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Lyoo Y, Choi YH, Lee SB, Lee S, Cho YJ, Shin SM, Phi JH, Kim SK, Cheon JE. Ultra-low-dose computed tomography with deep learning reconstruction for craniosynostosis at radiation doses comparable to skull radiographs: a pilot study. Pediatr Radiol 2023; 53:2260-2268. [PMID: 37488451 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craniofacial computed tomography (CT) is the diagnostic investigation of choice for craniosynostosis, but high radiation dose remains a concern. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the image quality and diagnostic performance of an ultra-low-dose craniofacial CT protocol with deep learning reconstruction for diagnosis of craniosynostosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS All children who underwent initial craniofacial CT for suspected craniosynostosis between September 2021 and September 2022 were included in the study. The ultra-low-dose craniofacial CT protocol using 70 kVp, model-based iterative reconstruction and deep learning reconstruction techniques was compared with a routine-dose craniofacial CT protocol. Quantitative analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio and noise was performed. The 3-dimensional (D) volume-rendered images were independently evaluated by two radiologists with regard to surface coarseness, step-off artifacts and overall image quality on a 5-point scale. Sutural patency was assessed for each of six sutures. Radiation dose was compared between the two protocols. RESULTS Among 29 patients (15 routine-dose CT and 14 ultra-low-dose CT), 23 patients had craniosynostosis. The 3-D volume-rendered images of ultra-low-dose CT without deep learning showed decreased image quality compared to routine-dose CT. The 3-D volume-rendered images of ultra-low-dose CT with deep learning reconstruction showed higher noise level, higher surface coarseness but decreased step-off artifacts, comparable signal-to-noise ratio and overall similar image quality compared to the routine-dose CT images. Diagnostic performance for detecting craniosynostosis at the suture level showed no significant difference between ultra-low-dose CT without deep learning reconstruction, ultra-low-dose CT with deep learning reconstruction and routine-dose CT. The estimated effective radiation dose for the ultra-low-dose CT was 0.05 mSv (range, 0.03-0.06 mSv), a 95% reduction in dose over the routine-dose CT at 1.15 mSv (range, 0.54-1.74 mSv). This radiation dose is comparable to 4-view skull radiography (0.05-0.1 mSv) and lower than previously reported effective dose for craniosynostosis protocols (0.08-3.36 mSv). CONCLUSION In this pilot study, an ultra-low-dose CT protocol using radiation doses at a level similar to skull radiographs showed preserved diagnostic performance for craniosynostosis, but decreased image quality compared to the routine-dose CT protocol. However, by combining the ultra-low-dose CT protocol with deep learning reconstruction, image quality was improved to a level comparable to the routine-dose CT protocol, without sacrificing diagnostic performance for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngwook Lyoo
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seul Bi Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Jin Cho
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Shin
- Department of Radiology, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Phi
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ki Kim
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Cheon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kaasalainen T, Männistö V, Mäkelä T, Suojanen J, Nuorala A, Heliövaara A, Leikola J. Postoperative computed tomography imaging of pediatric patients with craniosynostosis: radiation dose and image quality comparison between multi-slice computed tomography and O-arm cone-beam computed tomography. Pediatr Radiol 2023; 53:1704-1712. [PMID: 36967418 PMCID: PMC10359214 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When postoperative multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) imaging of patients with craniosynostosis is used, it is usually performed a few days after surgery in a radiology department. This requires additional anesthesia for the patient. Recently, intraoperative mobile cone-beam CT (CBCT) devices have gained popularity for orthopedic and neurosurgical procedures, which allows postoperative CT imaging in the operating room. OBJECTIVE This single-center retrospective study compared radiation dose and image quality of postoperative imaging performed using conventional MSCT scanners and O-arm CBCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 104 pediatric syndromic and non-syndromic patients who were operated on because of single- or multiple-suture craniosynostosis were included in this study. The mean volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP) values of optimized craniosynostosis CT examinations (58 MSCT and 46 CBCT) were compared. Two surgeons evaluated the subjective image quality. RESULTS CBCT resulted in significantly lower CTDIvol (up to 14%) and DLP (up to 33%) compared to MSCT. Multi-slice CT image quality was considered superior to CBCT scans. However, all scans were considered to be of sufficient quality for diagnosis. CONCLUSION The O-arm device allowed for an immediate postoperative CBCT examination in the operating theater using the same anesthesia induction. Radiation exposure was lower in CBCT compared to MSCT scans, thus further encouraging the use of O-arms. Cone-beam CT imaging with an O-arm is a feasible method for postoperative craniosynostosis imaging, yielding less anesthesia to patients, lower health costs and the possibility to immediately evaluate results of the surgical operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touko Kaasalainen
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ville Männistö
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, Päijät-Häme Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Lahti, Finland
| | - Teemu Mäkelä
- HUS Diagnostic Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 340, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho Suojanen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Lahti Central Hospital, Päijät-Häme Joint Authority for Health and Wellbeing, Lahti, Finland
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antton Nuorala
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja Heliövaara
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junnu Leikola
