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Li F, Li R, Lu F, Xu L, Gan L, Chu W, Yan M, Gong H. Adverse effects of silver nanoparticles on aquatic plants and zooplankton: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139459. [PMID: 37437614 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the past decades, AgNPs are widely used in various fields and have become one of the most widely used nanomaterials, which leads to the inevitable release of AgNPs to the aquatic environment through various pathways. It is important to understand the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton, which are widely distributed and diverse, and are important components of the aquatic biota. This paper reviews the effects of AgNPs on aquatic plants and zooplankton at the individual, cellular and molecular levels. In addition, the internal and external factors affecting the toxicity of AgNPs to aquatic plants and zooplankton are discussed. In general, AgNPs can inhibit growth and development, cause tissue damage, induce oxidative stress, and produce genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity. Moreover, the toxicity of AgNPs is influenced by the size, concentration, and surface coating of AgNPs, environmental factors including pH, salinity, temperature, light and co-contaminants such as NaOCl, glyphosate, As(V), Cu and Cd, sensitivity of test organisms, experimental conditions and so on. In order to investigate the toxicity of AgNPs in the natural environment, it is recommended to conduct toxicity evaluation studies of AgNPs under the coexistence of multiple environmental factors and pollutants, especially at natural environmental concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fengru Lu
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Xu
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Muting Yan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Han Gong
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Stevenson LM, Krattenmaker KE, McCauley E, Nisbet RM. Extrapolating Contaminant Effects from Individuals to Populations: A Case Study on Nanoparticle Toxicity to Daphnia Fed Environmentally Relevant Food Levels. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 83:361-375. [PMID: 36008633 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-022-00950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment (ERA) is charged with assessing the likelihood a chemical will have adverse environmental or ecological effects. When assessing the risk of a potential contaminant to biological organisms, ecologists are most concerned with the sustainability of populations of organisms, rather than protecting every individual. However, ERA most commonly relies on data on the effect of a potential contaminant on individuals because these experiments are more feasible than costly population-level exposures. In this work, we address the challenge of extrapolating these individual-level results to predict population-level effects. Previous per-capita population growth rate estimates calculated from individual-level exposures of Daphnia pulicaria to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at different food rations predict a critical daily food requirement for daphnid populations exposed to 200 μg/L AgNPs to avoid extinction. To test this, we exposed daphnid populations to the same AgNP concentration at three different food inputs, with the lowest ration close to the extinction threshold predicted from data on individuals. The two populations with the higher food inputs persisted, and the population with the lowest food input went extinct after 50 days but did persist through two generations. We demonstrate that we can extrapolate between these levels of biological organization by parameterizing an individual-level biomass model with data on individuals' response to AgNPs and using these parameters to predict the outcome for control and AgNP-exposed populations. Key to successful extrapolation is careful modeling of temporal changes in resource density, driven by both the experimental protocols and feedback from the consumer. The implication for ecotoxicology is that estimates of extinction thresholds based on studies of individuals may be reliable predictors of population outcomes, but only with careful treatment of resource dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Stevenson
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine E Krattenmaker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Edward McCauley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Roger M Nisbet
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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Pham HT, Dinh KV, Nguyen CC, Quoc LB. Changes in the Magnitude of the Individual and Combined Effects of Contaminants, Warming, and Predators on Tropical Cladocerans across 11 Generations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15287-15295. [PMID: 33200939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A massive challenge in ecotoxicology is assessing how the interaction of contaminants, climate change, and biotic stressors shapes the structure and functions of natural populations. Furthermore, it is not known whether contemporary evolutionary responses to multiple stressors across multigenerations may alter the interaction of these stressors. To address these issues, we exposed Moina dubia to lead (Pb, 50 μg/L) under two temperatures (25 and 28 °C) with/without predator cues from climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) for 11 generations (F1-F11). We assessed changes in M. dubia fitness, including development time, adult size, lifespan, fecundity, and neonate production. We found strong negative effects of Pb, elevated temperature, and predator cues on the fitness of M. dubia. Strikingly, Pb-induced reduction in the performance of M. dubia was stronger at 25 °C and in the absence of predator cues. The individual and interactive effects of Pb, temperature, and predator cues on M. dubia were stronger across F1-F9 and generally leveled off in F10-F11. Our results highlight the high vulnerability of M. dubia to multiple stressors, thus weakening top-down control on algal blooms in eutrophic lakes. Our study underscores the importance of integrating evolutionary responses in realistic ecotoxicological risk assessments of contaminants interacting with climatic and biotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong T Pham
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi 116705, Vietnam
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang 650000, Vietnam
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Cuong C Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi 116705, Vietnam
| | - Lap B Quoc
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi 116705, Vietnam
