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Wang X, Liu AG, Chen Z, Wu C, Liu Y, Wan B, Pang K, Zhou C, Yuan X, Xiao S. A late-Ediacaran crown-group sponge animal. Nature 2024; 630:905-911. [PMID: 38839967 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sponges are the most basal metazoan phylum1 and may have played important roles in modulating the redox architecture of Neoproterozoic oceans2. Although molecular clocks predict that sponges diverged in the Neoproterozoic era3,4, their fossils have not been unequivocally demonstrated before the Cambrian period5-8, possibly because Precambrian sponges were aspiculate and non-biomineralized9. Here we describe a late-Ediacaran fossil, Helicolocellus cantori gen. et sp. nov., from the Dengying Formation (around 551-539 million years ago) of South China. This fossil is reconstructed as a large, stemmed benthic organism with a goblet-shaped body more than 0.4 m in height, with a body wall consisting of at least three orders of nested grids defined by quadrate fields, resembling a Cantor dust fractal pattern. The resulting lattice is interpreted as an organic skeleton comprising orthogonally arranged cruciform elements, architecturally similar to some hexactinellid sponges, although the latter are built with biomineralized spicules. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis resolves H. cantori as a crown-group sponge related to the Hexactinellida. H. cantori confirms that sponges diverged and existed in the Precambrian as non-biomineralizing animals with an organic skeleton. Considering that siliceous biomineralization may have evolved independently among sponge classes10-13, we question the validity of biomineralized spicules as a necessary criterion for the identification of Precambrian sponge fossils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander G Liu
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chengxi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yarong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ke Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Xunlai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuhai Xiao
- Department of Geosciences and Global Change Centre, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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2
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Shimizu K, Nishi M, Sakate Y, Kawanami H, Bito T, Arima J, Leria L, Maldonado M. Silica-associated proteins from hexactinellid sponges support an alternative evolutionary scenario for biomineralization in Porifera. Nat Commun 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38185711 PMCID: PMC10772126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metazoans use silicon traces but rarely develop extensive silica skeletons, except for the early-diverging lineage of sponges. The mechanisms underlying metazoan silicification remain incompletely understood, despite significant biotechnological and evolutionary implications. Here, the characterization of two proteins identified from hexactinellid sponge silica, hexaxilin and perisilin, supports that the three classes of siliceous sponges (Hexactinellida, Demospongiae, and Homoscleromorpha) use independent protein machineries to build their skeletons, which become non-homologous structures. Hexaxilin forms the axial filament to intracellularly pattern the main symmetry of the skeletal parts, while perisilin appears to operate in their thickening, guiding extracellular deposition of peripheral silica, as does glassin, a previously characterized hexactinellid silicifying protein. Distant hexaxilin homologs occur in some bilaterians with siliceous parts, suggesting putative conserved silicifying activity along metazoan evolution. The findings also support that ancestral Porifera were non-skeletonized, acquiring silica skeletons only after diverging into major classes, what reconciles molecular-clock dating and the fossil record.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Platform for Community-based Research and Education, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan.
| | - Michika Nishi
- Division of Agricultural Science, Graduate studies of Sustainability Science, Tottori University Graduate School, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakate
- Division of Agricultural Science, Graduate studies of Sustainability Science, Tottori University Graduate School, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Haruka Kawanami
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Jiro Arima
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho, Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Laia Leria
- Sponge Ecobiology and Biotechnology Group, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Blanes, 17300, Spain
| | - Manuel Maldonado
- Sponge Ecobiology and Biotechnology Group, Center for Advanced Studies of Blanes (CEAB, CSIC), Blanes, 17300, Spain.
