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Hung HS, Yeh KJC, Chen TC. Investigation of free and conjugated estrogen fate and emission coefficients in three duck farms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:9874-9885. [PMID: 36059016 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Concentration animal feeding operation (CAFO) is an important source of environmental estrogen. However, to the best of our knowledge, the data on estrogen discharge during duck breeding and growth is insufficient. This study used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to analyze the free and conjugated estrogen concentrations in the surface water, outlet water, groundwater, and duck manure/soil mixture at three duck farms in Taiwan. Natural estrogen species included estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone-3-sulfate (E1-3S), 17β-estradiol-3-sulfate (E2-3S), estrone-3-glucuronide (E1-3G), and 17β-estradiol-3-glucuronide (E2-3G), whereas synthetic estrogen included 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) and diethylstilbestrol (DES). This study showed that the total estrogen concentrations in the surface water and groundwater were 15.4 and 4.5 ng/L, respectively, which constituted 56% and 58%, respectively, conjugated estrogen. From the pond to the outlet water, the total estrogen concentration decreased by 3.9 ng/L (23% loss) in the duck farms. However, the estrogenic potency was slightly reduced from 0.91 to 0.88 E2 equivalent/L, showing a negligible decrease. From the pond to the outlet water, the field results showed that converting the conjugated estrogen into free estrogen in the duck farm-released water increased their environmental hazard. Primarily E1, with an average concentration of 0.9 ± 1.6 ng/g, was present in the duck manure. The estrogen excreted by the ducks in the pond (from surface water to outlet water) was estimated to be 0.18 kg/million head-year. Although the estrogen concentration in the duck farms was low, the environmental impact of CAFO should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Shen Hung
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Jyum C Yeh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chien Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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Harraka GT, Magnuson JT, Du B, Wong CS, Maruya K, Schlenk D. Evaluating the estrogenicity of an effluent-dominated river in California, USA: Comparisons of in vitro and in vivo bioassays. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143965. [PMID: 33321365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenically active compounds (EACs) in surface waters can disrupt the endocrine system of biota, raising concern for aquatic species. Concentrations of EACs are generally higher in effluent-dominated aquatic systems, such as California's Santa Ana River (SAR). Addressing estrogenicity of effluent-dominated waters is increasingly important due to both increasing urbanization and climate change. To this end, water samples were collected from multiple sites downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and intermittent points along the SAR during 2018-2019 and cell-based bioassays were used to determine estrogen receptor activity. During baseflow conditions, the highest estradiol equivalencies (EEQs) from all SAR water between summer (August and September) and fall (November) sampling events in 2018 were from Yorba Linda (EEQ = 1.36 ± 0.38 ng/L) and Prado (1.14 ± 0.13 ng/L), respectively. Water extracts in January 2019 following a major rainfall generally had higher EEQs with the highest EEQ of 10.0 ± 0.69 ng/L observed at Yorba Linda. During low flow conditions in November 2018, male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish were exposed to SAR water to compare to cell bioassay responses and targeted analytical chemistry for 5 steroidal estrogens. Chemical-based EEQ correlations with in vitro EEQs were statistically significant. However, vitellogenin (vtg) mRNA expression in the livers of medaka exposed to SAR water was not significantly different compared to controls. These results indicate that seasonal variation and surface water runoff events influence estrogenic activity in the SAR and may induce estrogenic effects to native fish populations in wastewater-dominated streams in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary T Harraka
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Bowen Du
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Charles S Wong
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Keith Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA; Institute of Environmental Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Siddiqui S, Conkle JL, Scarpa J, Sadovski A. An analysis of U.S. wastewater treatment plant effluent dilution ratio: Implications for water quality and aquaculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137819. [PMID: 32179358 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharge and surface flow data from 2007 to 2017 was used to calculate wastewater dilution factors (WWDF) for U.S. Geological Society hydrologic unit codes (HUC) in the contiguous U.S. HUC 10-year average WWDF values generally increased from the east coast (HUC 1-3: WWDF range 125-466) as you move west to the Mississippi River (HUC 7, 8, 10: 1435-1813) before further declining moving west (HUC 13-18: 7-908), particularly in the California (HUC 18: 9) and southwestern states (HUC 13-16: 7-351). Within HUCs, watersheds with higher population centers had lower WWDF values. This population effect on WWDF was greater in drier regions (e.g. Southwestern U.S.) or during drought. This is particularly pronounced in the regions of the Southwest and West where populations are growing in an already water limited region. Moderate WWDF improvement was observed and projected through 2022 in these regions. A few areas of the country where surface water is used for aquaculture overlap with areas of low (<2) WWDF, but it is not widespread for the period examined. With continued population growth and the intensification of climate change, the proportion of treated wastewater effluent in surface waters may grow and potentially influence users of that water, but over the 10-year period examined WWDF values were relatively stable or improving for most regions of the contiguous U.S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America.
