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Wu YC, Hou CP, Weng SC. Lifestyle and Diet as Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Formation: A Study in a Taiwanese Population. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1895. [PMID: 38003945 PMCID: PMC10673421 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Urinary tract stones have long been a common ailment afflicting the population, with a high incidence and a wide distribution across different age groups. Effectively preventing the occurrence of urinary tract stones is of paramount importance. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the correlations between individual characteristics, water consumption habits, dietary habits, exercise habits, and the occurrence of urinary tract stones in a Taiwanese population. Materials and Methods: This study is cross-sectional research conducted over one month in 2022. One hundred eligible urinary stone cases were recruited through physician screening at outpatient clinics, and an additional one hundred samples from surgical outpatients without urinary tract stones were included as the control group. A questionnaire survey was employed to gather information on demographic variables, dietary habits, water consumption, and exercise habits of the cases. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used to explore the impact of relevant factors on urinary stone formation. Results: The analysis results revealed that among the demographic variables, males exhibited a higher risk of contracting urinary tract stones than females, and the majority of cases fell within the 40- to 49-year-old age group. Unhealthy lifestyle habits such as smoking and betel nut chewing also demonstrated a higher susceptibility to urinary tract stones. A logistic regression analysis showed that individuals who engaged in physical activity more than three times per week and those with inadequate water intakes had a higher risk of developing urinary tract stones. Conclusions: There is a close relationship between lifestyle and urinary tract stones. It is recommended that individuals continue to hydrate adequately during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chun Wu
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (C.-P.H.)
- Hsinchu Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Hsinchu 310, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Pang Hou
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (C.-P.H.)
- Department of Urology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chuan Weng
- Department of Healthcare Management, Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan; (Y.-C.W.); (C.-P.H.)
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Betel Nut Chewing Is Associated with the Risk of Kidney Stone Disease. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020126. [PMID: 35207614 PMCID: PMC8879579 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Betel nut chewing injures bodily health. Although, the relationship between betel nut chewing and kidney stone disease (KSD) is unknown. (2) Methods: We analyzed 43,636 men from Taiwan Biobank. We divided them into two groups on the status of betel nut chewing, the never-chewer and ever-chewer groups. Self-reported diagnosed KSD was defined as the subject’s medical history of KSD in the questionnaire. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of betel nut chewing and the risk of KSD. (3) Results: The mean age of subjects in the present study was 50 years, and 16% were ever-chewers. KSD was observed in 3759 (10.3%) and 894 (12.6%) participants in the group of never-chewer and ever-chewer groups, respectively. Higher risk of KSD was found in participants with betel nut chewing compared with to without betel nut chewing (odds ratio (OR), 1.094; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.001 to 1.196). Furthermore, the daily amounts of betel nut chewing >30 quids was associated with a more than 1.5-fold increase (OR, 1.571; 95% CI, 1.186 to 2.079) in the odds of KSD; (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests that betel nut chewing is associated with the risk of KSD and warrants further attention to this problem.
