic structure as the genes from other fish, namely three exons and two introns. The MaIL-17s showed conserved synteny among fish, and we found that the MaIL-17D locus has a more conserved syntenic relationship with the loci from other fish and humans. These results demonstrated that MaIL-17D and human IL-17D might have evolved from a common ancestral gene and subsequently diverged. The analysis of swamp eel reference genes revealed that EEF1A1 (encoding eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1) was an ideal reference gene for accurate real-time qRT-PCR normalization in the swamp eel. The MaIL-17 genes are widely distributed throughout tissues, suggesting that MaIL-17s carry out their biological functions in immune and non-immune tissues compartments. The transcript of Ma-IL17s exhibited different fold changes in head kidney cells in response to Aeromonas veronii phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) challenge, showing that MaIL-17A/F1 has stronger antiviral activities compared with other MaIL-17 family genes, and that MaIL-17A/F3 and MaIL-17A/F2 possess stronger effects against extracellular pathogens compared with the others; however, MaIL-17C2 and MaIL-17D may play vital roles during pathogen infection. The differential immune responses of these genes to Aeromonas veronii, PMA and poly I:C implied distinct mechanisms of host defense against extracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Tang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, China
| | - Shipei Wu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Kai Luo
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Hanwen Yuan
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Weihua Gao
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Dashi Zhu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China
| | - Qiaoqing Xu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434020, China; Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
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6
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Structure of a prokaryotic SEFIR domain reveals two novel SEFIR-SEFIR interaction modes. J Struct Biol 2018; 203:81-89. [PMID: 29549035 PMCID: PMC6057156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
SEFIR domain-containing proteins are crucial for mammalian adaptive immunity. As a unique intracellular signaling domain, the SEFIR-SEFIR interactions mediate physical protein-protein interactions in the immune signaling network, especially the IL-17- and IL-25-mediated pathways. However, due to the lack of structural information, the detailed molecular mechanism for SEFIR-SEFIR assembly remains unclear. In the present study, we solved the crystal structures of a prokaryotic SEFIR domain from Bacillus cereus F65185 (BcSEFIR), where the SEFIR domain is located at the N terminus. The structure of BcSEFIR revealed two radically distinct SEFIR-SEFIR interaction modes. In the asymmetric form, the C-terminal tail of one SEFIR binds to the helix αA and βB-αB' segment of the other one, while in the symmetric form, the helices ηC and αE and the DE-segment compose the inter-protomer interface. The C-terminal tail of BcSEFIR, critical for asymmetric interaction, is highly conserved among the SEFIR domains of Act1 orthologs from different species, in particular three absolutely conserved residues that constitute an EXXXXPP motif. In the symmetric interaction mode, the most significant contacts made by residues on helix αE are highly conserved in Act1 SEFIR domains, constituted an RLI/LXE motif. The two novel SEFIR-SEFIR interaction modes might explain the structural basis for SEFIR domain-mediated complex assembly in signaling pathways.
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7
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Buckley KM, Ho ECH, Hibino T, Schrankel CS, Schuh NW, Wang G, Rast JP. IL17 factors are early regulators in the gut epithelium during inflammatory response to Vibrio in the sea urchin larva. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28447937 PMCID: PMC5457136 DOI: 10.7554/elife.23481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IL17 cytokines are central mediators of mammalian immunity. In vertebrates, these factors derive from diverse cellular sources. Sea urchins share a molecular heritage with chordates that includes the IL17 system. Here, we characterize the role of epithelial expression of IL17 in the larval gut-associated immune response. The purple sea urchin genome encodes 10 IL17 subfamilies (35 genes) and 2 IL17 receptors. Most of these subfamilies are conserved throughout echinoderms. Two IL17 subfamilies are sequentially strongly upregulated and attenuated in the gut epithelium in response to bacterial disturbance. IL17R1 signal perturbation results in reduced expression of several response genes including an IL17 subtype, indicating a potential feedback. A third IL17 subfamily is activated in adult immune cells indicating that expression in immune cells and epithelia is divided among families. The larva provides a tractable model to investigate the regulation and consequences of gut epithelial IL17 expression across the organism. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23481.001 To protect themselves from the constant invasion of harmful microbes, animals have evolved complex immune systems. The gut is one of the most active sites of the immune system and plays a key role in regulating immune responses. In mammals, cells lining the gut wall can sense the presence of harmful bacteria and communicate this information to tissues across the body by producing specialized proteins called Interleukin-17 (IL-17). IL-17 proteins are important for regulating inflammation and are thought to activate specific immune cells in an infected area. Some aspects of immune systems are similar between different animal species, which can provide clues of how immunity evolved and how it is regulated. For example, sea urchins, which evolved 400-600 million years ago, begin life as simple larvae consisting of a few thousand cells. As oceans harbor a multitude of bacteria and viruses, sea urchin larvae need an efficient immune system to defend themselves. These larvae can respond to specific types of bacteria within a few hours after the microbes have entered their gut by modifying gene expression in distant cells. As these changes occur in cells that are removed from the bacteria, it is thought that the gut cells that