1
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Neuroimaging findings of inborn errors of metabolism: urea cycle disorders, aminoacidopathies, and organic acidopathies. Jpn J Radiol 2023:10.1007/s11604-023-01396-0. [PMID: 36729192 PMCID: PMC9893193 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although there are many types of inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) affecting the central nervous system, also referred to as neurometabolic disorders, individual cases are rare, and their diagnosis is often challenging. However, early diagnosis is mandatory to initiate therapy and prevent permanent long-term neurological impairment or death. The clinical course of IEMs is very diverse, with some diseases progressing to acute encephalopathy following infection or fasting while others lead to subacute or slowly progressive encephalopathy. The diagnosis of IEMs relies on biochemical and genetic tests, but neuroimaging studies also provide important clues to the correct diagnosis and enable the conditions to be distinguished from other, more common causes of encephalopathy, such as hypoxia-ischemia. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a powerful, non-invasive method of assessing neurological abnormalities at the microscopic level and can measure in vivo brain metabolites. The present review discusses neuroimaging findings, including those of 1H-MRS, of IEMs focusing on intoxication disorders such as urea cycle disorders, aminoacidopathies, and organic acidopathies, which can result in acute life-threatening metabolic decompensation or crisis.
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2
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Hu L, Yang S, Jin B, Wang C. Advanced Neuroimaging Role in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:872609. [PMID: 35495065 PMCID: PMC9043279 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.872609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common source of morbidity and mortality among civilians and military personnel. Initial routine neuroimaging plays an essential role in rapidly assessing intracranial injury that may require intervention. However, in the context of TBI, limitations of routine neuroimaging include poor visualization of more subtle changes of brain parenchymal after injury, poor prognostic ability and inability to analyze cerebral perfusion, metabolite and mechanical properties. With the development of modern neuroimaging techniques, advanced neuroimaging techniques have greatly boosted the studies in the diagnosis, prognostication, and eventually impacting treatment of TBI. Advances in neuroimaging techniques have shown potential, including (1) Ultrasound (US) based techniques (contrast-enhanced US, intravascular US, and US elastography), (2) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based techniques (diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, perfusion weighted imaging, magnetic resonance elastography and functional MRI), and (3) molecular imaging based techniques (positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography). Therefore, in this review, we aim to summarize the role of these advanced neuroimaging techniques in the evaluation and management of TBI. This review is the first to combine the role of the US, MRI and molecular imaging based techniques in TBI. Advanced neuroimaging techniques have great potential; still, there is much to improve. With more clinical validation and larger studies, these techniques will be likely applied for routine clinical use from the initial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jin
- Department of Neurology, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Wang,
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3
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Tomiyasu M, Harada M. In vivo Human MR Spectroscopy Using a Clinical Scanner: Development, Applications, and Future Prospects. Magn Reson Med Sci 2022; 21:235-252. [PMID: 35173095 PMCID: PMC9199975 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MR spectroscopy (MRS) is a unique and useful method for noninvasively evaluating biochemical metabolism in human organs and tissues, but its clinical dissemination has been slow and often limited to specialized institutions or hospitals with experts in MRS technology. The number of 3-T clinical MR scanners is now increasing, representing a major opportunity to promote the use of clinical MRS. In this review, we summarize the theoretical background and basic knowledge required to understand the results obtained with MRS and introduce the general consensus on the clinical utility of proton MRS in routine clinical practice. In addition, we present updates to the consensus guidelines on proton MRS published by the members of a working committee of the Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine in 2013. Recent research into multinuclear MRS equipped in clinical MR scanners is explained with an eye toward future development. This article seeks to provide an overview of the current status of clinical MRS and to promote the understanding of when it can be useful. In the coming years, MRS-mediated biochemical evaluation is expected to become available for even routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyoko Tomiyasu
- Department of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology.,Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center
| | - Masafumi Harada
- Department of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University
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4
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Dubois J, Alison M, Counsell SJ, Hertz‐Pannier L, Hüppi PS, Benders MJ. MRI of the Neonatal Brain: A Review of Methodological Challenges and Neuroscientific Advances. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 53:1318-1343. [PMID: 32420684 PMCID: PMC8247362 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, exploration of the developing brain has become a major focus for researchers and clinicians in an attempt to understand what allows children to acquire amazing and unique abilities, as well as the impact of early disruptions (eg, prematurity, neonatal insults) that can lead to a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders. Noninvasive neuroimaging methods such as MRI are essential to establish links between the brain and behavioral changes in newborns and infants. In this review article, we aim to highlight recent and representative studies using the various techniques available: anatomical MRI, quantitative MRI (relaxometry, diffusion MRI), multiparametric approaches, and functional MRI. Today, protocols use 1.5 or 3T MRI scanners, and specialized methodologies have been put in place for data acquisition and processing to address the methodological challenges specific to this population, such as sensitivity to motion. MR sequences must be adapted to the brains of newborns and infants to obtain relevant good soft-tissue contrast, given the small size of the cerebral structures and the incomplete maturation of tissues. The use of age-specific image postprocessing tools is also essential, as signal and contrast differ from the adult brain. Appropriate methodologies then make it possible to explore multiple neurodevelopmental mechanisms in a precise way, and assess changes with age or differences between groups of subjects, particularly through large-scale projects. Although MRI measurements only indirectly reflect the complex series of dynamic processes observed throughout development at the molecular and cellular levels, this technique can provide information on brain morphology, structural connectivity, microstructural properties of gray and white matter, and on the functional architecture. Finally, MRI measures related to clinical, behavioral, and electrophysiological markers have a key role to play from a diagnostic and prognostic perspective in the implementation of early interventions to avoid long-term disabilities in children. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dubois