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Zayed RF, Millhouse PW, Kamyab F, Ortiz JF, Atoot A. Calcium-Alkali Syndrome: Historical Review, Pathophysiology and Post-Modern Update. Cureus 2021; 13:e13291. [PMID: 33732556 PMCID: PMC7955894 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk-alkali syndrome or calcium-alkali syndrome (CAS) is the triad of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal impairment. It is often related to ingestion of high amounts of calcium carbonate, which was used historically for the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The incidence of the syndrome decreased dramatically after the introduction of newer peptic ulcer medications such as proton pump inhibitors and histamine blocking agents. However, a resurgence was seen in the late 1980s with the wide use of over-the-counter calcium supplements, mainly by females for osteoporosis prophylaxis. The modern version of the syndrome continues to evolve along with medical management. This review focuses on the historical context of CAS, pathogenesis, resurgence of the condition with variable presentations, and contemporary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa F Zayed
- Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, USA
| | - Paul W Millhouse
- General Practice, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Farnaz Kamyab
- Architecture, Arts and Humanities, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Juan Fernando Ortiz
- Neurology, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, ECU.,Neurology, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Adam Atoot
- Internal Medicine, Hackensack Meridian Health Palisades Medical Center, North Bergen, USA
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Haddock RL, Olson DR, Backer L, Malilay J. Urolithiasis, Urinary Cancer, and Home Drinking Water Source in the United States Territory of Guam, 2006-2010. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:E523. [PMID: 27231922 PMCID: PMC4923980 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed patient records with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis-also known as urinary tract or kidney stone disease, nephrolithiasis-upon discharge from Guam's sole civilian hospital during 2006 to 2010 and urinary cancer mortality records from the Guam Cancer Registry for 1970 to 2009 to determine the source of municipal water supplied to the patients' residence. The objective was to investigate a possible relationship between the sources of municipal water supplied to Guam villages and the incidence of urolithiasis and urinary cancer. We analyzed hospital discharge diagnoses of urolithiasis or renal calculi by calculating the incidence of first-mentioned discharge for urolithiasis or renal calculi and comparing rates across demographic or geographic categories while adjusting by age, sex, and ethnicity/race. We reviewed cancer registry records of urinary cancer deaths by patient residence. The annual incidence of hospitalization for urolithiasis was 5.22 per 10,000. Rates adjusted for sex or age exhibited almost no change. The rate of 9.83 per 10,000 among Chamorros was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the rates among any other ethnic group or race. When villages were grouped by water source, rates of patients discharged with a first-listed diagnosis of urolithiasis, adjusted for ethnicity/race, were similar for villages using either well water (5.44 per 10,000) or mixed source water (5.39 per 10,000), and significantly greater than the rate for villages using exclusively reservoir water (1.35 per 10,000). No statistically significant differences were found between the water source or village of residence and urinary cancer mortality. Some Guam residents living in villages served completely or partly by deep well water high in calcium carbonate may be at increased risk for urolithiasis compared with residents living in villages served by surface waters. Although the risk appears to be highest in villagers of Chamorro ethnicity, residents should be aware of other contributing risk factors and steps to take to avoid developing this health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Haddock
- Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services, 123 Chalan Kareta, Mangilao, GU 96913, USA.
| | - David R Olson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy., NE (Mail Stop F-60), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Lorraine Backer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy., NE (Mail Stop F-60), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Josephine Malilay
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Hwy., NE (Mail Stop F-60), Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
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Sendos LN, Mian IM, Shah NL. Betel Nut Chewing: An Unrecognized Cause of Milk Alkali Syndrome. AACE Clin Case Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.4158/ep13413.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Chung SD, Liu SP, Keller JJ, Lin HC. Urinary calculi and an increased risk of stroke: a population-based follow-up study. BJU Int 2012; 110:E1053-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Kidney stones are increasingly common in wealthy industrialized countries. The most frequent form (80%) is idiopathic calcium stone disease. Eating habits and lifestyle have a direct effect on the lithogenic urinary risk factors and the pathogenesis of this condition. A diet characterized by a high intake of fluids, fruits, and vegetables; a low consumption of salt and protein; and a balanced intake of calcium, fats, and carbohydrates constitutes an efficacious approach to the prevention and treatment of this illness. A correct body weight, regular exercise, and a reduction in stressful life events are also useful preventive actions.