initially sense the bacteria, somehow communicate this information. Now, Buckley et al. exposed sea urchin larvae to a marine bacterium and measured the responses of the cells and their gene expression. The infection affected several types of cells, and in the first 24 hours, a subset of immune cells changed shape and started migrating to the gut wall. In addition, IL-17 gene expression changed significantly in gut cells in the early phases of the larval immune response. Buckley et al. identified three types of IL-17 proteins involved in sea urchin immunity: two that are important for the immune response in the gut during the larval stage, and a third that is only present in adults. These findings suggest that IL-17 signaling is an ancient and central element of gut-associated immune response, which even exists in animals that evolved long before humans. These findings demonstrate that the sea urchin larva represents a unique and ideal experimental model to study immune responses in a living organism that is more closely related to mammals than some other models, like fruit flies or worms. By understanding the fundamental mechanisms that mediate gut health, this work may highlight new drug targets to treat conditions like Crohn’s disease and colon cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.23481.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Buckley
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eric Chun Hei Ho
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Taku Hibino
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Catherine S Schrankel
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Schuh
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan P Rast
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Chen C, Itakura E, Nelson GM, Sheng M, Laurent P, Fenk LA, Butcher RA, Hegde RS, de Bono M. IL-17 is a neuromodulator of Caenorhabditis elegans sensory responses. Nature 2017; 542:43-48. [PMID: 28099418 DOI: 10.1038/nature20818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine: it mediates responses to pathogens or tissue damage, and drives autoimmune diseases. Little is known about its role in the nervous system. Here we show that IL-17 has neuromodulator-like properties in Caenorhabditis elegans. IL-17 can act directly on neurons to alter their response properties and contribution to behaviour. Using unbiased genetic screens, we delineate an IL-17 signalling pathway and show that it acts in the RMG hub interneurons. Disrupting IL-17 signalling reduces RMG responsiveness to input from oxygen sensors, and renders sustained escape from 21% oxygen transient and contingent on additional stimuli. Over-activating IL-17 receptors abnormally heightens responses to 21% oxygen in RMG neurons and whole animals. IL-17 deficiency can be bypassed by optogenetic stimulation of RMG. Inducing IL-17 expression in adults can rescue mutant defects within 6 h. These findings reveal a non-immunological role of IL-17 modulating circuit function and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Chen
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Eisuke Itakura
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Geoffrey M Nelson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ming Sheng
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Patrick Laurent
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Lorenz A Fenk
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rebecca A Butcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | - Ramanujan S Hegde
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Mario de Bono
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
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9
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Ding Y, Ai C, Mu Y, Ao J, Chen X. Molecular characterization and evolution analysis of five interleukin-17 receptor genes in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:332-339. [PMID: 27633682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17s (IL-17s) play critical roles in inflammatory response and host defense against extracellular pathogens. IL-17s induce the immune response signaling through the specific IL-17 receptors (IL-17Rs) that consist of five members (IL-17RA to E). In the present work, we have identified the five IL-17R orthologs (LycIL-17Rs) from large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. The deduced protein of each LycIL-17R exhibits a typical IL-17R domain architecture, including a signal peptide, the extracellular FNIII domain (IL-17RA/RB/RD) or IL-17_R_N domain (IL-17RC/RE), a transmembrane domain, and a SEFIR domain in cytoplasmic region. In particular, the extracellular regions of teleost IL-17RB are much shorter than those in mammals and lack an FNIII domain (FN2). Phylogenetic tree shows that IL-17Rs are classified into two main groups: IL-17RA/RB/RD group and IL-17RC/RE group, which is distinct from previous proposal that grouped IL-17RB into IL-17RC/RE. The surrounding genes of IL-17Rs are conservatively aligned in genomes between teleosts and mammals. The five LycIL-17Rs were constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, but with different expression patterns. Aeromonas hydrophila infection significantly upregulated LycIL-17RA, RC, RD and RE in both mucosal tissue (gills) and systemic immune tissues (head kidney and spleen), while the increase of LycIL-17RB expression could be detected in gills, indicating that LycIL-17Rs may be involved in host defense against bacterial infection. Thus, these results suggest that teleost IL-17Rs may function in mediating immune response as their mammalian orthologs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of molecular characterization of the five IL-17Rs (IL-17RA/RB/RD and IL-17RC/RE) in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yinnan Mu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
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10