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Center, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Nakai Y, Miyazaki O, Kitamura M, Imai R, Okamoto R, Tsutsumi Y, Miyasaka M, Ogiwara H, Miura H, Yamada K, Nosaka S. Evaluation of radiation dose reduction in head CT using the half-dose method. Jpn J Radiol 2023:10.1007/s11604-023-01410-5. [PMID: 36961648 PMCID: PMC10366020 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01410-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study introduced the half-dose method (HDM), which halves the radiation dose for conventional head computed tomography (CT), for postoperative hydrocephalus and follow-up for craniosynostosis at a children's hospital. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of selective head CT scanning optimization towards the overall reduction of radiation exposure. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively assessed 1227 and 1352 head CT examinations acquired before and after the introduction of the HDM, respectively, in children aged 0-15 years. The radiation exposure was evaluated using the CT dose index volume (CTDI-vol), dose-length product (DLP), rate of HDM introduction, and effect of reducing in-hospital radiation dose before and after the introduction of the HDM. For an objective evaluation of the image quality, head CT scans acquired with HDM and full-dose method (FDM) were randomly selected, and the image noise standard deviation (SD) was measured for each scan. In addition, some HDM images were randomly selected and independently reviewed by two radiologists. RESULTS The HDM was introduced in 27.9% of all head CTs. The mean CTDI-vol of all head CTs was 21.5 ± 6.9 mGy after the introduction, a 14.9% reduction. The mean DLP was 418.4 ± 152.9 mGy.cm after the introduction, a 17.2% reduction. Compared to the FDM images, the noise SD of the HDM ones worsened by almost 0.9; however, none of the images were difficult or impossible to evaluate. CONCLUSION The HDM yielded diagnostically acceptable images. In addition, a change in protocol for only two diseases successfully reduced the patients' overall radiation exposure by approximately 15%. Introducing and optimizing the HDM for frequently performed target diseases will be useful in reducing the exposure dose for the hospital's patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitomo Nakai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi Hirokoji Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Osamu Miyazaki
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kitamura
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rumi Imai
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Okamoto
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsutsumi
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikiko Miyasaka
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ogiwara
- Division of Neurosurgery, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miura
- Department of Radiology Japanese Red Cross Society, Kyoto Daini Hospital, 355-5 Haruobicho Kamanza-Dori Marutamachi-Agaru, Kamigyo-Ku Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kei Yamada
- Department of Radiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kawaramachi Hirokoji Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nosaka
- Department of Radiology, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Analysis of a monocentric computed tomography dosimetric database using a radiation dose index monitoring software: dose levels and alerts before and after the implementation of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction on CT images. Radiol Med 2022; 127:733-742. [PMID: 35579854 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-022-01481-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze dosimetric data of a single center by a radiation dose index monitoring software evaluating quantitatively the dose reduction obtained with the implementation of the adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) on Computed Tomography in terms of both the value of the dose length product (DLP) and the alerts provided by the dose tool. METHODS Dosimetric quantities were acquired using Qaelum DOSE tool (QAELUM NV, Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium). Dose data pertaining to CT examinations were performed using a General Electric Healthcare CT tomography with 64 detectors. CT dose data were collected over 4 years (January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2020) and included CT dose length product (DLP). Moreover, all CT examinations that triggered a high radiation dose (twice the median for that study description), termed alerts on Dose tool, were retrieved for the analysis. Two radiologists retrospectively assessed CT examinations in consensus for the images quality and for the causes of the alerts issued. A Chi-square test was used to assess whether there were any statistically significant differences among categorical variable while a Kruskal Wallis test was considered to assess differences statistically significant for continuous variables. RESULTS Differences statistically significant were found for the DLP median values between the dosimetric data recorded on 2017-2018 versus 2019-2020. The differences were linked to the implementation of ASIR technique at the end of 2018 on the CT scanner. The highest percentage of alerts was reported in the CT study group "COMPLETE ABDOMEN + CHEST + HEAD" (range from 1.26% to 2.14%). A reduction year for year was relieved linked to the CT protocol optimization with a difference statistically significant. The highest percentage of alerts was linked to wrong study label/wrong study protocol selection with a range from 29 to 40%. CONCLUSIONS Automated methods of radiation dose data collection allowed for detailed radiation dose analysis according to protocol and equipment over time. The use of CT ASIR technique could determine considerable reduction in radiation dose.
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Khandelwal P, Zimmerman CE, Xie L, Lee H, Song HK, Yushkevich PA, Vossough A, Bartlett SP, Wehrli FW. Automatic Segmentation of Bone Selective MR Images for Visualization and Craniometry of the Cranial Vault. Acad Radiol 2022; 29 Suppl 3:S98-S106. [PMID: 33903011 PMCID: PMC8536795 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Solid-state MRI has been shown to provide a radiation-free alternative imaging strategy to CT. However, manual image segmentation to produce bone-selective MR-based 3D renderings is time and labor intensive, thereby acting as a bottleneck in clinical practice. The objective of this study was to evaluate an automatic multi-atlas segmentation pipeline for use on cranial vault images entirely circumventing prior manual intervention, and to assess concordance of craniometric measurements between pipeline produced MRI and CT-based 3D skull renderings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dual-RF, dual-echo, 3D UTE pulse sequence MR data were obtained at 3T on 30 healthy subjects along with low-dose CT images between December 2018 to January 2020 for this prospective study. The four-point MRI datasets (two RF pulse widths and two echo times) were combined to produce bone-specific images. CT images were thresholded and manually corrected to segment the cranial vault. CT images were then rigidly registered to MRI using mutual information. The corresponding cranial vault segmentations were then transformed to MRI. The "ground truth" segmentations served as reference for the MR images. Subsequently, an automated multi-atlas pipeline was used to segment the bone-selective images. To compare manually and automatically segmented MR images, the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD) were computed, and craniometric measurements between CT and automated-pipeline MRI-based segmentations were examined via Lin's concordance coefficient (LCC). RESULTS Automated segmentation reduced the need for an expert to obtain segmentation. Average DSC was 90.86 ± 1.94%, and average 95th percentile HD was 1.65 ± 0.44 mm between ground truth and automated segmentations. MR-based measurements differed from CT-based measurements by 0.73-1.2 mm on key craniometric measurements. LCC for distances between CT and MR-based landmarks were vertex-basion: 0.906, left-right frontozygomatic suture: 0.780, and glabella-opisthocranium: 0.956 for the three measurements. CONCLUSION Good agreement between CT and automated MR-based 3D cranial vault renderings has been achieved, thereby eliminating the laborious manual segmentation process. Target applications comprise craniofacial surgery as well as imaging of traumatic injuries and masses involving both bone and soft tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulkit Khandelwal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie E. Zimmerman
