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Qin M, Li D, Zhu J, Lou X, Tian X, Ma W, Zhang N, Lu M. MOF-derived porous carbon microspheres Ni@C-acid as solid-phase microextraction coating for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tea infusions. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1726:464961. [PMID: 38723491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
The improvement of the stability and adsorption properties of materials on targets in sample pre-treatment has long been an objective. Extensive efforts have been made to achieve this goal. In this work, metal-organic framework Ni-MOF precursors were first synthesized by solvothermal method using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an ideal templating agent, stabiliser and nanoparticle dispersant. After carbonization and acid washing, the nanoporous carbon microspheres material (Ni@C-acid) was obtained. Compared with the material without acid treatment (Ni@C), the specific surface area, pore volume, adsorption performance of Ni@C-acid were increased. Thanks to its excellent characteristics (high stability, abundant benzene rings), Ni@C-acid was used as fiber coatings in headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technology for extraction and preconcentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) prior to gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) analysis. The experimental parameters of extraction temperature, extraction time, agitation speed, desorption temperature, desorption time and sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration were studied. Under optimal experimental conditions, the wide linear range (0.01-30 ng mL-1), the good correlation coefficient (0.9916-0.9984), the low detection limit (0.003-0.011 ng mL-1), and the high enrichment factor (5273-13793) were obtained. The established method was successfully used for the detection of trace PAHs in actual tea infusions samples and satisfied recoveries ranging from 80.94-118.62 % were achieved. The present work provides a simple method for the preparation of highly stable and adsorbable porous carbon microsphere materials with potential applications in the extraction of environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Qin
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Dongxue Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Jiawen Zhu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xuejing Lou
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiao Tian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wende Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Minghua Lu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Medicinal Plants Utilization, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Qian Y, Liang M, Zhao Z, Zhang Z, Cai M, Lin Y. Does mangrove leave falling dominate the bury of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mangrove of China? MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 194:106318. [PMID: 38218006 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove wetlands are vital coastal ecosystems that can absorb and accumulate pollutants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent organic pollutants that pose potential risks to ecosystems and human health. However, their source and transport fate in mangrove areas are poorly understood. This study investigates 29 PAHs pollution of water and sediment in Zhangjiangkou Mangrove Wetland, the northernmost large-scale mangrove wetland reserve in China. We examine the distribution, source, transport mechanisms and risk assessment of PAHs. The results show that the concentrations of PAHs in mangrove sediment range from 55.62 to 347.36 ng/g (DW), with 5-ring PAHs being the dominant species. While the concentrations of PAHs in surface water range from 10.61 to 46.39 ng/L, with 2-ring PAHs and alkylated PAHs being the dominant species. The PAHs concentrations in surface water and sediment of river are higher than those in mangrove area, indicating that mangrove water could receive PAHs through tidal exchange. Based on diagnostic ratios (DRs), principal component analysis (PCA), and positive matrix factorization (PMF), we infer that the leaf deposition (48.55%) could be an important pathway of PAHs in mangrove sediment except for river water transport (51.45%), while the PAHs in estuary water originate mainly from point sources such as biomass burning (50.96%) and traffic emission (49.04%). The range of toxic equivalents in surface water and sediment was 2.73-16.09 ng TEQ g-1 and 0.03-3.63 ng/L, respectively. Although the ecological risk assessment suggests that the PAHs pollution in surface water and sediment poses a low risk, we recommend more attention to the protection of the mangrove ecosystem. This study reveals that mangrove leaf falling might be a significant mechanism of PAH sequestration in the mangrove system, which deserves more attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Qian
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Meiru Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Zixing Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Zihang Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Application Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yan Lin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361021, China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of Membrane Research and Application, Xiamen 361024, China.