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Systematic dissection of coding exons at single nucleotide resolution supports an additional role in cell-specific transcriptional regulation. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004592. [PMID: 25340400 PMCID: PMC4207465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their protein coding function, exons can also serve as transcriptional enhancers. Mutations in these exonic-enhancers (eExons) could alter both protein function and transcription. However, the functional consequence of eExon mutations is not well known. Here, using massively parallel reporter assays, we dissect the enhancer activity of three liver eExons (SORL1 exon 17, TRAF3IP2 exon 2, PPARG exon 6) at single nucleotide resolution in the mouse liver. We find that both synonymous and non-synonymous mutations have similar effects on enhancer activity and many of the deleterious mutation clusters overlap known liver-associated transcription factor binding sites. Carrying a similar massively parallel reporter assay in HeLa cells with these three eExons found differences in their mutation profiles compared to the liver, suggesting that enhancers could have distinct operating profiles in different tissues. Our results demonstrate that eExon mutations could lead to multiple phenotypes by disrupting both the protein sequence and enhancer activity and that enhancers can have distinct mutation profiles in different cell types. Exons that code for protein can also have additional functions, such as regulating gene transcription through enhancer activity. Here, we changed every nucleotide in three different exons that also function as enhancers, and examined their enhancer activity to test whether nucleotide changes in these exons can affect both the protein sequence and enhancer function. We found that mutations with a significant effect on enhancer function can reside both in regions that change the protein sequence (non-synonymous) and regions that do not change it (synonymous). When we conducted a similar analysis in a different cell type, we observed a difference in the nucleotide changes that cause a significant effect on enhancer activity, suggesting that the enhancer functional units can differ between tissues.
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11
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Buchmann K. Evolution of Innate Immunity: Clues from Invertebrates via Fish to Mammals. Front Immunol 2014; 5:459. [PMID: 25295041 PMCID: PMC4172062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Host responses against invading pathogens are basic physiological reactions of all living organisms. Since the appearance of the first eukaryotic cells, a series of defense mechanisms have evolved in order to secure cellular integrity, homeostasis, and survival of the host. Invertebrates, ranging from protozoans to metazoans, possess cellular receptors, which bind to foreign elements and differentiate self from non-self. This ability is in multicellular animals associated with presence of phagocytes, bearing different names (amebocytes, hemocytes, coelomocytes) in various groups including animal sponges, worms, cnidarians, mollusks, crustaceans, chelicerates, insects, and echinoderms (sea stars and urchins). Basically, these cells have a macrophage-like appearance and function and the repair and/or fight functions associated with these cells are prominent even at the earliest evolutionary stage. The cells possess pathogen recognition receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which are well-conserved molecular structures expressed by various pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, helminths). Scavenger receptors, Toll-like receptors, and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) are prominent representatives within this group of host receptors. Following receptor-ligand binding, signal transduction initiates a complex cascade of cellular reactions, which lead to production of one or more of a wide array of effector molecules. Cytokines take part in this orchestration of responses even in lower invertebrates, which eventually may result in elimination or inactivation of the intruder. Important innate effector molecules are oxygen and nitrogen species, antimicrobial peptides, lectins, fibrinogen-related peptides, leucine rich repeats (LRRs), pentraxins, and complement-related proteins. Echinoderms represent the most developed invertebrates and the bridge leading to the primitive chordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates, in which many autologous genes and functions from their ancestors can be found. They exhibit numerous variants of innate recognition and effector molecules, which allow fast and innate responses toward diverse pathogens despite lack of adaptive responses. The primitive vertebrates (agnathans also termed jawless fish) were the first to supplement innate responses with adaptive elements. Thus hagfish and lampreys use LRRs as variable lymphocyte receptors, whereas higher vertebrates [cartilaginous and bony fishes (jawed fish), amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals] developed the major histocompatibility complex, T-cell receptors, and B-cell receptors (immunoglobulins) as additional adaptive weaponry to assist innate responses. Extensive cytokine networks are recognized in fish, but related signal molecules can be traced among invertebrates. The high specificity, antibody maturation, immunological memory, and secondary responses of adaptive immunity were so successful that it allowed higher vertebrates to reduce the number of variants of the innate molecules originating from both invertebrates and lower vertebrates. Nonetheless, vertebrates combine the two arms in an intricate inter-dependent network. Organisms at all developmental stages have, in order to survive, applied available genes and functions of which some may have been lost or may have changed function through evolution. The molecular mechanisms involved in evolution of immune molecules, might apart from simple base substitutions be as diverse as gene duplication, deletions, alternative splicing, gene recombination, domain shuffling, retrotransposition, and gene conversion. Further, variable regulation of gene expression may have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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12