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3
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Santini S, Schenkelaars Q, Jourda C, Duchesne M, Belahbib H, Rocher C, Selva M, Riesgo A, Vervoort M, Leys SP, Kodjabachian L, Le Bivic A, Borchiellini C, Claverie JM, Renard E. The compact genome of the sponge Oopsacas minuta (Hexactinellida) is lacking key metazoan core genes. BMC Biol 2023; 21:139. [PMID: 37337252 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01619-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the emergence of the hallmarks of bilaterians is a central focus of evolutionary developmental biology-evodevo-and evolutionary genomics. For this purpose, we must both expand and also refine our knowledge of non-bilaterian genomes, especially by studying early branching animals, in particular those in the metazoan phylum Porifera. RESULTS We present a comprehensive analysis of the first whole genome of a glass sponge, Oopsacas minuta, a member of the Hexactinellida. Studying this class of sponge is evolutionary relevant because it differs from the three other Porifera classes in terms of development, tissue organization, ecology, and physiology. Although O. minuta does not exhibit drastic body simplifications, its genome is among the smallest of animal genomes sequenced so far, and surprisingly lacks several metazoan core genes (including Wnt and several key transcription factors). Our study also provides the complete genome of a symbiotic Archaea dominating the associated microbial community: a new Thaumarchaeota species. CONCLUSIONS The genome of the glass sponge O. minuta differs from all other available sponge genomes by its compactness and smaller number of encoded proteins. The unexpected loss of numerous genes previously considered ancestral and pivotal for metazoan morphogenetic processes most likely reflects the peculiar syncytial tissue organization in this group. Our work further documents the importance of convergence during animal evolution, with multiple convergent evolution of septate-like junctions, electrical-signaling and multiciliated cells in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Santini
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Quentin Schenkelaars
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Jourda
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, La Réunion, France
| | - Marc Duchesne
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Hassiba Belahbib
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IGS, UMR 7256, IMM, IM2B, IOM, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Rocher
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Marjorie Selva
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum of London, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Michel Vervoort
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS, UMR 7592, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sally P Leys
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - André Le Bivic
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Emmanuelle Renard
- Aix Marseille Univ, Avignon Univ, CNRS, IRD, IMBE, Marseille, France.
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, UMR 7288, Marseille, France.
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4
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Chiang YR, Wang LC, Lin HT, Lin JHY. Bioactivity of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) cathepsin L: Proteolysis of bacteria and regulation of the innate immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:399-408. [PMID: 35176469 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsin L (CTSL) is a cysteine endopeptidase involved in protein degradation mainly in lysosomes. Following activation in an acidic environment, it plays a key role in a variety of physiological, immunological, and pathological processes. The biological function of CTSL in teleost remains unclear. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CTSL was expressed mainly in lymphoid organs, head kidney, trunk kidney, and liver, which particularly was expressed in leukocyte-like cells. We performed two forms of recombinant CTSL (rCTSL and rTCTSL) derived from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) to elucidate the role of CTSL in teleost innate immunity, based on differences in immune-related gene expression. We determined that rCTSL has a proteolytic function whereas rTCTSL does not. Under CTSL activation, we observed increases in IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IFNγ, CCL-1, CCL-3, epinecidin-1, lysozyme, and IgM. The bacteriolytic activity of rCTSL was more pronounced against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Our findings indicate CTSL plays multiple roles in the reactions of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ru Chiang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chiann Wang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Tso Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Han-You Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Romero A, Novoa B, Figueras A. Genomic and transcriptomic identification of the cathepsin superfamily in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104286. [PMID: 34619173 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal enzymes that participate in important physiological processes, such as development, tissue remodelling, senescence and innate and adaptive immunity. The description of these proteins in molluscs is fragmented and incomplete. In the present work, we identified most of the cathepsin family members in the bivalve Mytilus galloprovincialis by screening published genomic and transcriptomic information. In this specie, the cathepsin family is composed of 41 proteins showing a high diversification of cathepsins D, L and F, not previously observed in other taxonomic groups. Specific set of cathepsins are constitutively expressed in the different mussel tissues. Transcriptomic analyses suggested coordinated activity of the different cathepsins and their sequential activation during larval development. Cathepsins also play an important role in the immune response of bivalves, and different immune pathways seem to be activated in response to Vibrio splendidus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
