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Huang C, Zeng Y, Guan K, Qi X, Liu YE, Lu Q, Wang S, Luo X, Mai B. Occurrence, composition, and spatial distribution of dechlorane plus in surface sediments of black-odorous urban rivers across China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17472-17480. [PMID: 38342836 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32341-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
China, one of the two dechlorane plus (DP) producers, might have become a major area of DP pollution. The environmental contamination status of DP in sediments across the whole of China has not yet been studied. In the current study, the pollution levels, spatial distribution, and compositions of DP were investigated comprehensively in surface sediments from 173 black-odorous urban rivers across China for the first time. Total DP concentrations varied from not-detected to 39.71 ng/g dw, with an average concentration of 3.20 ± 4.74 ng/g dw, which was polluted by local emission sources and presented significant differences among different sampling cities. Among the seven administrative regions of China, DP concentrations were the highest in South China and showed a decreasing trend from southeastern coastal areas to northwest inland regions. Spearman's correlation analysis suggested that the gross industrial output, gross domestic product, and daily wastewater treatment capacity were not the principal factors controlling the spatial distribution of DP. The fanti values (the concentration ratios of anti-DP to the sum of anti-DP and syn-DP) varied from 0.19 to 0.88, with those in most sediments falling in the range of DP technical product (0.60 ~ 0.80), suggesting no apparent stereoselective enrichment occurred. Moreover, the anti-Cl11-DP was detected in sediments (n.d. ~ 0.40 ng/g dw), which showed significantly and insignificantly positive correlation with the anti-DP levels and fanti, respectively, implying it might mainly originate from the byproduct of DP technical product rather than the dechlorination of anti-DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Huang
- China University of Mining & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Kelan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuemeng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yin-E Liu
- China University of Mining & Technology, School of Environmental Science & Spatial Informatics, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-MaCao, Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Wang Q, Liu W, Meng L, Zeb A, Mo F, Wang J, Shi R. The interfacial interaction between Dechlorane Plus (DP) and polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs): An overlooked influence factor for the algal toxicity of PSNPs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167129. [PMID: 37730039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
As pollution has attracted attention due to its wide distribution. An environmental concern that may be overlooked is that NPs additives are easily released into the environment due to their physical combination with NPs. However, the knowledge gaps still exist about the interfacial reactions of NPs and the additives (e.g. flame retardants) and the joint ecological effect. In the present study, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer coupled with 2D correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) analysis revealed the interfacial reactions between polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs) and Dechlorane Plus (DP). Results showed that carbon‑oxygen bonds and carbon‑chlorine bonds were the important binding sites during adhesion and DP could reduce the colloidal stability. Single and joint ecological effects of PSNPs and DP on the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were further deliberated. Reduced photosynthetic efficiency (reduced Fv/Fm by 0.03 %), higher growth inhibition (16.15 %) and oxidative damage (increased ROS by 152 %) were observed in algae under co-exposure. Notably, DP could significantly increase the attachment of PSNPs to the surface of the algae. Metabolomics further revealed that co-exposure significantly down-regulated amino acid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle, and up-regulated fatty acid metabolism. The present study provides new insights into the risk assessment of NPs in aquatic environment by investigating the interfacial reaction mechanism and combined ecotoxicity of NPs and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weitao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Lingzuo Meng
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
| | - Aurang Zeb
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fan Mo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ruiying Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Environmental Diagnosis and Contamination Remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Hu Y, Li Z, Xiong J, Zhang Z, Yuan J, Tang Y, Jin T, Li H, Wu S. Occurrence and ecological risks of brominated flame retardants and dechlorane plus in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary and Daya Bay, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114182. [PMID: 36257243 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considering the phasing-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), environmental concerns of PBDE alternatives and dechlorane plus (DP) are rising. Accordingly, this study investigates occurrence and ecological risks of PBDEs, PBDE alternatives and DPs in sediments of two littoral regions, the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) and Daya Bay (DYB), in southern China. Total PBDEs concentrations in surface sediments of the PRE and DYB were in the range (mean) of 0.30-28.7 (8.71) and 0.29-43.4 (6.05) ng/g dw, respectively. DP levels in surface sediments of the PRE (0.004-0.27 ng/g dw) were significantly higher than those in the DYB (0.005-0.24 ng/g dw) (p < 0.05). BDE 209 was the predominant component, followed by DBDPE, exhibiting regional variations in BFRs usage. Vertical profiles of BFRs and DP in the PRE and DYB sediment cores exhibited clear anthropogenic influences. Risk quotients suggest critical ecological risks of tetra-, penta- and deca-BDE congeners in all the surface sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Ecological Fragile Belt of Yellow River Delta, School of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Jiaxin Yuan
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China
| | - Yi Tang
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Tao Jin
- West Center, Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering, Ministry of Transport, Tianjin 300456, China.