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He JY, Deng SP, Ouyang JM. Morphology, particle size distribution, aggregation, and crystal phase of nanocrystallites in the urine of healthy persons and lithogenic patients. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2010; 9:156-63. [PMID: 20423812 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2010.2045510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first step in urinary stone formation is the nucleation of urinary mineral from supersaturated urine. The formed nuclei then grow or/and aggregate to a pathological size. Thus, the nanocrystallites in urine may be related to the formation of urinary stones. METHODS Nanocrystallites with a size of less than 1000 nm in the urine samples of 85 healthy persons and 65 lithogenic patients were comparatively investigated using laser scattering spectroscopy, TEM, and X-ray diffraction. RESULTS Most of the nanocrystallites in healthy urine samples were spheroidal, less aggregated, well-dispersed, and with a narrow particle size distribution from about 20 to 350 nm. In contrast, most of the particles in lithogenic urines had sharply angled edges and tips, were aggregated, and had a broad particle size distribution from 1.1 to 1000 nm. More calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) nanocrystallites were found in healthy urine; however, more calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) nanocrystallites were found in lithogenic urine. CONCLUSIONS The morphology, particle size, aggregation, and crystal phase of nanocrystallites in the urine of lithogenic patients are pronouncedly different from those of healthy persons. The results suggest, in ascending order of importance, that making nanocrystallites rounded, diminishing their size differentiation, and decreasing their aggregation in urine by physical and chemical methods maybe the means to prevent urinary stone formation. The most crucial among the four differences is the crystal phase differential of calcium oxalate (CaOxa). That is, the formation of COD nanocrystallites in urine can be considered as being relatively more favorable in preventing stone formation than the formation of COM nanocrystallites, which are in accord with those found for larger crystallites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yu He
- Institute of Biomineralization and Lithiasis Research and the Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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López M, Hoppe B. History, epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 2010; 25:49-59. [PMID: 21476230 PMCID: PMC2778769 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-008-0960-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Archeological findings give profound evidence that humans have suffered from kidney and bladder stones for centuries. Bladder stones were more prevalent during older ages, but kidney stones became more prevalent during the past 100 years, at least in the more developed countries. Also, treatment options and conservative measures, as well as 'surgical' interventions have also been known for a long time. Our current preventive measures are definitively comparable to those of our predecessors. Stone removal, first lithotomy for bladder stones, followed by transurethral methods, was definitively painful and had severe side effects. Then, as now, the incidence of urolithiasis in a given population was dependent on the geographic area, racial distribution, socio-economic status and dietary habits. Changes in the latter factors during the past decades have affected the incidence and also the site and chemical composition of calculi, with calcium oxalate stones being now the most prevalent. Major differences in frequency of other constituents, particularly uric acid and struvite, reflect eating habits and infection risk factors specific to certain populations. Extensive epidemiological observations have emphasized the importance of nutritional factors in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis, and specific dietary advice is, nowadays, often the most appropriate for prevention and treatment of urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle López
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital de Niños JM de los Ríos, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, University Children’s Hospital of Cologne, Kerpenerstr. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
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Hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal failure secondary to calcium bicarbonate intake for osteoporosis prevention--'modern' milk alkali syndrome: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:6188. [PMID: 19918560 PMCID: PMC2769270 DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-6188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of a patient presenting with a triad of hypercalcemia, metabolic alkalosis and renal failure secondary to calcium bicarbonate intake for osteoporosis prevention. It is the classical presentation of the "modern" milk alkali syndrome that presents several characteristics distinguishing it from the "old" syndrome described secondary to peptic ulcer disease treatment. Milk alkali syndrome affects middle-aged female patients taking over-the-counter calcium carbonate. Clinically, these patients present in an acute hypercalcemia crisis, responding rapidly to hydration. The phosphorus level is normal to low. Bisphosphonate should be used cautiously due to the risk of symptomatic hypocalcemia.
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Liu CC, Huang SP, Wu WJ, Chou YH, Juo S, Tsai LY, Huang CH, Wu MT. The Impact of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking and Betel Quid Chewing on the Risk of Calcium Urolithiasis. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:539-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Richardson WH, Slone CM, Michels JE. Herbal drugs of abuse: an emerging problem. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2007; 25:435-57; abstract ix. [PMID: 17482027 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Some herbal products are emerging as popular drugs for recreational abuse. Plant and herbal supplements used recreationally can have a wide spectrum of clinical effects ranging from euphoric and stimulant effects to hallucinogenic experiences. Despite the potential for abuse, addiction, and serious adverse effects, there may be a false perception that these products are all safe, legal, and organic. These perceptions and the ease of accessibility to herbal products could result in greater potential for recreational abuse and subsequent complications presenting to emergency departments. Health care professionals must be cognizant of this emerging problem as increased media coverage and marketing have made these products accessible and recognizable to many young adults and teenagers.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Richardson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Palmetto Health Richland, 3 Medical Park, Columbia, SC 29203, USA.
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