| | - Jeremy L Conkle
- Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
| | - John Scarpa
- Department of Life Sciences, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
| | - Alexey Sadovski
- Department of Mathematics, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A& M Corpus Christi, TX 78412, United States of America
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Załęska-Radziwiłł M, Affek K, Doskocz N, Affek A. In vitro and in vivo genotoxicity assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in relation to Escherichia coli and Cyprinus carpio. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2016; 51:1053-1061. [PMID: 27410723 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2016.1198625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity studies (using SOS chromotest and comet assay) of Escherichia coli and carp (Cyprinus carpio) were performed for three pharmaceutically active compounds, ciprofloxacin, 17α-ethinylestradiol and 5-fluorouracil, used in the treatment of humans. The values of genotoxicity induction coefficient (I) in the SOS chromotest clearly showed genotoxicity for ciprofloxacin, both in the presence and in the absence of S9 fraction; 17α-ethinylestradiol demonstrated slight genotoxicity at the highest tested concentration; and 5-fluorouracil did not induce genotoxic effects in Escherichia coli mutants. Statistical analysis of the results of the comet assay revealed significant differences in cell populations derived from carp placed in a solution of 5-fluorouracil in comparison with the negative control. Statistical analysis also showed a significant increase of "% DNA in tail" of comets in cell populations incubated in solutions of 17α-ethinylestradiol at concentrations of 10000, 2000 and 400 µg/L and in solutions of 5-fluorouracil with S9 fraction at concentrations of 50,000 and 2,000 μg/L in comparison with the negative controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Załęska-Radziwiłł
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Affek
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Nina Doskocz
- a Department of Biology , Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Andrzej Affek
- b Department of Geoecology and Climatology , Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
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Oğuz AR, Kaptaner B, Unal G. Vitellogenin in the male Lake Van fish (Chalcalburnus tarichi Pallas, 1811). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:188-192. [PMID: 25391724 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-014-1423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chalcalburnus tarichi is an endemic cyprinid species living in Lake Van, Turkey. In the present study, we investigated vitellogenin (Vtg) in the plasma of adult male C. tarichi, sampled monthly from Edremit, Campus and Çarpanak sites of Van Edremit Gulf (VEG) of lake, between October 2004 and May 2005. The fish living around VEG winters in deep water around Edremit site. University and Çarpanak sites are also on fish migration way from VEG to fresh water (Karasu River). The levels of measured plasma Vtg changed from trace levels to 26.35 µg/mL. The highest level of plasma Vtg was detected in April, with a concentration of 21.60 ± 1.29 µg/mL. We also performed immunohistochemical Vtg staining in the liver sections of male fish and determined Vtg positive hepatocytes in the liver of 1/10 sampled fish. Our results indicated that C. tarichi living in Lake Van might be exposed to endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet R Oğuz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Yüzüncü Yıl University, 65080, Van, Turkey
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Coronado M, De Haro H, Deng X, Rempel MA, Lavado R, Schlenk D. Estrogenic activity and reproductive effects of the UV-filter oxybenzone (2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl-methanone) in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 90:182-187. [PMID: 18930325 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in extracts of sediments surrounding municipal outfalls off the coast of California, USA and effluents of New York City, NY, USA indicated the UV-filtering agent, oxybenzone (CAS# 131-57-7; benzophenone-3) as a potential estrogen. The effects of oxybenzone on estrogenic activity and reproduction were evaluated using a 14-day juvenile rainbow trout assay for plasma vitellogenin and a subsequent 21-day Japanese medaka reproduction assay. Significant induction of vitellogenin was observed in the rainbow trout at the 1000 microg/L nominal concentration (749 microg/L median measured value) of oxybenzone which was approximately 75 times greater than the concentrations observed in previous wastewater effluent. Vitellogenin induction was also observed in the 1000 microg/L nominal concentration (620 microg/L median measured) of oxybenzone in male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) after 21 days of exposure. The number of eggs produced per female per day exposed to the same concentration (620 microg/L) were significantly lower after 7 days, but returned to control values after 21 days. Fertilized eggs were then monitored for 20 days to assess hatching success. The overall percentage of fertilized eggs collected during the 21-day exposure that hatched was significantly lower in the 620 microg/L oxybenzone concentration. There was also a temporal effect at this concentration as egg viability (percentage of fertilized eggs that hatched) was diminished 13-15 days after eggs were collected. All three oxybenzone concentrations (16, 132, and 620 microg/L) and the 50 ng/L estradiol positive control showed reduced hatching of eggs at day 15, and the 132 and 620 microg/L oxybenzone concentrations diminished the percentage of eggs that hatched on days 13-15. These data indicate that the UV-filter oxybenzone alters endocrine or reproduction endpoints in two fish species, but at concentrations significantly higher than those measured in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Coronado
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States
