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Hu K, Chen X, Song X, Wu Y, Huang K, Chen P. Carbon dots and MnO 2 nanosheet nanocomposites sensing platform for sensitive detection of oxalate in urine samples of urolithiasis patients. Talanta 2024; 266:124976. [PMID: 37499363 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
In the human body, oxalate tends to form calcium oxalate with calcium ions, which can trigger the formation of stones in the urinary system. Therefore, oxalate in urine is usually utilized as a crucial biomarker in clinical urolithiasis diagnoses. In this work, a turn-on fluorescent nanoprobe was developed based on nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) and MnO2 nanosheets (NSs) nanocomposites for oxalate sensing in urolithiasis patients. MnO2 NSs is a good sensing platform with high extinction coefficients and rich redox chemistry. The fluorescent N-CDs can be quenched efficiently by MnO2 NSs through the inner filter effect (IFE) to form N-CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites. The reductive oxalate could operate the decomposition of MnO2 NSs to Mn2+ resulting in the dissociation of the N-CDs-MnO2 nanocomposites and fluorescence recovery of N-CDs. Under optimal conditions, the developed sensor revealed good specificity toward oxalate with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.69 μM. The developed sensor was successfully applied to quantify oxalate content in 47 urine samples (41 urolithiasis patients and 6 healthy persons). The results showed great consistency with clinical diagnostic reports and computed tomography images. This novel method retains several unique advantages, including affordable, rapid, and validating potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelin Hu
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Xuemei Song
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Yiman Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610068, China.
| | - Piaopiao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Med+X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Astragalus membranaceus Extract Prevents Calcium Oxalate Crystallization and Extends Lifespan in a Drosophila Urolithiasis Model. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081250. [PMID: 36013429 PMCID: PMC9409928 DOI: 10.3390/life12081250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 1 in 20 people develops kidney stones at some point in their life. Although the surgical removal of stones is common, the recurrence rate remains high and it is therefore important to prevent the occurrence of kidney stones. We chose Astragalus membranaceus (AM), which is a traditional Chinese medicine, to study the prevention of urolithiasis using a Drosophila model based on our previous screening of traditional Chinese herbs. Wild-type Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S adult fruit flies were used in this study. Ethylene glycol (EG, 0.5%) was added to food as a lithogenic agent. The positive control agent (2% potassium citrate (K-citrate)) was then compared with AM (2, 8, and 16 mg/mL). After 21 days, the fruit flies were sacrificed under carbon dioxide narcotization, and the Malpighian tubules were dissected, removed, and processed for polarized light microscopy examination to observe calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystallization. Then, the ex vivo dissolution of crystals in the Malpighian tubules was compared between K-citrate and AM. Survival analysis of the EG, K-citrate, and AM groups was also performed. Both 2% K-citrate and AM (16 mg/mL) significantly inhibited EG-induced CaOx crystal formation. Mean lifespan was significantly reduced by the administration of EG, and the results were significantly reversed in the AM (8 and 16 mg/mL) groups. However, AM extract did not directly dissolve CaOx crystals in Drosophila Malpighian tubules ex vivo. In conclusion, AM extract decreased the ratio of CaOx crystallization in the Malpighian tubules and significantly ameliorated EG-induced reduction of lifespan. AM prevented CaOx crystal formation in the Drosophila model.