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Lekamge S, Ball AS, Shukla R, Nugegoda D. The Toxicity of Nanoparticles to Organisms in Freshwater. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 248:1-80. [PMID: 30413977 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing industry yielding many benefits to society. However, aquatic environments are at risk as increasing amounts of nanoparticles (NPs) are contaminating waterbodies causing adverse effects on aquatic organisms. In this review, the impacts of environmental exposure to NPs, the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of NPs and the surrounding environment on toxicity and mechanisms of toxicity together with NP bioaccumulation and trophic transfer are assessed with a focus on their impacts on bacteria, algae and daphnids. We identify several gaps which need urgent attention in order to make sound decisions to protect the environment. These include uncertainty in both estimated and measured environmental concentrations of NPs for reliable risk assessment and for regulating the NP industry. In addition toxicity tests and risk assessment methodologies specific to NPs are still at the research and development stage. Also conflicting and inconsistent results on physicochemical characteristics and the fate and transport of NPs in the environment suggest the need for further research. Finally, improved understanding of the mechanisms of NP toxicity is crucial in risk assessment of NPs, since conventional toxicity tests may not reflect the risks associated with NPs. Behavioural effects may be more sensitive and would be efficient in certain situations compared with conventional toxicity tests due to low NP concentrations in field conditions. However, the development of such tests is still lacking, and further research is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lekamge
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrew S Ball
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ravi Shukla
- Nanobiotechnology Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dayanthi Nugegoda
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Chen X, Chen H, Zhang H, Peng Y, Deng F, Gao J, Chai C, Tang S, Zuo X, Lu J, Du H. Characterization of synergistic antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles and ebselen. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:3338-3349. [PMID: 31387398 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1648278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The emerging and spreading of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have been becoming one of the most severe threats to human health. Enhancing oxidative stress as mimicking immune system was considered as a potential strategy to fight against infection of MDR bacteria. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial efficiency of such a strategy which combines silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with ebselen. The results showed that AgNPs and ebselen combination had significant synergistic killing effects both on Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) in vitro, including model strains of China Veterinary Culture Collection and MDR clinical isolates, which is similar as the combination of silver ion and ebselen. AgNPs exhibited to be a strong inhibitor of bacterial thioredoxin reductase, same as a free silver ion. Ebselen mitigated the cytotoxicity of AgNPs to HeLa cells. However, in a bacteria-cell coexistence condition, the synergistic bactericidal effect was only observed on S. aureus (p<.05), while the temporary synergistic inhibitory effect on E. coli within 4 hours treatment (p<.01). In mice infection model, a combination of AgNPs and ebselen did not increase protection against the challenge of clinical E. coli CQ10 strain. Our data demonstrated that AgNPs and ebselen combination may be a promising strategy to fight against the increasingly MDR bacteria targeting bacterial thiol redox system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Chen
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Heming Chen
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yanjuan Peng
- b Department of Production and Management, Tibet Autonomous Region Veterinary Biologics Factory , Lasa , Tibet , China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiye Gao
- c College of Animal Science, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Chunli Chai
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Song Tang
- d Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Environmental Health , Beijing , China
| | - Xin Zuo
- e Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jun Lu
- e Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
| | - Huamao Du
- a College of Biotechnology, Southwest University , Chongqing , China
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Van Ginneken M, Blust R, Bervoets L. Combined effects of metal mixtures and predator stress on the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:148-157. [PMID: 29753203 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stressors have been demonstrated to change the toxicity of pollutants. While the combined effects of predator cues and pesticides are well documented, the interaction of predator stress with metals is a topic that has remained largely unexplored. In this laboratory experiment, the freshwater isopod Asellus aquaticus is exposed to predator cues and metal mixtures of Cd, Cu and Pb. We examined the effects on growth, respiration and, as behavioral parameters, feeding rate and activity. These were linked to the free ion activities (FIAs) in the water and the metal body concentrations. The findings reveal that Cu accumulation significantly influenced the growth rate, the feeding rate and the activity of isopods exposed to predator stress. Furthermore, we found a concentration-dependent interaction of the Cd + Pb mixtures on the feeding rate and a lower feeding rate for Cd and Pb predator exposed asellids. As several interactions were found between metals and predator stress, it demonstrates the importance of investigating how organisms and whole ecosystems respond to multiple stressors. A better understanding of these interactions will undoubtedly improve risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Van Ginneken