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Kramer V, Blewett C, Gersich M. Comments on “Evaluation of Estrogenic Activities of Aquatic Herbicides and Surfactants Using a Rainbow Trout Vitellogenin Assay”. Toxicol Sci 2008; 104:228-30; author reply 231-3. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Deng X, Carney M, Hinton DE, Lyon S, Woodside G, Duong CN, Kim SD, Schlenk D. Biomonitoring recycled water in the Santa Ana River Basin in southern California. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2008; 71:109-118. [PMID: 18080901 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701613017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The Santa Ana River (SAR) is the primary source of groundwater recharge for the Orange County Groundwater Basin in coastal southern California. Approximately 85% base flow in the SAR originates from wastewater treatment plants operated by three dischargers. An on-line, flow-through bioassay using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as a means of judging potential public health impacts was employed to evaluate the water quality of the surface water and shallow groundwater originating from the SAR. Three chronic (3-4.5 mo) exposures using orange-red (outbred, OR) and see-through (color mutant, ST-II) Japanese medaka as bioindicators were conducted to evaluate endocrinologic, reproductive, and morphologic endpoints. No statistically significant differences in gross morphological endpoints, mortality, gender ratios, and vitellogenin induction were observed in fish from SAR groundwater treatment compared to the group tested in solute reconstituted reverse osmosis-treated or granular activated carbon (GAC)-treated control waters. Significant differences were observed in egg reproduction and the time to hatch in SAR groundwater; however, total hatchability was not significantly lower. To evaluate the estrogenic activity of the surfacewater source of the groundwater, SAR surface water was evaluated for vitellogenin and gonadal histopathology in juvenile medaka with no effects observed. These results demonstrate that OR Japanese medaka may be a sensitive strain as an on-line monitor to predict potential impacts of water quality, but further studies are needed to elicit causative agents within the water mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Deng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA.
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Vega-López A, Ramón-Gallegos E, Galar-Martínez M, Jiménez-Orozco FA, García-Latorre E, Domínguez-López ML. Estrogenic, anti-estrogenic and cytotoxic effects elicited by water from the type localities of the endangered goodeid fish Girardinichthys viviparus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:394-403. [PMID: 17317326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Girardinichthys viviparus is a Mexican endangered endemic fish species living only in Lake Texcoco (LTX), one of two extant type localities for this species. The other type locality is Lake Zumpango (LZ). LTX and LZ are fed by wastewater treated at secondary level that contains several endocrine disrupting chemicals. Our goal was to assess the estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects elicited in G. viviparus by water from the two type localities and by these same matrices enriched with PCBs in order to understand potential damage due to increased xenobiotic levels. Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects were evaluated in vitro by E-screen assay in MCF-7 cells and cytotoxicity by MTT assay. PCBs were quantified in type localities. In vivo vitellogenin (VTG) induction was determined by a hybrid ELISA in adult laboratory-born fish exposed during 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days to LTX or LZ water in static exposure systems, and by the same matrices enriched with PCBs. We found PCBs only in LTX, but the water from both type localities elicit estrogenic and anti-estrogenic effects in vitro. Cytotoxicity was not observed in MCF-7 cells exposed to LTX or LZ water. VTG induction was higher with LTX water than with LZ water; also the response of males was greater than in females. In the PCB-enriched matrices, VTG induction in both sexes exposed to LTX water was reduced compared to un-enriched matrices. Thus, the sublethal increases in PCB levels may be hazardous to both sexes since they are linked probably to hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Vega-López
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN. Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Plutarco Elías Calles Casco de Santo Tomás México D.F. CP 11340, Mexico.
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Gray JL, Sedlak DL. The fate of estrogenic hormones in an engineered treatment wetland with dense macrophytes. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2005; 77:24-31. [PMID: 15765932 DOI: 10.2175/106143005x41582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the estrogenic hormones 17beta-estradiol (E2) and 17alpha-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) have been detected in municipal wastewater effluent and surface waters at concentrations sufficient to cause feminization of male fish. To evaluate the fate of steroid hormones in an engineered treatment wetland, lithium chloride, E2, and EE2 were added to a treatment wetland test cell. Comparison of hormone and tracer data indicated that 36% of the E2 and 41% of the EE2 were removed during the cell's 84-h hydraulic retention time (HRT). The observed attenuation was most likely the result of sorption to hydrophobic surfaces in the wetland coupled with biotransformation. Sorption was indicated by the retardation of the hormones relative to the conservative tracer. Biotransformation was indicated by elevated concentrations of the E2 metabolite, estrone. It may be possible to improve the removal efficiency by increasing the HRT or the density of plant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Gray
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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