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Morimoto J, Barcellos R, Schoborg TA, Nogueira LP, Colaço MV. Assessing Anatomical Changes in Male Reproductive Organs in Response to Larval Crowding Using Micro-computed Tomography Imaging. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:526-535. [PMID: 35789989 PMCID: PMC9304064 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-022-00976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological conditions shape (adaptive) responses at the molecular, anatomical, and behavioral levels. Understanding these responses is key to predict the outcomes of intra- and inter-specific competitions and the evolutionary trajectory of populations. Recent technological advances have enabled large-scale molecular (e.g., RNAseq) and behavioral (e.g., computer vision) studies, but the study of anatomical responses to ecological conditions has lagged behind. Here, we highlight the role of X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) in generating in vivo and ex vivo 3D imaging of anatomical structures, which can enable insights into adaptive anatomical responses to ecological environments. To demonstrate the application of this method, we manipulated the larval density of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen flies and applied micro-CT to investigate the anatomical responses of the male reproductive organs to varying intraspecific competition levels during development. Our data is suggestive of two classes of anatomical responses which broadly agree with sexual selection theory: increasing larval density led to testes and ejaculatory duct to be overall larger (in volume), while the volume of accessory glands and, to a lesser extent, ejaculatory duct decreased. These two distinct classes of anatomical responses might reflect shared developmental regulation of the structures of the male reproductive system. Overall, we show that micro-CT can be an important tool to advance the study of anatomical (adaptive) responses to ecological environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Morimoto
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- Institute of Mathematics, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ecologia E Conservação, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
- Institute of Differential Geometry, Riemann Centre for Geometry and Physics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Renan Barcellos
- COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Todd A Schoborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | | | - Marcos Vinicius Colaço
- Laboratory of Applied Physics to Biomedical Sciences, Physics Institute, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Dow JAT, Simons M, Romero MF. Drosophila melanogaster: a simple genetic model of kidney structure, function and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:417-434. [PMID: 35411063 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00561-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the genetic basis of many kidney diseases is being rapidly elucidated, their experimental study remains problematic owing to the lack of suitable models. The fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster provides a rapid, ethical and cost-effective model system of the kidney. The unique advantages of D. melanogaster include ease and low cost of maintenance, comprehensive availability of genetic mutants and powerful transgenic technologies, and less onerous regulation, as compared with mammalian systems. Renal and excretory functions in D. melanogaster reside in three main tissues - the transporting renal (Malpighian) tubules, the reabsorptive hindgut and the endocytic nephrocytes. Tubules contain multiple cell types and regions and generate a primary urine by transcellular transport rather than filtration, which is then subjected to selective reabsorption in the hindgut. By contrast, the nephrocytes are specialized for uptake of macromolecules and equipped with a filtering slit diaphragm resembling that of podocytes. Many genes with key roles in the human kidney have D. melanogaster orthologues that are enriched and functionally relevant in fly renal tissues. This similarity has allowed investigations of epithelial transport, kidney stone formation and podocyte and proximal tubule function. Furthermore, a range of unique quantitative phenotypes are available to measure function in both wild type and disease-modelling flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Matias Simons
- INSERM UMR1163, Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, Imagine Institute, Université de Paris, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael F Romero
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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Bell D, Bury N, Gretton S, Corps N, Mortimore D, Greco MK. An X-ray micro-computer tomography study of the Malpighian tubules of the Blue Bottle Blow Fly (Calliphora vomitoria) Diptera: Calliphoridae. ZOOLOGY 2021; 149:125972. [PMID: 34757291 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Malpighian tubules are the insect equivalent of mammalian kidneys and normally drain into the gut at the junction between the mid and hind gut. The Malpighian tubules of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are increasingly being used as a model for studying human renal tract development, histology, nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis. In the present study we report when using X-ray micro-computer tomography techniques, the larval, intrapuparial and adult stages of the larger Calliphora vomitoria can contain large amounts of calcium-rich concretions which are tightly packed in the lumen of both anterior Malpighian tubules. We show that it is feasible to utilise these calcium-rich concretions as a form of marking agent to delineate the various developmental stages of the Malpighian tubules including the crucial phase when the Malpighian tubules reconnect with the hind gut. In the majority of cases during the intrapuparial period the ureters of the Malpighian tubules did not start to re-canalise and thus reconnect with the developing hind gut until the 7th day of the 10-11 day. Just prior to ecdysis, virtually all the radio-opaque concretions in the Malpighian tubules had emptied into the hind gut and had then been completely excreted by the time the imago emerged from its puparium. In contrast, we show that in flies developing from larvae previously stained by ingesting Rhodamine B, a known substrate for both the Multi Xenobiotic Resistance and Multi Drug Resistant membrane transport systems, the efficiency with which these calcium-rich concretions are excreted by the imago as it emerges from its intrapuparial period can be significantly impaired. Therefore, it might be useful to include C. vomitoria as a model when studying renal tract development and urolithiasis using X-ray micro-computer tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Bell
- School of (EAST) Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 0FS, UK
| | - Nic Bury
- School of (EAST) Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 0FS, UK
| | - Svetlana Gretton
- School of (EAST) Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP3 0FS, UK
| | - Nick Corps
- Bruker UK, Banner Lane, Coventry, CV4 9GH, UK
| | | | - Mark K Greco
- Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Avenue, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia.