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - R Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - L Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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Robison AL, Chapman T, Bidwell JR. Predation cues influence metabolic rate and sensitivity to other chemical stressors in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Daphnia pulex. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:55-68. [PMID: 29101637 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The response of aquatic species to contaminants is often context dependent as illustrated by the influence that predation cues can have on the toxicity of some chemicals. We sought to gain additional insight into this interaction by examining how predation cues (alarm cue and fish kairomone) influence metabolic rate and the acute toxicity of sodium chloride and cadmium to fathead minnow larvae (Pimephales promelas) and sodium chloride to Daphnia pulex neonates. Consistent with a "flight or fight" response, the metabolic rate of fish larvae was elevated in the presence of alarm cue and growth of the minnows was also significantly reduced when exposed to alarm cue. The average 48-h LC50 for fathead minnows exposed to sodium chloride was significantly lower in the presence of alarm cue and kairomone combined as compared to tests with the salt alone. Analysis of the dose and survival response indicated alarm cue increased sensitivity of the fish to mid-range salt concentrations in particular. These results suggest an energetic cost of exposure to predation cues that resulted in enhanced toxicity of NaCl. Exposure to kairomone alone had no significant effect on salt toxicity to the minnows, which could be related to a lack of previous exposure to that cue. The acute toxicity of cadmium to the fish larvae was also not affected by the presence of predation cues which could be due to a metal-induced sensory system dysfunction or reduced bioavailability of the metal due to organic exudates from the predation cues. In contrast to the fathead minnow results, the metabolic rate of D. pulex and toxicity of NaCl to the daphnids were reduced in the presence of certain predator kairomones. This suggests an anti-predator response that enhanced tolerance to the salt. This study illustrates that the effect of predation cues on toxicity of aquatic contaminants can vary significantly based on the prey species, type of cue, and chemical stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie L Robison
- Robison Wildlife Solutions, LLC, 9401S. Harrah Rd, Newalla, OK, 74857, USA
- Prior address: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Trevor Chapman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Joseph R Bidwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Box 70703, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Prior address: Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Stevenson LM, Krattenmaker KE, Johnson E, Bowers AJ, Adeleye AS, McCauley E, Nisbet RM. Standardized toxicity testing may underestimate ecotoxicity: Environmentally relevant food rations increase the toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Daphnia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:3008-3018. [PMID: 28556096 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Daphnia in the natural environment experience fluctuations in algal food supply, with periods when algal populations bloom and seasons when Daphnia have very little algal food. Standardized chronic toxicity tests, used for ecological risk assessment, dictate that Daphnia must be fed up to 400 times more food than they would experience in the natural environment (outside of algal blooms) for a toxicity test to be valid. This disconnect can lead to underestimating the toxicity of a contaminant. We followed the growth, reproduction, and survival of Daphnia exposed to 75 and 200 µg/L silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at 4 food rations for up to 99 d and found that AgNP exposure at low, environmentally relevant food rations increased the toxicity of AgNPs. Exposure to AgNP at low food rations decreased the survival and/or reproduction of individuals, with potential consequences for Daphnia populations (based on calculated specific population growth rates). We also found tentative evidence that a sublethal concentration of AgNPs (75 µg/L) caused Daphnia to alter energy allocation away from reproduction and toward survival and growth. The present findings emphasize the need to consider resource availability, and not just exposure, in the environment when estimating the effect of a toxicant. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3008-3018. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Stevenson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Katherine E Krattenmaker
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Erica Johnson
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Alexandra J Bowers
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Edward McCauley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Roger M Nisbet
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Qin G, Tang S, Li S, Lu H, Wang Y, Zhao P, Li B, Zhang J, Peng L. Toxicological evaluation of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate in rats following 28 days of repeated oral exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:609-618. [PMID: 26996539 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The increasing application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been raising concerns about their potential adverse effects to human and the environment. However, the knowledge on the systemic toxicity of AgNPs in mammalian systems is still limited. The present study investigated the toxicity of PVP-coated AgNPs in rats treated with repeated oral administration, and compared that with equivalent dose of AgNO3 . Specifically, one hundred male and female rats were orally administrated with particulate or ionic forms of silver (Ag) separately at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg kg-1 body weight daily for 28 days. The results reveal no significant toxic effects of AgNPs and AgNO3 up to 1 mg kg-1 body weight, with respect to the body weight, organ weight, food intake, and histopathological examination. Ag distribution pattern in organs of rats treated with AgNPs was similar to that of AgNO3 treated rats, showing liver and kidneys are the main target organs followed by testis and spleen. The total Ag contents in organs were significantly lower in the AgNPs treated rats than those in the AgNO3 treated rats. However, the comparisons between AgNPs and AgNO3 treatments further indicated more potent of AgNPs in biochemical and hematological parameters in rats, including red blood cell count (RBC), platelet count (PLT), white blood cell count (WBC) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Results of this study suggested that particulate Ag at least partially contributed to the observed toxicity of AgNPs, and both ionic and particulate Ag should be taken into consideration in toxicological evaluation of AgNPs. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 609-618, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangqiu Qin
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Song Tang
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Shibin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, the Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Haoliang Lu
- College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yanwu Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Jiehong Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Institute of Toxicology, Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning, 530028, China
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