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Long Xie
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hyunyeol Lee
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hee Kwon Song
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A. Yushkevich
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arastoo Vossough
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott P. Bartlett
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Felix W. Wehrli
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Laboratory for Structural, Physiologic and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Corresponding Author: University of Pennsylvania, Department of Radiology, MRI Education Center, 1 Founders Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283,
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Chow I, Brisbin AK, Anstadt EE, Goldstein JA, Losee JE. Delayed Presentation of Unicoronal Craniosynostosis-Masked by Ipsilateral Posterior Deformational Plagiocephaly. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2022; 60:768-772. [PMID: 35195470 DOI: 10.1177/10556656221080996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a greater awareness of the differential diagnosis of head shape abnormalities among pediatricians, the effect of deformational forces on calvarial morphology can complicate the diagnosis of craniosynostosis. In this report, we describe 2 patients diagnosed with unicoronal craniosynostosis (UCS) in a delayed fashion due to the presence of concomitant posterior deformational plagiocephaly (PDP). In both cases, the severity of each patients' PDP obscured changes typically associated with UCS. This unique presentation underscores the importance of having a high index of suspicion for possible premature suture fusion despite the presence of concomitant PDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Chow
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 6595University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa K Brisbin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 6595University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Erin E Anstadt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 6595University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jesse A Goldstein
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 6595University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph E Losee
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 6595University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Barreto IL, Tuna IS, Rajderkar DA, Ching JA, Governale LS. Pediatric craniosynostosis computed tomography: an institutional experience in reducing radiation dose while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Pediatr Radiol 2022; 52:85-96. [PMID: 34731286 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-021-05205-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with craniosynostosis may undergo multiple computed tomography (CT) examinations for diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up, resulting in cumulative radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE To reduce the risks associated with radiation exposure, we evaluated the compliance, radiation dose reduction and clinical image quality of a lower-dose CT protocol for pediatric craniosynostosis implemented at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS The standard of care at our institution was modified to replace pediatric head CT protocols with a lower-dose CT protocol utilizing 100 kV, 5 mAs and iterative reconstruction. Study-ordered, protocol-utilized and radiation-dose indices were collected for studies performed with routine pediatric brain protocols (n=22) and with the lower-dose CT protocol (n=135). Two pediatric neuroradiologists evaluated image quality in a subset (n=50) of the lower-dose CT studies by scoring visualization of cranial structures, confidence of diagnosis and the need for more radiation dose. RESULTS During the 30-month period, the lower-dose CT protocol had high compliance, with 2/137 studies performed with routine brain protocols. With the lower-dose CT protocol, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) was 1.1 mGy for all patients (0-9 years old) and effective dose ranged from 0.06 to 0.22 mSv, comparable to a 4-view skull radiography examination. CTDIvol was reduced by 98% and effective dose was reduced up to 67-fold. Confidence in diagnosing craniosynostosis was high and more radiation dose was considered unnecessary in all studies (n=50) by both radiologists. CONCLUSION Replacing the routine pediatric brain CT protocol with a lower-dose CT craniosynostosis protocol substantially reduced radiation exposure without compromising image quality or diagnostic confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella L Barreto
- Division of Medical Physics, Department of Radiology, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100374, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Ibrahim S Tuna
- Department of Radiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jessica A Ching
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Craniofacial Center, UF Health Shands Children's Hospital, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance S Governale
- Craniofacial Center, UF Health Shands Children's Hospital, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Consistency of Cranial Shape Measures Obtained From Laser Surface and Computed Tomography Imaging. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2763-2767. [PMID: 34727475 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Children with cranial shape abnormalities are often subjected to radiation from computed tomography (CT) for evaluation and clinical decision making. The STARscanner Laser Data Acquisition System (Orthomerica, Orlando, FL) may be a noninvasive alternate. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the STARscanner provides valid and accurate cranial measurements compared to CT. DESIGN We performed an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients with metopic suture abnormalities from 2013 to 2016. SETTING Plastic surgery clinic in an institutional tertiary care center. PATIENTS Eight patients were included that presented with metopic suture abnormalities, age less than 1 year, and CT and STARscanner imaging within 30 days of one another. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cranial measurements were collected twice from 3 scan types: STARscanner, CT windowed for soft tissue, and CT windowed for bone. Measurements included: intracranial volume, height, base width, maximum antero-posterior length, maximum medio-lateral width, and oblique diameters. Nested analysis of variance were performed to determine the proportion of error attributable to: between-subject variance, scan type, and rater. RESULTS Measurements from STARscanner and both CT scans windows were highly consistent, with less than 1% of total error attributable to scan type for all measures. CONCLUSIONS Cranial shape measurements obtained from STARscanner images are highly consistent with those obtained from CT scans. The STARscanner has added benefits of speed of acquisition, minimal cost, and lack of radiation.