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Donato S, Vommaro ML, Tromba G, Giglio A. Synchrotron X-ray phase contrast micro tomography to explore the morphology of abdominal organs in Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean, 1828 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101044. [PMID: 33743431 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Micro-computer tomography imaging is a fast and non-destructive data acquisition technique which can replace or complement the traditional investigation methodologies used in entomology to study morphology. In this paper, Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Phase-Contrast micro tomography (SR-PhC micro-CT) was combined with histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations to describe the abdominal organs of Pterostichus melas italicus Dejean, 1828 (Coleoptera, Carabidae). This species was used as a representative model because of its ecological role as a generalist predator in agroecosystems. SR-PhC micro-CT allowed us to identify in situ abdominal structures including dorsal vessel, digestive tract with Malpighian tubules, male reproductive system, ganglia, fat bodies, pygidial glands, muscles and tracheae. The histology was performed to define the tissue organization of the digestive and reproductive systems. SR-PhC micro-CT and 3D rendering provided more accurate information on shape and size of organs than histological and SEM analyses, respectively. The finding of this study was to describe the anatomy and histology of organs involved in crucial life history traits, such as reproduction, nutrition and excretion. High quality images and the supplementary video represent a significant advance in knowledge of the carabid anatomy and are a baseline for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Donato
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Division of Frascati, Via Fermi, 54, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy; Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Luigia Vommaro
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Tromba
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., Strada Statale 14 - km 163,5 in AREA Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Anita Giglio
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science, University of Calabria, Via Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza, Italy
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Schoborg TA. Whole Animal Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster using Microcomputed Tomography. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32955492 DOI: 10.3791/61515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical imaging tools permit investigation of molecular mechanisms across spatial scales, from genes to organisms. Drosophila melanogaster, a well-characterized model organism, has benefited from the use of light and electron microscopy to understand gene function at the level of cells and tissues. The application of imaging platforms that allow for an understanding of gene function at the level of the entire intact organism would further enhance our knowledge of genetic mechanisms. Here a whole animal imaging method is presented that outlines the steps needed to visualize Drosophila at any developmental stage using microcomputed tomography (µ-CT). The advantages of µ-CT include commercially available instrumentation and minimal hands-on time to produce accurate 3D information at micron-level resolution without the need for tissue dissection or clearing methods. Paired with software that accelerate image analysis and 3D rendering, detailed morphometric analysis of any tissue or organ system can be performed to better understand mechanisms of development, physiology, and anatomy for both descriptive and hypothesis testing studies. By utilizing an imaging workflow that incorporates the use of electron microscopy, light microscopy, and µ-CT, a thorough evaluation of gene function can be performed, thus furthering the usefulness of this powerful model organism.
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Chen SJ, Chiu KY, Chen HY, Lin WY, Chen YH, Chen WC. Animal Models for Studying Stone Disease. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10070490. [PMID: 32708380 PMCID: PMC7400259 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10070490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have stone disease too. There are several animal models for the research of human stone disease. Rodents are the most frequently used for stone research, although they are not prone to forming crystals in the kidneys. Ethylene glycol (EG), sodium oxalate and l-hydroxyproline are common lithogenic agents. Dogs and pigs were also reported as a study animal for stone disease. However, the breeding costs and body size are too high. The most-used genetic study animal for stone disease was the mouse, but it was high-cost. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals can also be light microscopically observed in the Malphigian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster, induced by adding EG to the food. Genetic studies of flies can be done by cross-breeding, and this has a lower cost than using mice. The fly model also has several advantages, including minimal breeding equipment, the fact that it is easier to reach larger numbers in a short time with flies, that crystals can be observed under microscopy, and that they allow genetic study. We suggest the fly will be an ideal animal model for stone research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Ju Chen
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Kun-Yuan Chiu
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407204, Taiwan; (S.-J.C.); (K.-Y.C.)