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6
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Nishi M, Kobayashi H, Amano T, Sakate Y, Bito T, Arima J, Shimizu K. Identification of the Domains Involved in Promotion of Silica Formation in Glassin, a Protein Occluded in Hexactinellid Sponge Biosilica, for Development of a Tag for Purification and Immobilization of Recombinant Proteins. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 22:739-747. [PMID: 32291549 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-020-09967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glassin, a protein occluded in biosilica of the hexactinellid sponge Euplectela, promotes silica formation from silicic acid at room temperature and neutral pH and is characterized by its primary structure which consists of a tandem repeat carrying three distinct domains, histidine and aspartic acid-rich (HD) domain, proline-rich (P) domain, and histidine and threonine-rich (HT) domain. The present study aims to clarify the domain responsible for the promotion of silica formation and to demonstrate usefulness of glassin and its domain as a tag for purification and immobilization of recombinant proteins. When each domain was mixed with silicic acid at neutral pH, silica was formed with HD domain as well as glassin, or a single repeat, but not with P or HT domain. Neither of amino or carboxy-terminal half of HD domain induced silica formation. The amount of silica formed with HD domain was significantly lower than that of glassin or a single repeat. HD domain fused with HT domain raised the amount of silica formed, while a HD domain fused with P domain, a mixture of HD and P domains, or a mixture of HD and HT domains has little effect on the promotion of silica formation. Collectively, a minimum sequence for promotion of silica formation is HD domain, whose activity can be enhanced by HT domain through a topological effect. In addition, practicality of glassin and HD domain was demonstrated by fusion of these sequences to green fluorescent protein which was successfully purified with Ni affinity chromatography and immobilized on silica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michika Nishi
- Division of Agricultural Science, Graduate studies of Sustainability Science, Tottori University Graduate School, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Agricultural Science, Graduate studies of Sustainability Science, Tottori University Graduate School, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Taro Amano
- Division of Agricultural Science, Graduate studies of Sustainability Science, Tottori University Graduate School, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Yuto Sakate
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Bito
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Jiro Arima
- Department of Life Environmental Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8553, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shimizu
- Platform for Community-based Research and Education, Tottori University, 4-101, Koyama-cho Minami, Tottori, 680-8550, Japan.
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7
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Funayama N. Produce, carry/position, and connect: morphogenesis using rigid materials. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2019; 57:91-97. [PMID: 31546193 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Animal morphogenesis can be summarized as a reconfiguration of a mass of cells. Although extracellular matrices that include rigid skeletal elements, such as cartilage/bones and exoskeletons, have important roles in morphogenesis, they are also secreted in situ by accumulated cells or epithelial cells. In contrast, recent studies of the skeleton construction of sponges (Porifera) illuminate a conceptually different mechanism of morphogenesis in which cells manipulate rather fine rigid materials (spicules) to form larger structures. Here, two different types of sponge skeleton formation using calcareous spicules or siliceous spicules are compared with regard to the concept of the production of rigid materials and their use in skeletons. The comparison highlights the advantages of their different strategies of forming sponge skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Funayama
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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8
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Modelling the early evolution of extracellular matrix from modern Ctenophores and Sponges. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:389-405. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAnimals (metazoans) include some of the most complex living organisms on Earth, with regard to their multicellularity, numbers of differentiated cell types, and lifecycles. The metazoan extracellular matrix (ECM) is well-known to have major roles in the development of tissues during embryogenesis and in maintaining homoeostasis throughout life, yet insight into the ECM proteins which may have contributed to the transition from unicellular eukaryotes to multicellular animals remains sparse. Recent phylogenetic studies place either ctenophores or poriferans as the closest modern relatives of the earliest emerging metazoans. Here, we review the literature and representative genomic and transcriptomic databases for evidence of ECM and ECM-affiliated components known to be conserved in bilaterians, that are also present in ctenophores and/or poriferans. Whereas an extensive set of related proteins are identifiable in poriferans, there is a strikingly lack of conservation in ctenophores. From this perspective, much remains to be learnt about the composition of ctenophore mesoglea. The principal ECM-related proteins conserved between ctenophores, poriferans, and bilaterians include collagen IV, laminin-like proteins, thrombospondin superfamily members, integrins, membrane-associated proteoglycans, and tissue transglutaminase. These are candidates for a putative ancestral ECM that may have contributed to the emergence of the metazoans.