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Makar KG, Garavaglia HE, Muraszko KM, Waljee JF, Vercler CJ, Buchman SR. Computed Tomography in Patients With Craniosynostosis: A Survey to Ascertain Practice Patterns Among Craniofacial Surgeons. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 87:569-574. [PMID: 33587463 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients with craniosynostosis, imaging remains up to the discretion of the plastic surgeon or neurosurgeon. To inform best practice guidelines, we sought to obtain data surrounding the frequency at which craniofacial surgeons order computed tomography (CT), as well as indications. We hypothesized that we would identify considerable variation in both imaging and associated indications. METHODS We surveyed members of the American Society of Maxillofacial Surgeons and the American Society of Craniofacial Surgeons to measure the frequency of preoperative and postoperative head CTs, as well as indications. Initial items were piloted with 2 craniofacial surgeons and 1 neurosurgeon, using interviews to ensure content validity. χ2 Tests were used to measure associations between operative volume, years in practice, and imaging. RESULTS Eighty-five craniofacial surgeons responded (13.8% response rate), with the majority (63.5%) having performed a craniosynostosis operation in the last month. Only 9.4% of surgeons never order preoperative CTs. Of those who do, the most common indications included diagnosis confirmation (31.2%) and preoperative planning (27.3%). About 25% of surgeons always obtain postoperative head CTs, usually to evaluate surgical outcomes (46.7%). Only 13.3% of respondents order 2 or more postoperative scans. Higher operative volume was associated with a lower likelihood of ordering preoperative head CTs (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The majority of surgeons obtain preoperative head CTs, whereas only 25% obtain CTs postoperatively, often to evaluate outcomes. Because outcomes may be evaluated clinically, this is a poor use of resources and exposes children to radiation. Consensus guidelines are needed to create best practices and limit unnecessary studies.
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Ravindra VM, Awad AW, Baker CM, Lee A, Anderson RCE, Gociman B, Patel KB, Smyth MD, Birgfeld C, Pollack IF, Goldstein JA, Imahiyerobo T, Siddiqi FA, Kestle JRW. Preoperative imaging patterns and intracranial findings in single-suture craniosynostosis: a study from the Synostosis Research Group. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2021; 28:344-350. [PMID: 34171835 DOI: 10.3171/2021.2.peds2113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The diagnosis of single-suture craniosynostosis can be made by physical examination, but the use of confirmatory imaging is common practice. The authors sought to investigate preoperative imaging use and to describe intracranial findings in children with single-suture synostosis from a large, prospective multicenter cohort. METHODS In this study from the Synostosis Research Group, the study population included children with clinically diagnosed single-suture synostosis between March 1, 2017, and October 31, 2020, at 5 institutions. The primary analysis correlated the clinical diagnosis and imaging diagnosis; secondary outcomes included intracranial findings by pathological suture type. RESULTS A total of 403 children (67% male) were identified with single-suture synostosis. Sagittal (n = 267), metopic (n = 77), coronal (n = 52), and lambdoid (n = 7) synostoses were reported; the most common presentation was abnormal head shape (97%), followed by a palpable or visible ridge (37%). Preoperative cranial imaging was performed in 90% of children; findings on 97% of these imaging studies matched the initial clinical diagnosis. Thirty-one additional fused sutures were identified in 18 children (5%) that differed from the clinical diagnosis. The most commonly used imaging modality by far was CT (n = 360), followed by radiography (n = 9) and MRI (n = 7). Most preoperative imaging was ordered as part of a protocolized pathway (67%); some images were obtained as a result of a nondiagnostic clinical examination (5.2%). Of the 360 patients who had CT imaging, 150 underwent total cranial vault surgery and 210 underwent strip craniectomy. The imaging findings influenced the surgical treatment 0.95% of the time. Among the 24% of children with additional (nonsynostosis) abnormal findings on CT, only 3.5% required further monitoring. CONCLUSIONS The authors found that a clinical diagnosis of single-suture craniosynostosis and the findings on CT were the same with rare exceptions. CT imaging very rarely altered the surgical treatment of children with single-suture synostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay M Ravindra
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, and
- 2Division of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Amy Lee
- 4Department of Neurosurgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard C E Anderson
- 5Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, and
| | - Barbu Gociman
- 6Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kamlesh B Patel
- 7Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Matthew D Smyth
- 8Department of Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | | | - Jesse A Goldstein
- 10Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Imahiyerobo
- 11Division of Plastic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Faizi A Siddiqi
- 6Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Evaluating the Utility of Routine Computed Tomography Scans after Cranial Vault Reconstruction for Children with Craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 2021; 148:63e-70e. [PMID: 34181612 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000008056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative computed tomography scans allow for evaluation of the structural results of cranial vault reconstruction and potential surgical concerns. The authors evaluated the clinical utility of routine postoperative scans to identify relevant surgical findings in children treated for craniosynostosis. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective study of postoperative computed tomography reports for patients with craniosynostosis following cranial vault reconstruction during a 9-year period at their tertiary care pediatric hospital. They categorized postoperative computed tomography findings as typical, atypical, or indeterminate. Images with reported indeterminate or atypical findings were reviewed and verified by a pediatric neuroradiologist and a pediatric neurological surgeon. Clinical outcomes of patients with abnormal postoperative images were assessed with chart review for clinical relevance. RESULTS Postoperative computed tomography radiology reports for 548 operations in 506 participants were included. Most participants had single-suture craniosynostosis (89 percent), were male (64 percent), and under 1 year of age (78 percent). Surgically concerning scans were described in 52 reports (<9.5 percent), and the research team's pediatric neuroradiologist confirmed abnormal findings in 36 (6.5 percent). Potentially relevant abnormal findings included subdural blood (n = 18), subarachnoid blood (n = 4), intraparenchymal findings (n = 6), bone abnormalities (n = 5), vascular injury (n = 3), and increased ventricular size (n = 2). Most cases with abnormal findings did not require additional observation nor intervention. Only three cases (of 548; 0.55 percent) required further intervention, which included additional medical management (n = 2) and return to the operating room (n = 1). CONCLUSION Abnormal findings on routine computed tomography scans after cranial vault reconstruction are uncommon and rarely result in an urgent surgical or medical intervention. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Diagnostic, IV.