| | - Shengjun Wu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
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Cheng H, Mai Z, Wang Y, Liu D, Sun Y. Role of extracellular polymeric substances in metal sequestration during mangrove restoration. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 306:135550. [PMID: 35780989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are widely observed in aquatic ecosystems, however the potential function of EPS on metal sequestration in mangrove wetlands is unclear. Thus, an ecological restoration area (including Sonneratia apetala, Kandelia obovata and unvegetated mudflat) was employed to assess the effect of mangrove reforestation on metal sequestration and the underlying roles played by EPS. The results showed that mangrove restoration directly promoted metal accumulation (e.g., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in sediments. However, alleviated metal bioavailability was detected after mangrove reforestation. The changes in metal accumulation and bioavailability were highly correlated with EPS and microbial composition. Mangrove restoration (especially for K. obovata reforestation) also significantly promoted EPS production, in which multiple metal-chelating functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imino) were identified by Fourier infrared spectra. Moreover, the contents of EPS were positively correlated with metal accumulation but negatively correlated with metal bioavailability. The present data further illustrated that the enhancements of Gammaproteobacteria, Bacteroidia, Desulfobulbia, and Desulfobacteria might be important for EPS production. In summary, this is the first study to reveal that the presence of artificial mangroves might act as an efficient barrier in metal sequestration and immobilization by enhancing inherent microbial EPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China.
| | - Zhimao Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Youshao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; Daya Bay Marine Biology Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518121, China
| | - Dongxi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bioresources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
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Xie J, Sun Y, Cheng Y, Chen Y, Chen L, Xie C, Dai S, Luo X, Zhang L, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in surface sediments from fourteen estuaries, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 164:112099. [PMID: 33540273 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A total of seventy surface sediments were collected from fourteen estuaries of South China to investigate the distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and dechlorane plus (DP). The concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP in estuarine sediments ranged from 0.39 to 81.2, 0.18 to 49.9, not detected to 0.62, and 0.025 to 1.66 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Significant differences for levels of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE and DP were found among the sediments from fourteen estuaries. Sediments from the Pearl River Estuary had the highest concentrations of Σ16PBDEs, DBDPE and DP. PBDEs and DBDPE were the main halogenated flame retardants in estuarine sediments. BDE 209 was predominant congener of PBDEs with an average contribution of 88.1% to the total PBDEs. 32.9% sediment samples from South China had fanti values lower than 0.65, suggesting that stereoselective enrichment of syn-DP occurred in estuarine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yuanyue Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yongshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Laiguo Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Chenmin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shouhui Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhen X, Li Y, Wang X, Liu L, Li Y, Tian C, Pan X, Fang Y, Tang J. Source, fate and budget of Dechlorane Plus (DP) in a typical semi-closed sea, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116214. [PMID: 33310198 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), which has severe effects on marine ecosystems, has been proposed for listing under the Stockholm Convention as a persistent organic pollutant (POPs). This study was the first comprehensive investigation of the concentration and fate of DP in the Bohai Sea (BS) based on determination of river estuary water, river estuary sediment, surface seawater, bottom seawater, and sea sediments samples. The highest water DP levels were found in river estuary in Tianjin in North China due to the huge usage of DP in recent years, and spatial distribution analysis indicates it was mainly affected by regional high urbanization and emission of E-waste. The spatial distribution of DP in the BS was mainly affected by a combination of coastal hydrodynamics and land anthropogenic activities. On the basis of multi-box mass balance, simulations of DP in seawater showed an increase from 2014 to 2025, before leveling off at 184 pg L -1 by a constant DP input to the BS. Riverine discharge almost contributed to the total input (∼99%) and dominated the DP levels in the BS. Degradation of DP accounted for 55.3% and 78.1% of total DP output in seawater and sediment, respectively, indicating that degradation mainly affected decline of DP in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, 510640, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chongguo Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiaohui Pan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yin Fang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 200306, China