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Szafranski GT, Granek EF. Contamination in mangrove ecosystems: A synthesis of literature reviews across multiple contaminant categories. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 196:115595. [PMID: 37852064 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Mangrove forests are exposed to diverse ocean-sourced and land-based contaminants, yet mangrove contamination research lags. We synthesize existing data and identify major gaps in research on five classes of mangrove contaminants: trace metals, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, microplastics, and pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Research is concentrated in Asia, neglected in Africa and the Americas; higher concentrations are correlated with waste water treatment plants, industry, and urbanized landscapes. Trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, frequently at concentrations below regulatory thresholds, may bioconcentrate in fauna, whereas persistent organic pollutants were at levels potentially harmful to biota through short- or long-term exposure. Microplastics were at variable levels, yet lack regulatory and ecotoxicological thresholds. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products received minimal research despite biological activity at small concentrations. Given potential synergistic effects, multi-contaminant research, increased monitoring of multiple contaminant classes, and increased public outreach and involvement are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey T Szafranski
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
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Li Q, Xiao P, Shen D, Huang Y, Shi X, Li X, Liu Y. Level and risk assessment of selected polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine pesticides in walnut and soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:14849-14859. [PMID: 36161556 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown how hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) are distributed and how they affect the environment in high-fat nuts and their planted soil. The profile of HOCs in walnut/soil system was investigated in this study. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were found in walnuts at concentrations of 0.67, 127, and 116 μg/kg, respectively. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of 17 PCBs, 16 PAHs, and 21 OCPs from walnut consumption by human were 0.06, 0.01, and 0.11, respectively. The highest concentrations of HOC in the soil were found in Nap and toxaphene, with concentrations of 2580 and 902 μg/kg, respectively. Bioaccumulation factors (BAF) and biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAF) in walnuts were ranged from <0.01 to 7.04 and <0.01 to 3.83, respectively. Concentrations of most individual HOCs in soil samples were significantly correlated with soil organic matter (SOM) (p < 0.01) and minerals (p < 0.01), with maximum correlation coefficients of 0.70 (OM-PCB81) and -0.84 (P-BaP). According to this study, high-fat walnuts do not have a high bioaccumulation of HOCs from soil, and the risk of consumption is within the safe range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Li
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Xiao
- JiYang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunmei Huang
- JiYang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Shi
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Li
- Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100125, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Fuyang, 311400, People's Republic of China.
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Robin SL, Marchand C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove ecosystems: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119959. [PMID: 35977644 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants of increasing concern in the different fields of the environment and human health. There are 16 of them that are recognized as priority pollutants by the US environmental protection agency due to their mutagenic and carcinogenic potentials. Due to their hydrophobicity and stability, they are persistent in the environment and can be transported over long distances. Their toxicological effects on multiple species, including humans, as well as their bioaccumulation in the food web became major topics in organic pollutants research this last decade. In the environment, multiple studies have been conducted on their accumulation in the soil and their degradation processes resulting in numerous review papers. However, the dynamics of PAHs in mangrove ecosystems is not yet completely understood. In this review paper, an exhaustive presentation of what is known about PAHs and their transfer, accumulation, and degradation in mangrove ecosystems is offered. This article brings to light the knowledge already acquired on the subject and the perspective research necessary to fully comprehend PAHs dynamics in mangrove ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Louise Robin
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA EA7484), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 145 Avenue James Cook, Nouville, BP R4 98851, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia.
| | - Cyril Marchand
- Institut de Sciences Exactes et Appliquées (ISEA EA7484), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, 145 Avenue James Cook, Nouville, BP R4 98851, Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
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6
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Guo S, Wei C, Zhu Y, Zhang Y. How surfactants affect the depuration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on the mangrove leaf surfaces: insight from an in situ method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31413-31425. [PMID: 35001285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), and their mixtures on the depuration of anthracene (Ant) and fluoranthene (Fla) individually adsorbed on the Kandelia obovata (Ko) leaf surfaces were in situ investigated. The Ko original leaf-wax microstructures have been destroyed by SDBS, Tween 20, and their mixtures at or above their critical micelle concentration (CMC). The volatilization rate constants (kV) of the adsorbed PAHs decreased with surfactants at or above their CMC resulting from the plasticizing effect and a decrease in the polarity of the Ko leaf-waxes induced by surfactants. Moreover, the photolysis rate constants (kP) of the adsorbed PAHs decreased with SDBS while increased with Tween 20 and their mixtures at or above their CMC, which can be attributed to effects of surfactants on the light adsorption behavior of Ko leaf-waxes. Overall, the effects of surfactants on the depuration of the adsorbed PAHs were dependent not only on the physical-chemical properties of surfactants but also on the micro-environment of the substrates adsorbed the PAHs. These results are of great significance for further understanding the accumulation of PAHs and could expand our knowledge about the migration mechanism of PAHs from the atmosphere by mangrove leaf surface micro-zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Chaoxian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yaxian Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science of China, (Xiamen University), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