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Sherif FM, Said AM, Elsayed YN, Elmogy SA. Value of using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) technology in pediatric head CT dose reduction. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43055-020-00291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
With widespread use of pediatric head CT, it is critically important to protect patients from radiation hazards, using reduced dose CT techniques. In this regard, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-V (ASIR-V) algorithm can decrease image noise, generating CT images of reasonable diagnostic quality with less radiation. The objective of this study was radiation dose assessment, quantitative and qualitative evaluation of reduced dose pediatric head CT using ASIR-V 60% and 80% reconstruction.
Results
Retrospective analysis was performed on two groups of pediatric head CT examinations, a reduced dose CT examination group with ASIR-V reconstruction (ASIR group) (n = 27) and a standard dose CT examination group without ASIR reconstruction (non-ASIR group) (n = 14). The average effective dose (ED) of ASIR group was significantly lower than that of the non-ASIR group (1.04 ± 0.1 mS vs 3.48 ± 0.45 mS; p = 0.001). Quantitative analysis revealed comparable results of signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of ASIR and non-ASIR groups (p > 0.05). Qualitative evaluation of resulting images by two readers revealed comparable results of both ASIR and non-ASIR groups (p > 0.05) with excellent inter-reader agreement (κ = 0.97). Both quantitative and qualitative assessment demonstrated better ASIR-V 80% than ASIR-V 60% reconstructed images.
Conclusion
ASIR-V algorithm is a promising technology for effective dose reduction of pediatric head CT with preservation of diagnostic image quality.
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Elbanoby TM, Elbatawy AM, Aly GM, Sharafuddin MA, Abdelfattah UA. 3D printing guided surgery in the treatment of unicoronal craniosynostosis orbital dysmorphology. Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 24:423-429. [PMID: 32592098 DOI: 10.1007/s10006-020-00863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of our study was to improve the minor asymmetries of fronto-orbital advancement (FOA) by introducing a simple model to guide the FOA in unicoronal synostosis which may help saving time and cost. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 16 consecutive patients with unicoronal synostosis corrected by FOA guided by a guide model. Patients with syndromic craniosynostosis or associated craniofacial anomalies were excluded from the analysis. In all cases, 3D mirror image models were used for guiding unilateral fronto-orbital advancement. Demographic, perioperative, and follow-up data were collected for comparison. Cranial and orbital volumes were documented preoperatively and postoperatively and compared with the non-synostotic side. The postsurgical appearance of the face was documented photographically and then evaluated and scored using the Whitaker scoring system. RESULTS The study included nine males and seven females. The mean age of the patients at the time of the operation was 20.4 months. The mean follow-up duration was 36 months. Mean operative time was 170 min, mean anesthetic time was 230 min, mean blood loss was 50-80 ml, and the average hospital stay was 4.4 days. No relapse that required surgical correction was reported. There were improvements in the orbital indices and volume to be near equal to the normal side. Excellent to good results were obtained in all patients according to the Whitaker classification system. CONCLUSION Residual deformity after FOA mandates another tool to optimize the results. Our study introduced a simple, easy, and applicable method to guide the FOA with lesser asymmetries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek M Elbanoby
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Al-Azhar University, 1st Elmokhiam Eldaem St., Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Amr M Elbatawy
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Al-Azhar University, 1st Elmokhiam Eldaem St., Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gaber M Aly
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Al-Azhar University, 1st Elmokhiam Eldaem St., Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Usama A Abdelfattah
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Al-Azhar University, 1st Elmokhiam Eldaem St., Madinat Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
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Comparison of Black Bone MRI and 3D-CT in the preoperative evaluation of patients with craniosynostosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 73:723-731. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Massimi L, Bianchi F, Frassanito P, Calandrelli R, Tamburrini G, Caldarelli M. Imaging in craniosynostosis: when and what? Childs Nerv Syst 2019; 35:2055-2069. [PMID: 31289853 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-019-04278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Currently, the interest on craniosynostosis in the clinical practice is raised by their increased frequency and their genetic implications other than by the still existing search of less invasive surgical techniques. These reasons, together with the problem of legal issues, make the need of a definite diagnosis for a crucial problem, even in single-suture craniosynostosis (SSC). Although the diagnosis of craniosynostosis is primarily the result of physical examination, craniometrics measuring, and observation of the skull deformity, the radiological assessment currently plays an important role in the confirmation of the diagnosis, the surgical planning, and even the postoperative follow-up. On the other hand, in infants, the use of radiation or the need of sedation/anesthesia raises the problem to reduce them to minimum to preserve such a delicate category of patient from their adverse effects. METHODS, RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This review aims at summarizing the state of the art of the role of radiology in craniosynostosis, mainly focusing on indications and techniques, to provide an update not only to pediatric neurosurgeons or maxillofacial surgeons but also to all the other specialists involved in their management, like neonatologists, pediatricians, clinical geneticists, and pediatric neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Massimi
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Neurochirurgia Infantile, Rome, Italy.