| | - Jianhui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Process, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Hu Y, Sun Y, Pei N, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Xie J, Xu X, Luo X, Mai B. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative halogenated flame retardants in mangrove plants from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 260:114087. [PMID: 32041014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) are ubiquitous in the environment, but little information is available about the bioaccumulation of HFRs in mangrove plants. In this study, three mangrove plant species were collected from Futian National Nature Reserve of Shenzhen City, South China to investigate the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and several alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs), including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), hexabromobenzene (HBB), pentabromotoluene (PBT), tetrabromop-xylene (pTBX), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB) and dechlorane plus (DP). The mean concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, pTBX, PBT, PBEB, HBB and DP in mangrove plant species were 2010, 1870, 36.2, 18.7, 40.1, 17.8, 9.68 and 120 pg g-1 dry weight, respectively. PBDEs were the dominant HFRs in mangrove plant tissues, followed by DBDPE. The relative abundance of BDE 209 in three mangrove plant tissues were much lower than those in sediments. Significant negative relationships between log root bioaccumulation factors and log Kow, and between log TFr-s (from root to stem) and log Kow were observed, indicating that HFRs with low hydrophobicity were easily absorbed by mangrove roots and stems. A positive correlation between log TFs-l (from stem to leaf) and log Kow were found, suggesting that air-leaf exchange may occur in mangrove plants. This study highlights the uptake of HFRs by mangrove plants, which can be used as remediation for HFRs contamination in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Hu Y, Pei N, Sun Y, Xu X, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang W, Zuo L, Xiong Y, Zeng Y, He K, Mai B. Halogenated flame retardants in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China: Comparison with historical data and correlation with microbial community. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 227:315-322. [PMID: 30995592 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and dechlorane plus (DP) were measured in sediments collected from three mangrove wetlands of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) in South China. This study aims to investigate the distribution of these halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and the correlations between HFRs and microbial community structure in mangrove sediments. Concentrations of PBDEs, DBDPE, BTBPE, TBBPA, HBCDD and DP in mangrove sediments ranged from 6.97 to 216.1, 3.70-26.0, 0.02-0.73, 0.02-37.5, 0.44-127.5 and 0.07-2.23 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Higher levels of PBDEs, BTBPE, HBCDD and DP were observed in sediments from Futian mangrove wetland of Shenzhen, the only nature reserve located in the downtown of China. The highest concentration of TBBPA found in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou was proximate to a ferry terminal and a dockyard where TBBPA is widely used in the coatings. PBDEs were the predominant HFRs in mangrove sediments, with an average contribution of 63.0%. Mangrove sediments from Guangzhou and Zhuhai showed an enrichment of (-)-α-HBCDD, (-)-β-HBCDD and (-)-γ-HBCDD. Concentrations of HFRs in mangrove sediments from Guangzhou increased significantly from 2012 to 2015, which was probably due to the establishment and rapid development of Nansha Free Trade Zone of Guangzhou. Redundancy analysis showed that HFRs may cause a shift of microbial community structure in mangrove sediments and the variations were significantly correlated with TBBPA, syn-DP and BTBPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; Institution of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zaiwang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Huawei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linzi Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kehong He
- Qi'ao Island Mangrove Nature Reserve, Zhuhai, 519080, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Zhang Z, Pei N, Sun Y, Li J, Li X, Yu S, Xu X, Hu Y, Mai B. Halogenated organic pollutants in sediments and organisms from mangrove wetlands of the Jiulong River Estuary, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:145-152. [PMID: 30665116 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen sediments and four biota species were collected from mangrove wetlands of the Jiulong River Estuary (JRE) in South China to investigate the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), dechlorane plus (DP) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE). Concentrations of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs, DBDPE, DP, and BTBPE in mangrove sediments ranged from 21 to 84, 0.52-2.5, 9.0-66, 5.1-32, 0.05-0.14, and 0.03-0.25 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Levels of ΣDDTs, ΣPCBs, ΣPBDEs, DBDPE and DP in mangrove biota ranged from 950 to 30000, 56-400, 8.0-35, nd-20 and 0.44-3.1 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. DDTs were the predominant halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs) in mangrove sediments from the JRE, while PBDEs were the major HOPs in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), suggesting that sediments in JRE and PRE had different sources of HOPs. The dominance of DDTs was found in both mangrove sediments and biota from the JRE, indicating that HOPs in JRE environment mainly come from agricultural sources. The biota-sediment accumulation factors for DDTs and PCBs were significantly higher than those of PBDEs, DBDPE and DP, suggesting high bioavailability of DDTs and PCBs in mangrove biota. Trophic magnification factors for DDTs, PCBs, PBDEs, and DP were 10.5, 3.00, 2.66 and 1.23, respectively, indicating their potential of biomagnification in mangrove food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwang Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Nancai Pei
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Yuxin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Jialiang Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Xueping Li
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, China