- University of ParisNeuroDiderot, INSERM,ParisFrance
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA; Paris‐Saclay UniversityGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Marianne Alison
- University of ParisNeuroDiderot, INSERM,ParisFrance
- Department of Pediatric RadiologyAPHP, Robert‐Debré HospitalParisFrance
| | - Serena J. Counsell
- Centre for the Developing BrainSchool of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lucie Hertz‐Pannier
- University of ParisNeuroDiderot, INSERM,ParisFrance
- UNIACT, NeuroSpin, CEA; Paris‐Saclay UniversityGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Petra S. Hüppi
- Division of Development and Growth, Department of Woman, Child and AdolescentUniversity Hospitals of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Manon J.N.L. Benders
- Department of NeonatologyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtthe Netherlands
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5
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Tsili AC, Astrakas L, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI. Proton MR Spectroscopy in Assessing the Biochemical Milieu of Human Testes. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 55:404-413. [PMID: 33128500 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), considered a connection between metabolism and anatomic and functional information provided by standard MRI, gives information on various tissue metabolites and their pathologic changes. Recently, proton MRS has been added as an adjunct tool to the multiparametric protocol of scrotal MRI, providing a new insight into the extremely complex biochemical milieu of normal and abnormal testes. This article reviews proton MR spectra of normal testes, showing age and bilateralism dependence. Disturbances of various metabolic pathways in testes of infertile men resulting in alterations of metabolite peaks are discussed. Preliminary data on proton MR spectra of testicular mass lesions are presented. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5. TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Loukas Astrakas
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Department of Urology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
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6
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Smith LGF, Milliron E, Ho ML, Hu HH, Rusin J, Leonard J, Sribnick EA. Advanced neuroimaging in traumatic brain injury: an overview. Neurosurg Focus 2019; 47:E17. [PMID: 32364704 DOI: 10.3171/2019.9.focus19652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common condition with many potential acute and chronic neurological consequences. Standard initial radiographic evaluation includes noncontrast head CT scanning to rapidly evaluate for pathology that might require intervention. The availability of fast, relatively inexpensive CT imaging has fundamentally changed the clinician's ability to noninvasively visualize neuroanatomy. However, in the context of TBI, limitations of head CT without contrast include poor prognostic ability, inability to analyze cerebral perfusion status, and poor visualization of underlying posttraumatic changes to brain parenchyma. Here, the authors review emerging advanced imaging for evaluation of both acute and chronic TBI and include QuickBrain MRI as an initial imaging modality. Dynamic susceptibility-weighted contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI, MR arterial spin labeling, and perfusion CT are reviewed as methods for examining cerebral blood flow following TBI. The authors evaluate MR-based diffusion tensor imaging and functional MRI for prognostication of recovery post-TBI. Finally, MR elastography, MR spectroscopy, and convolutional neural networks are examined as future tools in TBI management. Many imaging technologies are being developed and studied in TBI, and some of these may hold promise in improving the understanding and management of TBI. ABBREVIATIONS ASL = arterial spin labeling; CNN = convolutional neural network; CTP = perfusion CT; DAI = diffuse axonal injury; DMN = default mode network; DOC = disorders of consciousness; DTI = diffusion tensor imaging; FA = fractional anisotropy; fMRI = functional MRI; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; MD = mean diffusivity; MRE = MR elastography; MRS = MR spectroscopy; mTBI = mild TBI; NAA = N-acetylaspartate; SWI = susceptibility-weighted imaging; TBI = traumatic brain injury; UHF = ultra-high field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Milliron
- 2The Ohio State University College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus; and
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey Leonard
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery and.,4Division of Neurological Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Eric A Sribnick
- 1Department of Neurological Surgery and.,4Division of Neurological Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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7
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Degnan AJ, Ho-Fung VM, Ahrens-Nicklas RC, Barrera CA, Serai SD, Wang DJ, Ficicioglu C. Imaging of non-neuronopathic Gaucher disease: recent advances in quantitative imaging and comprehensive assessment of disease involvement. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:70. [PMID: 31289964 PMCID: PMC6616606 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an inherited metabolic disorder resulting in deficiency of lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase causing the accumulation of abnormal macrophages (“Gaucher cells”) within multiple organs, most conspicuously affecting the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. As the most common glycolipid metabolism disorder, it is important for radiologists encountering these patients to be familiar with advances in imaging of organ and bone marrow involvement and understand the role of imaging in clinical decision-making. The recent advent of commercially available, reliable, and reproducible quantitative MRI acquisitions to measure fat fractions prompts revisiting the role of quantitative assessment of bone marrow involvement. This manuscript reviews the diverse imaging manifestations of Gaucher disease and discusses more optimal quantitative approaches to ascertain solid organ and bone marrow involvement with an emphasis on future applications of other quantitative methods including elastography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Degnan