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto Neurochirurgia, Rome, Italy.
| | - F Bianchi
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Neurochirurgia Infantile, Rome, Italy
| | - P Frassanito
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Neurochirurgia Infantile, Rome, Italy
| | - R Calandrelli
- Polo scienze delle immagini, di laboratorio ed infettivologiche, Area diagnostica per immagini, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Tamburrini
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Neurochirurgia Infantile, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto Neurochirurgia, Rome, Italy
| | - M Caldarelli
- Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Neurochirurgia Infantile, Rome, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Istituto Neurochirurgia, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus on the utility of preoperative computed tomography (CT) in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence available on the necessity of preoperative CT for the treatment of nonsyndromic craniosynostosis. METHODS A comprehensive literature review of the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database was performed. The following variables were analyzed: concordance of findings between clinical examinations and CT, incidental findings reported on imaging, and the effect of imaging on subsequent management. Concordance between clinical examination/CT and the presence of incidental findings were collected and displayed as descriptive data. The effect of imaging on subsequent diagnosis/management was analyzed by meta-analysis. RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for a total of 728 patients. Overall, physical examination concordance with CT diagnosis was 97.9% (371/379). Overall, incidental findings led to additional imaging/workup in 1.79% of cases (5/278). The results of the meta-analysis revealed that, in the absence of alternative imaging modalities, CT scans significantly altered diagnosis or led to additional investigations in 12 cases (4.8%, 95% confidence interval = 3%-8%). Preoperative CT scans led to additional investigations in 5 cases and detected incomplete/wrong diagnoses in 7 cases. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present meta-analysis support the use of preoperative CT scans for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis in the absence of alternative imaging modalities. The results also suggest that in properly selected patients, alternative imaging modalities may be appropriate, potentially obviating the need for CT scans.
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Kaasalainen T, Mäkelä T, Kelaranta A, Kortesniemi M. The Use of Model-based Iterative Reconstruction to Optimize Chest CT Examinations for Diagnosing Lung Metastases in Patients with Sarcoma: A Phantom Study. Acad Radiol 2019; 26:50-61. [PMID: 29724675 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2018.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES This phantom study aimed to evaluate low-dose (LD) chest computed tomography (CT) protocols using model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) for diagnosing lung metastases in patients with sarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS An adult female anthropomorphic phantom was scanned with a 64-slice CT using four LD protocols and a standard-dose protocol. Absorbed organ doses were measured with 10 metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor dosimeters. Furthermore, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate organ and effective doses. Image quality in terms of image noise, contrast, and resolution was measured from the CT images reconstructed with conventional filtered back projection, adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction, and MBIR algorithms. All the results were compared to the performance of the standard-dose protocol. RESULTS Mean absorbed organ and effective doses were reduced by approximately 95% with the LD protocol (100-kVp tube voltage and a fixed 10-mA tube current) compared to the standard-dose protocol (120-kVp tube voltage and tube current modulation) while yielding an acceptable image quality for diagnosing round-shaped lung metastases. The effective doses ranged from 0.16 to 2.83 mSv in the studied protocols. The image noise, contrast, and resolution were maintained or improved when comparing the image quality of LD protocols using MBIR to the performance of the standard-dose chest CT protocol using filtered back projection. The small round-shaped lung metastases were delineated at levels comparable to the used protocols. CONCLUSIONS Radiation exposure in patients can be reduced significantly by using LD chest CT protocols and MBIR algorithm while maintaining image quality for detecting round-shaped lung metastases.
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18
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Image based simulation of the low dose computed tomography images suggests 13 mAs 120 kV suitability for non-syndromic craniosynostosis diagnosis without iterative reconstruction algorithms. Eur J Radiol 2018; 105:168-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kuusela L, Hukki A, Brandstack N, Autti T, Leikola J, Saarikko A. Use of black-bone MRI in the diagnosis of the patients with posterior plagiocephaly. Childs Nerv Syst 2018; 34:1383-1389. [PMID: 29594536 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-018-3783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionising radiation exposure is especially harmful to brain development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether black-bone (BB) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a non-ionising imaging method, offers an alternative to ionising imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT) in the examination of cranial deformities. METHODS From 2012 to 2014, a total of 408 children were referred to the Craniofacial Centre at the Helsinki University Hospital for further examination due to flatness of the posterior skull. Fifteen of these patients required further diagnostic imaging. To avoid ionising radiation, we used an MRI protocol that included sequences for evaluation of both brain anatomy and skull bone and sutures by BB-MRI. A semi-automatic skull segmentation algorithm was developed to facilitate the visualisation. Two patients with scaphocephaly were included in the study to confirm the ability to differentiate synostosis with BB-MRI. RESULTS We obtained informative 3D images using BB-MRI. Seven patients (7/15, 46.7%) had plagiocephaly on the right side and seven on the left side (7/15, 46.7%). One patient (1/15, 6.7%) had symmetric posterior flatness affecting both sides. Neither structural nor signal-intensity alterations of the brain were detected in visual analysis. CONCLUSION BB-MRI provides an alternative to CT when imaging craniofacial deformities. BB-MRI provides not only high-quality 3D-reconstructed imaging of the bony structures and sutures but also information on brain structure in one imaging session. With further development, this method could replace ionising radiation-based methods in analysing deformities of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kuusela
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ada Hukki
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 3-5, PO Box 266, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Brandstack
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Autti
- Helsinki Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Junnu Leikola
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 3-5, PO Box 266, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Saarikko
- Cleft Palate and Craniofacial Centre, Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Topeliuksenkatu 3-5, PO Box 266, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
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Dose Reduction With Dedicated CT Metal Artifact Reduction Algorithm: CT Phantom Study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2017; 210:593-600. [PMID: 29231758 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare reader accuracy detecting lesions near hardware in a CT phantom model at different radiation exposures using an advanced metal artifact reduction (MAR) algorithm and standard filtered back projection (FBP) techniques and to determine if radiation exposure could be decreased using MAR without compromising lesion detectability. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CT phantom manufactured with spherical lesions of various sizes (10-20 mm) and attenuations (20-50 HU) embedded around cobalt-chromium spheres attached to titanium rods, simulating an arthroplasty, was scanned on a single CT scanner (FLASH, Siemens Healthcare) at 140 kVp and 0.6-mm collimation using clinical-dose (300 Quality Reference mAs [Siemens Healthcare]), low-dose (150 Quality Reference mAs), and high-dose (600 Quality Reference mAs) protocols. Images reconstructed with iterative MAR, advanced modeled iterative reconstruction (ADMIRE), and FBP with identical parameters were anonymized and independently reviewed by three radiologists. Accuracies for detecting lesions, measured as AUC, sensitivity, and specificity, were compared. RESULTS Accuracy using MAR was significantly higher than that using FBP at all exposures (p values ranged from < 0.001 to 0.021). Sensitivity was also higher for MAR than for FBP at all exposures. Specificity was very high for both reconstruction techniques at all exposures with no significant differences. Accuracy of low-dose MAR was higher than and not inferior to standard-dose and high-dose FBP. MAR was significantly more sensitive than FBP in detecting smaller lesions (p = 0.021) and lesions near high streak artifact (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION MAR improves reader accuracy to detect lesions near hardware and allows significant reductions in radiation exposure without compromising accuracy compared with FBP in a CT phantom model.