| | - Shen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiangrong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Yongxia Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Sutton R, Chen D, Sun J, Greig DJ, Wu Y. Characterization of brominated, chlorinated, and phosphate flame retardants in San Francisco Bay, an urban estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:212-223. [PMID: 30366322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant chemical additives are incorporated into consumer goods to meet flammability standards, and many have been detected in environmental matrices. A uniquely wide-ranging characterization of flame retardants was conducted, including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 52 additional brominated, chlorinated, or phosphate analytes, in water, sediment, bivalves, and harbor seal blubber of San Francisco Bay, a highly urbanized estuary once considered a hot spot for PBDE contamination. Among brominated flame retardants, PBDEs remained the dominant contaminants in all matrices, though declines have been observed over the last decade following their phase-out. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and other hydrophobic, brominated flame retardants were commonly detected at lower levels than PBDEs in sediment and tissue matrices. Dechlorane Plus (DP) and related chlorinated compounds were also detected at lower levels or not at all across all matrices. In contrast, phosphate flame retardants were widely detected in Bay water samples, with highest median concentrations in the order TCPP > TPhP > TBEP > TDCPP > TCEP. Concentrations in Bay water were often higher than in other estuarine and marine environments. Phosphate flame retardants were also widely detected in sediment, in the order TEHP > TCrP > TPhP > TDCPP > TBEP. Several were present in bivalves, with levels of TDCPP comparable to PBDEs. Only four phosphate flame retardants were detected in harbor seal blubber: TCPP, TDCPP, TCEP, and TPhP. Periodic, multi-matrix screening is recommended to track contaminant trends impacted by changes to flammability standards and manufacturing practices, with a particular focus on contaminants like TDCPP and TPhP that were found at levels comparable to thresholds for aquatic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China.
| | - Jennifer Sun
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Avenue, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Denise J Greig
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Cooperative Wildlife Research Laboratory and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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11
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Gong N, Shao K, Han X, Zhang Y, Sun Y. Enrichment and physiological responses of dechlorane plus on juvenile marine macroalgae (Ulva pertusa). CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:594-600. [PMID: 29709809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP), a chlorinated flame retardant, is increasingly reported in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. But little information is available regarding the toxicity of DP in marine organisms, especially in macroalgae. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of DP exposure on photosynthesis, oxidative stress and its enrichment in juvenile marine macroalgae (Ulva pertusa). Following 21- day uptake and 21- day depuration (10-8 mol/L), algae accumulated 1.18 times of DP compared to the initial concentration. Anti-DP was prone to accumulate in juvenile macroalgae. The enrichment of DP affected the physiological responses in algae. After 1, 7 and 14 days DP exposure (10-8, 10-7 and 10-6 mol/L), antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities and MDA content changed in a dose and time depended manner. Chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, including Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and ETR decreased with the increasing DP concentration. It indicated that DP leads to a low rate of light energy utilization in algae which may ascribe to the oxidative damage induced by DP enrichment. Present study provides insight into the toxicological effects of DP on marine macroalgae, which is useful for risk assessment of DP in intertidal zone ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gong
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Kuishuang Shao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xu Han
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
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12
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Hu YX, Sun YX, Li X, Xu WH, Zhang Y, Luo XJ, Dai SH, Xu XR, Mai BX. Organophosphorus flame retardants in mangrove sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, South China. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:433-439. [PMID: 28458218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Forty-eight surface sediments were collected from three mangrove wetlands in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) of South China to investigate the distribution of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and the relationship between OPFRs and microbial community structure determined by phospholipid fatty acid. Concentrations of ΣOPFRs in mangrove sediments of the PRE ranged from 13.2 to 377.1 ng g-1 dry weight. Levels of ΣOPFRs in mangrove sediments from Shenzhen and Guangzhou were significantly higher than those from Zhuhai, indicating that OPFRs were linked to industrialization and urbanization. Tris(chloropropyl)phosphate was the predominant profile of OPFRs in mangrove sediments from Shenzhen (38.9%) and Guangzhou (35.0%), while the composition profile of OPFRs in mangrove sediments from Zhuhai was dominated by tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (25.5%). The mass inventories of OPFRs in the mangrove sediments of Guangzhou, Zhuhai and Shenzhen were 439.5, 133.5 and 662.3 ng cm-2, respectively. Redundancy analysis revealed that OPFRs induced a shift in the structure of mangrove sediment microbial community and the variations were significantly correlated with tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xia Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Xin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Scientific Research, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wei-Hai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Scientific Institute of Pearl River Water Resources Protection, Guangzhou 510611, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shou-Hui Dai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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