Using a three-dimensional computer assisted stone volume estimates to evaluate extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy treatment of kidney stones

Differentiation of ureteral stones and phleboliths using Hounsfield units on computerized tomography: a new method without observer bias

To differentiate ureteral stones and phleboliths by measuring density [as Hounsfield unit (HU)] and volume (as mm³) of the opacities in the bony pelvis on unenhanced computerized tomography (U-CT). A total of 52 patients, who underwent semirigid ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for distal ureteral stone and had isochoronous phleboliths in U-CT, were included. Images were reviewed for density and volume of the opacities. Data were compared, and a cut-off value was defined with receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to differentiate the nature of the opacity. Using the cut-off values of 171 mm³ for volume (sensitivity 75 %, specificity 100 %) and 643 HU for density (sensitivity 75 %, specificity 93 %), differentiation between stone and phlebolith was achieved. Differentiation of pelvic opacities needs meticulous observation with certain signs on U-CT. On the other hand, our study offers a new method, with certain cut-off values, such as 643 HU and 171 mm³, which can be used to precisely predict the actual nature of opacities of interest.