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Patterson NJ, Werling D. To con protection: TIR-domain containing proteins (Tcp) and innate immune evasion. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 155:147-54. [PMID: 23871438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the host's first line of defence against invading pathogens. Key to the stimulation of the innate immune response is pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Binding of MAMPs to TLRs triggers a signalling cascade resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Central to this TLR signalling pathway are heterotypic protein-protein interactions mediated through Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains found in both the cytoplasmic regions of TLRs and several key adaptor proteins. Interestingly, TIR-domain containing proteins (Tcps) do not seem to be unique to the mammalian TLR system, but occurs in abundance in many biological forms. Recent evidence suggests that pathogenic bacteria have developed a range of ingenuous strategies to evade the host immune mechanisms involving Tcps. There is increasing evidence to suggest that these pathogen-encoded Tcps interfere directly with the TLR signalling pathway and thus inhibit the activation of NF-κB, with different modes of action and roles in virulence. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the possible roles and mechanisms of action of bacterial encoded Tcp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Patterson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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13
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The psoriasis-associated D10N variant of the adaptor Act1 with impaired regulation by the molecular chaperone hsp90. Nat Immunol 2012. [PMID: 23202271 PMCID: PMC3522792 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Act1 is an essential adaptor in interleukin 17 (IL-17)-mediated signaling and is recruited to the receptor for IL-17 after stimulation with IL-17. Here we found that Act1 was a 'client' protein of the molecular chaperone hsp90. The D10N variant of Act1 (Act1(D10N)) that is linked to susceptibility to psoriasis was defective in its interaction with hsp90, which resulted in a global loss of Act1 function. Act1-deficient mice modeled the mechanistic link between loss of Act1 function and susceptibility to psoriasis. Although Act1 was necessary for IL-17-mediated inflammation, Act1-deficient mice had a hyperactive response of the T(H)17 subset of helper T cells and developed spontaneous IL-22-dependent skin inflammation. In the absence of IL-17 signaling, IL-22 was the main contributor to skin inflammation, which provides a molecular mechanism for the association of Act1(D10N) with psoriasis susceptibility.
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14
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Doyle MS, Collins ES, FitzGerald OM, Pennington SR. New insight into the functions of the interleukin-17 receptor adaptor protein Act1 in psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:226. [PMID: 23116200 PMCID: PMC3580541 DOI: 10.1186/ar4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have implicated the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 3-interacting protein 2 (TRAF3IP2) gene and its product, nuclear factor-kappa-B activator 1 (Act1), in the development of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The high level of sequence homology of the TRAF3IP2 (Act1) gene across the animal kingdom and the presence of the Act1 protein in multiple cell types strongly suggest that the protein is of importance in normal cellular function. Act1 is an adaptor protein for the interleukin-17 (IL-17) receptor, and recent observations have highlighted the significance of IL-17 signaling and localized inflammation in autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes data from recent genome-wide association studies as well as immunological and molecular investigations of Act1. Together, these studies provide new insight into the role of IL-17 signaling in PsA. It is well established that IL-17 activation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) signaling pathways normally leads to nuclear factor-kappa-B-mediated inflammation. However, the dominant PsA-associated TRAF3IP2 (Act1) gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs33980500) results in decreased binding of Act1 to TRAF6. This key mutation in Act1 could lead to a greater association of the IL-17 receptor with TRAF2/TRAF5 and this in turn suggests an alternative function for IL-17 in PsA. The recent observations described and discussed in this review raise the clinically significant possibility of redefining the immunological role of IL-17 in PsA and provide a basis for defining future studies to elucidate the molecular and cellular functions of Act1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Doyle
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Emily S Collins
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Oliver M FitzGerald
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen R Pennington
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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15
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Ryzhakov G, Blazek K, Lai CCK, Udalova IA. IL-17 receptor adaptor protein Act1/CIKS plays an evolutionarily conserved role in antiviral signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:4852-8. [PMID: 23066157 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA-induced antiviral gene expression in mammalian cells requires activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). In this study, we show that the IL-17R adaptor protein Act1/CIKS is involved in this process. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Act1 in primary human skin fibroblasts specifically attenuates expression of IFN-β and IFN-stimulated antiviral genes induced by a synthetic viral mimic, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Ectopic expression of Act1 potentiates the IRF3-driven expression of a synthetic reporter construct as well as the induction of antiviral genes. We demonstrate that this effect is dependent on the ability of Act1 to functionally and physically interact with IκB kinase ε (IKKε), a known IRF3 kinase, and IRF3: 1) Act1 binds IKKε and IRF3; 2) Act1-induced IRF3 activation can be blocked specifically by coexpression of a catalytically inactive mutant of IKKε; and 3) mutants of IRF3, either lacking the C terminus or mutated at the key phosphorylation sites, important for its activation by IKKε, do not support Act1-dependent IRF3 activation. We also show that a zebrafish Act1 protein is able to trigger antiviral gene expression in human cells, which suggests an evolutionarily conserved function of vertebrate Act1 in the host defense against viruses. On the whole, our study demonstrates that Act1 is a component of antiviral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Ryzhakov
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, London W6 8LH, United Kingdom.