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9
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Aguilar-Camacho JM, McCormack GP. Silicatein expression in Haliclona indistincta (Phylum Porifera, Order Haplosclerida) at different developmental stages. Dev Genes Evol 2019; 229:35-41. [PMID: 30756180 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-019-00627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Silicatein is the main protein responsible for the formation of spicules, tiny structures that constitute the silica skeleton of marine demosponges (Phylum Porifera). A unique innovation in Porifera that evolved from the cathepsin L family of proteins, it has been reported that two amino acids (S and H) are necessary to form the catalytic triad (SHN) to enable silica condensation. However, a diversity of silicatein sequence variants has since been reported with a variable pattern of presence/absence across sponge groups. Variants containing CHN or C/SQN at the active site appear more common in sponges from the Haplosclerida. Here, we report the expression levels of five silicatein variants through different developmental stages in the haplosclerid Haliclona indistincta. All five silicatein variants were expressed at low levels in the free-swimming larvae, which lack spicules and expression significantly increased at the two developmental phases in which spicules were visible. At these two phases, silicateins of CHN and C/SQN types were much more highly expressed than the SHN type indicating a possible ability of active sites with these alternative amino acids to condense silica and a more complex evolutionary story for spicule formation in marine demosponges than previously understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Maria Aguilar-Camacho
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Grace P McCormack
- Zoology, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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10
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Evolution of the main skeleton-forming genes in sponges (phylum Porifera) with special focus on the marine Haplosclerida (class Demospongiae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 131:245-253. [PMID: 30502904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The skeletons of sponges (Phylum Porifera) are comprised of collagen, often embedded with small siliceous structures (spicules) arranged in various forms to provide strength and flexibility. The main proteins responsible for the formation of the spicules in demosponges are the silicateins, which are related to the cathepsins L of other animals. While the silicatein active site, necessary for the formation of biosilica crystals, is characterized by the amino acids SHN, different variants of the silicatein genes have been found, some that retain SHN at the active site and some that don't. As part of an effort to further understand skeleton formation in marine sponges of the order Haplosclerida, a search for all silicatein variants were made in Irish species representing the main clades of this large sponge group. For this task, transcriptomes were sequenced and de novo assembled from Haliclona oculata, H. simulans and H. indistincta. Silicatein genes were identified from these and all available genomes and transcriptomes from Porifera. These were analysed along with all complete silicateins from GenBank. Silicateins were only found in species belonging to the class Demospongiae but excluding Keratosa and Verongimorpha and there was significant duplication and diversity of these genes. Silicateins showing SHN at the active site were polyphyletic. Indeed silicatein sequences were divided into six major clades (CHNI, CHNII, CHNIII, SHNI, SHNII and C/SQN). In those clades where haplosclerids were well represented the silicatein phylogeny reflected previous ribosomal and mitochondrial topologies. The most basal silicatein clade (CHNI) contained sequences only from marine haplosclerids and freshwater sponges while one silicatein from H. indistincta was more related to cathepsins L (outgroup) than to the overall silicatein clade indicating the presence of an old silicatein or an intermediary form. This data could suggest that marine haplosclerids were one of the first groups of extant demosponges to acquire silicatein genes. Furthermore, we suggest that the paucity of spicule types in this group may be due to their single copy of SHNI variants, and the lack of a silintaphin gene.
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11
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Araujo TF, Cordeiro AV, Vasconcelos DAA, Vitzel KF, Silva VRR. The role of cathepsin B in autophagy during obesity: A systematic review. Life Sci 2018; 209:274-281. [PMID: 30107168 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) regulates energy homeostasis by releasing adipokines and modulating cell maintenance. Nutrient excess affects adipocyte hypertrophy directly in WAT by increasing excessively the activity of autophagy systems, generating proinflammatory markers and increasing infiltration of macrophages, causing metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Evidences suggest that cathepsin B (CTSB), a papain-like cysteine peptidase protein, can modulate autophagy processes in adipocytes. This review will focus on the role of CTSB in autophagy under conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís F Araujo
- University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kaio F Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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12
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Shimizu K, Morse DE. Silicatein: A Unique Silica-Synthesizing Catalytic Triad Hydrolase From Marine Sponge Skeletons and Its Multiple Applications. Methods Enzymol 2018; 605:429-455. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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