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Pogliani L, Zuccotti GV, Furlanetto M, Giudici V, Erbetta A, Chiapparini L, Valentini L. Cranial ultrasound is a reliable first step imaging in children with suspected craniosynostosis. Childs Nerv Syst 2017; 33:1545-1552. [PMID: 28578511 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-017-3449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Skull radiography (SR) and Computed Tomography (CT) are still proposed as the first-line imaging choice for the diagnosis of craniosynostosis (CS) in children with abnormal head shape, but both techniques expose infants to ionizing radiation. Several studies shown that ultrasound may play an important role in the diagnosis of craniosynostosis. The aim of our study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of cranial ultrasound scan (CUS) and confirm if it is a reliable first step imaging evaluation for the diagnosis of craniosynostosis in newborn. METHOD A cohort of 196 infants (122/74 males/females), with a mean age of 4 months, clinically suspected to have abnormal closure of cranial sutures, were firstly examined by CUS and then referred to neuroradiologists to perform volumetric CT scan if the suspicion of stenosis was ecographically confirmed; otherwise, a routine follow-up and physical treatment was performed, to observe the evolution of the head shape. RESULTS Of the 196 children studied by CUS, only two had inconclusive studies due to age limitation (>12 months). Thirty children were diagnosed with cranial synostosis at CUS and verified by CT; all the CUS results were confirmed, except two cases, that were revealed as false positives in the starting phase of the study. Twelve patients with very prominent head deformity and negative CUS underwent CT, which confirmed the CUS results in all of them; one case of closure of both temporal sutures, not studied by CUS, was documented by CT. All the 148 children with poor clinical suspicion and negative CUS underwent just a prolonged clinical follow-up. In all of them, a progressive normalization of head shape was observed, and the craniosynostosis was excluded on a clinical base. CONCLUSIONS CUS is a highly specific and sensitive imaging technique. In referral centers, expert hands can use it as a reliable first-step screening for infants younger than 1 year, suspected to have a craniosynostosis, thus avoiding unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. The "golden age" to obtain the best CUS results is under 6 months of life. Because the method is operator-dependent and there is a learning curve, a case centralization is advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pogliani
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Milan, Luigi Sacco Hospital, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan, Italy.
| | - G V Zuccotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Milan Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - M Furlanetto
- Department of Neurosurgery C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - V Giudici
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Milan, Milan Children's Hospital V. Buzzi, Milan, Italy
| | - A Erbetta
- Service of Neuroradiology: "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L Chiapparini
- Service of Neuroradiology: "C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - L Valentini
- Department of Neurosurgery C. Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
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22
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Wellenberg RHH, Boomsma MF, van Osch JAC, Vlassenbroek A, Milles J, Edens MA, Streekstra GJ, Slump CH, Maas M. Low-dose CT imaging of a total hip arthroplasty phantom using model-based iterative reconstruction and orthopedic metal artifact reduction. Skeletal Radiol 2017; 46:623-632. [PMID: 28204857 PMCID: PMC5355502 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-017-2580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare quantitative measures of image quality, in terms of CT number accuracy, noise, signal-to-noise-ratios (SNRs), and contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs), at different dose levels with filtered-back-projection (FBP), iterative reconstruction (IR), and model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) alone and in combination with orthopedic metal artifact reduction (O-MAR) in a total hip arthroplasty (THA) phantom. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scans were acquired from high- to low-dose (CTDIvol: 40.0, 32.0, 24.0, 16.0, 8.0, and 4.0 mGy) at 120- and 140- kVp. Images were reconstructed using FBP, IR (iDose4 level 2, 4, and 6) and MBIR (IMR, level 1, 2, and 3) with and without O-MAR. CT number accuracy in Hounsfield Units (HU), noise or standard deviation, SNRs, and CNRs were analyzed. RESULTS The IMR technique showed lower noise levels (p < 0.01), higher SNRs (p < 0.001) and CNRs (p < 0.001) compared with FBP and iDose4 in all acquisitions from high- to low-dose with constant CT numbers. O-MAR reduced noise (p < 0.01) and improved SNRs (p < 0.01) and CNRs (p < 0.001) while improving CT number accuracy only at a low dose. At the low dose of 4.0 mGy, IMR level 1, 2, and 3 showed 83%, 89%, and 95% lower noise values, a factor 6.0, 9.2, and 17.9 higher SNRs, and 5.7, 8.8, and 18.2 higher CNRs compared with FBP respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on quantitative analysis of CT number accuracy, noise values, SNRs, and CNRs, we conclude that the combined use of IMR and O-MAR enables a reduction in radiation dose of 83% compared with FBP and iDose4 in the CT imaging of a THA phantom.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H H Wellenberg
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M F Boomsma
- Department of Radiology, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - J Milles
- Philips Medical Systems, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M A Edens
- Department of Innovation and Science, Isala, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - G J Streekstra
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C H Slump
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M Maas