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16
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Luron L, Saliba D, Blazek K, Lanfrancotti A, Udalova IA. FOXO3 as a new IKK-ε-controlled check-point of regulation of IFN-β expression. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:1030-7. [PMID: 22531926 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell survival transcription factor FOXO3 has been recently implicated in moderating pro-inflammatory cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs), but the molecular mechanisms are unclear. It was suggested that FOXO3 could antagonize NF-κB activity, while IKK-β was demonstrated to inactivate FOXO3, suggesting a cross-talk between the two pathways. Therefore, FOXO3 activity must be tightly regulated to allow for an appropriate inflammatory response. Here, we show that in human monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs), FOXO3 is able to antagonize signaling intermediates downstream of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, such as NF-κB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), resulting in inhibition of interferon (IFN)-β expression. We also demonstrate that the activity of FOXO3 itself is regulated by IKK-ε, a kinase involved in IFN-β production, which phosphorylates and inactivates FOXO3 in response to TLR4 agonists. Thus, we identify FOXO3 as a new IKK-ε-controlled check-point of IRF activation and regulation of IFN-β expression, providing new insight into the role of FOXO3 in immune response control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Luron
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, United Kingdom.
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17
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Sønder SU, Paun A, Ha HL, Johnson PF, Siebenlist U. CIKS/Act1-mediated signaling by IL-17 cytokines in context: implications for how a CIKS gene variant may predispose to psoriasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5906-14. [PMID: 22581863 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a relapsing skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and by an influx of inflammatory immune cells. Recently, IL-17 cytokines have been strongly implicated as critical for the pathogenesis of this disease. IL-17A (also known as IL-17) and IL-17F are the signature cytokines of Th17 cells, but are also produced by innate cells, including γδ T cells present in skin, whereas epithelial cells, including keratinocytes, may produce IL-17C. IL-17 cytokines signal via the adaptor protein connection to IκB kinase and stress-activated protein kinases (CIKS)/Act1. Psoriasis is a disease with a strong genetic predisposition, and the gene encoding CIKS has recently been identified as a susceptibility locus. Unexpectedly, one predisposing gene variant features a mutation that impairs rather than enhances CIKS-mediated IL-17 cytokine signaling, counter to the predicted role for IL-17 cytokines in psoriatic inflammation. In this study, we demonstrate, however, that this mutant adaptor does not impair the IL-17-specific contributions to the genetic response when combined with TNF-α, a cytokine also prominent in psoriatic inflammation. Interestingly, TNF-α signals compensate IL-17 signaling defects imposed by this mutant adaptor even for genes that are not induced by TNF-α alone, including the transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer binding protein δ and IκBζ, which help regulate secondary gene expression in response to IL-17. Based on these findings we discuss a scenario in which the mutant adaptor may interfere with homeostatic maintenance of epithelial barriers, thereby potentially enabling the initiation of inflammatory responses to insults, whereas this same mutant adaptor would still be able to mediate IL-17-specific contributions to inflammation once TNF-α is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Ulrik Sønder
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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Gaffen SL. Life before seventeen: cloning of the IL-17 receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:4389-91. [PMID: 22013204 PMCID: PMC4824884 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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