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7
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Yang W, Zhang H, Lang Y, Li Z. Pollution status of PAHs in surface sediments from different marginal seas along China Mainland: A quantitative evaluation on a national scale. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114431. [PMID: 32251980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
China is one of the largest coastal countries in the world, which have all kinds of marginal systems. Studies have reported the sedimentary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution status, including their concentrations, sources and risks, in localized marginal systems, which showed significant differences. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of their pollution in marginal systems along China Mainland is urgently needed on a national scale. In the present study, the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in surface sediments from 62 different marginal systems along China Mainland were reviewed. Their sources were identified and apportioned, and the health risks and ecological risks were also evaluated. As a result, the total sedimentary PAHs varied in a wide range of 4-3700 ng/g, with the lowest values observed in Kenting National Park in East China Sea and the highest values observed in Daliao River estuary in Bohai Sea. Their concentrations suggested that they were not contaminated-weakly contaminated in most study areas, but were contaminated-heavily contaminated in some pollution hot-spots. Source identification and apportion suggested that the sedimentary PAHs were mainly originated from coal combustion, vehicular emission, natural gas combustion and petrogenic source, but the coal combustion and vehicular emission contributed most to their emission (>90%). Risk assessment suggested that the carcinogenic risks were lower than the upper limit of the acceptable range (10-4), which were acceptable at a large spatial scale. However, for sediments from Qinhuangdao coastal wetland, Daliao River estuary and Yangpu Bay, their carcinogenic risks were higher than 10-4, which will pose high carcinogenic risks for adults. The non-carcinogenic risks were acceptable in all marginal systems with values lower than the safety guideline (<1). In the ecological risk assessment, their concentrations in some pollution hot-spots were higher than the safety guidelines (effects range low, ERL), suggesting a higher potential ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | | | - Yinhai Lang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Zhengyan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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Li R, Ding H, Guo M, Shen X, Zan Q. Do pyrene and Kandelia obovata improve removal of BDE-209 in mangrove soils? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 240:124873. [PMID: 31574439 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combined pollution caused by polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in mangrove wetlands is serious, with their remediation to be been paid more and more attention. However, little is known about the combined impact of PAHs and mangrove species on removal of PBDEs in contaminated soils. In this study, BDE-209 and pyrene were selected and a 9 months experiment was conducted to explore how BDE-209 removal in contaminated soil varied with pyrene addition and Kandelia obovata planting, and to clarify corresponding microbial responses. Results showed that BDE-209 removals in soil induced by pyrene addition or K. obovata planting were significant and stable after 6 months, with the lowest levels of BDE-209 in combined pyrene addition with K. obovata planting. Unexpected, root uptake of BDE-209 in K. obovata was limited for BDE-209 removal in soil, which was verified by lower total amount of BDE-209 bioaccumulated in K. obovata's root. In soil without K. obovata planting, BDE-209 removal caused by pyrene addition coexisted with changed bacterial abundance at phylum Planctomycetes and Chloroflexi, class Planctomycetacia, and genus Blastopirellula. K. obovata-induced removal of BDE-209 in soil may be related to bacterial enrichment in phylum Proteobacteria, class Gammaproteobacteria and genus Ilumatobacter, Gaiella. Thus, in BDE-209 contaminated soil, microbial community responses induced by pyrene addition and K. obovata planting were different at phylum, class and genus levels. This is the first study demonstrating that pyrene addition and K. obovata planting could improve BDE-209 removal, and differently affected the corresponding responses of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Huan Ding
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Meixian Guo
- Nanshan Second Experimental School, Shenzhen, 518053, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shen
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qijie Zan
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Neilingding Futian National Nature Reserve, Shenzhen, 518000, China
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Qiu YW, Qiu HL, Zhang G, Li J. Bioaccumulation and cycling of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in three mangrove reserves of south China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:195-203. [PMID: 30415117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Total 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) compounds and 31 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners in mangrove sediments and tissues (leaf, branch, root and fruit) of nine species from three Mangrove Reserves of China were studied. The mean concentrations of total DDTs, HCHs, OCPs and PCBs in sediments were 2.84, 0.06, 3.84 and 0.17 ng g-1 dw, while those in tissues were 1.85, 0.22, 9.43 and 1.61 ng g-1 dw, respectively. The elevated OCPs and PCBs levels in mangrove leaves may be caused by atmospheric sedimentation. The biota sediment accumulation factor (BSAF) values of both OCPs (mean: 3.4) and PCBs (mean: 9.9) are generally larger than one, implying mangroves' bioaccumulation and their ability to intercept pollutants. The BSAFs of PCBs in mangrove tissues were negatively correlated with the PCB congener's octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW, R = 0.58, n = 31, p < 0.001), suggesting that lower chlorinated CB congeners are more bioaccumulative in mangroves. In order to better understanding the fate of these organochlorine compounds, the cycling (including the standing accumulation, the annual absorption, the annual net retention, the annual return, and the turnover period) of OCPs and PCBs in the Mangrove Reserves were estimated, and the results indicated that mangroves are playing important roles in retaining OCPs and PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Han-Lin Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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