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Victor M Ho-Fung
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca C Ahrens-Nicklas
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Floor 9, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Christian A Barrera
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Suraj D Serai
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Dah-Jyuu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Can Ficicioglu
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Colket Translational Research Building, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Floor 9, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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8
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Ajram LA, Pereira AC, Durieux AMS, Velthius HE, Petrinovic MM, McAlonan GM. The contribution of [1H] magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the study of excitation-inhibition in autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 89:236-244. [PMID: 30248378 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects over 1:100 of the population and costs the UK more than £32bn and the USA more than $175bn (£104bn) annually. Its core symptoms are social and communication difficulties, repetitive behaviours and sensory hyper- or hypo-sensitivities. A highly diverse phenotypic presentation likely reflects its etiological heterogeneity and makes finding treatment targets for ASD challenging. In addition, there are no means to identify biologically responsive individuals who may benefit from specific interventions. There is hope however, and in this review we consolidate how findings from magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) add to the evidence that differences in the brain's excitatory glutamate and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) balance may be both a key biomarker and a tractable treatment target in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Ajram
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Andreia C Pereira
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine, ICNAS - Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health, University of Coimbra, Polo 3, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alice M S Durieux
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Hester E Velthius
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marija M Petrinovic
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK; Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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9
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Holshouser B, Pivonka-Jones J, Nichols JG, Oyoyo U, Tong K, Ghosh N, Ashwal S. Longitudinal Metabolite Changes after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Pediatric Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1352-1360. [PMID: 30351247 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate longitudinal metabolite changes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) subjects and determine whether early magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) changes in discrete brain regions predict 1-year neuropsychological outcomes. Three-dimensional (3D) proton MRSI was performed in pediatric subjects with complicated mild (cMild), moderate, and severe injury, acutely (6-17 days) and 1-year post-injury along with neurological and cognitive testing. Longitudinal analysis found that in the cMild/Moderate group, all MRSI ratios from 12 regions returned to control levels at 1 year. In the severe group, only cortical gray matter regions fully recovered to control levels whereas N-acetylaspartate (NAA) ratios from the hemispheric white matter and subcortical regions remained statistically different from controls. A factor analysis reduced the data to two loading factors that significantly differentiated between TBI groups; one included acute regional NAA variables and another consisted of clinically observed variables (e.g., days in coma). Using scores calculated from the two loading factors in a logistic regression model, we found that the percent accuracy for classification of TBI groups was greatest for the dichotomized attention measure (93%), followed by Full Scale Intelligence Quotient at 91%, and the combined memory Z-score measure (90%). Using the acute basal ganglia NAA/creatine (Cr) ratio alone achieved a higher percent accuracy of 94.7% for the attention measure whereas the acute thalamic NAA/Cr ratio alone achieved a higher percent accuracy of 91.9% for the memory measure. These results support the conclusions that reduced NAA is an early indicator of tissue injury and that measurements from subcortical brain regions are more predictive of long-term cognitive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Holshouser
- 1 Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jamie Pivonka-Jones
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Joy G Nichols
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Udo Oyoyo
- 1 Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Karen Tong
- 1 Department of Radiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Nirmalya Ghosh
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
| | - Stephen Ashwal
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California
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Chamard E, Lichtenstein JD. A systematic review of neuroimaging findings in children and adolescents with sports-related concussion. Brain Inj 2018; 32:816-831. [PMID: 29648462 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2018.1463106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport-related concussion (SRC) generally does not result in structural anomalies revealed through clinical imaging techniques such as MRI and CT. While advanced neuroimaging techniques offer another avenue to investigate the subtle alterations following SRC, the current pediatric literature in this area has yet to be reviewed. The aim of this review is to systematically explore the literature on magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and cortical thickness following SRC in children and adolescents. METHODS A systematic Pubmed search using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines was conducted independently for each neuroimaging method. Studies were screened for inclusion based on pre-determined criteria. RESULTS A total of 26 studies were included (MRS = 4, DTI = 10, fMRI = 11, cortical thickness = 1). A total of 16 studies were conducted solely with male athletes, while 10 studies recruited an unequal number of male and female athletes. CONCLUSIONS While MRI and CT are generally unrevealing, advanced neuroimaging techniques demonstrated neurometabolic, microstructural, and functional alterations following SRC in athletes younger than 19 years of age in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases of recovery. However, more studies are needed to fully understand the impact of SRC on the developing brain in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Chamard
- a Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Jonathan D Lichtenstein
- a Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center , Lebanon , NH , USA
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