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Yong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Research, and Urology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-C.C.)
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Schoborg TA, Smith SL, Smith LN, Morris HD, Rusan NM. Micro-computed tomography as a platform for exploring Drosophila development. Development 2019; 146:dev.176685. [PMID: 31722883 DOI: 10.1242/dev.176685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how events at the molecular and cellular scales contribute to tissue form and function is key to uncovering the mechanisms driving animal development, physiology and disease. Elucidating these mechanisms has been enhanced through the study of model organisms and the use of sophisticated genetic, biochemical and imaging tools. Here, we present an accessible method for non-invasive imaging of Drosophila melanogaster at high resolution using micro-computed tomography (µ-CT). We show how rapid processing of intact animals, at any developmental stage, provides precise quantitative assessment of tissue size and morphology, and permits analysis of inter-organ relationships. We then use µ-CT imaging to study growth defects in the Drosophila brain through the characterization of a bnormal spindle (asp) and WD repeat domain 62 (W dr62), orthologs of the two most commonly mutated genes in human microcephaly patients. Our work demonstrates the power of combining µ-CT with traditional genetic, cellular and developmental biology tools available in model organisms to address novel biological mechanisms that control animal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Schoborg
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samantha L Smith
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lauren N Smith
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - H Douglas Morris
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Lin TC, Chen HY, Yang YR, Liu PL, Chen YH, Chen WC. Decreased capillary density in renal cell carcinoma: Evidence from a case report with micro-computerized tomography. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16910. [PMID: 31490375 PMCID: PMC6739017 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Conventional computerized tomography (CT) examination can differentiate renal cortical tumor from urothelial carcinoma on the basis of the highly contrast-enhanced vessels in renal cortical tumors. However, the capillary distribution of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been under-investigated. Here, we present a micro-CT image of tumor tissue in a patient with RCC. PATIENT CONCERNS The patient was a 72-year-old woman with a past history of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. She did not have tumor-related symptoms. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTIONS The tumor was diagnosed using abdominal CT during her yearly routine health check. After radical nephrectomy, the tumor was subjected to pathological examination and micro-CT imaging. Pathological analysis confirmed a clear cell renal carcinoma. The capillary distribution of the tumor was significantly lesser than that of the normal cortex on micro-CT image. LESSONS Microvessels of RCC can be detected by micro-CT. We also found that the distribution of microvessels was uneven and lower than that in the normal cortex in this case. For a more general diagnosis, more micro-CT images of RCC tumors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Department of Dermatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital
- Institute of Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - You-Rong Yang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urology, and Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung
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Wu Q, Kumar N, Velagala V, Zartman JJ. Tools to reverse-engineer multicellular systems: case studies using the fruit fly. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:33. [PMID: 31049075 PMCID: PMC6480878 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse-engineering how complex multicellular systems develop and function is a grand challenge for systems bioengineers. This challenge has motivated the creation of a suite of bioengineering tools to develop increasingly quantitative descriptions of multicellular systems. Here, we survey a selection of these tools including microfluidic devices, imaging and computer vision techniques. We provide a selected overview of the emerging cross-talk between engineering methods and quantitative investigations within developmental biology. In particular, the review highlights selected recent examples from the Drosophila system, an excellent platform for understanding the interplay between genetics and biophysics. In sum, the integrative approaches that combine multiple advances in these fields are increasingly necessary to enable a deeper understanding of how to analyze both natural and synthetic multicellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfeng Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Vijay Velagala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Jeremiah J. Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
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