- Department of Radiology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Montoya JC, Eckel LJ, DeLone DR, Kotsenas AL, Diehn FE, Yu L, Bartley AC, Carter RE, McCollough CH, Fletcher JG. Low-Dose CT for Craniosynostosis: Preserving Diagnostic Benefit with Substantial Radiation Dose Reduction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:672-677. [PMID: 28183836 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Given the positive impact of early intervention for craniosynostosis, CT is often performed for evaluation but radiation dosage remains a concern. We evaluated the potential for substantial radiation dose reduction in pediatric patients with suspected craniosynostosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS CT projection data from pediatric patients undergoing head CT for suspected craniosynostosis were archived. Simulated lower-dose CT images corresponding to 25%, 10%, and 2% of the applied dose were created using a validated method. Three neuroradiologists independently interpreted images in a blinded, randomized fashion. All sutures were evaluated by using 3D volume-rendered images alone, and subsequently with 2D and 3D images together. Reference standards were defined by reader agreement by using routine dose and 2D and 3D images. Performance figures of merit were calculated based on reader response and confidence. RESULTS Of 33 pediatric patients, 21 had craniosynostosis (39 positive sutures and 225 negative sutures). The mean volume CT dose index was 15.5 ± 2.3 mGy (range, 9.69-19.38 mGy) for the routine dose examination. Average figures of merit for multireader analysis ranged from 0.92 (95% CI, 0.90-0.95) at routine pediatric dose to 0.86 (95% CI, 0.79-0.94) at 2% dose using 3D images alone. Similarly, pooled reader figures of merit ranged from 0.91 (95% CI, 0.89-0.95) at routine pediatric dose to 0.85 (95% CI, 0.76-0.95) at 2% dose using 2D and 3D images together. At 25% and 10% dose, 95% CI of the difference in figures of merit from routine dose included 0, suggesting similar or noninferior performance. CONCLUSIONS For pediatric head CT for evaluation of craniosynostosis, dose reductions of 75%-90% were possible without compromising observer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Montoya
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - L J Eckel
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - D R DeLone
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - A L Kotsenas
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - F E Diehn
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - L Yu
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - A C Bartley
- Health Sciences Research (A.C.B., R.E.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - R E Carter
- Health Sciences Research (A.C.B., R.E.C.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - C H McCollough
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
| | - J G Fletcher
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.C.M., L.J.E., D.R.D., A.L.K., F.E.D., L.Y., C.H.M., J.G.F.)
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Kim HJ, Roh HG, Lee IW. Craniosynostosis : Updates in Radiologic Diagnosis. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2016; 59:219-26. [PMID: 27226852 PMCID: PMC4877543 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.3.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review imaging findings and to discuss the optimal imaging methods for craniosynostosis. The discussion of imaging findings are focused on ultrasonography, plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography with 3-dimensional reconstruction. We suggest a strategy for imaging work-up for the diagnosis, treatment planning and follow-up to minimize or avoid ionized radiation exposure to children by reviewing the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hong Gee Roh
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Woo Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
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Knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction: comparative image quality and radiation dose with a pediatric computed tomography phantom. Pediatr Radiol 2016; 46:303-15. [PMID: 26546568 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-015-3486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CT of pediatric phantoms can provide useful guidance to the optimization of knowledge-based iterative reconstruction CT. OBJECTIVE To compare radiation dose and image quality of CT images obtained at different radiation doses reconstructed with knowledge-based iterative reconstruction, hybrid iterative reconstruction and filtered back-projection. MATERIALS AND METHODS We scanned a 5-year anthropomorphic phantom at seven levels of radiation. We then reconstructed CT data with knowledge-based iterative reconstruction (iterative model reconstruction [IMR] levels 1, 2 and 3; Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA), hybrid iterative reconstruction (iDose(4), levels 3 and 7; Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA) and filtered back-projection. The noise, signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio were calculated. We evaluated low-contrast resolutions and detectability by low-contrast targets and subjective and objective spatial resolutions by the line pairs and wire. RESULTS With radiation at 100 peak kVp and 100 mAs (3.64 mSv), the relative doses ranged from 5% (0.19 mSv) to 150% (5.46 mSv). Lower noise and higher signal-to-noise, contrast-to-noise and objective spatial resolution were generally achieved in ascending order of filtered back-projection, iDose(4) levels 3 and 7, and IMR levels 1, 2 and 3, at all radiation dose levels. Compared with filtered back-projection at 100% dose, similar noise levels were obtained on IMR level 2 images at 24% dose and iDose(4) level 3 images at 50% dose, respectively. Regarding low-contrast resolution, low-contrast detectability and objective spatial resolution, IMR level 2 images at 24% dose showed comparable image quality with filtered back-projection at 100% dose. Subjective spatial resolution was not greatly affected by reconstruction algorithm. CONCLUSION Reduced-dose IMR obtained at 0.92 mSv (24%) showed similar image quality to routine-dose filtered back-projection obtained at 3.64 mSv (100%), and half-dose iDose(4) obtained at 1.81 mSv.
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